1
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Zhang YL, Wang YW, He MJ, Chang JL. An updated meta-analysis investigating the association between DNMTs gene polymorphism andgastric cancer risk. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293466. [PMID: 37878642 PMCID: PMC10599511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a prominent global health issue, as it ranks as the fifth most prevalent type of cancer and the fourth most significant cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Although H. pylori is known to play a role in the development of GC, genetic factors also play a role in its onset and progression. Recent studies have shown that genetic polymorphisms are strongly associated with the development of GC and that certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis and prevention. Epigenetic disturbances, such as DNA methylation, are involved in the development of GC, and mutations in the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) gene have been found to increase the risk of GC. However, previous findings on the association between DNMTs SNPs and GC risk have been inconsistent. In this study, an updated meta-analysis of three well-studied and controversial DNMTs polymorphic loci, DNMT1 rs16999593, DNMT3A rs1550117 and DNMT3B rs1569686, was performed to provide more reliable results. It was found that DNMT1 rs16999593 was not associated with GC, DNMT3A rs1550117 may have a positive association with GC risk, and DNMT3B rs1569686 may be a protective factor for GC. These findings may provide valuable information for early diagnosis and prevention of GC, but further studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, Changzhi, China
| | - Yu-Wei Wang
- Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi Province, Changzhi, China
| | - Ming-Jie He
- Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi Province, Changzhi, China
| | - Jian-Lan Chang
- Department of Oncology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, Changzhi, China
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2
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Kim K, Ryu TY, Lee J, Son MY, Kim DS, Kim SK, Cho HS. Epigenetic Silencing of CHOP Expression by the Histone Methyltransferase EHMT1 Regulates Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Mol Cells 2022; 45:622-630. [PMID: 35748228 PMCID: PMC9448644 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high mortality rate among cancers worldwide. To reduce this mortality rate, chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan) or targeted therapy (bevacizumab, cetuximab, and panitumumab) has been used to treat CRC. However, due to various side effects and poor responses to CRC treatment, novel therapeutic targets for drug development are needed. In this study, we identified the overexpression of EHMT1 in CRC using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data derived from TCGA, and we observed that knocking down EHMT1 expression suppressed cell growth by inducing cell apoptosis in CRC cell lines. In Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis using RNA-seq data, apoptosis-related terms were enriched after EHMT1 knockdown. Moreover, we identified the CHOP gene as a direct target of EHMT1 using a ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) assay with an anti-histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) antibody. Finally, after cotransfection with siEHMT1 and siCHOP, we again confirmed that CHOP-mediated cell apoptosis was induced by EHMT1 knockdown. Our findings reveal that EHMT1 plays a key role in regulating CRC cell apoptosis, suggesting that EHMT1 may be a therapeutic target for the development of cancer inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangho Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Tae Young Ryu
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jinkwon Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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3
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Pascale RM, Simile MM, Calvisi DF, Feo CF, Feo F. S-Adenosylmethionine: From the Discovery of Its Inhibition of Tumorigenesis to Its Use as a Therapeutic Agent. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030409. [PMID: 35159219 PMCID: PMC8834208 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations of methionine cycle in steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma induce MAT1A decrease and MAT2A increase expressions with the consequent decrease of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). This causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). SAM administration antagonizes pathological conditions, including galactosamine, acetaminophen, and ethanol intoxications, characterized by decreased intracellular SAM. Positive therapeutic effects of SAM/vitamin E or SAM/ursodeoxycholic acid in animal models with NAFLD and intrahepatic cholestasis were not confirmed in humans. In in vitro experiments, SAM and betaine potentiate PegIFN-alpha-2a/2b plus ribavirin antiviral effects. SAM plus betaine improves early viral kinetics and increases interferon-stimulated gene expression in patients with viral hepatitis non-responders to pegIFNα/ribavirin. SAM prevents hepatic cirrhosis, induced by CCl4, inhibits experimental tumors growth and is proapoptotic for hepatocellular carcinoma and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. SAM plus Decitabine arrest cancer growth and potentiate doxorubicin effects on breast, head, and neck cancers. Furthermore, SAM enhances the antitumor effect of gemcitabine against pancreatic cancer cells, inhibits growth of human prostate cancer PC-3, colorectal cancer, and osteosarcoma LM-7 and MG-63 cell lines; increases genomic stability of SW480 cells. SAM reduces colorectal cancer progression and inhibits the proliferation of preneoplastic rat liver cells in vivo. The discrepancy between positive results of SAM treatment of experimental tumors and modest effects against human disease may depend on more advanced human disease stage at moment of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M. Pascale
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.M.S.); (D.F.C.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria M. Simile
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.M.S.); (D.F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Diego F. Calvisi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.M.S.); (D.F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Claudio F. Feo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Surgery, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Francesco Feo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.M.S.); (D.F.C.); (F.F.)
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4
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Lee J, Kim K, Ryu TY, Jung CR, Lee MS, Lim JH, Park K, Kim DS, Son MY, Hamamoto R, Cho HS. EHMT1 knockdown induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in lung cancer cells by increasing CDKN1A expression. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2989-3002. [PMID: 34214254 PMCID: PMC8564652 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dozens of histone methyltransferases have been identified and biochemically characterized, but the pathological roles of their dysfunction in human diseases such as cancer remain largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of EHMT1, a histone lysine methyltransferase, in lung cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that the expression levels of EHMT1 are significantly elevated in human lung carcinomas compared with non‐neoplastic lung tissues. Through gene ontology analysis of RNA‐seq results, we showed that EHMT1 is clearly associated with apoptosis and the cell cycle process. Moreover, FACS analysis and cell growth assays showed that knockdown of EHMT1 induced apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest via upregulation of CDKN1A in A549 and H1299 cell lines. Finally, in 3D spheroid culture, compared to control cells, EHMT1 knockdown cells exhibited reduced aggregation of 3D spheroids and clear upregulation of CDKN1A and downregulation of E‐cadherin. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that EHMT1 plays a critical role in the regulation of cancer cell apoptosis and the cell cycle by modulating CDKN1A expression. Further functional analyses of EHMT1 in the context of human tumorigenesis may aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkwon Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kwangho Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae Young Ryu
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Cho-Rok Jung
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Lim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kunhyang Park
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ryuji Hamamoto
- Division of Molecular Modification and Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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5
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Silva-Carvalho AÉ, Alencar APD, Resende MR, da Costa DF, Nonino A, Neves FAR, Saldanha-Araujo F. Epigenetic priming by EHMT1/EHMT2 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia induces TP53 and TP73 overexpression and promotes cell death. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:104992. [PMID: 32889036 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1) and EHMT2 are upregulated in various human cancers, and their deregulation is associated with tumor development and progression. In this paper, we investigated the expression level of EHMT1/EHMT2 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and whether the modulation of these enzymes could have any cellular or molecular impact on ALL cells. For this, we used UNC0646 as a priming strategy to target EHMT1/EHMT2 and investigated its effect on proliferation and cell viability of Jurkat cells by MTT assay. Then, considering the IC50 and IC75, cellular death was determined by Annexin V/PI staining using flow cytometry. Finally, we investigated by RT-PCR the molecular bases that could be involved in the observed effects. Interestingly, accessing the International Microarray Innovations in Leukemia (MILE) study group, we detected that both EHMT1 and EHMT2 are overexpressed in ALL. More important, we determined that inhibition of EHMT1/EHMT2 significantly decreased Jurkat cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Accordingly, we observed that inhibition of EHMT1/EHMT2 promoted Jurkat cell death, which was accompanied by increased expression of P53, TP73, BAX, and MDM4. These results clearly indicate that inhibition of EHMT1/EHMT2 induces pro-apoptotic gene expression in ALL and promotes cell death. More importantly, the modulation of these histone methyltransferases may be a promising epigenetic target for ALL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandda Évelin Silva-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF 70.910-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Hematologia e Células-tronco, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dorneles Alencar
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF 70.910-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Hematologia e Células-tronco, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - Marielly Reis Resende
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF 70.910-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Hematologia e Células-tronco, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Freitas da Costa
- Laboratório de Hematologia e Células-tronco, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Nonino
- Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Setor Hospitalar Sul, Área Especial, Quadra 101, Brasília, DF 70.330-150, Brazil
| | - Francisco Assis Rocha Neves
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe Saldanha-Araujo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF 70.910-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Hematologia e Células-tronco, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L2 Norte, Brasília, DF 70.910-900, Brazil.
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6
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Maric H, Supic G, Kandolf-Sekulovic L, Maric V, Mijuskovic Z, Radevic T, Rajovic M, Magic Z. DNMT1 and DNMT3B genetic polymorphisms affect the clinical course and outcome of melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 2019; 29:596-602. [PMID: 30950914 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant DNA methylation plays a critical role in a number of different malignancies, including melanoma. DNA methylation is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), involved in methylation maintenance (DNMT1) and de novo DNA methylation (DNMT3A and DNMT3B). The current study investigated the association of genetic variants in the DNMT1 and DNMT3B with the clinicopathologic features and the clinical course of melanoma patients. In the present study, DNMT1 (rs2228612, rs2228611, and rs2114724) and DNMT3B (rs406193 and rs2424932) polymorphisms were examined in 123 melanoma patients. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were assessed using TaqMan SNPs Genotyping Assays according to the manufacturer's protocols. The carriers of the variant genotype of DNMT1 rs2228612 had poorer overall survival and recurrence-free survival, (P = 0.000 and 0.000, respectively), and an increased risk for adverse outcome [hazard ratio (HR) = 6.620, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.214-19.791, P = 0.001]. DNMT1 rs2228612 was also associated with ulceration (P = 0.045), nodal status (P = 0.030), progression (P = 0. 007), and stage of disease (P = 0.003). Univariate analysis indicated that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes could be a marker of good prognosis in melanoma patients (HR = 0.323, 95% CI: 0.127-0.855, P = 0.025), whereas the genotype distribution of the DNMT3B rs406193 polymorphism correlated significantly with the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (P = 0.012). The multivariate analysis showed that the DNMT1 rs2228612 polymorphism (HR = 12.126, 95% CI: 2.345-62.715, P = 0.003) is an independent predictor of poor overall survival in melanoma patients. As expected, disease progression was also found to be an independent prognostic factor in melanoma patients (HR = 37.888, 95% CI: 3.615-397.062, P = 0.002). DNMT1 rs2228612 was found to be an independent predictor of poor overall survival in melanoma patients. DNMTs polymorphisms could serve as a potential target for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Maric
- Second Surgery Clinic, University Hospital of Foca, Foca
| | | | | | - Veljko Maric
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Foca, University of East Sarajevo, Lukavica, Serbia
| | | | | | - Milica Rajovic
- Clinic for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade
| | - Zvonko Magic
- Faculty of Medicine
- Institute for Medical Research
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7
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Ediriweera MK, Tennekoon KH, Samarakoon SR. Emerging role of histone deacetylase inhibitors as anti-breast-cancer agents. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:685-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Yang Y, Shen J, Yan D, Yuan B, Zhang S, Wei J, Du T. Euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 1 regulates cancer development in human gastric cancer by regulating E-cadherin. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9480-9486. [PMID: 29844834 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is among the most aggressive types of cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. The specific role of deregulated expression/activity of histone methyltransferases (HMTs) in GC is poorly understood. The present study aimed to explore the possible oncogenic role of euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1) in gastric carcinogenesis. It was identified that EHMT1 was highly expressed in GC tissues compared with that in adjacent non-tumor tissues, and that EHMT1 expression levels were significantly associated with tumor stage and lymph node metastasis. Through knockdown of EHMT1 in the BGC-803 cell line, EHMT1 was demonstrated to promote a malignant phenotype, and to increase the wound healing, migration and invasion abilities of GC cells. Corresponding to these in vitro results, knockdown of EHMT1 also inhibited the peritoneal metastasis of GC cells in vivo. Furthermore, EHMT1 also regulated the expression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker E-cadherin in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that EHMT1 is upregulated in GC and serves an oncogenic role in GC development by regulating E-cadherin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Dongyi Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Biao Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Tao Du
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
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9
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Fu LN, Tan J, Chen YX, Fang JY. Genetic variants in the histone methylation and acetylation pathway and their risks in eight types of cancers. J Dig Dis 2018; 19:102-111. [PMID: 29292860 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The histone methylation and acetylation pathway genes regulate cell growth and survival. Aberrations in this pathway are implicated in a variety of cancers. This study aimed to identify germline genetic variants in histone methylation and acetylation pathway genes that may contribute to risk in eight types of cancers and to explore the relation between the whole pathway and their risks in these types of cancers. METHODS Germline genetic variants in 89 genes in the histone methylation and acetylation pathway were explored. Gene-based and pathway-based associations with eight types of cancers were analyzed using logistic regression models and the permutation-based adaptive rank-truncated product method, respectively. RESULTS Gene-level associations revealed that genetic variants in 45 genes were significantly associated with the risk of cancer. The total histone methylation and acetylation pathway was significantly associated with the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (P = 0.0492) and prostate (P = 0.0038), lung (P = 0.00015), and bladder cancer (P = 0.00135), but not with breast (P = 0.182), pancreatic (P = 0.336) and gastric cancer (P = 0.347) and renal cell carcinoma (P =0.828). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested there is an association between germline genetic variation at the overall histone methylation and acetylation pathway level and some individual genes with cancer risk. Further studies are needed to validate these relations and to explore relative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Na Fu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xuan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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10
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Shin JG, Cheong HS, Kim JY, Lee JH, Yu SJ, Yoon JH, Cheong JY, Cho SW, Park NH, Namgoong S, Kim LH, Kim YJ, Shin HD. Identification of additional EHMT2 variant associated with the risk of chronic hepatitis B by GWAS follow-up study. Genes Immun 2017; 20:1-9. [PMID: 29238036 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-017-0004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a precursor to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, caused by a Hepatitis B viral infection. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been conducted to find genes associated with CHB risk. In previous GWAS, EHMT2 was identified as one of the susceptibility genes for CHB. To further characterize this association and discover possible causal variants, we conducted an additional association study. A total of 11 EHMT2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were selected and genotyped in 3902 subjects (1046 CHB patients and 2856 controls). An additional eight imputed SNPs were also included in further analysis. As a result, rs35875104 showed a strong association with the CHB, along with the previously reported genetic marker for CHB risk, rs652888 (odds ratio (OR) = 0.53, P = 2.20 × 10-8 at rs35875104 and OR = 1.58, P = 9.90 × 10-12 at rs652888). In addition, linkage disequilibrium and conditional analysis identified one SNP (rs35875104) as a novel genetic marker for CHB susceptibility. The GRSs (genetic risk scores) were calculated to visualize the combined genetic effects of all known CHB-associated loci, including EHMT2 rs35875104, which was additionally identified in this study. The findings from the present study may be useful for further understanding of the genetic etiology of CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong-Gon Shin
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, 1 Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sub Cheong
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Sogang University, Inc., Taihard building 1007, 1 Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jason Yongha Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, 1 Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, 28 Yungun-dong, Chongro-Gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jong Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, 28 Yungun-dong, Chongro-Gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, 28 Yungun-dong, Chongro-Gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youn Cheong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Cho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, San-5 Wonchon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, 442-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Neung Hwa Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, 877 Bangeojin Sunhwan-doro, Dong-gu, Ulsan, 682-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhg Namgoong
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, 1 Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea.,Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Sogang University, Inc., Taihard building 1007, 1 Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Lyoung Hyo Kim
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Sogang University, Inc., Taihard building 1007, 1 Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, 28 Yungun-dong, Chongro-Gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyoung Doo Shin
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, 1 Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Sogang University, Inc., Taihard building 1007, 1 Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Idiopathic male infertility and polymorphisms in the DNA methyltransferase genes involved in epigenetic marking. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11219. [PMID: 28894282 PMCID: PMC5593912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between male infertility and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) genes (DNMT3B: rs2424909, DNMT1: rs4804490, DNMT3A: rs1550117 and DNMT3L: rs7354779). Eight hundred and thirty three idiopathic infertile males and four hundred and ten fertile controls from the hospitals affiliated to Nanjing Medical University between 2010 and 2012 were recruited in the study. We demonstrated a significantly increased risk of idiopathic infertility with abnormal semen parameters in association with the heterozygous genotype of variant rs4804490. Moreover, the AA genotype of variant rs4804490 was associated with significantly decreased risk for male infertility with abnormal semen parameters. A decreased risk of idiopathic infertility with abnormal semen parameters was associated with the homozygous genotype of variant rs2424909. These results suggested that variants in different DNMT genes have different relationships with idiopathic male infertility, and Chinese men carrying these variants have an increased or decreased risk of abnormal semen parameters.
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12
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Stueve TR, Marconett CN, Zhou B, Borok Z, Laird-Offringa IA. The importance of detailed epigenomic profiling of different cell types within organs. Epigenomics 2016; 8:817-29. [PMID: 27305639 PMCID: PMC5066118 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body consists of hundreds of kinds of cells specified from a single genome overlaid with cell type-specific epigenetic information. Comprehensively profiling the body's distinct epigenetic landscapes will allow researchers to verify cell types used in regenerative medicine and to determine the epigenetic effects of disease, environmental exposures and genetic variation. Key marks/factors that should be investigated include regions of nucleosome-free DNA accessible to regulatory factors, histone marks defining active enhancers and promoters, DNA methylation levels, regulatory RNAs, and factors controlling the three-dimensional conformation of the genome. Here we use the lung to illustrate the importance of investigating an organ's purified cell epigenomes, and outline the challenges and promise of realizing a comprehensive catalog of primary cell epigenomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Ryan Stueve
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Crystal N Marconett
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Beiyun Zhou
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ite A Laird-Offringa
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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13
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Wang C, Jia Z, Cao D, You L, Jin M, Wu X, Wen S, Cao X, Jiang J. Polymorphism of DNA Methyltransferase 3b and Association with Development and Prognosis in Gastric Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134059. [PMID: 26262893 PMCID: PMC4532499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) plays an important role in abnormal methylation during tumorigenesis. Polymorphism of the DNMT3b gene may influence DNMT3b activity and be associated with cancer risk. This study aimed to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the DNMT3b gene and susceptibility and prognosis of gastric cancer. METHODS Four hundred and forty-seven histologically-confirmed gastric cancer cases, 111 gastric atrophy cases and 961 tumor-free controls were enrolled into the study. Five tag SNPs (rs6119954, rs1569686, rs4911107, rs4911259 and rs8118663) of the DNMT3b gene were genotyped by TaqMan assay. DNMT3b expression was evaluated in 104 cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry method. RESULTS The median follow-up time for 422 gastric patients with prognosis information was 55.1 (51.8-58.5) month. We found that individuals with the rs1569686 variant genotype (TG/GG) were significantly associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer compared to those carrying the TT genotype (HR = 1.43, 95%CI: 1.02-1.99). This trend was more evident in the long-term survival of gastric cancer. Similar results were observed for the G allele carriers of rs4911107 and T allele carriers of rs4911259 as these two sites were in complete linkage disequilibrium with rs1569686. The rs8118663 GG carriers tended to live shorter than AA/AG genotype (HR = 2.72, 95%CI: 1.45-5.12) in patients living longer than 2.0 years. None of the five SNPs was associated with the risks of gastric cancer or gastric atrophy. And no relationship was found between each of the five SNPs and DNMT3b expression. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that DNMT3b polymorphisms may predict long-term survival of gastric cancer. However, further studies are needed to reveal the underlying biological roles of DNMT3b polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Zhifang Jia
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Donghui Cao
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Lili You
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Meishan Jin
- Division of Pathology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Xing Wu
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Simin Wen
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Xueyuan Cao
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
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Verma M, Rogers S, Divi RL, Schully SD, Nelson S, Joseph Su L, Ross SA, Pilch S, Winn DM, Khoury MJ. Epigenetic research in cancer epidemiology: trends, opportunities, and challenges. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 23:223-33. [PMID: 24326628 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is emerging as an important field in cancer epidemiology that promises to provide insights into gene regulation and facilitate cancer control throughout the cancer care continuum. Increasingly, investigators are incorporating epigenetic analysis into the studies of etiology and outcomes. To understand current progress and trends in the inclusion of epigenetics in cancer epidemiology, we evaluated the published literature and the National Cancer Institute (NCI)-supported research grant awards in this field to identify trends in epigenetics research. We present a summary of the epidemiologic studies in NCI's grant portfolio (from January 2005 through December 2012) and in the scientific literature published during the same period, irrespective of support from the NCI. Blood cells and tumor tissue were the most commonly used biospecimens in these studies, although buccal cells, cervical cells, sputum, and stool samples were also used. DNA methylation profiling was the focus of the majority of studies, but several studies also measured microRNA profiles. We illustrate here the current status of epidemiologic studies that are evaluating epigenetic changes in large populations. The incorporation of epigenomic assessments in cancer epidemiology studies has and is likely to continue to provide important insights into the field of cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Verma
- Authors' Affiliations: Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute; Office of the Director, Information Resources and Services Branch, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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15
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Potter C, McKay J, Groom A, Ford D, Coneyworth L, Mathers JC, Relton CL. Influence of DNMT genotype on global and site specific DNA methylation patterns in neonates and pregnant women. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76506. [PMID: 24098518 PMCID: PMC3788139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between common genetic variation within DNA methyltransferase genes and inter-individual variation in DNA methylation. Eleven polymorphisms spanning DNMT1 and DNMT3B were genotyped. Global and gene specific (IGF2, IGFBP3, ZNT5) DNA methylation was quantified by LUMA and bisulfite Pyrosequencing assays, respectively, in neonatal cord blood and in maternal peripheral blood. Associations between maternal genotype and maternal methylation (n (≈) 333), neonatal genotype and neonatal methylation (n (≈) 454), and maternal genotype and neonatal methylation (n (≈) 137) were assessed. The findings of this study provide some support to the hypothesis that genetic variation in DNA methylating enzymes influence DNA methylation at global and gene-specific levels; however observations were not robust to correction for multiple testing. More comprehensive analysis of the influence of genetic variation on global and site specific DNA methylation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Potter
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | - Jill McKay
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Groom
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | - Dianne Ford
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Coneyworth
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline L. Relton
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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16
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Green T, Chen X, Ryan S, Asch AS, Ruiz-Echevarría MJ. TMEFF2 and SARDH cooperate to modulate one-carbon metabolism and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2013; 73:1561-75. [PMID: 23824605 PMCID: PMC3878307 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transmembrane protein with epidermal growth factor and two follistatin motifs, TMEFF2, has been implicated in prostate cancer but its role in this disease is unclear. We recently demonstrated that the tumor suppressor role of TMEFF2 correlates, in part, with its ability to interact with sarcosine dehydrogenase (SARDH) and modulate sarcosine level. TMEFF2 overexpression inhibits sarcosine-induced invasion. Here, we further characterize the functional interaction between TMEFF2 and SARDH and their link with one-carbon (1-C) metabolism and invasion. METHODS RNA interference was used to study the effect of SARDH and/or TMEFF2 knockdown (KD) in invasion, evaluated using Boyden chambers. The dependence of invasion on 1-C metabolism was determined by examining sensitivity to methotrexate. Real-time PCR and Western blot of subcellular fractions were used to study the effect of SARDH KD or TMEFF2 KD on expression of enzymes involved in one-carbon (1-C) metabolism and on TMEFF2 expression and localization. Protein interactions were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Cell viability and proliferation were measured by cell counting and MTT analysis. RESULTS While knocking down SARDH affects TMEFF2 subcellular localization, this effect is not responsible for the increased invasion observed in SARDH KD cells. Importantly, SARDH and/or TMEFF2 KD promote increased cellular invasion, sensitize the cell to methotrexate, render the cell resistant to invasion induced by sarcosine, a metabolite from the folate-mediated 1-C metabolism pathway, and affect the expression level of enzymes involved in that pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our findings define a role for TMEFF2 and the folate-mediated 1-C metabolism pathway in modulating cellular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Green
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, USA
| | - Stephen Ryan
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Adam S. Asch
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maria J. Ruiz-Echevarría
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Correspondence: , Phone: 252-744.2856, Fax: 252-744.3418
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17
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Han BR, You BR, Park WH. Valproic acid inhibits the growth of HeLa cervical cancer cells via caspase-dependent apoptosis. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2999-3005. [PMID: 24064712 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor has an anticancer effect. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of VPA on the growth and death of HeLa cervical cancer cells in relation to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH). Dose- and time-dependent growth inhibition was observed in HeLa cells with an IC50 of approximately 10 mM at 24 h. DNA flow cytometric analysis indicated that 10 mM VPA induced a G2/M phase arrest of the cell cycle. This agent also induced apoptosis, which was accompanied by the cleavage of PARP, the activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9, and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; ∆Ψm). All the tested caspase inhibitors significantly prevented HeLa apoptotic cell death induced by VPA, whereas TNF-α intensified the apoptotic cell death. With respect to ROS and GSH levels, VPA increased ROS levels and induced GSH depletion. However, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC; an antioxidant) and L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO; a GSH synthesis inhibitor) did not significantly affect cell death in VPA-treated HeLa cells. In conclusion, VPA inhibits the growth of HeLa cervical cancer cells via caspase-dependent apoptosis and the growth inhibition is independent of ROS and GSH level changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram Han
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-180, Republic of Korea
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18
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Jazirehi AR, Torres-Collado AX. Research Highlights. Epigenomics 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.13.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ali R Jazirehi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology & Johnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Antoni X Torres-Collado
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology & Johnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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19
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Yang G, Nowsheen S, Aziz K, Georgakilas AG. Toxicity and adverse effects of Tamoxifen and other anti-estrogen drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:392-404. [PMID: 23711794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease affecting thousands of people every year. Multiple factors are responsible in causing breast cancer while a number of treatment options are also available for the disease. Tamoxifen is the most widely used anti-estrogen for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer. The specific drug is used as a hormonal therapy for patients who exhibit estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. The pharmacological activity of Tamoxifen is dependent on its conversion to its active metabolite, endoxifen, by CYP2D6. Tamoxifen reduces the risk of recurrence and death from breast cancer when given as adjuvant therapy and provides effective palliation for patients with metastatic breast cancer. In this review we focus on the role of Tamoxifen in breast cancer treatment including mechanisms and side-effects. Finally, we discuss in detail the exciting prospects that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geniey Yang
- Department of Biology, Thomas Harriot College of Arts and Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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20
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Kullmann K, Deryal M, Ong MF, Schmidt W, Mahlknecht U. DNMT1 genetic polymorphisms affect breast cancer risk in the central European Caucasian population. Clin Epigenetics 2013; 5:7. [PMID: 23638630 PMCID: PMC3646668 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA methylation of CpG islands within the promoter region of genes is an epigenetic modification with an important role in the development of cancer and it is typically mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). In cancer cells, global hypomethylation of the genome as a whole and regional hypermethylation of CpG islands have been reported. Four groups of DNMTs have been identified: DNMT1, DNMT2 (TRDMT1), DNMT3A and DNMT3B. DNMT2 uses the catalytic mechanism of DNMTs, but does in fact methylate RNA. Little is known about the significance of these genes in human breast cancer. In the study presented herein, we analyzed five distinct DNMT single SNPs with regard to potential associations with breast cancer risk. CASE DESCRIPTION In this study, we genotyped 221 female Caucasian breast cancer patients and 221 female Caucasian healthy controls, and we used five allele-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. We selected one locus within the DNMT1 gene and two loci within the DNMT3A and DNMT3B genes, respectively. Statistics were calculated using the chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests, and correlated with clinical parameters such as age, diagnosis, histology, TNM stage, hormonal receptor status, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, response to treatment and survival. Statistically significant results were obtained for correlations with the DNMT1 gene. DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION Five genomic loci within the DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B genes were assessed. Statistical significance (P = 0.030) was identified for DNMT1 SNP (A201G, rs2228612): six women within the control group were GG homozygous (variant), while this mutation was absent in the breast cancer group. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that women with the DNMT1 SNP (A201G, rs2228612) GG homozygous genotype (variant) have a lower risk of developing breast cancer compared to heterozygous or wildtype genotypes. To date, alterations within the DNMT1 gene have not been reported to be associated with cancer in the Caucasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Kullmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy, José Carreras Research Center, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar D-66421, Germany.
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Resveratrol activates the histone H2B ubiquitin ligase, RNF20, in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Update on clinical trials: genetic targets in breast cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 779:35-54. [PMID: 23288634 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6176-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women in United States. From data of American Cancer Society from 2007 reported total of 178,480 women diagnosed with breast cancer. The death rate from breast cancer has decreased in North America over time, but still accounts for second highest cancer death, following lung cancer. Breast cancer is staged based on tumor size, nodal involvement, and distant metastasis like any other solid tumors. However clinical staging is not the only important factor in management of breast cancer. Various molecular features divides breast cancer into many subgroups - that act differently, and respond differently from therapy. Thus the focus of breast cancer treatment has evolved focusing on specific targets. The most important biologic markers in subtyping of breast cancer so far are hormone receptor positivity and HER2/neu protein expression. Five molecular subtypes using intrinsic gene set include Basal mRNA, HER2 + mRNA, Luminal AmRNA, Luminal B mRNA, and Normal-like mRNA. In addition, better understanding of genetic target of breast cancer has given us arsenal of personalized, and more effective treatment approach.This review will focus on examples that highlight several mechanism of tumorigenesis, giving us not just understanding of gene pathways and the molecular biology, that could lead us to therapeutic target. Several important molecular targets have been investigated in preclinical and clinical trials, others are yet to be explored. We will also describe genetic mechanisms discovery related to overcoming resistance to current targeted therapies in breast cancer, including hormone receptor expression and HER 2- neu amplification. We will also review other exciting developments in understanding of breast cancer, the tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells, and targeting agents in that area.
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Abstract
Cancer has been considered a genetic disease with a wide array of well-characterized gene mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. Of late, aberrant epigenetic modifications have been elucidated in cancer, and together with genetic alterations, they have been helpful in understanding the complex traits observed in neoplasia. "Cancer Epigenetics" therefore has contributed substantially towards understanding the complexity and diversity of various cancers. However, the positioning of epigenetic events during cancer progression is still not clear, though there are some reports implicating aberrant epigenetic modifications in very early stages of cancer. Amongst the most studied aberrant epigenetic modifications are the DNA methylation differences at the promoter regions of genes affecting their expression. Hypomethylation mediated increased expression of oncogenes and hypermethylation mediated silencing of tumor suppressor genes are well known examples. This chapter also explores the correlation of DNA methylation and demethylation enzymes with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinathan Gokul
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genetics, CDFD, Hyderabad, 500001, India
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Sun MY, Yang XX, Xu WW, Yao GY, Pan HZ, Li M. Association of DNMT1 and DNMT3B polymorphisms with breast cancer risk in Han Chinese women from South China. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:4330-41. [PMID: 23079992 DOI: 10.4238/2012.september.26.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of DNA methylation are established and maintained by a family of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). Aberrant promoter DNA methylation of tumor suppressor genes is found in breast cancer. Association studies between DNMT gene polymorphisms and breast cancer in various populations have reported inconsistent results. This study assessed the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNMT3L, and DNMT2 with breast cancer among Han Chinese women from South China. Sixteen SNPs (rs2114724, rs2228611, rs2228612, rs8101866, and rs16999593 in DNMT1; rs13420827, rs11887120, rs13428812, rs1550117, rs11695471, and rs6733301 in DNMT3A; rs2424908, rs2424913, and rs6087990 in DNMT3B; rs113593938 in DNMT3L, and rs11254413 in DNMT2) in 408 women with breast cancer and 469 controls were genotyped using a MassARRAY matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry platform. Two SNPs, rs16999593 in DNMT1 and rs2424908 in DNMT3B, were significantly associated with breast cancer risk. The heterozygous genotype CT of rs16999593 was associated with increased breast cancer risk [odds ratio (OR) = 1.60; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.20-2.14; P = 0.0052], whereas rs2424908 was associated with decreased risk (OR = 0.62; 95%CI = 0.46-0.84; P = 0.0061). Other DNMT polymorphisms showed no significant associations with breast cancer risk in the study population. Haplotype CGTC of rs2114724, rs2228611, rs8101866, and rs16999593 in DNMT1 differed significantly as a risk factor between the case and control groups (OR = 1.51; 95%CI = 1.18-1.93; P = 0.0012). The heterozygous genotypes of rs16999593 in DNMT1 and rs2424908 in DNMT3B were strongly associated with breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-Y Sun
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Evaluation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 (UGT2B17) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) genes deletion and the expression level of NGX6 mRNA in breast cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10531-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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26
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Jiang J, Jia Z, Cao D, Jin MS, Kong F, Suo J, Cao X. Polymorphisms of the DNA methyltransferase 1 associated with reduced risks of Helicobacter pylori infection and increased risks of gastric atrophy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46058. [PMID: 23049933 PMCID: PMC3457938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA methyltransferase-1(DNMT1) is an important enzyme in determining genomic methylation patterns in mammalian cells. We investigated the associations between SNPs in the DNMT1 gene and risks of developing H. pylori seropositivity, gastric atrophy and gastric cancer in the Chinese population. METHODS The study consisted of 447 patients with gastric cancer; 111 patients with gastric atrophy; and 961 healthy controls. Five SNPs, rs10420321, rs16999593, rs8101866, rs8111085 and rs2288349 of the DNMT1 gene were genotyped. Anti-H.pylori IgG was detected by ELISA. Gastric atrophy was screened by the level of serum pepsinogen Ι and II and then confirmed by endoscopy and histopatholgical examinations. RESULTS The age- and sex-adjusted OR of H. pylori seropositivity was 0.67 (95%CI: 0.51-0.87) for rs8111085 TC/CC genotypes, significantly lower than the TT genotype in healthy controls. The adjusted OR of H.pylori seropositivity was 0.68 (95%CI: 0.52-0.89) for rs10420321 AG/GG genotypes. In addition, patients carrying rs2228349 AA genotype have a significantly increased risk for H.pylori seropositivity (OR=1.67; 95%CI: 1.02-2.75). Further haplotype analyses also showed that the ATTTG and ATCTA are significantly associated with increased risks in H.pylori infection compared to the GTCCG haplotype (OR=1.38, 95%CI: 1.08-1.77; OR=1.40, 95% CI: 1.09-1.80). The adjusted ORs of gastric atrophy were 1.66 (95%CI: 1.06-2.61) for rs10420321 GG genotype, and 1.67 (95%CI 1.06-2.63, P=0.03) for rs8111085 CC genotype, but no association was found between SNPs in the DNMT1 gene and risk of developing gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with rs10420321 GG and rs8111085 CC genotype of the DNMT1 gene were associated with reduced risks for H.pylori infection. On the other hand, higher risks of gastric atrophy were found in the carriers with these two genotypes compared to other genotypes. Our results suggested that SNPs of DNMT1 could be used as genotypic markers for predicting genetic susceptibilities to H.pylori infection and risks in gastric atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Zhifang Jia
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Donghui Cao
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Mei-Shan Jin
- Division of Pathology, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Kong
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Suo
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Xueyuan Cao
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, China
- * E-mail:
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Gillio-Tos A, Fiano V, Zugna D, Vizzini L, Pearce N, Delsedime L, Merletti F, Richiardi L. DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b), tumor tissue DNA methylation, Gleason score, and prostate cancer mortality: investigating causal relationships. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 23:1549-55. [PMID: 22810147 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aberrant DNA methylation plays a role in prostate cancer progression. We studied the relationships among DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) genotype, DNA methylation, Gleason score, and mortality in two cohorts of prostate cancer patients, previously reported with associations between DNA methylation in GSTP1, APC, and RUNX3 and prostate cancer mortality. Herein, we considered possible causal relationships between the studied variables, assuming that (1) DNMT activity affects tumor tissue methylation, (2) methylation status affects tumor morphology, and thus the Gleason score, and (3) DNA methylation affects mortality via Gleason score. METHODS The cohorts comprised 438 patients diagnosed at one Italian pathology ward before 1997, with DNA obtained from paraffin-embedded tumor tissues. The polymorphism rs406193 in the DNMT3b gene was assessed by allele discrimination in real-time PCR. According to the assumed causal model, we analyzed the effects of rs406193 (T carriers vs others) on the Gleason score without adjusting for gene methylation, and the effects of rs406193 on gene methylation and prostate cancer mortality without adjusting for Gleason score. RESULTS We found no evidence of association between T carriers and the number of methylated genes. However, T carriers had reduced risk of a Gleason score 8+ (odds ratio = 0.57, 95 % CI 0.39-0.85), and a hazard ratio of 0.81 (0.61-1.09) of dying from prostate cancer, which would have been erroneously estimated of 0.93 if adjusted for Gleason score. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide clues on the role of a DNMT3b SNP in prostate cancer progression and illustrate the importance of considering possible causal relationships in the analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gillio-Tos
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, CERMS and CPO-Piemonte, University of Turin, Via Santena 7, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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Yang XX, He XQ, Li FX, Wu YS, Gao Y, Li M. Risk-association of DNA methyltransferases polymorphisms with gastric cancer in the Southern Chinese population. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:8364-8378. [PMID: 22942708 PMCID: PMC3430239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13078364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA hypomethylation and/or hypermethylation are presumed to be early events in carcinogenesis, and one or more DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) have been suggested to play roles in carcinogenesis of gastric cancer (GC). However, there have been no systematic studies regarding the association between DNMT gene polymorphisms and GC risk. Here, we examined the associations of 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from DNMT1 (rs2114724, rs2228611, rs2228612, rs8101866, rs16999593), DNMT2 (rs11695471, rs11254413), DNMT3A (rs1550117, rs11887120, rs13420827, rs13428812, rs6733301), DNMT3B (rs2424908, rs2424913, rs6087990) and DNMT3L (rs113593938) with GC in the Southern Chinese population. We assessed the associations of these 16 SNPs with GC in a case-control study that consisted of 242 GC cases and 294 controls, using the Sequenom MALDI-TOF-MS platform. Association analyses based on the χ2 test and binary logistic regression were performed to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for each SNP. We found that rs16999593 in DNMT1, rs11254413 in DNMT2 and rs13420827 in DNMT3A were significantly associated with GC susceptibility (OR 1.45, 0.15, 0.66, respectively; 95% CI 1.00–2.11, p = 0.047; 0.08–0.27, p < 0.01; 0.45–0.97, p = 0.034, respectively, overdominant model). These results suggested that DNMT1, DNMT2 and DNMT3A may play important roles in GC carcinogenesis. However, further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Xi Yang
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; E-Mails: (X.-X.Y.); (F.-X.L.); (Y.-S.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Xuan-Qiu He
- The First Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; E-Mail:
| | - Fen-Xia Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; E-Mails: (X.-X.Y.); (F.-X.L.); (Y.-S.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ying-Song Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; E-Mails: (X.-X.Y.); (F.-X.L.); (Y.-S.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; E-Mails: (X.-X.Y.); (F.-X.L.); (Y.-S.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ming Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; E-Mails: (X.-X.Y.); (F.-X.L.); (Y.-S.W.); (Y.G.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-20-61648550; Fax: +86-20-61648554
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Van De Voorde L, Speeckaert R, Van Gestel D, Bracke M, De Neve W, Delanghe J, Speeckaert M. DNA methylation-based biomarkers in serum of patients with breast cancer. Mutat Res 2012; 751:304-325. [PMID: 22698615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of genetic and epigenetic features can provide important insights into the natural history of breast cancer. Although DNA methylation analysis is a rapidly developing field, a reproducible epigenetic blood-based assay for diagnosis and follow-up of breast cancer has yet to be successfully developed into a routine clinical test. The aim of this study was to review multiple serum DNA methylation assays and to highlight the value of those novel biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of therapeutic outcome. Serum is readily accessible for molecular diagnosis in all individuals from a peripheral blood sample. The list of hypermethylated genes in breast cancer is heterogeneous and no single gene is methylated in all breast cancer types. There is increasing evidence that a panel of epigenetic markers is essential to achieve a higher sensitivity and specificity in breast cancer detection. However, the reported percentages of methylation are highly variable, which can be partly explained by the different sensitivities and the different intra-/inter-assay coefficients of variability of the analysis methods. Moreover, there is a striking lack of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the proposed biomarkers. Another point of criticism is the fact that 'normal' patterns of DNA methylation of some tumor suppressor and other cancer-related genes are influenced by several factors and are often poorly characterized. A relatively frequent methylation of those genes has been observed in high-risk asymptomatic women. Finally, there is a call for larger prospective cohort studies to determine methylation patterns during treatment and follow-up. Identification of patterns specific for a differential response to therapeutic interventions should be useful. Only in this way, it will be possible to evaluate the predictive and prognostic characteristics of those novel promising biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Van De Voorde
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Dirk Van Gestel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Bracke
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wilfried De Neve
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijn Speeckaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Wang SJ, Liu WJ, Yang LG, Liu HB, Sargent CA, Affara NA, Zhang SJ. Association of multi-pathogenic infections with BAT2, CXCL12, Mx1 and EHMT2 variations in pigs. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:8169-76. [PMID: 22531939 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Haemophilus parasuis and Pseudorabies become a widespread problem causing great economic losses associated with reproductive disturbance, respiratory diseases, neonatal mortality, fibrinous polyserositis, meningitis and arthritis in the pig industry. The important candidate genes are assumed to play crucial roles in host defense against the diseases. The aims of this study were to evaluate the variants in HLA-B associated transcript 2 (BAT2), CXCL12, myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1) and EHMT2 genes and their effects on the risk of infection PRRSV and H. parasuis in a case-control (diseased-healthy pigs) population of Duroc × Landrace × LargeWhite. The results showed that the mutations in BAT2, Mx1 and EHMT2 genes were significantly associated with the antibody and the reisk of infection PRRSV and H. parasuis. Those individuals with AA genotype of BAT2 had significantly higher Pseudorabies virus antibody than that with GG and GA (P < 0.05), and the individuals with TT genotype of EHMT2 generated higher Hog Cholera and Pseudorabies virus antibody than that wtih GG and GA (P < 0.01). These results indicated that the polymorphisms in Mx1, BAT2 and EHMT2 genes changed the diseases susceptibility and could be the potential markers assisting the pig breeding selection and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
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Liu H, Jiao Y, Guan Y, Lao Y, Zhao C, Fan H. The DNMT3B -579 G>T promoter polymorphism and risk of lung cancer. Exp Ther Med 2011; 3:525-529. [PMID: 22969923 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the association of the -579 G>T polymorphism in the DNMT3B promoter with susceptibility to lung cancer. A total of 174 lung cancer patients and 135 healthy controls from the northern part of China were enrolled, and were matched for gender and age. All subjects were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction-fragment length polymorphism analysis and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Stratification analyses were used to study the subgroups of subjects by age and gender, and evaluate the association between the -579 G>T polymorphism and the genetic susceptibility to lung cancer. The results revealed that individuals with the DNMT3B -579 GT genotype had a significantly decreased risk of lung cancer [odds ratio (OR), 0.517; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.273-0.981] compared with those with a -579 TT genotype in the studied population. However, the deviation was significant (OR, 0.138, 95% CI, 0.034-0.549) between the risk of lung cancer and the GT and GG genotype, when the smoking factor was considered. The data from this study indicate that the DNMT3B genetic polymorphism varies among various races, ethnic groups and geographical areas. The DNMT3B -579 G>T polymorphism may contribute to the genetic susceptibility to lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Genetic and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009
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Khan SI, Aumsuwan P, Khan IA, Walker LA, Dasmahapatra AK. Epigenetic events associated with breast cancer and their prevention by dietary components targeting the epigenome. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 25:61-73. [PMID: 21992498 DOI: 10.1021/tx200378c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant epigenetic alterations in the genome such as DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling play a significant role in breast cancer development. Since epigenetic alterations are considered to be more easily reversible compared to genetic changes, epigenetic therapy is potentially very useful in reversing some of these defects. Methylation of CpG islands is an important component of the epigenetic code, and a number of genes become abnormally methylated in breast cancer patients. Currently, several epigenetic-based synthetic drugs that can reduce DNA hypermethylation and histone deacetylation are undergoing preclinical and clinical trials. However, these chemicals are generally very toxic and do not have gene specificity. Epidemiological studies have shown that Asian women are less prone to breast cancer due to their high consumption of soy food than the Caucasian women of western countries. Moreover, complementary/and or alternative medicines are commonly used by Asian populations which are rich in bioactive ingredients known to be chemopreventive against tumorigenesis in general. Examples of such agents include dietary polyphenols, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea, genistein from soybean, isothiocyanates from plant foods, curcumin from turmeric, resveratrol from grapes, and sulforaphane from cruciferous vegetables. These bioactive components are able to modulate epigenetic events, and their epigenetic targets are known to be associated with breast cancer prevention and therapy. This approach could facilitate the discovery and development of novel drugs for the treatment of breast cancer. In this brief review, we will summarize the epigenetic events associated with breast cancer and the potential of some of these bioactive dietary components to modulate these events and thus afford new therapeutic or preventive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Investigating the potential role of genetic and epigenetic variation of DNA methyltransferase genes in hyperplastic polyposis syndrome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16831. [PMID: 21347319 PMCID: PMC3037390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperplastic Polyposis Syndrome (HPS) is a condition associated with multiple serrated polyps, and an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). At least half of CRCs arising in HPS show a CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), potentially linked to aberrant DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity. CIMP is associated with methylation of tumor suppressor genes including regulators of DNA mismatch repair (such as MLH1, MGMT), and negative regulators of Wnt signaling (such as WIF1). In this study, we investigated the potential for interaction of genetic and epigenetic variation in DNMT genes, in the aetiology of HPS. Methods We utilized high resolution melting (HRM) analysis to screen 45 cases with HPS for novel sequence variants in DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, and DNMT3L. 21 polyps from 13 patients were screened for BRAF and KRAS mutations, with assessment of promoter methylation in the DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNMT3L MLH1, MGMT, and WIF1 gene promoters. Results No pathologic germline mutations were observed in any DNA-methyltransferase gene. However, the T allele of rs62106244 (intron 10 of DNMT1 gene) was over-represented in cases with HPS (p<0.01) compared with population controls. The DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B promoters were unmethylated in all instances. Interestingly, the DNMT3L promoter showed low levels of methylation in polyps and normal colonic mucosa relative to matched disease free cells with methylation level negatively correlated to expression level in normal colonic tissue. DNMT3L promoter hypomethylation was more often found in polyps harbouring KRAS mutations (p = 0.0053). BRAF mutations were common (11 out of 21 polyps), whilst KRAS mutations were identified in 4 of 21 polyps. Conclusions Genetic or epigenetic alterations in DNMT genes do not appear to be associated with HPS, but further investigation of genetic variation at rs62106244 is justified given the high frequency of the minor allele in this case series.
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Sialidosis type I with neoplasms in siblings: the first clinical cases. Neurol Sci 2010; 32:737-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-010-0392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ellis L, Pili R. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Advancing Therapeutic Strategies in Hematological and Solid Malignancies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:2411-2469. [PMID: 21151768 PMCID: PMC3000686 DOI: 10.3390/ph3082441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancement in the understanding of cancer development in recent years has identified epigenetic abnormalities as a common factor in both tumorigenesis and refractory disease. One such event is the dysregulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in both hematological and solid tumors, and has consequently resulted in the development of HDAC inhibitors (HDACI) to overcome this. HDACI exhibit pleiotropic biological effects including inhibition of angiogenesis and the induction of autophagy and apoptosis. Although HDACI exhibit modest results as single agents in preclinical and clinical data, they often fall short, and therefore HDACI are most promising in combinational strategies with either standard treatments or with other experimental chemotherapies and targeted therapies. This review will discuss the induction of autophagy and apoptosis and the inhibition of angiogenesis by HDACI, and also pre-clinical and clinical combination strategies using these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Ellis
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Genitourinary Program, Grace Cancer Drug Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA;
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Haggarty P, Hoad G, Harris SE, Starr JM, Fox HC, Deary IJ, Whalley LJ. Human intelligence and polymorphisms in the DNA methyltransferase genes involved in epigenetic marking. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11329. [PMID: 20593030 PMCID: PMC2892514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated in syndromes associated with mental impairment but little is known about the role of epigenetics in determining the normal variation in human intelligence. We measured polymorphisms in four DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B and DNMT3L) involved in epigenetic marking and related these to childhood and adult general intelligence in a population (n = 1542) consisting of two Scottish cohorts born in 1936 and residing in Lothian (n = 1075) or Aberdeen (n = 467). All subjects had taken the same test of intelligence at age 11yrs. The Lothian cohort took the test again at age 70yrs. The minor T allele of DNMT3L SNP 11330C>T (rs7354779) allele was associated with a higher standardised childhood intelligence score; greatest effect in the dominant analysis but also significant in the additive model (coefficient = 1.40additive; 95%CI 0.22,2.59; p = 0.020 and 1.99dominant; 95%CI 0.55,3.43; p = 0.007). The DNMT3L C allele was associated with an increased risk of being below average intelligence (OR 1.25additive; 95%CI 1.05,1.51; p = 0.011 and OR 1.37dominant; 95%CI 1.11,1.68; p = 0.003), and being in the lowest 40th (padditive = 0.009; pdominant = 0.002) and lowest 30th (padditive = 0.004; pdominant = 0.002) centiles for intelligence. After Bonferroni correction for the number variants tested the link between DNMT3L 11330C>T and childhood intelligence remained significant by linear regression and centile analysis; only the additive regression model was borderline significant. Adult intelligence was similarly linked to the DNMT3L variant but this analysis was limited by the numbers studied and nature of the test and the association was not significant after Bonferroni correction. We believe that the role of epigenetics in the normal variation in human intelligence merits further study and that this novel finding should be tested in other cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Haggarty
- Nutrition and Epigenetics Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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Ye C, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Lu W, Long J, Shu XO, Gao YT, Zheng W, Cai Q. Two-stage case-control study of DNMT-1 and DNMT-3B gene variants and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 121:765-9. [PMID: 19798569 PMCID: PMC3493111 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation of CpG islands is a common epigenetic alteration found in cancers. DNA methylation is typically mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). Only two studies have evaluated DNMT-1 and/or DNMT-3B gene polymorphisms in relation to breast cancer risk, and results have been inconsistent. We comprehensively evaluated genetic variations in the DNMT-1 and DNMT-3B genes with breast cancer risk among the participants of the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study, a large-scale, two-stage, case-control study. Of the 25 SNPs in the DNMT-1 and DNMT-3B genes analyzed, only one (rs8101866) reached a normal significance level (P = 0.042). This association, however, was no longer statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Our data suggest that there is no apparent association of common DNMT-1 and DNMT-3B polymorphisms with the risk of breast cancer among Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhong Ye
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alicia Beeghly-Fadiel
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xiao Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Veeck J, Esteller M. Breast cancer epigenetics: from DNA methylation to microRNAs. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:5-17. [PMID: 20101446 PMCID: PMC2824126 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Both appropriate DNA methylation and histone modifications play a crucial role in the maintenance of normal cell function and cellular identity. In cancerous cells these "epigenetic belts" become massively perturbed, leading to significant changes in expression profiles which confer advantage to the development of a malignant phenotype. DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1), Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are the enzymes responsible for setting up and maintaining DNA methylation patterns in eukaryotic cells. Intriguingly, DNMTs were found to be overexpressed in cancerous cells, which is believed to partly explain the hypermethylation phenomenon commonly observed in tumors. However, several lines of evidence indicate that further layers of gene regulation are critical coordinators of DNMT expression, catalytic activity and target specificity. Splice variants of DNMT transcripts have been detected which seem to modulate methyltransferase activity. Also, the DNMT mRNA 3'UTR as well as the coding sequence harbors multiple binding sites for trans-acting factors guiding post-transcriptional regulation and transcript stabilization. Moreover, microRNAs targeting DNMT transcripts have recently been discovered in normal cells, yet expression of these microRNAs was found to be diminished in breast cancer tissues. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on mechanisms which potentially lead to the establishment of a DNA hypermethylome in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Veeck
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), The Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Av. Gran Via de L’Hospitalet 199-203, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), The Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Av. Gran Via de L’Hospitalet 199-203, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
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Abstract
A major question in the biology of stress and environmental adaptation concerns the neurobiological basis of how neuroendocrine systems governing physiological regulatory mechanisms essential for life (metabolism, immune response, organ function) become harmful. The current view is that a switch from protection to damage occurs when vulnerable phenotypes are exposed to adverse environmental conditions. In accordance with this theory, sequelae of early life social and environmental stressors, such as childhood abuse, neglect, poverty, and poor nutrition, have been associated with the emergence of mental and physical illness (i.e., anxiety, mood disorders, poor impulse control, psychosis, and drug abuse) and an increased risk of common metabolic and cardiovascular diseases later in life. Evidence from animal and human studies investigating the associations between early life experiences (including parent-infant bonding), hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, brain development, and health outcome provide important clues into the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate the contribution of stressful experiences to personality development and the manifestation of illness. This review summarizes our current molecular understanding of how early environment influences brain development in a manner that persists through life and highlights recent evidence from rodent studies suggesting that maternal care in the first week of postnatal life establishes diverse and stable phenotypes in the offspring through epigenetic modification of genes expressed in the brain that shape neuroendocrine and behavioral stress responsivity throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C G Weaver
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Medical Discovery East Tower, Medical & Related Sciences (MaRS) CentreToronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8.
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Mathers JC, Strathdee G, Relton CL. Induction of epigenetic alterations by dietary and other environmental factors. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2010; 71:3-39. [PMID: 20933124 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380864-6.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary and other environmental factors induce epigenetic alterations which may have important consequences for cancer development. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the impact of dietary, lifestyle, and environmental determinants of cancer risk and proposes that effects of these exposures might be mediated, at least in part, via epigenetic mechanisms. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that all recognized epigenetic marks (including DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA (miRNA) expression) are influenced by environmental exposures, including diet, tobacco, alcohol, physical activity, stress, environmental carcinogens, genetic factors, and infectious agents which play important roles in the etiology of cancer. Some of these epigenetic modifications change the expression of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes and, therefore, may be causal for tumorigenesis. Further work is required to understand the mechanisms through which specific environmental factors produce epigenetic changes and to identify those changes which are likely to be causal in the pathogenesis of cancer and those which are secondary, or bystander, effects. Given the plasticity of epigenetic marks in response to cancer-related exposures, such epigenetic marks are attractive candidates for the development of surrogate endpoints which could be used in dietary or lifestyle intervention studies for cancer prevention. Future research should focus on identifying epigenetic marks which are (i) validated as biomarkers for the cancer under study; (ii) readily measured in easily accessible tissues, for example, blood, buccal cells, or stool; and (iii) altered in response to dietary or lifestyle interventions for which there is convincing evidence for a relationship with cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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43
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Schmidt MK, Tommiska J, Broeks A, van Leeuwen FE, Van't Veer LJ, Pharoah PDP, Easton DF, Shah M, Humphreys M, Dörk T, Reincke SA, Fagerholm R, Blomqvist C, Nevanlinna H. Combined effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms TP53 R72P and MDM2 SNP309, and p53 expression on survival of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res 2009; 11:R89. [PMID: 20021639 PMCID: PMC2815553 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Somatic inactivation of the TP53 gene in breast tumors is a marker for poor outcome, and breast cancer outcome might also be affected by germ-line variation in the TP53 gene or its regulators. We investigated the effects of the germ-line single nucleotide polymorphisms TP53 R72P (215G>C) and MDM2 SNP309 (-410T>G), and p53 protein expression in breast tumors on survival. Methods We pooled data from four breast cancer cohorts within the Breast Cancer Association Consortium for which both TP53 R72P and MDM2 SNP309 were genotyped and follow-up was available (n = 3,749). Overall and breast cancer-specific survival analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate Cox's proportional hazards regression models. Results Survival of patients did not differ by carriership of either germ-line variant, R72P (215G>C) or SNP309 (-410G>T) alone. Immunohistochemical p53 staining of the tumor was available for two cohorts (n = 1,109 patients). Survival was worse in patients with p53-positive tumors (n = 301) compared to patients with p53-negative tumors (n = 808); breast cancer-specific survival: HR 1.6 (95% CI 1.2 to 2.1), P = 0.001. Within the patient group with p53-negative tumors, TP53 rare homozygous (CC) carriers had a worse survival than G-allele (GG/GC) carriers; actuarial breast cancer-specific survival 71% versus 80%, P = 0.07; HR 1.8 (1.1 to 3.1), P = 0.03. We also found a differential effect of combinations of the two germ-line variants on overall survival; homozygous carriers of the G-allele in MDM2 had worse survival only within the group of TP53 C-allele carriers; actuarial overall survival (GG versus TT/TG) 64% versus 75%, P = 0.001; HR (GG versus TT) 1.5 (1.1 to 2.0), P = 0.01. We found no evidence for a differential effect of MDM2 SNP309 by p53 protein expression on survival. Conclusions The TP53 R72P variant may be an independent predictor for survival of patients with p53-negative tumors. The combined effect of TP53 R72P and MDM2 SNP309 on survival is in line with our a priori biologically-supported hypothesis, that is, the role of enhanced DNA repair function of the TP53 Pro-variant, combined with increased expression of the Mdm2 protein, and thus overall attenuation of the p53 pathway in the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjanka K Schmidt
- Departments of Epidemiology, Experimental Therapy and Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, The Netherlands.
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de Vogel S, Wouters KAD, Gottschalk RWH, van Schooten FJ, de Goeij AFPM, de Bruïne AP, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA, Weijenberg MP, van Engeland M. Genetic variants of methyl metabolizing enzymes and epigenetic regulators: associations with promoter CpG island hypermethylation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:3086-96. [PMID: 19843671 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation affects carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer. Folate metabolizing enzymes may influence the bioavailability of methyl groups, whereas DNA and histone methyltransferases are involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. We studied associations of genetic variants of folate metabolizing enzymes (MTHFR, MTR, and MTRR), DNA methyltransferase DNMT3b, and histone methyltransferases (EHMT1, EHMT2, and PRDM2), with colorectal cancers, with or without the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), MLH1 hypermethylation, or microsatellite instability. Incidence rate ratios were calculated in case-cohort analyses, with common homozygotes as reference, among 659 cases and 1,736 subcohort members of the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer (n = 120,852). Men with the MTHFR 677TT genotype were at decreased colorectal cancer risk (incidence rate ratio, 0.49; P = 0.01), but the T allele was associated with increased risk in women (incidence rate ratio, 1.39; P = 0.02). The MTR 2756GG genotype was associated with increased colorectal cancer risk (incidence rate ratio, 1.58; P = 0.04), and inverse associations were observed among women carrying DNMT3b C-->T (rs406193; incidence rate ratio, 0.72; P = 0.04) or EHMT2 G-->A (rs535586; incidence rate ratio, 0.76; P = 0.05) polymorphisms. Although significantly correlated (P < 0.001), only 41.5% and 33.3% of CIMP tumors harbored MLH1 hypermethylation or microsatellite instability, respectively. We observed inverse associations between MTR A2756G and CIMP among men (incidence rate ratio, 0.58; P = 0.04), and between MTRR A66G and MLH1 hypermethylation among women (incidence rate ratio, 0.55; P = 0.02). In conclusion, MTHFR, MTR, DNMT3b, and EHMT2 polymorphisms are associated with colorectal cancer, and rare variants of MTR and MTRR may reduce promoter hypermethylation. The incomplete overlap between CIMP, MLH1 hypermethylation, and microsatellite instability indicates that these related "methylation phenotypes" may not be similar and should be investigated separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan de Vogel
- Departments of Epidemiology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Saffery R, Ellis J, Morley R. A convergent model for placental dysfunction encompassing combined sub-optimal one-carbon donor and vitamin D bioavailability. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:1023-8. [PMID: 19819084 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesise that the risk of placental dysfunction/insufficiency rises cumulatively in response to several interdependent risk factors that convergently regulate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (the biologically active form of vitamin D, [1,25-(OH)(2)D]) levels at the feto-maternal interface. These factors include; (i) disturbances in genetic or epigenetic regulation of one-carbon metabolism and/or vitamin D metabolism and (ii) insufficiency in maternal vitamin D or in dietary intake of micronutrients that are involved in one-carbon donation. We predict that the sub-optimal functioning of folate and vitamin D metabolic pathways, in concert, represents a potential novel risk pathway for adverse pregnancy outcomes. We base this prediction on five observations: In order to test this model, future epidemiological studies aimed at identifying risk factors for disorders linked to sub-optimal placental development and functioning, should: (a) measure circulating precursor molecules (including folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and vitamin D) in maternal and cord blood; (b) collect samples for examination of genotypic variation in both one-carbon and vitamin D regulatory genes and, (c) collect samples for examination of epigenetic status of genes regulating vitamin D homeostasis and action in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Saffery
- Department of Paediatrics, Developmental Epigenetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Kim KC, Friso S, Choi SW. DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism connecting folate to healthy embryonic development and aging. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:917-26. [PMID: 19733471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies demonstrated that maternal exposure to certain environmental and dietary factors during early embryonic development can influence the phenotype of offspring as well as the risk of disease development at the later life. DNA methylation, an epigenetic phenomenon, has been suggested as a mechanism by which maternal nutrients affect the phenotype of their offspring in both honeybee and agouti mouse models. Phenotypic changes through DNA methylation can be linked to folate metabolism by the knowledge that folate, a coenzyme of one-carbon metabolism, is directly involved in methyl group transfer for DNA methylation. During the fetal period, organ-specific DNA methylation patterns are established through epigenetic reprogramming. However, established DNA methylation patterns are not immutable and can be modified during our lifetime by the environment. Aberrant changes in DNA methylation with diet may lead to the development of age-associated diseases including cancer. It is also known that the aging process by itself is accompanied by alterations in DNA methylation. Diminished activity of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) can be a potential mechanism for the decreased genomic DNA methylation during aging, along with reduced folate intake and altered folate metabolism. Progressive hypermethylation in promoter regions of certain genes is observed throughout aging, and repression of tumor suppressors induced by this epigenetic mechanism appears to be associated with cancer development. In this review, we address the effect of folate on early development and aging through an epigenetic mechanism, DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-chol Kim
- Vitamins and Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Foley DL, Craig JM, Morley R, Olsson CA, Dwyer T, Smith K, Saffery R. Prospects for epigenetic epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:389-400. [PMID: 19139055 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modification can mediate environmental influences on gene expression and can modulate the disease risk associated with genetic variation. Epigenetic analysis therefore holds substantial promise for identifying mechanisms through which genetic and environmental factors jointly contribute to disease risk. The spatial and temporal variance in epigenetic profile is of particular relevance for developmental epidemiology and the study of aging, including the variable age at onset for many common diseases. This review serves as a general introduction to the topic by describing epigenetic mechanisms, with a focus on DNA methylation; genetic and environmental factors that influence DNA methylation; epigenetic influences on development, aging, and disease; and current methodology for measuring epigenetic profile. Methodological considerations for epidemiologic studies that seek to include epigenetic analysis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Foley
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre & Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
Epigenetic modifications play a key role in the patho-physiology of prostate cancer. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play major roles in prostate cancer progression. HDACs are part of a transcriptional co-repressor complex that influences various tumor suppressor genes. Because of the significant roles played by HDACs in various human cancers, HDAC inhibitors are emerging as a new class of chemotherapeutic agents. HDAC inhibitors have been shown to induce cell growth arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis in prostate cancer. The combined use of HDAC inhibitors with other chemotherapeutic agents or radiotherapy in cancer treatment has shown promising results. Various HDAC inhibitors are in different stages of clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanism(s) through which HDACs influence prostate cancer progression and the potential roles of HDAC inhibitors in prostate cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Abbas
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Session 2: Personalised nutrition Epigenomics: a basis for understanding individual differences? Proc Nutr Soc 2008; 67:390-4. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665108008744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics encompasses changes to marks on the genome that are copied from one cell generation to the next, which may alter gene expression but which do not involve changes in the primary DNA sequence. These marks include DNA methylation (methylation of cytosines within CpG dinucleotides) and post-translational modifications (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination) of the histone tails protruding from nucleosome cores. The sum of genome-wide epigenetic patterns is known as the epigenome. It is hypothesised that altered epigenetic marking is a means through which evidence of environmental exposures (including nutritional status and dietary exposure) is received and recorded by the genome. At least some of these epigenetic marks are remembered through multiple cell generations and their effects may be revealed in altered gene expression and cell function. Altered epigenetic marking allows plasticity of phenotype in a fixed genotype. Despite their identical genotypes, monozygotic twins show increasing epigenetic diversity with age and with divergent lifestyles. Differences in epigenetic markings may explain some inter-individual variation in disease risk and in response to nutritional interventions.
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Witt O, Deubzer HE, Milde T, Oehme I. HDAC family: What are the cancer relevant targets? Cancer Lett 2008; 277:8-21. [PMID: 18824292 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 771] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases comprise a family of 18 genes, which are grouped into classes I-IV based on their homology to their respective yeast orthologues. Classes I, II, and IV consist of 11 family members, which are referred to as "classical" HDACs, whereas the 7 class III members are called sirtuins. Classical HDACs are a promising novel class of anti-cancer drug targets. First HDAC inhibitors have been evaluated in clinical trials and show activity against several cancer diseases. However, these compounds act unselectively against several or all 11 HDAC family members. As a consequence, clinical phase I trials document a wide range of side effects. Therefore, the current challenge in the field is to define the cancer relevant HDAC family member(s) in a given tumor type and to design selective inhibitors, which target cancer cells but leave out normal cells. Knockout of single HDAC family members in mice produces a variety of phenotypes ranging from early embryonic death to viable animals with only discrete alterations, indicating that potential side effects of HDAC inhibitors depend on the selectivity of the compounds. Recently, several studies have shown that certain HDAC family members are aberrantly expressed in several tumors and have non-redundant function in controlling hallmarks of cancer cells. The aim of this review is to discuss individual HDAC family members as drug targets in cancer taking into consideration their function under physiological conditions and their oncogenic potential in malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Witt
- CCU Pediatric Oncology (G340), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany.
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