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Abstract
Live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccines exhibit several desirable characteristics, including the induction of systemic, mucosal, and cell-mediated immunity resulting in breadth of protection, ease of administration, and yield. Seasonal live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) were developed in the United States and Russia and have been used in several countries. In the last decade, following the incorporation of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain, the performance of both LAIVs has been variable and the U.S.-backbone LAIV was less effective than the corresponding inactivated influenza vaccines. The cause appears to be reduced replicative fitness of some H1N1pdm09 viruses, indicating a need for careful selection of strains included in multivalent LAIV formulations. Assays are now being implemented to select optimal strains. An improved understanding of the determinants of replicative fitness of vaccine strains and of vaccine effectiveness of LAIVs is needed for public health systems to take full advantage of these valuable vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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Cox A, Schmierer J, D’Angelo J, Smith A, Levenson D, Treanor J, Kim B, Dewhurst S. A Mutated PB1 Residue 319 Synergizes with the PB2 N265S Mutation of the Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine to Convey Temperature Sensitivity. Viruses 2020; 12:E1246. [PMID: 33142846 PMCID: PMC7693792 DOI: 10.3390/v12111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines have modest efficacy. This is especially true for current live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV), which have been inferior to the inactivated versions in recent years. Therefore, a new generation of live vaccines may be needed. We previously showed that a mutation at PB1 residue 319 confers enhanced temperature sensitivity and attenuation in an LAIV constructed in the genetic background of the mouse-adapted Influenza A Virus (IAV) strain A/PR/8/34 (PR8). Here, we describe the origin/discovery of this unique mutation and demonstrate that, when combined with the PB2 N265S mutation of LAIV, it conveys an even greater level of temperature sensitivity and attenuation on PR8 than the complete set of attenuating mutations from LAIV. Furthermore, we show that the combined PB1 L319Q and PB2 N265S mutations confer temperature sensitivity on IAV polymerase activity in two different genetic backgrounds, PR8 and A/Cal/04/09. Collectively, these findings show that the PB2 LAIV mutation synergizes with a mutation in PB1 and may have potential utility for improving LAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Residency Program, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jordana Schmierer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
| | - Josephine D’Angelo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Upstate Medical School, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Andrew Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA
| | - Dustyn Levenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- M.D./Ph.D. Training Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - John Treanor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA)/HHS/ASPR, Influenza and Emerging Diseases Division 21J14, 200 C St SW, Washington, DC 20515, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
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3
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Weinberg GA. Nontraditional Uses of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine: School-Located Influenza Vaccination. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 9:S19-S23. [PMID: 32191311 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunization against influenza continues to be the best method of preventing influenza infection in children, and additionally, indirectly helping to lower disease in adults, given the role of children as "spreaders" of influenza to the community at large. An increasing evidence base exists for the use of school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) programs to increase the influenza vaccination rates among children. Live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) has unique characteristics that make it useful for SLIV programs, including ease of immunization without needles, faster delivery, and in many (but not all) years, good vaccine effectiveness. Reviewed herein are results of selected published trials as well as guidance on planning a successful SLIV program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Golisano Children's Hospital, Rochester, New York, USA
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Ortiz JR, Neuzil KM. Influenza vaccine programs for children in low- and middle-income countries: current status and way forward. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:711-724. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1635462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Ortiz
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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