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Gee K, Yendamuri S. Lung cancer in females-sex-based differences from males in epidemiology, biology, and outcomes: a narrative review. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2024; 13:163-178. [PMID: 38405003 PMCID: PMC10891406 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-23-744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objective The role of biological sex is seldom considered in characterizing lung cancer, the deadliest cancer in both the United States and the world. Lung cancer has traditionally been regarded as a male disease; as such, research in female-specific phenomena is frequently conflicting or absent. Currently, disparities in lung cancer incidence are primarily driven by females, especially non-smokers and those of younger age. This narrative review provides insight into sex-specific characteristics of lung cancer, highlighting risk factors, diagnosis patterns, carcinogenesis, and treatment outcomes in females. Methods The PubMed database was searched on July 26, 2023 to identify research published between 2013 and 2023 in English. Sixty-three articles were considered relevant, and their full texts and citations were studied to compile information for this narrative review. Key Content and Findings Exposure-related risk factors, including personal tobacco use, are thought to impact female lung cancer risk more profoundly. However, studies on occupational exposures are underpowered to conclude risk in females. Data characterizing the effect of endogenous and exogenous hormonal exposures on female lung cancer risk remain two-sided. Screening guidelines are tailored to white males, exacerbating sex and race disparities. The effect of biological sex on carcinogenesis and the immune system response to cancer is not fully understood, though the female immune system clearly reacts more aggressively to lung cancer. In early-stage disease, females have greater survival in the perioperative setting and during follow-up of several years, attributed to favorable histopathology and healthier baseline status. Sex-specific response to systemic treatment continues to be optimized as lack of standardization in randomized trials makes interpreting results difficult when aggregated. Conclusions Biological sex plays a critical role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), though further study is needed to depict the complex web of factors that affect lung cancer risk, development, and outcomes. Female underrepresentation in studies has contributed to this lack of understanding. As these disparities are eliminated, we can move towards more effective treatment for both sexes in this pervasive yet deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylan Gee
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Sai Yendamuri
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Thakare E, Chaudhary M, Gadbail A. A prospective study of circulating estrogen in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther 2023:01363817-990000000-00032. [PMID: 38102904 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_2377_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports suggested that hormone replacement therapy decreased the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity. AIM The aim of this study was to analyze and quantify the serum 17β-estradiol (E2) level by chemiluminescence immunoassay in four groups, Group I (control group with no habit of tobacco and areca), Group II (control group with a habit of tobacco and areca), Group III (potentially malignant disorder-leukoplakia), and Group IV (oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)). It was the first study to evaluate E2 in four study groups with and without the habit of tobacco. METHOD The serum analysis was carried out in Cobas e411 analyzer by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay analysis. RESULTS As per the Kruskal--Wallis test, statistically significant rise in estradiol levels in Group IV as in comparison to Group III as compared with Groups II and I. CONCLUSION This study proved that irrespective of the gender bias, the female sex hormone, estradiol levels were significantly raised in OSCC patients. This study suggests that E2 may play a vital role in determining the patient prognosis in OSCC with tobacco habit. The confounding results of this preliminary study opened up new advents emphasizing the role of E2 in OSCC. The role of E2 in estrogen receptor regulation can also be a subject of study for targeted therapies in improving the patient's prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eesha Thakare
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Nanded Rural Dental College, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
| | - Minal Chaudhary
- Professor and Director (Examination, Assessment and Evaluation), Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amol Gadbail
- Department of Dentistry, Shree Bhausaheb Hire Medical College and Hospital, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
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3
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Słowikowski BK, Jankowski M, Jagodziński PP. The smoking estrogens - a potential synergy between estradiol and benzo(a)pyrene. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111658. [PMID: 34243627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
According to recent statistics, Lung Cancer (LC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed tumor types, representing nearly 12% of all global cancer cases. Moreover, in recent years, an increased mortality rate and incidence of this cancer were observed, especially among nonsmokers. Lung cancer patients are often characterized by poor prognosis and low survival rates, which encourages the scientific community to investigate the biochemical and molecular processes leading to the development of this malignancy. Furthermore, the mechanisms of LC formation and progression are not yet fully elucidated due to their high complexity, as well as a multitude of environmental, genetic, and molecular factors involved. Even though LC's association with exposure to cigarette smoke is indisputable, current research provides evidence that the development of this cancer can also be affected by the presence of estrogens and their interaction with several tobacco smoke components. Hence, the main goal of this brief review was to investigate reports of a possible synergy between 17β estradiol (E2), the most biologically active estrogen, and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a strongly carcinogenic compound produced as a result of incomplete tobacco combustion. The literature sources demonstrate a possible carcinogenic synergy between estrogens, especially E2, and BaP, a toxic tobacco smoke component. Therefeore, the combined effect of disturbed estrogen production in cancer cells, as well as the molecular influence exerted by BaP, could explain the increased aggressiveness and rate of LC development. Summarizing, the synergistic effect of these risk factors is an interesting area of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kazimierz Słowikowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Maurycy Jankowski
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Piotr Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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4
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Zeng H, Yang Z, Li J, Wen Y, Wu Z, Zheng Y, Yu Y, Xu Y, Gao S, Tan F, Li N, Xue Q, He J. Associations between female lung cancer risk and sex steroid hormones: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence on endogenous and exogenous sex steroid hormones. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:690. [PMID: 34112140 PMCID: PMC8194027 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Published findings suggest sex differences in lung cancer risk and a potential role for sex steroid hormones. Our aim was to perform a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of sex steroid hormone exposure specifically on the risk of lung cancer in women. Methods The PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases were searched. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for female lung cancer risk associated with sex steroid hormones were calculated overall and by study design, publication year, population, and smoking status. Sensitivity analysis, publication bias, and subgroup analysis were performed. Results Forty-eight studies published between 1987 and 2019 were included in the study with a total of 31,592 female lung cancer cases and 1,416,320 subjects without lung cancer. Overall, higher levels of sex steroid hormones, both endogenous (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.87–0.98) and exogenous (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.80–0.93), significantly decreased the risk of female lung cancer by 10% (OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.86–0.95). The risk of lung cancer decreased more significantly with a higher level of sex steroid hormones in non-smoking women (OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.78–0.99) than in smoking women (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.77–1.03), especially in Asia women (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.74–0.96). Conclusions Our meta-analysis reveals an association between higher levels of sex steroid hormone exposure and the decreased risk of female lung cancer. Surveillance of sex steroid hormones might be used for identifying populations at high risk for lung cancer, especially among non-smoking women. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08437-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhuoyu Yang
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yan Wen
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yadi Zheng
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yiwen Yu
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yongjie Xu
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shugeng Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Fengwei Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Ni Li
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Qi Xue
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.,Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
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5
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Li J, Ji Z, Luo X, Li Y, Yuan P, Long J, Shen N, Lu Q, Zeng Q, Zhong R, Shen Y, Cheng L. Urinary bisphenol A and its interaction with ESR1 genetic polymorphism associated with non-small cell lung cancer: findings from a case-control study in Chinese population. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126835. [PMID: 32348927 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known endocrine disruptor, was reported to promote migration and invasion of lung cancer cells, but findings in human study is absent. A case-control study in Chinese population was conducted to evaluate the association between BPA exposure and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and explore the interaction between BPA exposure and estrogen-related genetic polymorphism on NSCLC. BPA concentrations were measured in urine samples using an UHPLC-MS method and rs2046210 in estrogen receptor α (ESR1) gene was genotyped by TaqMan genotyping system. Logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association analyses. As a result, 615 NSCLC cases and 615 healthy controls were enrolled from Wuhan, central China. The mean age was 58.0 (SD: 7.9) years old for controls and 59.2 (SD: 8.8) years old for cancer cases. The creatinine-adjusted BPA levels were significantly higher in NSCLC cases than that in healthy controls (median: 0.97 vs 0.73 μg/L, P < 0.001). Exposure to high levels of BPA was significantly associated with NSCLC (adjusted OR = 1.91, 95%CI: 1.39-2.62, P < 0.001 for the highest quartile). We also observed a shallow concave dose-response relationship about the overall association between BPA and NSCLC. Moreover, interaction analyses showed that BPA exposure interacted multiplicatively with rs2046210, with a marginal P value (P = 0.049), to contribute to NSCLC. In conclusion, exposure to high levels BPA may be associated with NSCLC and the relationship may be modified by genetic polymorphism in ESR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peihong Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jieyi Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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6
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Sun X, Shang J, Wu A, Xia J, Xu F. Identification of dynamic signatures associated with smoking-related squamous cell lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1614-1625. [PMID: 31829519 PMCID: PMC6991676 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a risk factor for the development of lung cancer. The aim of this study was to identify early diagnosis biomarkers for lung squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) in COPD patients and to determine the potential pathogenetic mechanisms. The GSE12472 data set was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially co‐expressed links (DLs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both COPD and normal tissues, or in both SQCC + COPD and COPD samples were used to construct a dynamic network associated with high‐risk genes for the SQCC pathogenetic process. Enrichment analysis was performed based on Gene Ontology annotations and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. We used the gene expression data and the clinical information to identify the co‐expression modules based on weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA). In total, 205 dynamic DEGs, 5034 DLs and one pathway including CDKN1A, TP53, RB1 and MYC were found to have correlations with the pathogenetic progress. The pathogenetic mechanisms shared by both SQCC and COPD are closely related to oxidative stress, the immune response and infection. WGCNA identified 11 co‐expression modules, where magenta and black were correlated with the “time to distant metastasis.” And the “surgery due to” was closely related to the brown and blue modules. In conclusion, a pathway that includes TP53, CDKN1A, RB1 and MYC may play a vital role in driving COPD towards SQCC. Inflammatory processes and the immune response participate in COPD‐related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingzhe Shang
- Center of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Suzhou Institute of System Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- Center of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Suzhou Institute of System Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingyan Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Sex specific function of epithelial STAT3 signaling in pathogenesis of K-ras mutant lung cancer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4589. [PMID: 30389925 PMCID: PMC6214980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs) with mutations in the K-ras oncogene display dismal prognosis. Proinflammatory and immunomodulatory events that drive development of K-ras mutant LUAD are poorly understood. Here, we develop a lung epithelial specific K-ras mutant/Stat3 conditional knockout (LR/Stat3Δ/Δ) mouse model. Epithelial Stat3 deletion results in intriguing sex-associated discrepancies; K-ras mutant tumors are decreased in female LR/Stat3Δ/Δ mice whereas tumor burdens are increased in males. RNA-sequencing and tumor microenvironment (TME) analysis demonstrate increased anti-tumor immune responses following Stat3 deletion in females and, conversely, elevated pro-tumor immune pathways in males. While IL-6 blockade in male LR/Stat3Δ/Δ mice reduces lung tumorigenesis, inhibition of estrogen receptor signaling in female mice augments K-ras mutant oncogenesis and reprograms lung TME toward a pro-tumor phenotype. Our data underscore a critical sex-specific role for epithelial Stat3 signaling in K-ras mutant LUAD, thus paving the way for developing personalized (e.g. sex-based) immunotherapeutic strategies for this fatal disease. Proinflammatory and immunomodulatory events that drive development of K-ras mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) are poorly understood. Here they develop a lung epithelial specific K-ras mutant/Stat3 conditional knockout mouse model and show a sex-specific role for epithelial Stat3 signaling in K-ras-mutant LUAD.
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8
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Santucci-Pereira J, Pogash TJ, Patel A, Hundal N, Barton M, Camoirano A, Micale RT, La Maestra S, Balansky R, De Flora S, Russo J. Aspirin abrogates impairment of mammary gland differentiation induced by early in life second-hand smoke in mice. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:1037-1044. [PMID: 29788174 PMCID: PMC6067120 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that there is limited evidence that tobacco smoking causes breast cancer in humans. In rodents, many tobacco smoke chemicals cause mammary gland tumors. This study evaluated the mammary gland differentiation in mice exposed to environmental cigarette smoke (ECS), using 3R4F Kentucky reference cigarettes, starting after birth and continuing daily for 10 weeks (total particulate exposure 95 mg/m3; CO 610 ppm). We also analyzed the effects of oral administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin (1600 mg/kg) or naproxen (320 mg/kg), on mammary gland differentiation, either in unexposed or ECS-exposed mice. The ECS exposure caused delay of mammary glands development. We speculate that this delay may result from aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling activation, which has an antiestrogenic effect and crosstalk to the estrogen metabolism pathway. Similarly, naproxen impaired gland differentiation in unexposed and ECS-exposed mice, while aspirin hindered its development only in unexposed mice. The lack of differentiation induced by the NSAIDs could be explained by their antiestrogenic effect through inhibition of aldo-keto reductases. In ECS-exposed animals, aspirin induced intense lobular formation, which could indicate that aspirin is counteracting the AHR signaling induced by ECS. Based on the differentiation induced by aspirin in ECS-exposed animals, we postulate that these mice would be less susceptible to mammary carcinogenesis. Our results suggest that exposure to smoke at an early age impairs the development of the mammary gland, thus resulting in a longer period of susceptibility and increased risk of breast cancer. However, addition of aspirin can abrogate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Santucci-Pereira
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas J Pogash
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aman Patel
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Navroop Hundal
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Barton
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna Camoirano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosanna T Micale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Roumen Balansky
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis, National Center of Oncology, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Silvio De Flora
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jose Russo
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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Blood and lung microRNAs as biomarkers of pulmonary tumorigenesis in cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84758-84774. [PMID: 27713172 PMCID: PMC5341294 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is known to dysregulate microRNA expression profiles in the lungs of mice, rats, and humans, thereby modulating several pathways involved in lung carcinogenesis and other CS-related diseases. We designed a study aimed at evaluating (a) the expression of 1135 microRNAs in the lung of Swiss H mice exposed to mainstream CS during the first 4 months of life and thereafter kept in filtered air for an additional 3.5 months, (b) the relationship between lung microRNA profiles and histopathological alterations in the lung, (c) intergender differences in microRNA expression, and (d) the comparison with microRNA profiles in blood serum. CS caused multiple histopathological alterations in the lung, which were almost absent in sham-exposed mice. An extensive microRNA dysregulation was detected in the lung of CS-exposed mice. Modulation of microRNA profiles was specifically related to the histopathological picture, no effect being detected in lung fragments with non-neoplastic lung diseases (emphysema or alveolar epithelial hyperplasia), whereas a close association occurred with the presence and multiplicity of preneoplastic lesions (microadenomas) and benign lung tumors (adenomas). Three microRNAs regulating estrogen and HER2-dependent mechanisms were modulated in the lung of adenoma-bearing female mice. Blood microRNAs were also modulated in mice affected by early neoplastic lesions. However, there was a poor association between lung microRNAs and circulating microRNAs, which can be ascribed to an impaired release of mature microRNAs from the damaged lung. Studies in progress are evaluating the feasibility of analyzing blood microRNAs as a molecular tool for lung cancer secondary prevention.
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10
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Peng J, Meireles SI, Xu X, Smith WE, Slifker MJ, Riel SL, Zhai S, Zhang G, Ma X, Kurzer MS, Ma GX, Clapper ML. Estrogen metabolism in the human lung: impact of tumorigenesis, smoke, sex and race/ethnicity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106778-106789. [PMID: 29290988 PMCID: PMC5739773 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous data from this group demonstrate that the murine lung metabolizes estrogen. Production of the putative carcinogen 4-hydroxyestrogen (4-OHE) is elevated within the lungs of female vs. male mice and accelerated by tobacco smoke. The goal of this study was to determine if the human lung metabolizes estrogen and evaluate the impact of tumor formation, smoke, sex and race/ethnicity on metabolism. Urine and lung tissue (normal, tumor) were obtained from 49 non-small cell lung cancer patients. Healthy postmenopausal Caucasian (n = 19) and Chinese (n = 20) American women (never-smokers) donated urine. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses indicate that multiple estrogen synthesis and metabolism genes are expressed in human bronchoalveolar cells. Estrogen and its metabolites were measured in lung tissue and urine using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Wilcoxon rank tests were used for statistical comparisons. E1, E2, E3 and estrogen metabolites 2-OHE1, 2-OHE2, 4-OHE1, 4-OHE2, 2-OME1 and 2-OME2 were detected at higher levels in tumor vs. adjacent normal tissue and in women vs. men (P < 0.05). The proportion of 4-OHEs was higher in tumors than in normal lung tissue (P < 0.05), and elevated in normal tissue from current- vs. never-smoking women (P = 0.006); similar trends were observed in urine. The proportion of 4-OHEs in the urine of postmenopausal Chinese American women was 1.8-fold higher than that of Caucasian women (P = 0.015). These data indicate that estrogen metabolites are present in the human lung. A shift towards 4-hydroxylation during lung tumorigenesis may contribute to the risk conferred by smoking, sex or race/ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Peng
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Sibele I Meireles
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Xia Xu
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - William E Smith
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Michael J Slifker
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Stacy L Riel
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Shumenghui Zhai
- Center for Asian Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Guo Zhang
- Center for Asian Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiang Ma
- Center for Asian Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Mindy S Kurzer
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Grace X Ma
- Center for Asian Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Margie L Clapper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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11
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Słowikowski BK, Gałęcki B, Dyszkiewicz W, Jagodziński PP. Decreased expression of cytochrome p450 1B1 in non-small cell lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:339-345. [PMID: 28858732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have associated oestrogen metabolism and cigarette smoking with their carcinogenic impact on the lungs. Compounds commonly found in tobacco smoke induce the activity of CYP1B1, the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of catecholic derivatives of oestrogens. During their redox transformations, these structures can release large amounts of reactive oxygen species or can form DNA adducts, which lead to the decomposition of genetic material. This process may illustrate the synergistic effect of oestrogenic activity and tobacco combustion on oestrogen-dependant lung cancer development. There is considerable evidence suggesting that the level of oestrogen in lung tumours is elevated. Therefore, by using reverse transcription, real-time PCR and Western Blot analysis, we evaluated the CYP1B1 status in tissues from 76 patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to confirm whether potential overexpression of CYP1B1 may impact lung cancerogenesis induced by oestrogens. We found significantly lower levels of CYP1B1 transcripts (p=0.00001) and proteins (p=0.000085) in lung tumour material compared to corresponding, histopathologically unchanged tissues. We also analysed the association of CYP1B1 expression with gender, age and clinicopathological data of NSCLC patients. We observed lower amounts of CYP1B1 occurring in the middle stages of LC, regardless of gender, age or histological type of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kazimierz Słowikowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Bartłomiej Gałęcki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 62 Street, 60-569 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dyszkiewicz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 62 Street, 60-569 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Piotr Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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12
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Early and late effects of aspirin and naproxen on microRNAs in the lung and blood of mice, either unexposed or exposed to cigarette smoke. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85716-85748. [PMID: 29156752 PMCID: PMC5689642 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are able to inhibit the lung tumors induced by cigarette smoke, either mainstream (MCS) or environmental (ECS), in female mice. We used subsets of mice to analyze the expression of 1135 microRNAs in both lung and blood serum, as related to the whole-body exposure to smoke and/or oral administration of either aspirin or naproxen. In a first study, we evaluated early microRNA alterations in A/J mice exposed to ECS for 10 weeks, starting at birth, and/or treated with NSAIDs for 6 weeks, starting after weaning. At that time, when no histopathological change were apparent, ECS caused a considerable downregulation of pulmonary microRNAs affecting both adaptive mechanisms and disease-related pathways. Aspirin and naproxen modulated, with intergender differences, the expression of microRNAs having a variety of functions, also including regulation of cyclooxygenases and inflammation. In a second study, we evaluated late microRNA alterations in Swiss H mice exposed to MCS during the first 4 months of life and treated with NSAIDs after weaning until 7.5 months of life, when tumors were detected in mouse lung. Modulation of pulmonary microRNAs by the two NSAIDs was correlated with their ability to prevent preneoplastic lesions (microadenomas) and adenomas in the lung. In both studies, exposure to smoke and/or treatment with NSAIDs also modulated microRNA profiles in the blood serum. However, their levels were poorly correlated with those of pulmonary microRNAs, presumably because circulating microRNAs reflect the contributions from multiple organs and not only from lung.
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13
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Estrogen Repression of MicroRNAs Is Associated with High Guanine Content in the Terminal Loop Sequences of Their Precursors. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5030047. [PMID: 28805722 PMCID: PMC5618305 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Widespread microRNA (miRNA) repression is a phenomenon observed in mammals after exposure to cigarette smoke and in many types of cancer. A comprehensive reduction in miRNA expression after treatment with the hormone estrogen has also previously been described. Here, we reveal a conserved association of miRNA downregulation after estrogen exposure in zebrafish, mouse, and human breast cancer cell line, with a high guanine content in the terminal loop sequences of their precursors, and offer a possible link between estrogen-related miRNA-adducts formation and carcinogenesis. We also show common gene expression patterns shared by breast cancer tumors and estrogen-treated zebrafish, suggesting that this organism can be used as a powerful model system for the study of human breast cancer.
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14
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Hsu LH, Chu NM, Kao SH. Estrogen, Estrogen Receptor and Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081713. [PMID: 28783064 PMCID: PMC5578103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen has been postulated as a contributor for lung cancer development and progression. We reviewed the current knowledge about the expression and prognostic implications of the estrogen receptors (ER) in lung cancer, the effect and signaling pathway of estrogen on lung cancer, the hormone replacement therapy and lung cancer risk and survival, the mechanistic relationship between the ER and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the relevant clinical trials combining the ER antagonist and the EGFR antagonist, to investigate the role of estrogen in lung cancer. Estrogen and its receptor have the potential to become a prognosticator and a therapeutic target in lung cancer. On the other hand, tobacco smoking aggravates the effect of estrogen and endocrine disruptive chemicals from the environment targeting ER may well contribute to the lung carcinogenesis. They have gradually become important issues in the course of preventive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Han Hsu
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Medical School, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Nei-Min Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Huei Kao
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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15
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Amaral AFS, Strachan DP, Burney PGJ, Jarvis DL. Female Smokers Are at Greater Risk of Airflow Obstruction Than Male Smokers. UK Biobank. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:1226-1235. [PMID: 28075609 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201608-1545oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is increasing faster among women than among men. OBJECTIVES To examine sex differences in the risk of airflow obstruction (a COPD hallmark) in relation to smoking history. METHODS We analyzed 149,075 women and 100,252 men taking part in the UK Biobank who had provided spirometry measurements and information on smoking. The association of airflow obstruction with smoking characteristics was assessed by sex using regression analysis. The shape of this relationship was examined using restricted cubic splines. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The association of airflow obstruction with smoking status was stronger in women (odds ratio for ex-smokers [ORex], 1.44; ORcurrent, 3.45) than in men (ORex, 1.25; ORcurrent, 3.06) (P for interaction = 5.6 × 10-4). In both sexes, the association of airflow obstruction with cigarettes per day, smoking duration, and pack-years did not follow a linear pattern, with the increase in risk at lower doses being steeper among women. For equal doses of exposure, sex differences were present in both ex-smokers and current smokers for cigarettes per day (P for interactionex = 6.0 × 10-8; P for interactioncurrent = 1.1 × 10-5), smoking duration (P for interactionex = 7.9 × 10-4; P for interactioncurrent = 0.004), and pack-years (P for interactionex = 6.6 × 10-18; P for interactioncurrent = 1.3 × 10-6). Overall, those who started smoking before age 18 years were more likely to have airflow obstruction, but a sex difference in this association was not clear. For equal time since quitting, the reduction in risk among women seemed less marked than among men. CONCLUSIONS Exposed to the same dose of smoking, women showed a higher risk of airflow obstruction than men. This could partly explain the increasingly smaller sex difference in the prevalence of COPD, especially in countries where smoking patterns have become similar between women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F S Amaral
- 1 Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,2 Medical Research Council and Public Health England Centre for Environment and Health, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - David P Strachan
- 3 Population Health Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G J Burney
- 1 Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,2 Medical Research Council and Public Health England Centre for Environment and Health, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Deborah L Jarvis
- 1 Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,2 Medical Research Council and Public Health England Centre for Environment and Health, London, United Kingdom; and
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16
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Słowikowski BK, Lianeri M, Jagodziński PP. Exploring estrogenic activity in lung cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2017; 44:35-50. [PMID: 27783191 PMCID: PMC5310573 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that a connection between xenobiotics inhalation, especially tobacco combustion and Lung Cancer development is strongly significant and indisputable. However, recent studies provide evidence indicating that another factors such as, estrogens are also involved in lung carcinoma biology and metabolism. Although the status of estrogen receptors (ER), in both cancerous and healthy lung tissue has been well documented, there is still inconclusive data with respect of which isoform of the receptor is present in the lungs. However according to several studies, ERβ appears to be predominant form. Apart from ERs, estrogens can work through a recently discovered G-coupled estrogen receptor. Binding with both types of the receptors causes a signal, which leads to i.e. enhanced cell proliferation. There are many published reports which suggest that estrogen can be synthesized in situ in lung cancer. Some disturbances in the activity and expression levels of enzymes involved in estrogen synthesis were proved. This suggests that increased amounts of sex-steroid hormones can affect cells biology and be the reason of the accelerated development and pathogenesis of lung cancer. There also exist phenomena which associate estrogenic metabolism and tobacco combustion and its carcinogenic influence on the lungs. Compounds present in cigarette smoke induce the activity of CYP1B1, the enzyme responsible for estrogenic metabolism and synthesis of their cateholic derivatives. These structures during their redox cycle are able to release reactive oxygen species or form DNA adduct, which generally leads to destruction of genetic material. This process may explain the synergistic effect of smoking and estrogens on estrogen-dependent lung cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kazimierz Słowikowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Margarita Lianeri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Piotr Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
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17
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Cohen A, Burgos-Aceves MA, Smith Y. A potential role for estrogen in cigarette smoke-induced microRNA alterations and lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016; 5:322-30. [PMID: 27413713 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2016.06.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alteration in the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is associated with oncogenesis and cancer progression. In this review we aim to suggest that elevated levels of estrogens and their metabolites inside the lungs as a result of cigarette smoke exposure can cause widespread repression of miRNA and contribute to lung tumor development. Anti-estrogenic compounds, such as the components of cruciferous vegetables, can attenuate this effect and potentially reduce the risk of lung cancer (LC) among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Cohen
- 1 Genomic Data Analysis Unit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel ; 2 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas de Noroeste, S.C., Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Sta, Rita, La Paz, BCS, México
| | - Mario Alberto Burgos-Aceves
- 1 Genomic Data Analysis Unit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel ; 2 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas de Noroeste, S.C., Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Sta, Rita, La Paz, BCS, México
| | - Yoav Smith
- 1 Genomic Data Analysis Unit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel ; 2 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas de Noroeste, S.C., Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Sta, Rita, La Paz, BCS, México
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18
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Johansen AKZ, Dean A, Morecroft I, Hood K, Nilsen M, Loughlin L, Anagnostopoulou A, Touyz RM, White K, MacLean MR. The serotonin transporter promotes a pathological estrogen metabolic pathway in pulmonary hypertension via cytochrome P450 1B1. Pulm Circ 2016; 6:82-92. [PMID: 27162617 PMCID: PMC4860551 DOI: 10.1086/685023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating vasculopathy that predominates in women and has been associated with dysregulated estrogen and serotonin signaling. Overexpression of the serotonin transporter (SERT(+)) in mice results in an estrogen-dependent development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Estrogen metabolism by cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) contributes to the pathogenesis of PAH, and serotonin can increase CYP1B1 expression in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (hPASMCs). We hypothesized that an increase in intracellular serotonin via increased SERT expression may dysregulate estrogen metabolism via CYP1B1 to facilitate PAH. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found elevated lung CYP1B1 protein expression in female SERT(+) mice accompanied by PH, which was attenuated by the CYP1B1 inhibitor 2,3',4,5'-tetramethoxystilbene (TMS). Lungs from female SERT(+) mice demonstrated an increase in oxidative stress that was marked by the expression of 8-hydroxyguanosine; however, this was unaffected by CYP1B1 inhibition. SERT expression was increased in monocrotaline-induced PH in female rats; however, TMS did not reverse PH in monocrotaline-treated rats but prolonged survival. Stimulation of hPASMCs with the CYP1B1 metabolite 16α-hydroxyestrone increased cellular proliferation, which was attenuated by an inhibitor (MPP) of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and a specific ERα antibody. Thus, increased intracellular serotonin caused by increased SERT expression may contribute to PAH pathobiology by dysregulation of estrogen metabolic pathways via increased CYP1B1 activity. This promotes PASMC proliferation by the formation of pathogenic metabolites of estrogen that mediate their effects via ERα. Our studies indicate that targeting this pathway in PAH may provide a promising antiproliferative therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Katrine Z Johansen
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Afshan Dean
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Morecroft
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Hood
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Nilsen
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Loughlin
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Aikaterini Anagnostopoulou
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin White
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret R MacLean
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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19
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De Flora S, Ganchev G, Iltcheva M, La Maestra S, Micale RT, Steele VE, Balansky R. Pharmacological Modulation of Lung Carcinogenesis in Smokers: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 37:120-142. [PMID: 26726119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many drugs in common use possess pleiotropic properties that make them capable of interfering with carcinogenesis mechanisms. We discuss here the ability of pharmacological agents to mitigate the pulmonary carcinogenicity of mainstream cigarette smoke. The evaluated agents include anti-inflammatory drugs (budesonide, celecoxib, aspirin, naproxen, licofelone), antidiabetic drugs (metformin, pioglitazone), antineoplastic agents (lapatinib, bexarotene, vorinostat), and other drugs and supplements (phenethyl isothiocyanate, myo-inositol, N-acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid, berry extracts). These drugs have been evaluated in mouse models mimicking interventions either in current smokers or in ex-smokers, or in prenatal chemoprevention. They display a broad spectrum of activities by attenuating either smoke-induced preneoplastic lesions or benign tumors and/or malignant tumors. Together with epidemiological data, these findings provide useful information to predict the potential effects of pharmacological agents in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio De Flora
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Rosanna T Micale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Vernon E Steele
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roumen Balansky
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; National Center of Oncology, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria
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20
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La Maestra S, D'Agostini F, Izzotti A, Micale RT, Mastracci L, Camoirano A, Balansky R, Trosko JE, Steele VE, De Flora S. Modulation by aspirin and naproxen of nucleotide alterations and tumors in the lung of mice exposed to environmental cigarette smoke since birth. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:1531-8. [PMID: 26464196 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoprevention provides an important strategy for cancer control in passive smokers. Due to the crucial role played by smoke-related chronic inflammation in lung carcinogenesis, of special interest are extensively used pharmacological agents, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We evaluated the ability of aspirin and naproxen, inhibitors of both cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase -2, to modulate environmental cigarette smoke (ECS)-induced lung carcinogenesis in A/J mice of both genders. Based on a subchronic toxicity study in 180 postweaning mice, we used 1600 mg/kg diet aspirin and 320 mg/kg diet naproxen. In the tumor chemoprevention study, using 320 mice, exposure to ECS started soon after birth and administration of NSAIDs started after weaning. At 10 weeks of life, the NSAIDs did not affect the presence of occult blood in feces. As assessed in a subset of 40 mice, bulky DNA adducts and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels were considerably increased in ECS-exposed mice and, irrespective of gender, both NSAIDs remarkably inhibited these nucleotide alterations. After exposure for 4 months followed by 5 months in filtered air, ECS induced a significant increase in the yield of surface lung tumors, the 43.7% of which were adenomas and the 56.3% were adenocarcinomas. Oct-4 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4), a marker of cell stemness, was detected in some adenocarcinoma cells. The NAIDs attenuated the yield of lung tumors, but prevention of ECS-induced lung adenomas was statistically significant only in female mice treated with aspirin, which supports a role for estrogens in ECS-related lung carcinogenesis and highlights the antiestrogenic properties of NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luca Mastracci
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - James E Trosko
- National Food Safety Toxicological Center, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Vernon E Steele
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Selective inhibition by aspirin and naproxen of mainstream cigarette smoke-induced genotoxicity and lung tumors in female mice. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1251-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Wei J, Li F, Yang J, Liu X, Cho WC. MicroRNAs as regulators of airborne pollution-induced lung inflammation and carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:677-85. [PMID: 25667014 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of pulmonary inflammation and lung cancer, as well as exacerbation of pre-existing chronic lung diseases by exposure to airborne pollutants, e.g., particulate matter and cigarette smoke, is becoming a major public health concern in the world. However, the exact mechanisms of pulmonary injury from exposure to these airborne insults have not been fully elucidated. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) may play a unique role in the regulation of airborne agent-induced lung inflammation and carcinogenesis. Since epigenetic modifications are heritable and reversible, this may provide a new insight into the relationship of miRNAs and environmental pollution-related lung disorders. The aim of this review was to update our existing knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which airborne pollutants altering miRNA profiles in the lung, specifically for cigarette smoke and airborne particulate matter, and the potential biological roles of miRNAs in the initiation of pulmonary inflammation and lung cancer, as well as the regulation of underlying genetic susceptibility to these environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Center of Medical Research, General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China
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23
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Tillmans LS, Vierkant RA, Wang AH, Samadder NJ, Lynch CF, Anderson KE, French AJ, Haile RW, Harnack LJ, Potter JD, Slager SL, Smyrk TC, Thibodeau SN, Cerhan JR, Limburg PJ. Associations between Environmental Exposures and Incident Colorectal Cancer by ESR2 Protein Expression Level in a Population-Based Cohort of Older Women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:713-9. [PMID: 25650184 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking (smoking), hormone therapy (MHT), and folate intake (folate) are each thought to influence colorectal cancer risk, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Expression of estrogen receptor β (ESR2) has been associated with colorectal cancer stage and survival. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, we examined smoking, MHT, and folate-associated colorectal cancer risks by ESR2 protein expression level among participants in the Iowa Women's Health Study (IWHS). Self-reported exposure variables were assessed at baseline. Archived, paraffin-embedded colorectal cancer tissue specimens were collected and evaluated for ESR2 protein expression by IHC. Multivariate Cox regression models were fit to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between smoking, MHT, or folate and ESR2-defined colorectal cancer subtypes. RESULTS Informative environmental exposure and protein expression data were available for 491 incident colorectal cancer cases. Positive associations between ESR2-low and -high tumors and several smoking-related variables were noted, most prominently with average number of cigarettes per day (RR, 4.24; 95% CI, 1.81-9.91 for ESR2-low and RR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.05-4.41 for ESR2-high for ≥40 cigarettes compared with nonsmokers). For MHT, a statistically significant association with ESR2-low tumors was observed with longer duration of exposure (RR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.26-1.13 for >5 years compared with never use). No associations were found for folate. CONCLUSIONS In this study, smoking and MHT were associated with ESR2 expression patterns. IMPACT These data support possible heterogeneous effects from smoking and MHT on ERβ-related pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis in older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori S Tillmans
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert A Vierkant
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alice H Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Niloy Jewel Samadder
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), Huntsman Cancer Institute and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Charles F Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kristin E Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amy J French
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Lisa J Harnack
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John D Potter
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Susan L Slager
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Thomas C Smyrk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - James R Cerhan
- Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Paul J Limburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Nainani P, Paliwal A, Nagpal N, Agrawal M. Sex hormones in gender-specific risk for head and neck cancer: A review. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2014; 4:S1-4. [PMID: 25452920 PMCID: PMC4247543 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.144557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that numerous researches have been carried out to prevent head and neck cancer (HNC) and treat those patients, there is no reduction in morbidity rate because the underlying molecular pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Endocrine microenvironment is another vital factor besides other traditional risk factors like tobacco smoking, infections, and alcohol. It has been proven that sex hormone receptors are also expressed in larynx and lungs, in addition to sex organs. Sex hormones play a vital role in gene expression involved in the plethora of biological and neoplastic processes. The role of sex hormones in HNC is still divisive and very few researches have been conducted to describe their role. So, this article is an effort to attract the attention of researchers, endocrinologists, pathologists, and clinicians toward the impending role of sex hormones, with special emphasis on progesterone, estrogen, and prolactin in HNC onset and progression, along with their therapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purshotam Nainani
- Department of Oral Pathology, RKDF Dental College and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Aparna Paliwal
- Department of Oral Pathology, RKDF Dental College and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Neelu Nagpal
- Department of Oral Pathology, RKDF Dental College and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mayank Agrawal
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Rajasthan Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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The regulation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung tumor promotion by estradiol in female A/J mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93152. [PMID: 24682076 PMCID: PMC3969372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that women are at a higher risk developing lung cancer than men are. It is suggested that estrogen is one of the most important factors in lung cancer development in females. Additionally, cigarette smoke, and environmental pollutants, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), may play salient roles in female lung carcinogenesis. However, the mechanisms responsible for the interaction of these factors in the promotion of lung cancer are still poorly understood. The present study was designed to explore two ideas: first, the synergistic lung tumorigenic effects of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanol (NNK) combined with TCDD, 17β-estradiol (E2) or both through a long-term treatment experiment, and second, to identify early changes in the inflammatory and signaling pathways through short-term treatment experiments. The results indicate that A/J mice given E2 had strong effects in potentiating NNK-induced activation of MAPK signaling, NFκB, and COX-2 expression. In the long-term exposure model, E2 had a strong tumor promoting effect, whereas TCDD antagonized this effect in A/J mice. We conclude that treatment with NNK combined with either E2 or TCDD induces lung carcinogenesis and the promotion effects could be correlated with lung inflammation. E2 was shown to potentiate NNK-induced inflammation, cell proliferation, thereby leading to lung tumorigenesis.
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Izzotti A, Balansky R, D’Agostini F, Longobardi M, Cartiglia C, La Maestra S, Micale RT, Camoirano A, Ganchev G, Iltcheva M, Steele VE, De Flora S. Relationships between pulmonary micro-RNA and proteome profiles, systemic cytogenetic damage and lung tumors in cigarette smoke-exposed mice treated with chemopreventive agents. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2322-9. [PMID: 23708261 PMCID: PMC3786376 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing the correlation between molecular endpoints and cancer induction or prevention aims at validating the use of intermediate biomarkers. We previously developed murine models that are suitable to detect both the carcinogenicity of mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS) and the induction of molecular alterations. In this study, we used 931 Swiss mice in two parallel experiments and in a preliminary toxicity study. The chemopreventive agents included vorinostat, myo-inositol, bexarotene, pioglitazone and a combination of bexarotene and pioglitazone. Pulmonary micro-RNAs and proteins were evaluated by microarray analyses at 10 weeks of age in male and female mice, either unexposed or exposed to MCS since birth, and either untreated or receiving each one of the five chemopreventive regimens with the diet after weaning. At 4 months of age, the frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes was evaluated. At 7 months, the lungs were subjected to standard histopathological analysis. The results showed that exposure to MCS significantly downregulated the expression of 79 of 694 lung micro-RNAs (11.4%) and upregulated 66 of 1164 proteins (5.7%). Administration of chemopreventive agents modulated the baseline micro-RNA and proteome profiles and reversed several MCS-induced alterations, with some intergender differences. The stronger protective effects were produced by the combination of bexarotene and pioglitazone, which also inhibited the MCS-induced clastogenic damage and the yield of malignant tumors. Pioglitazone alone increased the yield of lung adenomas. Thus, micro-RNAs, proteins, cytogenetic damage and lung tumors were closely related. The molecular biomarkers contributed to evaluate both protective and adverse effects of chemopreventive agents and highlighted the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roumen Balansky
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis, National Center of Oncology, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria and
| | - Francesco D’Agostini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Longobardi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristina Cartiglia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sebastiano La Maestra
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosanna T. Micale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Camoirano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gancho Ganchev
- Laboratory of Chemical Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis, National Center of Oncology, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria and
| | - Marietta Iltcheva
- Laboratory of Chemical Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis, National Center of Oncology, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria and
| | - Vernon E. Steele
- Chemoprevention Agent Development Research Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Silvio De Flora
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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