1
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Mohammadzadeh M, Bahrami A, Ghafouri-Taleghani F, Khalesi S, Abdi F, Hejazi E. Dietary iron and the risk of lung cancer. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2024; 94:264-274. [PMID: 37469109 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Animal models have suggested the carcinogenic effect of iron due to its oxidative potential. The lung is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. However, epidemiological studies investigating the association between dietary iron and the risk of lung cancer have reported inconclusive results. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to clarify this association. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google scholar for eligible articles published through May 2023 reporting the Relative Risk (RR), Hazard Ratio (HR) or Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Case-control and cohort studies that examined the relationship between dietary iron and lung cancer risk were included and review and meta-analyses articles, experimental studies, abstracts, letters to editor and studies with insufficient data were excluded. Finally, three case-control studies and 6 cohort studies were included. Random effect models were used to calculate the pooled results. Results: Nine studies (cases n=21,943, participants n=1,542,993) were included. There were no significant associations between the highest dietary total iron (heme and non-heme) (RR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.78 to 1.51) or heme iron (RR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.73 to 1.38) intake compared to the lowest intake with lung cancer risk. Null-associations were also observed in the subgroup analysis based on smoking status and lung cancer histology. However, in the subgroup of women (cases n=5074), heme iron was associated with a 14% increase in the risk of lung cancer (RR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.29). Conclusions: The current results demonstrated that there is no significant relationship between dietary iron intake and the risk of lung cancer. However, a positive association was observed between dietary heme iron and the risk of lung cancer in women, which may require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Mohammadzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Department and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Bahrami
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghafouri-Taleghani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Khalesi
- Physical Activity Research Group, Appleton Institute & School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Abdi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Hejazi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Hinokuma H, Kanamori Y, Ikeda K, Hao L, Maruno M, Yamane T, Maeda A, Nita A, Shimoda M, Niimura M, Takeshima Y, Li S, Suzuki M, Moroishi T. Distinct functions between ferrous and ferric iron in lung cancer cell growth. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:4355-4364. [PMID: 37688294 PMCID: PMC10637068 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests an association between iron metabolism and lung cancer progression. In biological systems, iron is present in either reduced (Fe2+ ; ferrous) or oxidized (Fe3+ ; ferric) states. However, ferrous and ferric iron exhibit distinct chemical and biological properties, the role of ferrous and ferric iron in lung cancer cell growth has not been clearly distinguished. In this study, we manipulated the balance between cellular ferrous and ferric iron status by inducing gene mutations involving the FBXL5-IRP2 axis, a ubiquitin-dependent regulatory system for cellular iron homeostasis, and determined its effects on lung cancer cell growth. FBXL5 depletion (ferrous iron accumulation) was found to suppress lung cancer cell growth, whereas IRP2 depletion (ferric iron accumulation) did not suppress such growth, suggesting that ferrous iron but not ferric iron plays a suppressive role in cell growth. Mechanistically, the depletion of FBXL5 impaired the degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27, resulting in a delay in the cell cycle at the G1/S phase. FBXL5 depletion in lung cancer cells also improved the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Overall, this study highlights the important function of ferrous iron in cell cycle progression and lung cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Hinokuma
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
- Department of Thoracic and Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Yohei Kanamori
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Koei Ikeda
- Department of Thoracic and Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Li Hao
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Masataka Maruno
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Taishi Yamane
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Ayato Maeda
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Akihiro Nita
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Mayuko Shimoda
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Mayumi Niimura
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Yuki Takeshima
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Shuran Li
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Department of Thoracic and Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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3
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Marquez L, Lee Y, Duncan D, Whitesell L, Cowen LE, Quave C. Potent Antifungal Activity of Penta- O-galloyl-β-d-Glucose against Drug-Resistant Candida albicans, Candida auris, and Other Non- albicans Candida Species. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1685-1694. [PMID: 37607350 PMCID: PMC10496123 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Among fungal pathogens, infections by drug-resistant Candida species continue to pose a major challenge to healthcare. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of the bioactive natural product, penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (PGG) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Candida albicans, MDR Candida auris, and other MDR non-albicans Candida species. Here, we show that PGG has a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25-8 μg mL-1 (0.265-8.5 μM) against three clinical strains of C. auris and a MIC of 0.25-4 μg mL-1 (0.265-4.25 μM) against a panel of other MDR Candida species. Our cytotoxicity studies found that PGG was well tolerated by human kidney, liver, and epithelial cells with an IC50 > 256 μg mL-1 (>272 μM). We also show that PGG is a high-capacity iron chelator and that deletion of key iron homeostasis genes in C. albicans rendered strains hypersensitive to PGG. In conclusion, PGG displayed potent anti-Candida activity with minimal cytotoxicity for human cells. We also found that the antifungal activity of PGG is mediated through an iron-chelating mechanism, suggesting that the compound could prove useful as a topical treatment for superficial Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Marquez
- Molecular
and Systems Pharmacology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Jones
Center at Ichauway, Newton, Georgia 39870, United States
| | - Yunjin Lee
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Dustin Duncan
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Cassandra Quave
- Center
for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department
of Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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4
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Shehadeh-Tout F, Milioli HH, Roslan S, Jansson PJ, Dharmasivam M, Graham D, Anderson R, Wijesinghe T, Azad MG, Richardson DR, Kovacevic Z. Innovative Thiosemicarbazones that Induce Multi-Modal Mechanisms to Down-Regulate Estrogen-, Progesterone-, Androgen- and Prolactin-Receptors in Breast Cancer. Pharmacol Res 2023:106806. [PMID: 37244387 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor-α (ER-α) is a key driver of breast cancer (BC) and the ER-antagonist, tamoxifen, is a central pillar of BC treatment. However, cross-talk between ER-α, other hormone and growth factor receptors enables development of de novo resistance to tamoxifen. Herein, we mechanistically dissect the activity of a new class of anti-cancer agents that inhibit multiple growth factor receptors and down-stream signaling for the treatment of ER-positive BC. Using RNA sequencing and comprehensive protein expression analysis, we examined the activity of di-2-pyridylketone-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT) and di-2-pyridylketone-4-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (DpC), on the expression and activation of hormone and growth factor receptors, co-factors, and key resistance pathways in ER-α-positive BC. DpC differentially regulated 106 estrogen-response genes, and this was linked to decreased mRNA levels of 4 central hormone receptors involved in BC pathogenesis, namely ER, progesterone receptor (PR), androgen receptor (AR), and prolactin receptor (PRL-R). Mechanistic investigation demonstrated that due to DpC and Dp44mT binding metal ions, these agents caused a pronounced decrease in ER-α, AR, PR, and PRL-R protein expression. DpC and Dp44mT also inhibited activation and down-stream signaling of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family receptors, and expression of co-factors that promote ER-α transcriptional activity, including SRC3, NF-κB p65, and SP1. In vivo, DpC was highly tolerable and effectively inhibited ER-α-positive BC growth. Through bespoke, non-hormonal, multi-modal mechanisms, Dp44mT and DpC decrease the expression of PR, AR, PRL-R, and tyrosine kinases that act with ER-α to promote BC, constituting an innovative therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Shehadeh-Tout
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Heloisa H Milioli
- Connie Johnson Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, NSW 2010 Australia
| | - Suraya Roslan
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg Vic 3084, Australia
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Cancer Drug Resistance and Stem Cell Program, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mahendiran Dharmasivam
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dinny Graham
- Breast Cancer Group, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Robin Anderson
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg Vic 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tharushi Wijesinghe
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mahan Gholam Azad
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of NSW, NSW 2052 Australia.
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5
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Dharmasivam M, Kaya B, Wijesinghe T, Gholam Azad M, Gonzálvez MA, Hussaini M, Chekmarev J, Bernhardt PV, Richardson DR. Designing Tailored Thiosemicarbazones with Bespoke Properties: The Styrene Moiety Imparts Potent Activity, Inhibits Heme Center Oxidation, and Results in a Novel "Stealth Zinc(II) Complex". J Med Chem 2023; 66:1426-1453. [PMID: 36649565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel, potent, and selective antitumor agent, namely (E)-3-phenyl-1-(2-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (PPP44mT), and its analogues were synthesized and characterized and displayed strikingly distinctive properties. This activity was mediated by the inclusion of a styrene moiety, which through steric and electrochemical mechanisms prevented deleterious oxy-myoglobin or oxy-hemoglobin oxidation relative to other potent thiosemicarbazones, i.e., di-2-pyridylketone-4-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (DpC) or di-2-pyridylketone-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT). Structure-activity relationship analysis demonstrated specific tuning of PPP44mT electrochemistry further inhibited oxy-myoglobin or oxy-hemoglobin oxidation. Both PPP44mT and its Cu(II) complexes showed conspicuous almost immediate cytotoxicity against SK-N-MC tumor cells (within 3 h). In contrast, [Zn(PPP44mT)2] demonstrated a pronounced delay in activity, taking 48 h before marked antiproliferative efficacy was apparent. As such, [Zn(PPP44mT)2] was designated as a "stealth Zn(II) complex" that overcomes the near immediate cytotoxicity of PPP44mT or its copper complexes. Upon examination of the suppression of oncogenic signaling, [Zn(PPP44mT)2] was superior at inhibiting cyclin D1 expression compared to DpC or Dp44mT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendiran Dharmasivam
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan4111, Australia
| | - Busra Kaya
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan4111, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, 34320Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tharushi Wijesinghe
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan4111, Australia
| | - Mahan Gholam Azad
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan4111, Australia
| | - Miguel A Gonzálvez
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane4072, Australia
| | - Mohammad Hussaini
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan4111, Australia
| | - Jason Chekmarev
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan4111, Australia
| | - Paul V Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane4072, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan4111, Australia.,Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya466-8550, Japan
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6
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Hino K, Yanatori I, Hara Y, Nishina S. Iron and liver cancer: an inseparable connection. FEBS J 2022; 289:7810-7829. [PMID: 34543507 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for all organisms. Iron-containing proteins play critical roles in cellular functions. The biological importance of iron is largely attributable to its chemical properties as a transitional metal. However, an excess of 'free' reactive iron damages the macromolecular components of cells and cellular DNA through the production of harmful free radicals. On the contrary, most of the body's excess iron is stored in the liver. Not only hereditary haemochromatosis but also some liver diseases with mild-to-moderate hepatic iron accumulation, such as chronic hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, are associated with a high risk for liver cancer development. These findings have attracted attention to the causative and promotive roles of iron in the development of liver cancer. In the last decade, accumulating evidence regarding molecules regulating iron metabolism or iron-related cell death programmes such as ferroptosis has shed light on the relationship between hepatic iron accumulation and hepatocarcinogenesis. In this review, we briefly present the current molecular understanding of iron regulation in the liver. Next, we describe the mechanisms underlying dysregulated iron metabolism depending on the aetiology of liver diseases. Finally, we discuss the causative and promotive roles of iron in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hino
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Izumi Yanatori
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hara
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Sohji Nishina
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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7
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The ion channel TRPM7 regulates zinc-depletion-induced MDMX degradation. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101292. [PMID: 34627839 PMCID: PMC8561006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc deficiency has been linked to human diseases, including cancer. MDMX, a crucial zinc-containing negative regulator of p53, has been found to be amplified or overexpressed in various cancers and implicated in the cancer initiation and progression. We report here that zinc depletion by the ion chelator TPEN or Chelex resin results in MDMX protein degradation in a ubiquitination-independent and 20S proteasome-dependent manner. Restoration of zinc led to recovery of cellular levels of MDMX. Further, TPEN treatment inhibits growth of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, which is partially rescued by overexpression of MDMX. Moreover, in a mass-spectrometry-based proteomics analysis, we identified TRPM7, a zinc-permeable ion channel, as a novel MDMX-interacting protein. TRPM7 stabilizes and induces the appearance of faster migrating species of MDMX on SDS-PAGE. Depletion of TRPM7 attenuates, while TRPM7 overexpression facilitates, the recovery of MDMX levels upon adding back zinc to TPEN-treated cells. Importantly, we found that TRPM7 inhibition, like TPEN treatment, decreases breast cancer cell MCF-7 proliferation and migration. The inhibitory effect on cell migration upon TRPM7 inhibition is also partially rescued by overexpression of MDMX. Together, our data indicate that TRPM7 regulates cellular levels of MDMX in part by modulating the intracellular Zn2+ concentration to promote tumorigenesis.
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8
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Wijesinghe TP, Dharmasivam M, Dai CC, Richardson DR. Innovative therapies for neuroblastoma: The surprisingly potent role of iron chelation in up-regulating metastasis and tumor suppressors and down-regulating the key oncogene, N-myc. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105889. [PMID: 34536548 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an indispensable requirement for essential biological processes in cancer cells. Due to the greater proliferation of neoplastic cells, their demand for iron is considerably higher relative to normal cells, making them highly susceptible to iron depletion. Understanding this sensitive relationship led to research exploring the effect of iron chelation therapy for cancer treatment. The classical iron-binding ligand, desferrioxamine (DFO), has demonstrated effective anti-proliferative activity against many cancer-types, particularly neuroblastoma tumors, and has the surprising activity of down-regulating the potent oncogene, N-myc, which is a major oncogenic driver in neuroblastoma. Even more significant is the ability of DFO to simultaneously up-regulate the potent metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream-regulated gene-1 (NDRG1), which plays a plethora of roles in suppressing a variety of oncogenic signaling pathways. However, DFO suffers the disadvantage of demonstrating poor membrane permeability and short plasma half-life, requiring administration by prolonged subcutaneous or intravenous infusions. Considering this, the specifically designed di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazone (DpT) series of metal-binding ligands was developed in our laboratory. The lead agent from the first generation DpT series, di-2-pyridylketone-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT), showed exceptional anti-cancer properties compared to DFO. However, it exhibited cardiotoxicity in mouse models at higher dosages. Therefore, a second generation of agents was developed with the lead compound being di-2-pyridylketone-4-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (DpC) that progressed to Phase I clinical trials. Importantly, DpC showed better anti-proliferative activity than Dp44mT and no cardiotoxicity, demonstrating effective anti-cancer activity against neuroblastoma tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharushi P Wijesinghe
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Mahendiran Dharmasivam
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Charles C Dai
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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9
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Laubach K, Zhang J, Chen X. The p53 Family: A Role in Lipid and Iron Metabolism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:715974. [PMID: 34395447 PMCID: PMC8358664 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.715974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 family of tumor suppressors, which includes p53, p63, and p73, has a critical role in many biological processes, such as cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and differentiation. In addition to tumor suppression, the p53 family proteins also participate in development, multiciliogenesis, and fertility, indicating these proteins have diverse roles. In this review, we strive to cover the relevant studies that demonstrate the roles of p53, p63, and p73 in lipid and iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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10
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Sfera A, Osorio C, Maguire G, Rahman L, Afzaal J, Cummings M, Maldonado JC. COVID-19, ferrosenescence and neurodegeneration, a mini-review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 109:110230. [PMID: 33373681 PMCID: PMC7832711 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exacerbation of cognitive, motor and nonmotor symptoms have been described in critically ill COVID-19 patients, indicating that, like prior pandemics, neurodegenerative sequelae may mark the aftermath of this viral infection. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 disease, was associated with hyperferritinemia and unfavorable prognosis in older individuals, suggesting virus-induced ferrosenescence. We have previously defined ferrosenescence as an iron-associated disruption of both the human genome and its repair mechanisms, leading to premature cellular senescence and neurodegeneration. As viruses replicate more efficiently in iron-rich senescent cells, they may have developed the ability to induce this phenotype in host tissues, predisposing to both immune dysfunction and neurodegenerative disorders. In this mini-review, we summarize what is known about the SARS-CoV-2-induced cellular senescence and iron dysmetabolism. We also take a closer look at immunotherapy with natural killer cells, angiotensin II receptor blockers ("sartans"), iron chelators and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors ("gliptins") as adjunct treatments for both COVID-19 and its neurodegenerative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, California, United States of America.
| | | | - Gerald Maguire
- University of California, Riverside, United States of America
| | - Leah Rahman
- Patton State Hospital, California, United States of America
| | - Jafri Afzaal
- Patton State Hospital, California, United States of America
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11
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Ma L, Gholam Azad M, Dharmasivam M, Richardson V, Quinn RJ, Feng Y, Pountney DL, Tonissen KF, Mellick GD, Yanatori I, Richardson DR. Parkinson's disease: Alterations in iron and redox biology as a key to unlock therapeutic strategies. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101896. [PMID: 33799121 PMCID: PMC8044696 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of studies indicate that iron metabolism is dysregulated in Parkinson's disease (PD). The literature reveals well-documented alterations consistent with established dogma, but also intriguing paradoxical observations requiring mechanistic dissection. An important fact is the iron loading in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which are the cells primarily affected in PD. Assessment of these changes reveal increased expression of proteins critical for iron uptake, namely transferrin receptor 1 and the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and decreased expression of the iron exporter, ferroportin-1 (FPN1). Consistent with this is the activation of iron regulator protein (IRP) RNA-binding activity, which is an important regulator of iron homeostasis, with its activation indicating cytosolic iron deficiency. In fact, IRPs bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs) in the 3ꞌ untranslated region (UTR) of certain mRNAs to stabilize their half-life, while binding to the 5ꞌ UTR prevents translation. Iron loading of dopaminergic neurons in PD may occur through these mechanisms, leading to increased neuronal iron and iron-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The "gold standard" histological marker of PD, Lewy bodies, are mainly composed of α-synuclein, the expression of which is markedly increased in PD. Of note, an atypical IRE exists in the α-synuclein 5ꞌ UTR that may explain its up-regulation by increased iron. This dysregulation could be impacted by the unique autonomous pacemaking of dopaminergic neurons of the SNpc that engages L-type Ca+2 channels, which imparts a bioenergetic energy deficit and mitochondrial redox stress. This dysfunction could then drive alterations in iron trafficking that attempt to rescue energy deficits such as the increased iron uptake to provide iron for key electron transport proteins. Considering the increased iron-loading in PD brains, therapies utilizing limited iron chelation have shown success. Greater therapeutic advancements should be possible once the exact molecular pathways of iron processing are dissected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Gholam Azad
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Dharmasivam
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - V Richardson
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - R J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Y Feng
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - D L Pountney
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - K F Tonissen
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - G D Mellick
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - I Yanatori
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - D R Richardson
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
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12
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Maitra S, Sornjai W, Smith DR, Vincent B. Phenanthroline impairs βAPP processing and expression, increases p53 protein levels and induces cell cycle arrest in human neuroblastoma cells. Brain Res Bull 2021; 170:29-38. [PMID: 33556560 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mis-functional βAPP processing is deemed to be the major phenomenon resulting in increased neuronal cell death, impaired neurogenesis and the loss of synapses, which eventually manifest as the complex symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Despite of several milestones having been achieved in the field of drug development, the stigma of the disorder as an incurable disease still remains. Some ADAM proteases mediate the physiological non-amyloidogenic α-secretase processing of βAPP that generates neuroprotective sAPPα production. Earlier studies have also pointed out the role of p53 in Alzheimer's disease neuropathology, although a direct link with metalloprotease activities remains to be established. In this study, we explored the consequences of α-secretase inhibition on p53 status in cultured human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by means of specific inhibitors of ADAM10 and ADAM17 and the metal chelator and general metalloprotease inhibitor phenanthroline. We establish that, beyond the ability of all inhibitors to affect sAPPα production to varying degrees, phenanthroline specifically and dose-dependently lessened βAPP expression, a phenomenon that correlated with a strong increase in p53 protein levels and a concomitant decrease of the p53-degrading calpain protease. Furthermore, treatment of cells at concentrations of phenanthroline similar to those inducing increased levels of p53 induced cell cycle arrest leading to apoptosis. Altogether, our results identify new roles of phenanthroline in perturbing βAPP, p53 and calpain biology, and suggest that the use of this compound and its derivatives as antimicrobial and anti-cancer therapies might trigger Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhamita Maitra
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Wannapa Sornjai
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2 rue Michel Ange, Paris, 75016, France.
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13
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Abstract
Cancer cells accumulate iron to supplement their aberrant growth and metabolism. Depleting cells of iron by iron chelators has been shown to be selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Iron chelators are effective at combating a range of cancers including those which are difficult to treat such as androgen insensitive prostate cancer and cancer stem cells. This review will evaluate the impact of iron chelation on cancer cell survival and the underlying mechanisms of action. A plethora of studies have shown iron chelators can reverse some of the major hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer. Iron chelators inhibit signalling pathways that drive proliferation, migration and metastasis as well as return tumour suppressive signalling. In addition to this, iron chelators stimulate apoptotic and ER stress signalling pathways inducing cell death even in cells lacking a functional p53 gene. Iron chelators can sensitise cancer cells to PARP inhibitors through mimicking BRCAness; a feature of cancers trademark genomic instability. Iron chelators target cancer cell metabolism, attenuating oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. Moreover, iron chelators may reverse the major characteristics of oncogenic transformation. Iron chelation therefore represent a promising selective mode of cancer therapy.
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14
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Votavova H, Urbanova Z, Kundrat D, Dostalova Merkerova M, Vostry M, Hruba M, Cermak J, Belickova M. Modulation of the Immune Response by Deferasirox in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Patients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010041. [PMID: 33430232 PMCID: PMC7825690 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deferasirox (DFX) is an oral iron chelator used to reduce iron overload (IO) caused by frequent blood cell transfusions in anemic myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. To study the molecular mechanisms by which DFX improves outcome in MDS, we analyzed the global gene expression in untreated MDS patients and those who were given DFX treatment. The gene expression profiles of bone marrow CD34+ cells were assessed by whole-genome microarrays. Initially, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined between patients with normal ferritin levels and those with IO to address the effect of excessive iron on cellular pathways. These DEGs were annotated to Gene Ontology terms associated with cell cycle, apoptosis, adaptive immune response and protein folding and were enriched in cancer-related pathways. The deregulation of multiple cancer pathways in iron-overloaded patients suggests that IO is a cofactor favoring the progression of MDS. The DEGs between patients with IO and those treated with DFX were involved predominantly in biological processes related to the immune response and inflammation. These data indicate DFX modulates the immune response mainly via neutrophil-related genes. Suppression of negative regulators of blood cell differentiation essential for cell maturation and upregulation of heme metabolism observed in DFX-treated patients may contribute to the hematopoietic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Votavova
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (D.K.); (M.D.M.); (M.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Zuzana Urbanova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinská 32, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - David Kundrat
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (D.K.); (M.D.M.); (M.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Michaela Dostalova Merkerova
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (D.K.); (M.D.M.); (M.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Martin Vostry
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (D.K.); (M.D.M.); (M.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Monika Hruba
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (D.K.); (M.D.M.); (M.V.); (M.H.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinská 32, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jaroslav Cermak
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Monika Belickova
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (D.K.); (M.D.M.); (M.V.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-221-977-305
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15
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Hsu MY, Mina E, Roetto A, Porporato PE. Iron: An Essential Element of Cancer Metabolism. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122591. [PMID: 33287315 PMCID: PMC7761773 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo considerable metabolic changes to foster uncontrolled proliferation in a hostile environment characterized by nutrient deprivation, poor vascularization and immune infiltration. While metabolic reprogramming has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer, the role of micronutrients in shaping these adaptations remains scarcely investigated. In particular, the broad electron-transferring abilities of iron make it a versatile cofactor that is involved in a myriad of biochemical reactions vital to cellular homeostasis, including cell respiration and DNA replication. In cancer patients, systemic iron metabolism is commonly altered. Moreover, cancer cells deploy diverse mechanisms to increase iron bioavailability to fuel tumor growth. Although iron itself can readily participate in redox reactions enabling vital processes, its reactivity also gives rise to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, cancer cells further rely on antioxidant mechanisms to withstand such stress. The present review provides an overview of the common alterations of iron metabolism occurring in cancer and the mechanisms through which iron promotes tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Y. Hsu
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Erica Mina
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Antonella Roetto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.E.P.)
| | - Paolo E. Porporato
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.E.P.)
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16
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Calabrese C, Panuzzo C, Stanga S, Andreani G, Ravera S, Maglione A, Pironi L, Petiti J, Shahzad Ali M, Scaravaglio P, Napoli F, Fava C, De Gobbi M, Frassoni F, Saglio G, Bracco E, Pergolizzi B, Cilloni D. Deferasirox-Dependent Iron Chelation Enhances Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Restores p53 Signaling by Stabilization of p53 Family Members in Leukemic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207674. [PMID: 33081324 PMCID: PMC7589297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is crucial to satisfy several mitochondrial functions including energy metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Patients affected by Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are frequently characterized by iron overload (IOL), due to continuous red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. This event impacts the overall survival (OS) and it is associated with increased mortality in lower-risk MDS patients. Accordingly, the oral iron chelator Deferasirox (DFX) has been reported to improve the OS and delay leukemic transformation. However, the molecular players and the biological mechanisms laying behind remain currently mostly undefined. The aim of this study has been to investigate the potential anti-leukemic effect of DFX, by functionally and molecularly analyzing its effects in three different leukemia cell lines, harboring or not p53 mutations, and in human primary cells derived from 15 MDS/AML patients. Our findings indicated that DFX can lead to apoptosis, impairment of cell growth only in a context of IOL, and can induce a significant alteration of mitochondria network, with a sharp reduction in mitochondrial activity. Moreover, through a remarkable reduction of Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2), known to regulate the stability of p53 and p73 proteins, we observed an enhancement of p53 transcriptional activity after DFX. Interestingly, this iron depletion-triggered signaling is enabled by p73, in the absence of p53, or in the presence of a p53 mutant form. In conclusion, we propose a mechanism by which the increased p53 family transcriptional activity and protein stability could explain the potential benefits of iron chelation therapy in terms of improving OS and delaying leukemic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Calabrese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Cristina Panuzzo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Serena Stanga
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Andreani
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Maglione
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Lucrezia Pironi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Jessica Petiti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Ali
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Patrizia Scaravaglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Francesca Napoli
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (F.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Carmen Fava
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Marco De Gobbi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Francesco Frassoni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Saglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Enrico Bracco
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (F.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Barbara Pergolizzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniela Cilloni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
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17
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Cserepes M, Türk D, Tóth S, Pape VFS, Gaál A, Gera M, Szabó JE, Kucsma N, Várady G, Vértessy BG, Streli C, Szabó PT, Tovari J, Szoboszlai N, Szakács G. Unshielding Multidrug Resistant Cancer through Selective Iron Depletion of P-Glycoprotein-Expressing Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 80:663-674. [PMID: 31888888 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence shows that following initial response to treatment, drug-resistant cancer cells frequently evolve and, eventually, most tumors become resistant to all available therapies. We compiled a focused library consisting of >500 commercially available or newly synthetized 8-hydroxyquinoline (8OHQ) derivatives whose toxicity is paradoxically increased rather than decreased by the activity of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a transporter conferring multidrug resistance (MDR). Here, we deciphered the mechanism of action of NSC297366 that shows exceptionally strong Pgp-potentiated toxicity. Treatment of cells with NSC297366 resulted in changes associated with the activity of potent anticancer iron chelators. Strikingly, iron depletion was more pronounced in MDR cells due to the Pgp-mediated efflux of NSC297366-iron complexes. Our results indicate that iron homeostasis can be targeted by MDR-selective compounds for the selective elimination of multidrug resistant cancer cells, setting the stage for a therapeutic approach to fight transporter-mediated drug resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: Modulation of the MDR phenotype has the potential to increase the efficacy of anticancer therapies. These findings show that the MDR transporter is a "double-edged sword" that can be turned against resistant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Cserepes
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Türk
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Tóth
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika F S Pape
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Gaál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melinda Gera
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit E Szabó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Kucsma
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Várady
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Pál T Szabó
- Instrumentation Centre, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Tovari
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Gergely Szakács
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. .,Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Abstract
This review explores the multifaceted role that iron has in cancer biology. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between excess iron and increased cancer incidence and risk, while experimental studies have implicated iron in cancer initiation, tumor growth, and metastasis. The roles of iron in proliferation, metabolism, and metastasis underpin the association of iron with tumor growth and progression. Cancer cells exhibit an iron-seeking phenotype achieved through dysregulation of iron metabolic proteins. These changes are mediated, at least in part, by oncogenes and tumor suppressors. The dependence of cancer cells on iron has implications in a number of cell death pathways, including ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death. Uniquely, both iron excess and iron depletion can be utilized in anticancer therapies. Investigating the efficacy of these therapeutic approaches is an area of active research that promises substantial clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy V Torti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA;
| | - David H Manz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA; .,School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Bibbin T Paul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA;
| | - Nicole Blanchette-Farra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA;
| | - Frank M Torti
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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19
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p53-Mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Played a Role in Ptox Dpt-Induced EMT Inhibition in Liver Cancer Cell Lines. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2531493. [PMID: 31191795 PMCID: PMC6525883 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2531493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) involves metastasis and drug resistance; thus, a new EMT reversing agent is required. It has shown that wild-type p53 can reverse EMT back to epithelial characteristics, and iron chelator acting as a p53 inducer has been demonstrated. Moreover, recent study revealed that etoposide could also inhibit EMT. Therefore, combination of etoposide with iron chelator might achieve better inhibition of EMT. To this end, we prepared di-2-pyridineketone hydrazone dithiocarbamate S-propionate podophyllotoxin ester (PtoxDpt) that combined the podophyllotoxin (Ptox) structural unit (etoposide) with the dithiocarbamate unit (iron chelator) through the hybridization strategy. The resulting PtoxDpt inherited characteristics from parent structural units, acting as both the p53 inducer and topoisomerase II inhibitor. In addition, the PtoxDpt exhibited significant inhibition in migration and invasion, which correlated with downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). More importantly, PtoxDpt could inhibit EMT in the absence or presence of TGF-β1, concomitant to the ROS production, and the additional evidence revealed that PtoxDpt downregulated AKT/mTOR through upregulation of p53, indicating that PtoxDpt induced EMT inhibition through the p53/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Merlot AM, Kalinowski DS, Kovacevic Z, Jansson PJ, Sahni S, Huang MLH, Lane DJ, Lok H, Richardson DR. Exploiting Cancer Metal Metabolism using Anti-Cancer Metal- Binding Agents. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:302-322. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170705120809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metals are vital cellular elements necessary for multiple indispensable biological processes of living organisms, including energy transduction and cell proliferation. Interestingly, alterations in metal levels and also changes in the expression of proteins involved in metal metabolism have been demonstrated in a variety of cancers. Considering this and the important role of metals for cell growth, the development of drugs that sequester metals has become an attractive target for the development of novel anti-cancer agents. Interest in this field has surged with the design and development of new generations of chelators of the thiosemicarbazone class. These ligands have shown potent anticancer and anti-metastatic activity in vitro and in vivo. Due to their efficacy and safe toxicological assessment, some of these agents have recently entered multi-center clinical trials as therapeutics for advanced and resistant tumors. This review highlights the role and changes in homeostasis of metals in cancer and emphasizes the pre-clinical development and clinical assessment of metal ion-binding agents, namely, thiosemicarbazones, as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M. Merlot
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Danuta S. Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J. Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael L.-H. Huang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Darius J.R. Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Hiu Lok
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Des R. Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Heffeter P, Pape VFS, Enyedy ÉA, Keppler BK, Szakacs G, Kowol CR. Anticancer Thiosemicarbazones: Chemical Properties, Interaction with Iron Metabolism, and Resistance Development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1062-1082. [PMID: 29334758 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE During the past decades, thiosemicarbazones were clinically developed for a variety of diseases, including tuberculosis, viral infections, malaria, and cancer. With regard to malignant diseases, the class of α-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones, and here especially 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (Triapine), was intensively developed in multiple clinical phase I/II trials. Recent Advances: Very recently, two new derivatives, namely COTI-2 and di-2-pyridylketone 4-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (DpC) have entered phase I evaluation. Based on the strong metal-chelating/metal-interacting properties of thiosemicarbazones, interference with the cellular iron (and copper) homeostasis is assumed to play an important role in their biological activity. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we summarize and analyze the data on the interaction of (α-N-heterocyclic) thiosemicarbazones with iron, with the special aim of bridging the current knowledge on their mode of action from chemistry to (cell) biology. In addition, we highlight the difference to classical iron(III) chelators such as desferrioxamine (DFO), which are used for the treatment of iron overload. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We want to emphasize that thiosemicarbazones are not solely removing iron from the cells/organism. In contrast, they should be considered as iron-interacting drugs influencing diverse biological pathways in a complex and multi-faceted mode of action. Consequently, in addition to the discussion of physicochemical properties (e.g., complex stability, redox activity), this review contains an overview on the diversity of cellular thiosemicarbazone targets and drug resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Heffeter
- 1 Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria .,2 Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research," Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika F S Pape
- 3 Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary .,4 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva A Enyedy
- 5 Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- 2 Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research," Vienna, Austria .,6 Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Gergely Szakacs
- 1 Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria .,3 Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian R Kowol
- 2 Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research," Vienna, Austria .,6 Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
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Moussa RS, Park KC, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. Ironing out the role of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21 in cancer: Novel iron chelating agents to target p21 expression and activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:276-294. [PMID: 29572098 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) has become an important target for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics with a number of Fe chelators entering human clinical trials for advanced and resistant cancer. An important aspect of the activity of these compounds is their multiple molecular targets, including those that play roles in arresting the cell cycle, such as the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21. At present, the exact mechanism by which Fe chelators regulate p21 expression remains unclear. However, recent studies indicate the ability of chelators to up-regulate p21 at the mRNA level was dependent on the chelator and cell-type investigated. Analysis of the p21 promoter identified that the Sp1-3-binding site played a significant role in the activation of p21 transcription by Fe chelators. Furthermore, there was increased Sp1/ER-α and Sp1/c-Jun complex formation in melanoma cells, suggesting these complexes were involved in p21 promoter activation. Elucidating the mechanisms involved in the regulation of p21 expression in response to Fe chelator treatment in neoplastic cells will further clarify how these agents achieve their anti-tumor activity. It will also enhance our understanding of the complex roles p21 may play in neoplastic cells and lead to the development of more effective and specific anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan S Moussa
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Kyung Chan Park
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Menezes SV, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. The metastasis suppressor NDRG1 down-regulates the epidermal growth factor receptor via a lysosomal mechanism by up-regulating mitogen-inducible gene 6. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4045-4064. [PMID: 30679310 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastasis suppressor, N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-1 (NDRG1) inhibits a plethora of oncogenic signaling pathways by down-regulating the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Herein, we examined the mechanism involved in NDRG1-mediated EGFR down-regulation. NDRG1 overexpression potently increased the levels of mitogen-inducible gene 6 (MIG6), which inhibits EGFR and facilitates its lysosomal processing and degradation. Conversely, silencing NDRG1 in multiple human cancer cell types decreased MIG6 expression, demonstrating the regulatory role of NDRG1. Further, NDRG1 overexpression facilitated MIG6-EGFR association in the cytoplasm, possibly explaining the significantly (p <0.001) increased half-life of MIG6 from 1.6 ± 0.2 h under control conditions to 7.9 ± 0.4 h after NDRG1 overexpression. The increased MIG6 levels enhanced EGFR co-localization with the late endosome/lysosomal marker, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2). An increase in EGFR levels after MIG6 silencing was particularly apparent when NDRG1 was overexpressed, suggesting a role for MIG6 in NDRG1-mediated down-regulation of EGFR. Silencing phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), which facilitates early to late endosome maturation, decreased MIG6, and also increased EGFR levels in both the presence and absence of NDRG1 overexpression. These results suggest a role for PTEN in regulating MIG6 expression. Anti-tumor drugs of the di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazone class that activate NDRG1 expression also potently increased MIG6 and induced its cytosolic co-localization with NDRG1. This was accompanied by a decrease in activated and total EGFR levels and its redistribution to late endosomes/lysosomes. In conclusion, NDRG1 promotes EGFR down-regulation through the EGFR inhibitor MIG6, which leads to late endosomal/lysosomal processing of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharleen V Menezes
- From the Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006 Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- From the Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006 Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- From the Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006 Australia
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Pfeifhofer-Obermair C, Tymoszuk P, Petzer V, Weiss G, Nairz M. Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment-Connecting the Dots. Front Oncol 2018; 8:549. [PMID: 30534534 PMCID: PMC6275298 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron metabolism and tumor biology are intimately linked. Iron facilitates the production of oxygen radicals, which may either result in iron-induced cell death, ferroptosis, or contribute to mutagenicity and malignant transformation. Once transformed, malignant cells require high amounts of iron for proliferation. In addition, iron has multiple regulatory effects on the immune system, thus affecting tumor surveillance by immune cells. For these reasons, inconsiderate iron supplementation in cancer patients has the potential of worsening disease course and outcome. On the other hand, chronic immune activation in the setting of malignancy alters systemic iron homeostasis and directs iron fluxes into myeloid cells. While this response aims at withdrawing iron from tumor cells, it may impair the effector functions of tumor-associated macrophages and will result in iron-restricted erythropoiesis and the development of anemia, subsequently. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the interconnections of iron homeostasis with cancer biology, discusses current clinical controversies in the treatment of anemia of cancer and focuses on the potential roles of iron in the solid tumor microenvironment, also speculating on yet unknown molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Pfeifhofer-Obermair
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Petzer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Zhang J, Chen X. p53 tumor suppressor and iron homeostasis. FEBS J 2018; 286:620-629. [PMID: 30133149 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for all living organisms and plays a vital role in many fundamental biochemical processes, such as oxygen transport, energy metabolism, and DNA synthesis. Due to its capability to produce free radicals, iron has deleterious effects and thus, its level needs to be tightly controlled in the body. Deregulation of iron metabolism is known to cause diseases, including anemia by iron deficiency and hereditary hemochromatosis by iron overload. Interestingly, dysregulated iron metabolism occurs frequently in tumor cells and contributes to tumorigenesis. In this review, we will discuss the role of p53 tumor suppressor in iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, CA, USA
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26
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Bae DH, Lane DJR, Jansson PJ, Richardson DR. The old and new biochemistry of polyamines. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2053-2068. [PMID: 29890242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are ubiquitous positively charged amines found in all organisms. These molecules play a crucial role in many biological functions including cell growth, gene regulation and differentiation. The three major polyamines produced in all mammalian cells are putrescine, spermidine and spermine. The intracellular levels of these polyamines depend on the interplay of the biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes of the polyamine and methionine salvage pathway, as well as the involvement of polyamine transporters. Polyamine levels are observed to be high in cancer cells, which contributes to malignant transformation, cell proliferation and poor patient prognosis. Considering the critical roles of polyamines in cancer cell proliferation, numerous anti-polyaminergic compounds have been developed as anti-tumor agents, which seek to suppress polyamine levels by specifically inhibiting polyamine biosynthesis, activating polyamine catabolism, or blocking polyamine transporters. However, in terms of the development of effective anti-cancer therapeutics targeting the polyamine system, these efforts have unfortunately resulted in little success. Recently, several studies using the iron chelators, O-trensox and ICL670A (Deferasirox), have demonstrated a decline in both iron and polyamine levels. Since iron levels are also high in cancer cells, and like polyamines, are required for proliferation, these latter findings suggest a biochemically integrated link between iron and polyamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Bae
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Darius J R Lane
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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27
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Lane DJR, Bae DH, Siafakas AR, Suryo Rahmanto Y, Al-Akra L, Jansson PJ, Casero RA, Richardson DR. Coupling of the polyamine and iron metabolism pathways in the regulation of proliferation: Mechanistic links to alterations in key polyamine biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2793-2813. [PMID: 29777905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many biological processes result from the coupling of metabolic pathways. Considering this, proliferation depends on adequate iron and polyamines, and although iron-depletion impairs proliferation, the metabolic link between iron and polyamine metabolism has never been thoroughly investigated. This is important to decipher, as many disease states demonstrate co-dysregulation of iron and polyamine metabolism. Herein, for the first time, we demonstrate that cellular iron levels robustly regulate 13 polyamine pathway proteins. Seven of these were regulated in a conserved manner by iron-depletion across different cell-types, with four proteins being down-regulated (i.e., acireductone dioxygenase 1 [ADI1], methionine adenosyltransferase 2α [MAT2α], Antizyme and polyamine oxidase [PAOX]) and three proteins being up-regulated (i.e., S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase [AMD1], Antizyme inhibitor 1 [AZIN1] and spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase 1 [SAT1]). Depletion of iron also markedly decreased polyamine pools (i.e., spermidine and/or spermine, but not putrescine). Accordingly, iron-depletion also decreased S-adenosylmethionine that is essential for spermidine/spermine biosynthesis. Iron-depletion additionally reduced 3H-spermidine uptake in direct agreement with the lowered levels of the polyamine importer, SLC22A16. Regarding mechanism, the "reprogramming" of polyamine metabolism by iron-depletion is consistent with the down-regulation of ADI1 and MAT2α, and the up-regulation of SAT1. Moreover, changes in ADI1 (biosynthetic) and SAT1 (catabolic) partially depended on the iron-regulated changes in c-Myc and/or p53. The ability of iron chelators to inhibit proliferation was rescuable by putrescine and spermidine, and under some conditions by spermine. Collectively, iron and polyamine metabolism are intimately coupled, which has significant ramifications for understanding the integrated role of iron and polyamine metabolism in proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius J R Lane
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Dong-Hun Bae
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Aritee R Siafakas
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Yohan Suryo Rahmanto
- Department of Pathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lina Al-Akra
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Robert A Casero
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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28
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Moussa RS, Kovacevic Z, Bae DH, Lane DJR, Richardson DR. Transcriptional regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21 CIP1/WAF1, by the chelator, Dp44mT. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1862:761-774. [PMID: 29032246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21, is well known for its role in cell cycle arrest. Novel anti-cancer agents that deplete iron pools demonstrate marked anti-tumor activity and are also active in regulating p21 expression. These agents induce p21 mRNA levels independently of the tumor suppressor, p53, and differentially regulate p21 protein expression depending on the cell-type. Several chelators, including an analogue of the potent anti-tumor agent, di-2-pyridylketone 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT), have entered clinical trials, and thus, their molecular mechanism of action is crucial to assess. Hence, this investigation examined how several iron chelators transcriptionally regulate p21. METHODS Promoter-deletion constructs; luciferase assays; RT-PCR; western analysis; gene silencing; co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS The transcriptional regulation of the p21 promoter by iron chelators was demonstrated to be dependent on the chelator and cell-type examined. The potent anti-cancer chelator, Dp44mT, induced p21 promoter activity in SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells, but not in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Further analysis of the p21 promoter identified a 50-bp region between -104 and -56-bp that was required for Dp44mT-induced activation in SK-MEL-28 cells. This region contained several Sp1-binding sites and mutational analysis of this region revealed the Sp1-3-binding site played a significant role in Dp44mT-induced activation of p21. Further, co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated that Dp44mT induced a marked increase in the interactions between Sp1 and the transcription factors, estrogen receptor-α and c-Jun. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Dp44mT-induced p21 promoter activation via the Sp1-3-binding site and increased Sp1/ER-α and Sp1/c-Jun complex formation in SK-MEL-28 cells, suggesting these complexes were involved in p21 promoter activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan S Moussa
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Dong-Hun Bae
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Darius J R Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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29
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Zhang Y, Qian Y, Zhang J, Yan W, Jung YS, Chen M, Huang E, Lloyd K, Duan Y, Wang J, Liu G, Chen X. Ferredoxin reductase is critical for p53-dependent tumor suppression via iron regulatory protein 2. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1243-1256. [PMID: 28747430 PMCID: PMC5558926 DOI: 10.1101/gad.299388.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Chen and colleagues investigated the biological function of ferredoxin reductase (FDXR), a target of p53. They generated a Fdxr-deficient mouse model and found that the signal from FDXR to iron homeostasis and the p53 pathway was transduced by ferredoxin 2, a substrate of FDXR, and that p53 played a role in iron homeostasis and was required for FDXR-mediated iron metabolism, suggesting that the FDXR–p53 loop is critical for tumor suppression via iron homeostasis. Ferredoxin reductase (FDXR), a target of p53, modulates p53-dependent apoptosis and is necessary for steroidogenesis and biogenesis of iron–sulfur clusters. To determine the biological function of FDXR, we generated a Fdxr-deficient mouse model and found that loss of Fdxr led to embryonic lethality potentially due to iron overload in developing embryos. Interestingly, mice heterozygous in Fdxr had a short life span and were prone to spontaneous tumors and liver abnormalities, including steatosis, hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. We also found that FDXR was necessary for mitochondrial iron homeostasis and proper expression of several master regulators of iron metabolism, including iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2). Surprisingly, we found that p53 mRNA translation was suppressed by FDXR deficiency via IRP2. Moreover, we found that the signal from FDXR to iron homeostasis and the p53 pathway was transduced by ferredoxin 2, a substrate of FDXR. Finally, we found that p53 played a role in iron homeostasis and was required for FDXR-mediated iron metabolism. Together, we conclude that FDXR and p53 are mutually regulated and that the FDXR–p53 loop is critical for tumor suppression via iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Wensheng Yan
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Yong-Sam Jung
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Eric Huang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis Health, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Kent Lloyd
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis Health, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Yuyou Duan
- Department of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, University of California at Davis Health, Sacramento, California 95616, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201 USA
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Orue A, Chavez V, Strasberg-Rieber M, Rieber M. Hypoxic resistance of KRAS mutant tumor cells to 3-Bromopyruvate is counteracted by Prima-1 and reversed by N-acetylcysteine. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:902. [PMID: 27863474 PMCID: PMC5116131 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2930-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The metabolic inhibitor 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) is a promising anti-cancer alkylating agent, shown to inhibit growth of some colorectal carcinoma with KRAS mutation. Recently, we demonstrated increased resistance to 3-BrPA in wt p53 tumor cells compared to those with p53 silencing or mutation. Since hypoxic microenvironments select for tumor cells with diminished therapeutic response, we investigated whether hypoxia unequally increases resistance to 3-BrPA in wt p53 MelJuso melanoma harbouring (Q61L)-mutant NRAS and wt BRAF, C8161 melanoma with (G12D)-mutant KRAS (G464E)-mutant BRAF, and A549 lung carcinoma with a KRAS (G12S)-mutation. Since hypoxia increases the toxicity of the p53 activator, Prima-1 against breast cancer cells irrespective of their p53 status, we also investigated whether Prima-1 reversed hypoxic resistance to 3-BrPA. Results In contrast to the high susceptibility of hypoxic mutant NRAS MelJuso cells to 3-BrPA or Prima-1, KRAS mutant C8161 and A549 cells revealed hypoxic resistance to 3-BrPA counteracted by Prima-1. In A549 cells, Prima-1 increased p21CDKN1mRNA, and reciprocally inhibited mRNA expression of the SLC2A1-GLUT1 glucose transporter-1 and ALDH1A1, gene linked to detoxification and stem cell properties. 3-BrPA lowered CAIX and VEGF mRNA expression. Death from joint Prima-1 and 3-BrPA treatment in KRAS mutant A549 and C8161 cells seemed mediated by potentiating oxidative stress, since it was antagonized by the anti-oxidant and glutathione precursor N-acetylcysteine. Conclusions This report is the first to show that Prima-1 kills hypoxic wt p53 KRAS-mutant cells resistant to 3-BrPA, partly by decreasing GLUT-1 expression and exacerbating pro-oxidant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Orue
- IVIC, Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, Apartado 21827, Caracas, 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Valery Chavez
- IVIC, Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, Apartado 21827, Caracas, 1020A, Venezuela
| | | | - Manuel Rieber
- IVIC, Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, Apartado 21827, Caracas, 1020A, Venezuela.
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Moussa RS, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. Differential targeting of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21CIP1/WAF1, by chelators with anti-proliferative activity in a range of tumor cell-types. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29694-711. [PMID: 26335183 PMCID: PMC4745756 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chelators such as 2-hydroxy-1-napthylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (311) and di-2-pyridylketone-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT) target tumor cell iron pools and inhibit proliferation. These agents also modulate multiple targets, one of which is the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21. Hence, this investigation examined the mechanism of action of these compounds in targeting p21. All the chelators up-regulated p21 mRNA in the five tumor cell-types assessed. In contrast, examining their effect on total p21 protein levels, these agents induced either: (1) down-regulation in MCF-7 cells; (2) up-regulation in SK-MEL-28 and CFPAC-1 cells; or (3) had no effect in LNCaP and SK-N-MC cells. The nuclear localization of p21 was also differentially affected by the ligands depending upon the cell-type, with it being decreased in MCF-7 cells, but increased in SK-MEL-28 and CFPAC-1 cells. Further studies assessing the mechanisms responsible for these effects demonstrated that p21 expression was not correlated with p53 status, suggesting a p53-independent mechanism. Considering this, we examined proteins that modulate p21 independently of p53, namely NDRG1, MDM2 and ΔNp63. These studies demonstrated that a dominant negative MDM2 isoform (p75(MDM2)) closely resembled p21 expression in response to chelation in three cell lines. These data suggest MDM2 may be involved in the regulation of p21 by chelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan S Moussa
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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Lui GYL, Kovacevic Z, Richardson V, Merlot AM, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Targeting cancer by binding iron: Dissecting cellular signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2016; 6:18748-79. [PMID: 26125440 PMCID: PMC4662454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Newer and more potent therapies are urgently needed to effectively treat advanced cancers that have developed resistance and metastasized. One such strategy is to target cancer cell iron metabolism, which is altered compared to normal cells and may facilitate their rapid proliferation. This is supported by studies reporting the anti-neoplastic activities of the clinically available iron chelators, desferrioxamine and deferasirox. More recently, ligands of the di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazone (DpT) class have demonstrated potent and selective anti-proliferative activity across multiple cancer-types in vivo, fueling studies aimed at dissecting their molecular mechanisms of action. In the past five years alone, significant advances have been made in understanding how chelators not only modulate cellular iron metabolism, but also multiple signaling pathways implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. Herein, we discuss recent research on the targeting of iron in cancer cells, with a focus on the novel and potent DpT ligands. Several key studies have revealed that iron chelation can target the AKT, ERK, JNK, p38, STAT3, TGF-β, Wnt and autophagic pathways to subsequently inhibit cellular proliferation, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. These developments emphasize that these novel therapies could be utilized clinically to effectively target cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goldie Y L Lui
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vera Richardson
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angelica M Merlot
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Redox cycling metals: Pedaling their roles in metabolism and their use in the development of novel therapeutics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:727-48. [PMID: 26844773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Essential metals, such as iron and copper, play a critical role in a plethora of cellular processes including cell growth and proliferation. However, concomitantly, excess of these metal ions in the body can have deleterious effects due to their ability to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, the human body has evolved a very well-orchestrated metabolic system that keeps tight control on the levels of these metal ions. Considering their very high proliferation rate, cancer cells require a high abundance of these metals compared to their normal counterparts. Interestingly, new anti-cancer agents that take advantage of the sensitivity of cancer cells to metal sequestration and their susceptibility to ROS have been developed. These ligands can avidly bind metal ions to form redox active metal complexes, which lead to generation of cytotoxic ROS. Furthermore, these agents also act as potent metastasis suppressors due to their ability to up-regulate the metastasis suppressor gene, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1. This review discusses the importance of iron and copper in the metabolism and progression of cancer, how they can be exploited to target tumors and the clinical translation of novel anti-cancer chemotherapeutics.
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Kalanaky S, Hafizi M, Fakharzadeh S, Vasei M, Langroudi L, Janzamin E, Hashemi SM, Khayamzadeh M, Soleimani M, Akbari ME, Nazaran MH. BCc1, the novel antineoplastic nanocomplex, showed potent anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 10:59-70. [PMID: 26766901 PMCID: PMC4699513 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s89694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In spite of all the efforts and researches on anticancer therapeutics, an absolute treatment is still a myth. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize novel technologies in order to synthesize smart multifunctional structures. In this study, for the first time, we have evaluated the anticancer effects of BCc1 nanocomplex by vitro and in vivo studies, which is designed based on the novel nanochelating technology. Methods Human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and mouse embryonic fibroblasts were used for the in vitro study. Antioxidant potential, cell toxicity, apoptosis induction, and CD44 and CD24 protein expression were evaluated after treatment of cells with different concentrations of BCc1 nanocomplex. For the in vivo study, mammary tumor-bearing female Balb/c mice were treated with different doses of BCc1 and their effects on tumor growth rate and survival were evaluated. Results BCc1 decreased CD44 protein expression and increased CD24 protein expression. It induced MCF-7 cell apoptosis but at the same concentrations did not have negative effects on mouse embryonic fibroblasts viability and protected them against oxidative stress. Treatment with nanocomplex increased survival and reduced the tumor size growth in breast cancer-bearing balb/c mice. Conclusion These results demonstrate that BCc1 has the capacity to be assessed as a new anticancer agent in complementary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Kalanaky
- Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hafizi
- Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saideh Fakharzadeh
- Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Vasei
- Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Langroudi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Janzamin
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Khayamzadeh
- Cancer Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Padmanabhan H, Brookes MJ, Iqbal T. Iron and colorectal cancer: evidence from in vitro and animal studies. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:308-17. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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36
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Phatak VM, Muller PAJ. Metal toxicity and the p53 protein: an intimate relationship. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between p53, ROS and transition metals.
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37
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Iron homeostasis in breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 347:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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38
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Al-Fatlawi AA, Al-Fatlawi AA, Irshad M, Zafaryab M, Alam Rizvi MM, Ahmad A. Rice Bran Phytic Acid Induced Apoptosis Through Regulation of Bcl-2/Bax and p53 Genes in HepG2 Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:3731-6. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.8.3731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Iron metabolism regulates p53 signaling through direct heme-p53 interaction and modulation of p53 localization, stability, and function. Cell Rep 2014; 7:180-93. [PMID: 24685134 PMCID: PMC4219651 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron excess is closely associated with tumorigenesis in multiple types of human cancers, with underlying mechanisms yet unclear. Recently, iron deprivation has emerged as a major strategy for chemotherapy, but it exerts tumor suppression only on select human malignancies. Here, we report that the tumor suppressor protein p53 is downregulated during iron excess. Strikingly, the iron polyporphyrin heme binds to p53 protein, interferes with p53-DNA interactions, and triggers both nuclear export and cytosolic degradation of p53. Moreover, in a tumorigenicity assay, iron deprivation suppressed wild-type p53-dependent tumor growth, suggesting that upregulation of wild-type p53 signaling underlies the selective efficacy of iron deprivation. Our findings thus identify a direct link between iron/heme homeostasis and the regulation of p53 signaling, which not only provides mechanistic insights into iron-excess-associated tumorigenesis but may also help predict and improve outcomes in iron-deprivation-based chemotherapy.
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40
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Schulze CJ, Bray WM, Woerhmann MH, Stuart J, Lokey RS, Linington RG. "Function-first" lead discovery: mode of action profiling of natural product libraries using image-based screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:285-95. [PMID: 23438757 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytological profiling is a high-content image-based screening technology that provides insight into the mode of action (MOA) for test compounds by directly measuring hundreds of phenotypic cellular features. We have extended this recently reported technology to the mechanistic characterization of unknown natural products libraries for the direct prediction of compound MOAs at the primary screening stage. By analyzing a training set of commercial compounds of known mechanism and comparing these profiles to those obtained from natural product library members, we have successfully annotated extracts based on MOA, dereplicated known compounds based on biological similarity to the training set, and identified and predicted the MOA of a unique family of iron siderophores. Coupled with traditional analytical techniques, cytological profiling provides an avenue for the creation of "function-first" approaches to natural products discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Schulze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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41
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Heath JL, Weiss JM, Lavau CP, Wechsler DS. Iron deprivation in cancer--potential therapeutic implications. Nutrients 2013; 5:2836-59. [PMID: 23887041 PMCID: PMC3775231 DOI: 10.3390/nu5082836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for normal cellular function. It participates in a wide variety of cellular processes, including cellular respiration, DNA synthesis, and macromolecule biosynthesis. Iron is required for cell growth and proliferation, and changes in intracellular iron availability can have significant effects on cell cycle regulation, cellular metabolism, and cell division. Perhaps not surprisingly then, neoplastic cells have been found to have higher iron requirements than normal, non-malignant cells. Iron depletion through chelation has been explored as a possible therapeutic intervention in a variety of cancers. Here, we will review iron homeostasis in non-malignant and malignant cells, the widespread effects of iron depletion on the cell, the various iron chelators that have been explored in the treatment of cancer, and the tumor types that have been most commonly studied in the context of iron chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Heath
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; E-Mails: (J.L.H.); (J.M.W.); (C.P.L.)
| | - Joshua M. Weiss
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; E-Mails: (J.L.H.); (J.M.W.); (C.P.L.)
| | - Catherine P. Lavau
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; E-Mails: (J.L.H.); (J.M.W.); (C.P.L.)
| | - Daniel S. Wechsler
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; E-Mails: (J.L.H.); (J.M.W.); (C.P.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-919-684-3401; Fax: +1-919-681-7950
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Intestinal iron homeostasis and colon tumorigenesis. Nutrients 2013; 5:2333-51. [PMID: 23812305 PMCID: PMC3738976 DOI: 10.3390/nu5072333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths in industrialized countries. Understanding the mechanisms of growth and progression of CRC is essential to improve treatment. Iron is an essential nutrient for cell growth. Iron overload caused by hereditary mutations or excess dietary iron uptake has been identified as a risk factor for CRC. Intestinal iron is tightly controlled by iron transporters that are responsible for iron uptake, distribution, and export. Dysregulation of intestinal iron transporters are observed in CRC and lead to iron accumulation in tumors. Intratumoral iron results in oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, protein modification and DNA damage with consequent promotion of oncogene activation. In addition, excess iron in intestinal tumors may lead to increase in tumor-elicited inflammation and tumor growth. Limiting intratumoral iron through specifically chelating excess intestinal iron or modulating activities of iron transporter may be an attractive therapeutic target for CRC.
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Sun J, Zhang D, Bae DH, Sahni S, Jansson P, Zheng Y, Zhao Q, Yue F, Zheng M, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. Metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, mediates its activity through signaling pathways and molecular motors. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1943-54. [PMID: 23671130 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), is negatively correlated with tumor progression in multiple neoplasms, being a promising new target for cancer treatment. However, the precise molecular effects of NDRG1 remain unclear. Herein, we summarize recent advances in understanding the impact of NDRG1 on cancer metastasis with emphasis on its interactions with the key oncogenic nuclear factor-kappaB, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/phosphorylated AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin and Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways. Recent studies demonstrating the inhibitory effects of NDRG1 on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a key initial step in metastasis, TGF-β pathway and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are also described. Furthermore, NDRG1 was also demonstrated to regulate molecular motors in cancer cells, leading to inhibition of F-actin polymerization, stress fiber formation and subsequent reduction of cancer cell migration. Collectively, this review summarizes the underlying molecular mechanisms of the antimetastatic effects of NDRG1 in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Merlot AM, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Novel chelators for cancer treatment: where are we now? Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:973-1006. [PMID: 22424293 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Under normal circumstances, cellular iron levels are tightly regulated due to the potential toxic effects of this metal ion. There is evidence that tumors possess altered iron homeostasis, which is mediated by the perturbed expression of iron-related proteins, for example, transferrin receptor 1, ferritin and ferroportin 1. The de-regulation of iron homeostasis in cancer cells reveals a particular vulnerability to iron-depletion using iron chelators. In this review, we examine the absorption of iron from the gut; its transport, metabolism, and homeostasis in mammals; and the molecular pathways involved. Additionally, evidence for alterations in iron processing in cancer are described along with the perturbations in other biologically important transition metal ions, for example, copper(II) and zinc(II). These changes can be therapeutically manipulated by the use of novel chelators that have recently been shown to be highly effective in terms of inhibiting tumor growth. RECENT ADVANCES Such chelators include those of the thiosemicarbazone class that were originally thought to target only ribonucleotide reductase, but are now known to have multiple effects, including the generation of cytotoxic radicals. CRITICAL ISSUES Several chelators have shown marked anti-tumor activity in vivo against a variety of solid tumors. An important aspect is the toxicology and the efficacy of these agents in clinical trials. FUTURE DIRECTIONS As part of the process of the clinical assessment of the new chelators, an extensive toxicological assessment in multiple animal models is essential for designing appropriate dosing protocols in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M Merlot
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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45
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Chen Z, Zhang D, Yue F, Zheng M, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. The iron chelators Dp44mT and DFO inhibit TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition via up-regulation of N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17016-17028. [PMID: 22453918 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.350470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key step for cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates the EMT and the metastasis suppressor gene, N-myc downstream-regulated gene-1 (NDRG1), could play a role in regulating the TGF-β pathway. NDRG1 expression is markedly increased after chelator-mediated iron depletion via hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-dependent and independent pathways (Le, N. T. and Richardson, D. R. (2004) Blood 104, 2967-2975). Moreover, novel iron chelators show marked and selective anti-tumor activity and are a potential new class of anti-metabolites. Considering this, the current study investigated the relationship between NDRG1 and the EMT to examine if iron chelators can inhibit the EMT via NDRG1 up-regulation. We demonstrated that TGF-β induces the EMT in HT29 and DU145 cells. Further, the chelators, desferrioxamine (DFO) and di-2-pyridylketone-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT), inhibited the TGF-β-induced EMT by maintaining E-cadherin and β-catenin, at the cell membrane. We then established stable clones with NDRG1 overexpression and knock-down in HT29 and DU145 cells. These data showed that NDRG1 overexpression maintained membrane E-cadherin and β-catenin and inhibited TGF-β-stimulated cell migration and invasion. Conversely, NDRG1 knock-down caused morphological changes from an epithelial- to fibroblastic-like phenotype and also increased migration and invasion, demonstrating NDRG1 knockdown induced the EMT and enhanced TGF-β effects. We also investigated the mechanisms involved and showed the TGF-β/SMAD and Wnt pathways were implicated in NDRG1 regulation of E-cadherin and β-catenin expression and translocation. This study demonstrates that chelators inhibit the TGF-β-induced EMT via a process consistent with NDRG1 up-regulation and elucidates the mechanism of their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Chen
- General Surgery Department of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Daohai Zhang
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Fei Yue
- General Surgery Department of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Minhua Zheng
- General Surgery Department of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- General Surgery Department of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Saletta F, Rahmanto YS, Siafakas AR, Richardson DR. Cellular iron depletion and the mechanisms involved in the iron-dependent regulation of the growth arrest and DNA damage family of genes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35396-35406. [PMID: 21852233 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.273060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron plays a crucial part in proliferation while iron deficiency results in G(1)/S arrest, DNA damage, and apoptosis. However, the precise role of iron in cell cycle control remains unclear. We showed that iron depletion using the iron chelators, desferrioxamine (DFO), or 2-hydroxy-1-napthylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (311), increased the mRNA levels of the growth arrest and DNA damage 45α gene, GADD45α (Darnell, G. and Richardson, D. R. (1999) Blood 94, 781-792). In this study, we examined the effect of iron depletion on up-regulating GADD family members involved in growth control, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and DNA repair, making them therapeutic targets for tumor suppression. We showed the GADD family members were up-regulated by cellular iron depletion. Further, up-regulation of GADD45α after iron deprivation was independent of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), octamer-1 (Oct-1), p53 and early growth response 1 (Egr1). We then analyzed the regulatory elements responsible for iron depletion-mediated regulation of GADD45α and identified the specific transcription factor/s involved. This region was within -117 bp and -81 bp relative to the start codon where the consensus sequences of three transcription factors are located: the CCAAT-binding factor/nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y), the stabilizing molecule v-MYB and the enhancer, CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (CEBPα). Mutation analysis, shRNA studies, Western blotting, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays led to the identification of NF-Y in the transcriptional up-regulation of GADD45α after iron depletion. Furthermore, like GADD45α, NF-YA was up-regulated after iron chelation and down-regulated by iron supplementation. These results are important for understanding the mechanisms of iron depletion-mediated cell cycle arrest, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Saletta
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Yohan Suryo Rahmanto
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Aritee R Siafakas
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Leitch HA. Optimizing therapy for iron overload in the myelodysplastic syndromes: recent developments. Drugs 2011; 71:155-77. [PMID: 21275444 DOI: 10.2165/11585280-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by cytopenias and risk of progression to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Most MDS patients eventually require transfusion of red blood cells for anaemia, placing them at risk of transfusional iron overload. In β-thalassaemia major, transfusional iron overload leads to organ dysfunction and death; however, with iron chelation therapy, organ function is improved, and survival improved to near normal and correlated with the degree of compliance with chelation. In lower-risk MDS, several nonrandomized studies suggest an adverse effect of iron overload on survival and that lowering iron with chelation may minimize this impact. Emerging data indicate that chelation may improve organ function, particularly hepatic function, and a minority of patients may have improvement in cell counts and decreased transfusion requirements. While guidelines for MDS generally recommend chelation in selected lower-risk patients, data from nonrandomized trials suggest iron overload may impact adversely on the outcome of higher-risk MDS and stem cell transplantation (SCT). This effect may be due to increased transplant-related mortality, infection and AML progression, and preliminary data suggest that lowering iron may be beneficial in this patient group. Other areas of active and future investigation include optimizing the monitoring of iron overload using imaging such as T2* MRI and measures of labile iron and oxidative stress; correlating new methods of measuring iron to clinical outcomes; clarifying the contribution of different cellular and extracellular iron pools to iron toxicity; optimizing chelation by using agents that access the appropriate iron pools to minimize the relevant clinical consequences in individual patients; and incorporating measures of quality of life and co-morbidities into clinical trials of chelation in MDS. It should be noted that chelation is costly and potentially toxic, and in MDS should be initiated after weighing potential risks and benefits for each patient until more definitive data are available. In this review, data on the impact of iron overload in MDS and SCT are discussed; for example, several noncontrolled studies show inferior survival in patients with iron overload in these clinical settings, including an increase in transplant-related mortality and infection risk. Possible mechanisms of iron toxicity include oxidative stress, which can damage cellular components, and the documented impact of lowering iron on organ function with measures such as iron chelation therapy includes an improvement in elevated liver transaminases. Lowering iron also appears to improve survival in both lower-risk MDS and SCT in nonrandomized studies. Selected aspects of iron metabolism, transport, storage and distribution that may be amenable to future intervention and improved removal of iron from important cellular sites are discussed, as are attempts to quantify quality of life and the importance of co-morbidities in measures to treat MDS, including chelation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Leitch
- Division of Hematology, St Paul's Hospital and the University of British Columbia, 440–1144 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Kovacevic Z, Sivagurunathan S, Mangs H, Chikhani S, Zhang D, Richardson DR. The metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), upregulates p21 via p53-independent mechanisms. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:732-40. [PMID: 21398495 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1), has been shown to markedly reduce metastasis of numerous tumors. The current study was focused on further elucidating the molecular mechanisms behind the antitumor function of NDRG1. We have identified for the first time that NDRG1 upregulates the potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21. This effect was observed in three different cancer cell types, including PC3MM and DU145 prostate cancer cells and H1299 lung carcinoma cells, and occurred independently of p53. In addition, reducing NDRG1 expression using short hairpin RNA in PC3MM and DU145 cells resulted in significantly reduced p21 protein levels. Hence, p21 is closely correlated with NDRG1 expression in these latter cell types. Examining the mechanisms behind the effect of NDRG1 on p21 expression, we found that NDRG1 upregulated p21 via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in prostate cancer cells, although its effect on H1299 cells was posttranscriptional only. Further studies identified two additional NDRG1 protein targets. The dominant-negative p63 isoform, ΔNp63, which has been found to inhibit p21 transcription, was downregulated by NDRG1. On the other hand, a truncated 50 kDa MDM2 isoform (p50(MDM2)), which may protect p21 from proteasomal degradation, was upregulated by NDRG1. The downregulation of ΔNp63 and upregulation of p50(MDM2) are potential mechanisms by which NDRG1 increases p21 expression in these cells. Additional functional studies identified that NDRG1 inhibits cancer cell migration, suggesting that p21 is a molecular player in its antimetastatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaklina Kovacevic
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Jansson PJ, Sharpe PC, Bernhardt PV, Richardson DR. Novel thiosemicarbazones of the ApT and DpT series and their copper complexes: identification of pronounced redox activity and characterization of their antitumor activity. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5759-69. [PMID: 20597487 DOI: 10.1021/jm100561b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The novel chelators 2-acetylpyridine-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (HAp44mT) and di-2-pyridylketone-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (HDp44mT) have been examined to elucidate the structure-activity relationships necessary to form copper (Cu) complexes with pronounced antitumor activity. Electrochemical studies demonstrated that the Cu complexes of these ligands had lower redox potentials than their iron complexes. Moreover, the Cu complexes where the ligand/metal ratio was 1:1 rather than 2:1 had significantly higher intracellular oxidative properties and antitumor efficacy. Interestingly, the 2:1 complex was shown to dissociate to give significant amounts of the 1:1 complex that could be the major cytotoxic effector. Both types of Cu complex showed significantly more antiproliferative activity than the ligand alone. We also demonstrate the importance of the inductive effects of substituents on the carbonyl group of the parent ketone, which influence the Cu(II/I) redox potentials because of their proximity to the metal center. The structure-activity relationships described are important for the design of potent thiosemicarbazone Cu complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric J Jansson
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Saletta F, Suryo Rahmanto Y, Noulsri E, Richardson DR. Iron chelator-mediated alterations in gene expression: identification of novel iron-regulated molecules that are molecular targets of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha and p53. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 77:443-58. [PMID: 20023006 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.061028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency affects 500 million people, yet the molecular role of iron in gene expression remains poorly characterized. In addition, the alterations in global gene expression after iron chelation remain unclear and are important to assess for understanding the molecular pathology of iron deficiency and the biological effects of chelators. Considering this, we assessed the effect on whole genome gene expression of two iron chelators (desferrioxamine and 2-hydroxy-1-napthylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone) that have markedly different permeability properties. Sixteen genes were significantly regulated by both ligands, whereas a further 50 genes were significantly regulated by either compound. Apart from iron-mediated regulation of expression via hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha, it was noteworthy that the transcription factor p53 was also involved in iron-regulated gene expression. Examining 16 genes regulated by both chelators in normal and neoplastic cells, five genes (APP, GDF15, CITED2, EGR1, and PNRC1) were significantly differentially expressed between the cell types. In view of their functions in tumor suppression, proliferation, and apoptosis, these findings are important for understanding the selective antiproliferative effects of chelators against neoplastic cells. Most of the genes identified have not been described previously to be iron-regulated and are important for understanding the molecular and cellular effects of iron depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Saletta
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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