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Aydık F, Ertuğrul B, Windhager S, Özener B. Associations of Facial Shape With Physical Strength and 2D:4D in a Turkish Male and Female Sample. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24155. [PMID: 39266941 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human sexual dimorphism in physical strength manifests itself in men having a greater muscle mass than women, reflecting ancestral roles in competition, protection, and provisioning. Prenatal testosterone exposure, approximated via the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), is linked to increased muscular strength in both sexes, indicating a developmental influence. Previous research has shown that both physical strength and 2D:4D have facial shape correlates, especially in men, but most studies have focused on Western populations and one trait. We therefore hypothesized a broader relationship between facial shape and both physical strength and 2D:4D. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we quantified the association between facial shape, handgrip strength (HGS), and 2D:4D in a non-Western Turkish sample (72 men, 55 women; Md = 22 y, SIR = 1.8 y) using two dimensional geometric morphometrics. Thirty-eight somatometric and 32 semi-landmarks were digitized on facial photographs taken in frontal view. Physical strength was assessed via handgrip strength (HGS), and the second digit length was divided by the fourth digit length to calculate 2D:4D. RESULTS Both HGS and 2D:4D were significantly associated with shape in both sexes, but only in men did they explain a significant amount of facial variation. Thin-plates spline deformation grids and geometric morphometric morphs visualized the facial shape changes related to variations in handgrip strength, 2D:4D, and sexual dimorphism, enabling trait comparisons. CONCLUSION This study contributes a comparative sample from the Middle East, which is indispensable to discern universalities from Western peculiarities. It provides evidence to better understand the biological basis of facial traits, which can potentially serve as increasingly relevant social cues in today's online and digital environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Aydık
- Department of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berna Ertuğrul
- Department of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barış Özener
- Department of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Schaefer K, Seidl-Berger A, Windhager S. Early developmental masculinization among boys: More prenatal testosterone action (assessed via 2D:4D) renders their faces perceived as masculine but not pretty or cute. Early Hum Dev 2024; 195:106071. [PMID: 38968819 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The 'organizational-activational hypothesis' posits that the fetal environment has a lasting impact on offspring physical, cognitive, and behavioral phenotype. An established biomarker for human prenatal testosterone exposure is the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D). While related facial characteristics and their social perceptions have been investigated in young adults, studies focusing on younger or older age groups are scarce. Standardized facial photographs of 17 Austrian boys aged 4 to 11 years were each rated by 162 adults in Austria (78 female, 84 male) for masculinity, dominance, physical strength, maturity, independence, cuteness, and prettiness. Following high interrater agreement (Cronbach's alphas >0.96), average ratings per face were subjected to a principal component analysis. The first principal component (52 % var. expl.) correlated positively with the boys' age (r = 0.685), whereas the second principal component (37 % var. expl.) reflected organizational effects of prenatal androgen exposure (i.e. androgenization), as shown by a negative correlation with the boys' 2D:4D (r = -0.487). Geometric morphometrics was employed to extract the facial shapes corresponding to these two principal components. Overall, adults consistently attributed masculinity in line with prenatal testosterone exposure, whereby masculinity was assessed as neither pretty nor cute. In contrast to findings within adults, boys' face ratings of dominance and physical strength did not correspond with their masculinity assessments, but rather with the social attributions reflecting age-related developmental progress (maturity and independence). This adds an ontogenetic layer of complexity. Prenatal testosterone exposure influences the development of boys' facial features, which in turn even shape social stereotypes in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Amalie Seidl-Berger
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hanegraef H, Spoor F. Maxillary morphology of chimpanzees: Captive versus wild environments. J Anat 2024; 244:977-994. [PMID: 38293709 PMCID: PMC11095307 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Morphological studies typically avoid using osteological samples that derive from captive animals because it is assumed that their morphology is not representative of wild populations. Rearing environments indeed differ between wild and captive individuals. For example, mechanical properties of the diets provided to captive animals can be drastically different from the food present in their natural habitats, which could impact cranial morphology and dental health. Here, we examine morphological differences in the maxillae of wild versus captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) given the prominence of this species in comparative samples used in human evolution research and the key role of the maxilla in such studies. Size and shape were analysed using three-dimensional geometric morphometric methods based on computed tomography scans of 94 wild and 30 captive specimens. Captive individuals have on average larger and more asymmetrical maxillae than wild chimpanzees, and significant differences are present in their maxillary shapes. A large proportion of these shape differences are attributable to static allometry, but wild and captive specimens still differ significantly from each other after allometric size adjustment of the shape data. Levels of shape variation are higher in the captive group, while the degree of size variation is likely similar in our two samples. Results are discussed in the context of ontogenetic growth trajectories, changes in dietary texture, an altered social environment, and generational differences. Additionally, sample simulations show that size and shape differences between chimpanzees and bonobos (Pan paniscus) are exaggerated when part of the wild sample is replaced with captive chimpanzees. Overall, this study confirms that maxillae of captive chimpanzees should not be included in morphological or taxonomic analyses when the objective is to characterise the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Hanegraef
- Centre for Human Evolution ResearchNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | - Fred Spoor
- Centre for Human Evolution ResearchNatural History MuseumLondonUK
- Department of Human OriginsMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
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Reis CLB, de Fátima Pereira Madureira M, Cunha CLR, Junior WCR, Araújo TH, Esteves A, Stuani MBS, Kirschneck C, Proff P, Matsumoto MAN, Küchler EC, Silva Barroso de Oliveira D. Testosterone suppression impacts craniofacial growth structures during puberty : An animal study. J Orofac Orthop 2023; 84:287-297. [PMID: 35147736 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-021-00373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hormones play a crucial role in growth development; however, the impact of testosterone suppression (TS) on craniofacial growth during puberty remains inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of TS during puberty on cephalometric measurements and histological characteristics of facial growth centers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six heterogenic Wistar male rats were randomly allocated into experimental orchiectomy (ORX) and control (sham) groups. At an age of 23 days (prepubertal stage), orchiectomy and placebo surgery were performed. Cephalometric measurements were performed via lateral cephalograms during and after puberty. The animals were euthanized at an age of 45 days (pubertal stage) and 73 days (postpubertal stage). Histological slices of the growth centers (condyle, premaxilla, and median palatine suture) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and sirius red. Student's t or Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare linear and angular cephalometric measurements across groups (α error = 5%). RESULTS Linear and angular measurements were statistically different in ORX animals (cranial bones, maxilla, and mandible) at 45 days and 73 days. Condylar histology showed a decrease in prechondroblast differentiation and a delay of mineralization in ORX animals. Vascularization of the medium palatine suture was lower in the ORX group at 45 days. Type I and III collagen fiber synthesis was lower in the ORX groups. In the premaxillary suture, collagen fibers were better organized in the sham groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that testosterone suppression affects craniofacial growth during puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Luiz Bitencourt Reis
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Centro, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-001, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Magali de Fátima Pereira Madureira
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Centro, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-001, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Caio Luis Rocha Cunha
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Centro, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-001, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Wagner Costa Rossi Junior
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Tomaz Henrique Araújo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Esteves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Maria Bernadete Sasso Stuani
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mírian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika Calvano Küchler
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Silva Barroso de Oliveira
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Centro, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-001, Alfenas, Brazil.
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Does Men’s Facial Sexual Dimorphism Affect Male Observers’ Selective Attention? ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-022-00205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cavalcante FDBF, Nepomuceno MV, Arruda Gomes DMDO, Câmara SF. Individual's Reproductive Strategies Moderates the Association Between Facial Width-to-Height and Risk-Taking Propensity. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 20:14747049221096758. [PMID: 35791511 PMCID: PMC10355301 DOI: 10.1177/14747049221096758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has yielded mixed findings on the relationship between facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR), an androgen-dependent feature, and risk-taking propensity. We argue that mixed findings might result from overlooked variables. Given that risk-taking propensity might be ultimately linked to a search for mating opportunities, we analyze if reproductive strategies moderate the relationship between fWHR and risk-taking propensity. Our results, obtained from a sample of 434 male participants, show a positive association between fWHR and recreational and social risk-taking only for men who are more motivated to focus on mating effort over offspring survival. This finding aligns with research arguing that risk-taking may be a mating strategy since being social and recreational risk-prone might illustrate physical and psychological qualities and improve one's ability to attract mates. Our results support the notion that risk-taking might be a domain-specific construct. Overall, our research is in line with recent findings suggesting that the impact of testosterone exposure on risk-taking propensity is best understood when considering the role of contextual variables. Consequently, we add to previous research that studies related to risk-taking propensity should account for reproductive strategies.
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Palmer-Hague JL, Geniole SN. Perceptions of threat track self-reported social, but not physical, aggression in women's faces. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tabakcilar D, Bundak R, Gencay K. Dental Age in Precocious and Delayed Puberty Periods. Eur J Dent 2021; 15:539-545. [PMID: 34041730 PMCID: PMC8475244 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Precocious puberty indicates quick growth inception and delayed puberty indicates retardation in growth. This study aimed to investigate whether dental development is synchronous with somatic development. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 62 girls and 34 boys with precocious puberty aged 5 to 9, 29 girls with delayed puberty aged 13 to 16, and 43 boys with delayed puberty aged 14 to 17; 169 children (91 girls and 78 boys) with normal development were compared about their dental ages through their panoramic radiographs by using the Demirjian method and skeletal ages from hand-wrist radiographs by using Greulich-Pyle atlas. RESULTS The findings showed that, in all cases, the dental age values were higher than chronologic and skeletal age values to a statistically significant degree. In the precocious puberty group, the dental age values were higher than chronologic age values to a statistically significant degree. In the delayed puberty group, the difference determined between the chronological age and the dental age was not found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION Given that the Demirjian method is inclined to make calculations that are higher than the chronological age, our findings suggest that the dental development was faster in the precocious puberty group and retarded in the delayed puberty group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Tabakcilar
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ruveyde Bundak
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyrenia University, Kyrenia, Cyprus
| | - Koray Gencay
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Locke JL. The Indexical Voice: Communication of Personal States and Traits in Humans and Other Primates. Front Psychol 2021; 12:651108. [PMID: 33935911 PMCID: PMC8084177 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.651108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies of primate vocalization have been undertaken to improve our understanding of the evolution of language. Perhaps, for this reason, investigators have focused on calls that were thought to carry symbolic information about the environment. Here I suggest that even if these calls were in fact symbolic, there were independent reasons to question this approach in the first place. I begin by asking what kind of communication system would satisfy a species' biological needs. For example, where animals benefit from living in large groups, I ask how members would need to communicate to keep their groups from fragmenting. In this context, I discuss the role of social grooming and "close calls," including lip-smacking and grunting. Parallels exist in human societies, where information is exchanged about all kinds of things, often less about the nominal topic than the communicants themselves. This sort of indexical (or personal) information is vital to group living, which presupposes the ability to tolerate, relate to, and interact constructively with other individuals. Making indexical communication the focus of comparative research encourages consideration of somatic and behavioral cues that facilitate relationships and social benefits, including cooperation and collaboration. There is ample room here for a different and potentially more fruitful approach to communication in humans and other primates, one that focuses on personal appraisals, based on cues originating with individuals, rather than signals excited by environmental events.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Locke
- Lehman College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United Sates
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11
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How and why patterns of sexual dimorphism in human faces vary across the world. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5978. [PMID: 33727579 PMCID: PMC7966798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection, including mate choice and intrasexual competition, is responsible for the evolution of some of the most elaborated and sexually dimorphic traits in animals. Although there is sexual dimorphism in the shape of human faces, it is not clear whether this is similarly due to mate choice, or whether mate choice affects only part of the facial shape difference between men and women. Here we explore these questions by investigating patterns of both facial shape and facial preference across a diverse set of human populations. We find evidence that human populations vary substantially and unexpectedly in both the magnitude and direction of facial sexually dimorphic traits. In particular, European and South American populations display larger levels of facial sexual dimorphism than African populations. Neither cross-cultural differences in facial shape variation, sex differences in body height, nor differing preferences for facial femininity and masculinity across countries, explain the observed patterns of facial dimorphism. Altogether, the association between sexual shape dimorphism and attractiveness is moderate for women and weak (or absent) for men. Analysis that distinguishes between allometric and non-allometric components reveals that non-allometric facial dimorphism is preferred in women's faces but not in faces of men. This might be due to different regimes of ongoing sexual selection acting on men, such as stronger intersexual selection for body height and more intense intrasexual physical competition, compared with women.
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Hodges-Simeon CR, Albert G, Richardson GB, McHale TS, Weinberg SM, Gurven M, Gaulin SJC. Was facial width-to-height ratio subject to sexual selection pressures? A life course approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0240284. [PMID: 33711068 PMCID: PMC7954343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection researchers have traditionally focused on adult sex differences; however, the schedule and pattern of sex-specific ontogeny can provide insights unobtainable from an exclusive focus on adults. Recently, it has been debated whether facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR; bi-zygomatic breadth divided by midface height) is a human secondary sexual characteristic (SSC). Here, we review current evidence, then address this debate using ontogenetic evidence, which has been under-explored in fWHR research. Facial measurements were collected from 3D surface images of males and females aged 3 to 40 (Study 1; US European-descent, n = 2449), and from 2D photographs of males and females aged 7 to 21 (Study 2; Bolivian Tsimane, n = 179), which were used to calculate three fWHR variants (which we call fWHRnasion, fWHRstomion, and fWHRbrow) and two other common facial masculinity ratios (facial width-to-lower-face-height ratio, fWHRlower, and cheekbone prominence). We test whether the observed pattern of facial development exhibits patterns indicative of SSCs, i.e., differential adolescent growth in either male or female facial morphology leading to an adult sex difference. Results showed that only fWHRlower exhibited both adult sex differences as well as the classic pattern of ontogeny for SSCs-greater lower-face growth in male adolescents relative to females. fWHRbrow was significantly wider among both pre- and post-pubertal males in the Bolivian Tsimane sample; post-hoc analyses revealed that the effect was driven by large sex differences in brow height, with females having higher placed brows than males across ages. In both samples, all fWHR measures were inversely associated with age; that is, human facial growth is characterized by greater relative elongation in the mid-face and lower face relative to facial width. This trend continues even into middle adulthood. BMI was also a positive predictor of most of the ratios across ages, with greater BMI associated with wider faces. Researchers collecting data on fWHR should target fWHRlower and fWHRbrow and should control for both age and BMI. Researchers should also compare ratio approaches with multivariate techniques, such as geometric morphometrics, to examine whether the latter have greater utility for understanding the evolution of facial sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R Hodges-Simeon
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Graham Albert
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George B Richardson
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Timothy S McHale
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, United States of America
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Steven J C Gaulin
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
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Farnell DJJ, Richmond S, Galloway J, Zhurov AI, Pirttiniemi P, Heikkinen T, Harila V, Matthews H, Claes P. An exploration of adolescent facial shape changes with age via multilevel partial least squares regression. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 200:105935. [PMID: 33485077 PMCID: PMC7920996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.105935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Multilevel statistical models represent the existence of hierarchies or clustering within populations of subjects (or shapes in this work). This is a distinct advantage over single-level methods that do not. Multilevel partial-least squares regression (mPLSR) is used here to study facial shape changes with age during adolescence in Welsh and Finnish samples comprising males and females. METHODS 3D facial images were obtained for Welsh and Finnish male and female subjects at multiple ages from 12 to 17 years old. 1000 3D points were defined regularly for each shape by using "meshmonk" software. A three-level model was used here, including level 1 (sex/ethnicity); level 2, all "subject" variations excluding sex, ethnicity, and age; and level 3, age. The mathematical formalism of mPLSR is given in an Appendix. RESULTS Differences in facial shape between the ages of 12 and 17 predicted by mPLSR agree well with previous results of multilevel principal components analysis (mPCA); buccal fat is reduced with increasing age and features such as the nose, brow, and chin become larger and more distinct. Differences due to ethnicity and sex are also observed. Plausible simulated faces are predicted from the model for different ages, sexes and ethnicities. Our models provide good representations of the shape data by consideration of appropriate measures of model fit (RMSE and R2). CONCLUSIONS Repeat measures in our dataset for the same subject at different ages can only be modelled indirectly at the lowest level of the model at discrete ages via mPCA. By contrast, mPLSR models age explicitly as a continuous covariate, which is a strong advantage of mPLSR over mPCA. These investigations demonstrate that multivariate multilevel methods such as mPLSR can be used to describe such age-related changes for dense 3D point data. mPLSR might be of much use in future for the prediction of facial shapes for missing persons at specific ages or for simulating shapes for syndromes that affect facial shape in new subject populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J J Farnell
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom.
| | - S Richmond
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - J Galloway
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - A I Zhurov
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - P Pirttiniemi
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - T Heikkinen
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - V Harila
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - H Matthews
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Claes
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Albert G, Arnocky S, Puts DA, Hodges-Simeon CR. Can listeners assess men's self-reported health from their voice? EVOL HUM BEHAV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Albert G, Wells E, Arnocky S, Liu CH, Hodges‐Simeon CR. Observers use facial masculinity to make physical dominance assessments following 100-ms exposure. Aggress Behav 2021; 47:226-235. [PMID: 33244752 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Research has consistently demonstrated that faces manipulated to appear more masculine are perceived as more dominant. These studies, however, have used forced-choice paradigms, in which a pair of masculinized and feminized faces was presented side by side. These studies are susceptible to demand characteristics, because participants may be able to draw the conclusion that faces which appear more masculine should be rated as more dominant. To prevent this, we tested if dominance could be perceived when masculinized or feminized faces were presented individually for only 100 ms. We predicted higher dominance ratings to masculinized faces and better memory of them in a surprise recognition memory test. In the experiment, 96 men rated the physical dominance of 40 facial photographs (masculinized = 20, feminized = 20), which were randomly drawn from a larger set of faces. This was followed by a surprise recognition memory test. Half of the participants were assigned to a condition in which the contours of the facial photographs were set to an oval to control for sexual dimorphism in face shape. Overall, men assigned higher dominance ratings to masculinized faces, suggesting that they can appraise differences in facial sexual dimorphism following very brief exposure. This effect occurred regardless of whether the outline of the face was set to an oval, suggesting that masculinized internal facial features were sufficient to affect dominance ratings. However, participants' recognition memory did not differ for masculinized and feminized faces, which could be due to a floor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Albert
- Department of Anthropology Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Erika Wells
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Steven Arnocky
- Department of Psychology Nipissing University North Bay Ontario Canada
| | - Chang Hong Liu
- Department of Psychology Bournemouth University Bournemouth UK
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Rostovtseva VV, Mezentseva AA, Windhager S, Butovskaya ML. Second-to-fourth digit ratio and facial shape in Buryats of Southern Siberia. Early Hum Dev 2020; 149:105138. [PMID: 32750625 PMCID: PMC7374133 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2nd-to-4th digit ratio (2D:4D) is a putative predictor of a prenatal exposure to sex hormones. 2D:4D is sexually dimorphic (males < females). Studies, linking digit ratio and full facial shapes among Europeans, show that a low 2D:4D is associated with a set of male-specific facial features. Buryats - Mongolian people from Southern Siberia - demonstrate a different pattern of facial sexual dimorphism than Europeans (narrower and more vertically elongated faces in men as opposed to women). AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between facial shape and the 2D:4D in comparison to the pattern of facial sexual dimorphism in Buryats. SUBJECTS Buryats: 88 men and 80 women aged 20 ± 2 years. OUTCOME MEASURES To assess relationship between facial shape and 2D:4D we used a geometric morphometric approach based on standardized full-face frontal photographs and direct measurements of the digit lengths among right-handed individuals. RESULTS The results revealed that 2D:4D was associated with facial morphology in Buryat men, and to a lesser extent in women. Narrower faces, elongated in the vertical direction, and a narrower lower facial outline, were characteristic of Buryat men with low 2D:4D ratios, which corresponded to the male-like facial shapes in Buryats. CONCLUSIONS In Europeans, such facial features were reported for men with a high 2D:4D, which corresponded more to female-like European facial shapes. Hence, our results show that sex-specific morphogenesis in humans is multidirectional, and that digit ratio is capable of predicting sex-specific facial traits even in populations with differing sexually-dimorphic morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V. Rostovtseva
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy pr-t 32a, Moscow 119334, Russia,Corresponding author
| | - Anna A. Mezentseva
- Department of Ethnology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy pr-t 27/4, Moscow 119192, Russia
| | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Marina L. Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy pr-t 32a, Moscow 119334, Russia,National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya str. 20, Moscow 101000, Russia
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17
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Rostovtseva VV, Mezentseva AA, Windhager S, Butovskaya ML. Sexual dimorphism in facial shape of modern Buryats of Southern Siberia. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23458. [PMID: 32596969 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate sexual dimorphism in the full facial shape of modern Buryats-people of Southern Siberia of Mongolian origin. METHODS For this purpose, we have used geometric morphometrics based on standardized full-face frontal photographs. This allowed us to assess and visualize differences in facial shapes between Buryat men (n = 98) and women (n = 89). To specify the facial areas, where the differences occurred, we have complemented our analysis with standard anthropometric facial parameters based on approximations to the craniofacial and mandibular landmarks and soft-tissue morphology of specific facial areas. RESULTS Our results revealed that Buryat women have a set of sexually dimorphic features similar to those reported earlier for other Asian populations (a relatively wider and vertically shorter lower face, more round visible areas of the eyes, relatively narrower noses, smaller mouths, larger [in vertical dimension] foreheads, and relatively thinner upper lips, when compared to Buryat males). At the same time, Buryat women had a specific characteristic, distinguishing them from other world populations-a significantly higher upper face width-to-height ratio (fWHR) compared to males. This indicates that the high fWHR is not a universally male feature in humans, which raises a question of underlying developmental mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly demonstrate that some elements of sexually dimorphic facial shapes may differ across populations with different genetic and ecological backgrounds, and suggest that universal mechanisms of sex-specific facial morphogenesis still need to be clarified in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna A Mezentseva
- Department of Ethnology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marina L Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Farnell DJJ, Richmond S, Galloway J, Zhurov AI, Pirttiniemi P, Heikkinen T, Harila V, Matthews H, Claes P. Multilevel principal components analysis of three-dimensional facial growth in adolescents. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 188:105272. [PMID: 31865094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The study of age-related facial shape changes across different populations and sexes requires new multivariate tools to disentangle different sources of variations present in 3D facial images. Here we wish to use a multivariate technique called multilevel principal components analysis (mPCA) to study three-dimensional facial growth in adolescents. METHODS These facial shapes were captured for Welsh and Finnish subjects (both male and female) at multiple ages from 12 to 17 years old (i.e., repeated-measures data). 1000 "dense" 3D points were defined regularly for each shape by using a deformable template via "meshmonk" software. A three-level model was used here, namely: level 1 (sex/ethnicity); level 2, all "subject" variations excluding sex, ethnicity, and age; and level 3, age. The technicalities underpinning the mPCA method are presented in Appendices. RESULTS Eigenvalues via mPCA predicted that: level 1 (ethnicity/sex) contained 7.9% of variation; level 2 contained 71.5%; and level 3 (age) contained 20.6%. The results for the eigenvalues via mPCA followed a similar pattern to those results of single-level PCA. Results for modes of variation made sense, where effects due to ethnicity, sex, and age were reflected in modes at appropriate levels of the model. Standardised scores at level 1 via mPCA showed much stronger differentiation between sex and ethnicity groups than results of single-level PCA. Results for standardised scores from both single-level PCA and mPCA at level 3 indicated that females had different average "trajectories" with respect to these scores than males, which suggests that facial shape matures in different ways for males and females. No strong evidence of differences in growth patterns between Finnish and Welsh subjects was observed. CONCLUSIONS mPCA results agree with existing research relating to the general process of facial changes in adolescents with respect to age quoted in the literature. They support previous evidence that suggests that males demonstrate larger changes and for a longer period of time compared to females, especially in the lower third of the face. These calculations are therefore an excellent initial test that multivariate multilevel methods such as mPCA can be used to describe such age-related changes for "dense" 3D point data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J J Farnell
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom.
| | - S Richmond
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - J Galloway
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - A I Zhurov
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - P Pirttiniemi
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - T Heikkinen
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - V Harila
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - H Matthews
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Claes
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Gleeson BT. Masculinity and the Mechanisms of Human Self-Domestication. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-019-00126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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van der Meij L, Demetriou A, Tulin M, Méndez I, Dekker P, Pronk T. Hormones in speed-dating: The role of testosterone and cortisol in attraction. Horm Behav 2019; 116:104555. [PMID: 31348926 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that testosterone and cortisol levels are related to the attraction of a romantic partner; testosterone levels relate to a wide range of sexual behaviors and cortisol is a crucial component in the response to stress. To investigate this, we conducted a speed-dating study among heterosexual singles. We measured salivary testosterone and cortisol changes in men and women (n = 79) when they participated in a romantic condition (meeting opposite-sex others, i.e., potential romantic partners), as well as a control condition (meeting same-sex others, i.e., potential friends). Over the course of the romantic speed-dating event, results showed that women's but not men's testosterone levels increased and cortisol levels decreased for both men and women. These findings indicate that men's testosterone and cortisol levels were elevated in anticipation of the event, whereas for women, this appears to only be the case for cortisol. Concerning the relationship between attraction and hormonal change, four important findings can be distinguished. First, men were more popular when they arrived at the romantic speed-dating event with elevated cortisol levels. Second, in both men and women, a larger change in cortisol levels during romantic speed-dating was related to more selectivity. Third, testosterone alone was unrelated to any romantic speed-dating outcome (selectivity or popularity). However, fourth, women who arrived at the romantic speed-dating event with higher testosterone levels were more selective when their anticipatory cortisol response was low. Overall, our findings suggest that changes in the hormone cortisol may be stronger associated with the attraction of a romantic partner than testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander van der Meij
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Marina Tulin
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ileana Méndez
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Dekker
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tila Pronk
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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21
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Krenn B, Buehler C. Facial features and unethical behavior - Doped athletes show higher facial width-to-height ratios than non-doping sanctioned athletes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224472. [PMID: 31665155 PMCID: PMC6821090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Past research has emphasized the role of facial structures in predicting social behavior. In particular the facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) was found to be a reliable predictor for antisocial and unethical behavior. The current study was aimed at examining this association in the field of sports: FWHRs of 146 doping sanctioned athletes in athletics (37 male/38 female) and weightlifting (44 male/27 female) were compared to the fWHRs of randomly chosen non-doping sanctioned athletes of the Top Ten at the World Championship 2017 and Olympic Games 2016 in both sports (146 athletes). The results showed that doping sanctioned athletes due to the use of anabolic steroids had larger fWHRs than non-doping sanctioned athletes. However, doping sanctioned athletes due to other doping rule violations than the use of anabolic steroids, did not show this effect. The study provides empirical evidence for the relation between fWHR and unethical behavior in a real-world setting and contributes to the discussion about fWHR’s biological origin, emphasizing the role of anabolic steroids. A mutual interaction between fWHR and doping behavior is discussed, at which a larger fWHR might signify a higher tendency to behave unethically, whereas the consequential intake of anabolic steroids might also shape individuals’ faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Krenn
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Callum Buehler
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Danel DP, Valentova JV, Sánchez OR, Leongómez JD, Varella MAC, Kleisner K. A cross-cultural study of sex-typicality and averageness: Correlation between frontal and lateral measures of human faces. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 30:e23147. [PMID: 30328226 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Facial averageness and sexual dimorphism are extensively studied attractiveness markers, which are viewed as possible indicators of biological quality. Both are complex morphological traits, and both can be easily assessed from frontal and lateral projection of a human face. Interestingly, examination of mutual relations between the frontal and lateral dimensions of these markers has so far received little attention in published research. METHODS In our cross-cultural study, we used geometric morphometric data from male and female faces from Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, and the Czech Republic, and analyzed correlations between frontal and lateral measurements of averageness and degree of maleness/femaleness, that is, the individual variation in features that characterize sexual dimorphism. We also analyzed whether the association between frontal and lateral measurements differed in men and women. RESULTS In general, our results showed a moderate correlation in sexually dimorphic features between lateral and frontal facial configuration in both sexes, while frontal and lateral facial averageness was moderately correlated only in women. This pattern was less consistent when individual populations were analyzed separately. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that, in general, the weak association between lateral and frontal facial configurations may be the result of selection pressures in favor of individual identity signals. Moreover, especially in women, the frontal and lateral dimension of a given facial attractiveness marker may provide similar information about the qualities of the individual. The absence of a significant correlation in male facial averageness suggests that frontal and lateral averageness convey different information about an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz P Danel
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Oscar R Sánchez
- Human Behaviour Lab, Faculty of Psychology, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Leongómez
- Human Behaviour Lab, Faculty of Psychology, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marco A C Varella
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karel Kleisner
- Department of Philosophy and History of Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
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23
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Fawcett TW, Ewans J, Lawrence A, Radford AN. Attractiveness is positively related to World Cup performance in male, but not female, biathletes. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWhole-organism performance capacity is thought to play a key role in sexual selection, through its impacts on both intrasexual competition and intersexual mate choice. Based on data from elite sports, several studies have reported a positive association between facial attractiveness and athletic performance in humans, leading to claims that facial correlates of sporting prowess in men reveal heritable or nonheritable mate quality. However, for most of the sports studied (soccer, ice hockey, American football, and cycling), it is not possible to separate individual performance from team performance. Here, using photographs of athletes who compete annually in a multi-event World Cup, we examine the relationship between facial attractiveness and individual career-best performance metrics in the biathlon, a multidisciplinary sport that combines target shooting and cross-country skiing. Unlike all previous studies, which considered only male athletes, we report relationships for both sportsmen and sportswomen. As predicted by evolutionary arguments, we found that male biathletes were judged more attractive if (unknown to the raters) they had achieved a higher peak performance (World Cup points score) in their career, whereas there was no significant relationship for female biathletes. Our findings show that elite male athletes display visible, attractive cues that reliably reflect their athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim W Fawcett
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour (CRAB), Washington Singer Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jack Ewans
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alice Lawrence
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew N Radford
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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24
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Kordsmeyer TL, Freund D, van Vugt M, Penke L. Honest Signals of Status: Facial and Bodily Dominance Are Related to Success in Physical but Not Nonphysical Competition. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 17:1474704919863164. [PMID: 31345060 PMCID: PMC10358418 DOI: 10.1177/1474704919863164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that both facial and bodily dominance promote high status positions and predict status-seeking behaviors such as aggression and social dominance. An evolutionarily relevant context in which associations between these dominance signals and status outcomes may be prevalent are face-to-face status contests. The present study examined whether facial and bodily dominance predicted success in dyadic competitions (one physical discipline, arm wrestling, and three nonphysical disciplines) in men (N = 125) in a controlled laboratory setting. Men's bodies and faces were independently rated for physical dominance, and associations of these ratings with contest outcomes as well as mediating and moderating variables (such as physical strength, body height, trait dominance, baseline and reactive testosterone) were examined. Both facial and bodily dominance positively predicted success in the physical discipline, mediated by physical strength, but not in the three nonphysical disciplines. Our findings demonstrate that facial and bodily physical dominance may be honest signals for men's formidability and hence status potential, at least in a physically competitive context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias L. Kordsmeyer
- Department of Psychology and Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Freund
- Department of Psychology and Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mark van Vugt
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Penke
- Department of Psychology and Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Kamaluddin SN, Tanaka M, Wakamori H, Nishimura T, Ito T. Phenotypic plasticity in the mandibular morphology of Japanese macaques: captive-wild comparison. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181382. [PMID: 31417687 PMCID: PMC6689643 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the accumulating evidence suggesting the importance of phenotypic plasticity in diversification and adaptation, little is known about plastic variation in primate skulls. The present study evaluated the plastic variation of the mandible in Japanese macaques by comparing wild and captive specimens. The results showed that captive individuals are square-jawed with relatively longer tooth rows than wild individuals. We also found that this shape change resembles the sexual dimorphism, indicating that the mandibles of captive individuals are to some extent masculinized. By contrast, the mandible morphology was not clearly explained by ecogeographical factors. These findings suggest the possibility that perturbations in the social environment in captivity and resulting changes of androgenic hormones may have influenced the development of mandible shape. As the high plasticity of social properties is well known in wild primates, social environment may cause the inter- and intra-population diversity of skull morphology, even in the wild. The captive-wild morphological difference detected in this study, however, can also be possibly formed by other untested sources of variation (e.g. inter-population genetic variation), and therefore this hypothesis should be validated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Norsyuhada Kamaluddin
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Hikaru Wakamori
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishimura
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ito
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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Okubo M, Ishikawa K. The big warm smile of cheaters: lateral posing biases and emotional expressions in displaying facial trustworthiness. Laterality 2019; 24:678-696. [DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2019.1590381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matia Okubo
- Department of Psychology, Senshu University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kenta Ishikawa
- Department of Psychology, Senshu University, Kawasaki, Japan
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Goddings AL, Beltz A, Peper JS, Crone EA, Braams BR. Understanding the Role of Puberty in Structural and Functional Development of the Adolescent Brain. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2019; 29:32-53. [PMID: 30869842 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, there has been a tremendous increase in our understanding of structural and functional brain development in adolescence. However, understanding the role of puberty in this process has received much less attention. This review examines this relationship by summarizing recent research studies where the role of puberty was investigated in relation to brain structure, connectivity, and task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The studies together suggest that puberty may contribute to adolescent neural reorganization and maturational advancement, and sex differences also emerge in puberty. The current body of work shows some mixed results regarding impact and exact direction of pubertal influence. We discuss several limitations of current studies and propose future directions on how to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiska S Peper
- Leiden University
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition
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29
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Facial masculinity does not appear to be a condition-dependent male ornament and does not reflect MHC heterozygosity in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1633-1638. [PMID: 30647112 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808659116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have called into question the idea that facial masculinity is a condition-dependent male ornament that indicates immunocompetence in humans. We add to this growing body of research by calculating an objective measure of facial masculinity/femininity using 3D images in a large sample (n = 1,233) of people of European ancestry. We show that facial masculinity is positively correlated with adult height in both males and females. However, facial masculinity scales with growth similarly in males and females, suggesting that facial masculinity is not exclusively a male ornament, as male ornaments are typically more sensitive to growth in males compared with females. Additionally, we measured immunocompetence via heterozygosity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a widely-used genetic marker of immunity. We show that, while height is positively correlated with MHC heterozygosity, facial masculinity is not. Thus, facial masculinity does not reflect immunocompetence measured by MHC heterozygosity in humans. Overall, we find no support for the idea that facial masculinity is a condition-dependent male ornament that has evolved to indicate immunocompetence.
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30
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Rosenfield KA, Semple S, Georgiev AV, Maestripieri D, Higham JP, Dubuc C. Experimental evidence that female rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta) perceive variation in male facial masculinity. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181415. [PMID: 30800385 PMCID: PMC6366174 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Among many primate species, face shape is sexually dimorphic, and male facial masculinity has been proposed to influence female mate choice and male-male competition by signalling competitive ability. However, whether conspecifics pay attention to facial masculinity has only been assessed in humans. In a study of free-ranging rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, we used a two-alternative look-time experiment to test whether females perceive male facial masculinity. We presented 107 females with pairs of images of male faces-one with a more masculine shape and one more feminine-and recorded their looking behaviour. Females looked at the masculine face longer than at the feminine face in more trials than predicted by chance. Although there was no overall difference in average look-time between masculine and feminine faces across all trials, females looked significantly longer at masculine faces in a subset of trials for which the within-pair difference in masculinity was most pronounced. Additionally, the proportion of time subjects looked toward the masculine face increased as the within-pair difference in masculinity increased. This study provides evidence that female macaques perceive variation in male facial shape, a necessary condition for intersexual selection to operate on such a trait. It also highlights the potential impact of perceptual thresholds on look-time experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A. Rosenfield
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary, Social and Interdisciplinary Anthropology, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Stuart Semple
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary, Social and Interdisciplinary Anthropology, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Alexander V. Georgiev
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
- Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, 940 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dario Maestripieri
- Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, 940 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James P. Higham
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Constance Dubuc
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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31
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Abstract
Human lips are one of the most sexually dimorphic facial features. Although lip morphology is considered particularly important for female facial attractiveness no systematic empirical study has been conducted in this respect. This study aimed to investigate a relationship between female Caucasian facial attractiveness and their lip morphology. Two series of morphologically average composite portraits with digitally increased and decreased lip width and height measurements were assessed by adult men and women. Results were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA. When compared to the average lip shape both a decrease and an increase in lip width were associated with lower female facial attractiveness.
A systematic increase in lip height from the lowest values to the highest, was associated with an increase in attractiveness scores. Attractiveness assessments of men and women did not differ significantly. The results show that perception of lip attractiveness may be intersexually congruent and that a variation in lip morphology may significantly affect female facial attractiveness.
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32
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Noser E, Schoch J, Ehlert U. The influence of income and testosterone on the validity of facial width-to-height ratio as a biomarker for dominance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207333. [PMID: 30412629 PMCID: PMC6226197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has indicated that men's facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is part of an evolved system of social dominance, aggression, and power. fWHR has been linked to antisocial behavior, measured by self-reported aggression, but recent studies have failed to replicate this finding. To overcome these inconsistencies, influencing factors such as social status have to be taken into account in order to explain the relationship between fWHR and aggression. In particular, income has been shown to be an important influencing factor in this relationship. Furthermore, previous findings suggested that testosterone is linked to fWHR and might be associated with fWHR and dominance-related outcomes. Therefore, this study examined the influence of both social status defined by income and salivary testosterone on the association between fWHR and self-reported dominance-related behavioral traits. In particular, links between fWHR and self-report measures of aggression and the Dark Triad (encompassing psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism) were investigated in N = 109 men aged 40 to 75 years. fWHR was significantly associated with physical aggression and two of the Dark Triad traits (psychopathy and Machiavellianism) in men reporting low income. The relationship between fWHR and narcissism was moderated by testosterone. The findings highlight the importance of considering social status and neuroendocrine parameters such as testosterone when examining associations between fWHR and complex psychological traits and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilou Noser
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Schoch
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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33
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Roosenboom J, Indencleef K, Lee MK, Hoskens H, White JD, Liu D, Hecht JT, Wehby GL, Moreno LM, Hodges-Simeon C, Feingold E, Marazita ML, Richmond S, Shriver MD, Claes P, Shaffer JR, Weinberg SM. SNPs Associated With Testosterone Levels Influence Human Facial Morphology. Front Genet 2018; 9:497. [PMID: 30405702 PMCID: PMC6206510 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many factors influence human facial morphology, including genetics, age, nutrition, biomechanical forces, and endocrine factors. Moreover, facial features clearly differ between males and females, and these differences are driven primarily by the influence of sex hormones during growth and development. Specific genetic variants are known to influence circulating sex hormone levels in humans, which we hypothesize, in turn, affect facial features. In this study, we investigated the effects of testosterone-related genetic variants on facial morphology. We tested 32 genetic variants across 22 candidate genes related to levels of testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHGB) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) in three cohorts of healthy individuals for which 3D facial surface images were available (Pittsburgh 3DFN, Penn State and ALSPAC cohorts; total n = 7418). Facial shape was described using a recently developed extension of the dense-surface correspondence approach, in which the 3D facial surface was partitioned into a set of 63 hierarchically organized modules. Each variant was tested against each of the facial surface modules in a multivariate genetic association-testing framework and meta-analyzed. Additionally, the association between these candidate SNPs and five facial ratios was investigated in the Pittsburgh 3DFN cohort. Two significant associations involving intronic variants of SHBG were found: both rs12150660 (p = 1.07E-07) and rs1799941 (p = 6.15E-06) showed an effect on mandible shape. Rs8023580 (an intronic variant of NR2F2-AS1) showed an association with the total and upper facial width to height ratios (p = 9.61E-04 and p = 7.35E-04, respectively). These results indicate that testosterone-related genetic variants affect normal-range facial morphology, and in particular, facial features known to exhibit strong sexual dimorphism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmien Roosenboom
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Karlijne Indencleef
- ESAT-PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myoung Keun Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hanne Hoskens
- ESAT-PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie D White
- Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Dongjing Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas McGovern Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - George L Wehby
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Lina M Moreno
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | | | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Stephen Richmond
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Peter Claes
- ESAT-PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Boren S, Slice D, Thomas G. Morphometric analysis of shape differences in Windover and Point Hope archaic human mandibles. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 168:119-130. [PMID: 30341944 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mandible can provide valuable information on both the life history and genetic makeup of Archaic human populations. The following analysis tests two hypotheses: (a) that there are significant differences in morphology in mandibular shape between the genders amongst Archaic North American Homo sapiens and (b) that there is a significant difference in variance in mandibular shape between Archaic Windover and Point Hope. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample made from mandible specimens taken from both populations is subjected to Principal Component Analyses (PCA). The component scores from the PCAs are subjected to both a Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (mancova) and a general Multivariate Analysis of Variance (manova) to determine whether significant differences in variance exist between the sexes and the populations. RESULTS The mancova found that there are no significant interactions between the PC scores in population, sex, or size. Significant differences in variance were found between males and females and between the Windover and Point Hope populations. CONCLUSIONS Differences in variance observed between the populations are suspected to be due to differences in subsistence strategies and possibly non-masticatory utilizations of teeth. Differences in variance between the genders are suspected to be genetic in origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Boren
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Dennis Slice
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Geoffrey Thomas
- Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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35
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Richmond S, Howe LJ, Lewis S, Stergiakouli E, Zhurov A. Facial Genetics: A Brief Overview. Front Genet 2018; 9:462. [PMID: 30386375 PMCID: PMC6198798 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, craniofacial genetic research has understandably focused on identifying the causes of craniofacial anomalies and it has only been within the last 10 years, that there has been a drive to detail the biological basis of normal-range facial variation. This initiative has been facilitated by the availability of low-cost hi-resolution three-dimensional systems which have the ability to capture the facial details of thousands of individuals quickly and accurately. Simultaneous advances in genotyping technology have enabled the exploration of genetic influences on facial phenotypes, both in the present day and across human history. There are several important reasons for exploring the genetics of normal-range variation in facial morphology. - Disentangling the environmental factors and relative parental biological contributions to heritable traits can help to answer the age-old question "why we look the way that we do?" - Understanding the etiology of craniofacial anomalies; e.g., unaffected family members of individuals with non-syndromic cleft lip/palate (nsCL/P) have been shown to differ in terms of normal-range facial variation to the general population suggesting an etiological link between facial morphology and nsCL/P. - Many factors such as ancestry, sex, eye/hair color as well as distinctive facial features (such as, shape of the chin, cheeks, eyes, forehead, lips, and nose) can be identified or estimated using an individual's genetic data, with potential applications in healthcare and forensics. - Improved understanding of historical selection and adaptation relating to facial phenotypes, for example, skin pigmentation and geographical latitude. - Highlighting what is known about shared facial traits, medical conditions and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Richmond
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence J. Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Lewis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei Zhurov
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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36
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Darkwah WK, Kadri A, Adormaa BB, Aidoo G. Cephalometric study of the relationship between facial morphology and ethnicity: Review article. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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37
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Arnocky S, Carré JM, Bird BM, Moreau BJP, Vaillancourt T, Ortiz T, Marley N. The Facial Width-to-Height Ratio Predicts Sex Drive, Sociosexuality, and Intended Infidelity. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:1375-1385. [PMID: 28929303 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has linked the facial width-to-height ratio (FWHR) to a host of psychological and behavioral characteristics, primarily in men. In two studies, we examined novel links between FWHR and sex drive. In Study 1, a sample of 145 undergraduate students revealed that FWHR positively predicted sex drive. There were no significant FWHR × sex interactions, suggesting that FWHR is linked to sexuality among both men and women. Study 2 replicated and extended these findings in a sample of 314 students collected from a different Canadian city, which again demonstrated links between the FWHR and sex drive (also in both men and women), as well as sociosexuality and intended infidelity (men only). Internal meta-analytic results confirm the link between FWHR and sex drive among both men and women. These results suggest that FWHR may be an important morphological index of human sexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Arnocky
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada.
| | - Justin M Carré
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada
| | - Brian M Bird
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Benjamin J P Moreau
- Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Tracy Vaillancourt
- Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Triana Ortiz
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada
| | - Nicole Marley
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada
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38
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Hu Y, Abbasi NUH, Zhang Y, Chen H. The Effect of Target Sex, Sexual Dimorphism, and Facial Attractiveness on Perceptions of Target Attractiveness and Trustworthiness. Front Psychol 2018; 9:942. [PMID: 29937750 PMCID: PMC6002689 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial sexual dimorphism has widely demonstrated as having an influence on the facial attractiveness and social interactions. However, earlier studies show inconsistent results on the effect of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness judgments. Previous studies suggest that the level of attractiveness might work as a moderating variable among the relationship between sexual dimorphism and facial preference and have often focused on the effect of sexual dimorphism on general attractiveness ratings, rather than concentrating on trustworthiness perception. Male and female participants viewed target male and female faces that varied on attractiveness (more attractive or less attractive) and sexual dimorphism (masculine or feminine). Participants rated the attractiveness of the faces and reported how much money they would give to the target person as a measure of trust. For the facial attractiveness ratings, (a) both men and women participants preferred masculine male faces to feminine male ones under the more attractive condition, whereas preferred feminine male faces to masculine male ones under the less attractive condition; (b) all participants preferred feminine female faces to masculine female ones under the less attractive condition, while there were no differences between feminine female faces and masculine female faces under the more attractive condition. For the target trustworthiness perception, (a) participants showed no preference between masculine male faces and feminine male faces, neither under the more attractive condition nor the less attractiveness condition; (b) however, all the participants preferred masculine female faces over feminine female faces under the more attractive condition, exhibiting no preference between feminine female faces and masculine female faces under the less attractive condition. These findings suggest that the attractiveness of facial stimulus may be a reason to interpret the inconsistent results from the previous studies, which focused on the effect of facial sexual dimorphism on the facial attractiveness. Furthermore, implications about the effect of target facial sexual dimorphism on participants’ trustworthiness perception were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyan Hu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Emotion and Mental Health, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Najam Ul Hasan Abbasi
- Department of Psychology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, China Education Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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39
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Preliminary cephalometric study of the relationship between facial morphology and sex. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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40
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Xie Z, Page L, Hardy B. Investigating Gender Differences under Time Pressure in Financial Risk Taking. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 11:246. [PMID: 29326566 PMCID: PMC5736567 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a significant gender imbalance on financial trading floors. This motivated us to investigate gender differences in financial risk taking under pressure. We used a well-established approach from behavior economics to analyze a series of risky monetary choices by male and female participants with and without time pressure. We also used second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and face width-to-height ratio (fWHR) as correlates of pre-natal exposure to testosterone. We constructed a structural model and estimated the participants' risk attitudes and probability perceptions via maximum likelihood estimation under both expected utility (EU) and rank-dependent utility (RDU) models. In line with existing research, we found that male participants are less risk averse and that the gender gap in risk attitudes increases under moderate time pressure. We found that female participants with lower 2D:4D ratios and higher fWHR are less risk averse in RDU estimates. Males with lower 2D:4D ratios were less risk averse in EU estimations, but more risk averse using RDU estimates. We also observe that men whose ratios indicate a greater prenatal exposure to testosterone exhibit a greater optimism and overestimation of small probabilities of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Xie
- Queensland Behavioral Economics Group, School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lionel Page
- Queensland Behavioral Economics Group, School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben Hardy
- School of Finance and Management, SOAS University of London, London, United Kingdom
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41
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Kaltwasser L, Mikac U, Buško V, Hildebrandt A. No Robust Association between Static Markers of Testosterone and Facets of Socio-Economic Decision Making. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:250. [PMID: 29326567 PMCID: PMC5742355 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Digit ratio (2D:4D) and facial width-to-height ratio (WHR) are supposedly static indicators of testosterone exposition during prenatal and pubertal lifetime, respectively. Both measures have been linked to aggressive and assertive behavior in laboratory economic games, as well as in real world scenarios. Most of the research-often limited to male subjects-considers the associations between these behaviors, traits, and hormonal markers separately for 2D:4D and WHR. Reported associations are weak and volatile. In the present study we had independent raters assess 2D:4D and WHR in a sample of N = 175 participants who played the ultimatum game (UG). Respondent behavior in UG captures the tendency to reject unfair offers (negative reciprocity). If unfair UG offers are seen as provocations, then individuals with stronger testosterone exposition may be more prone to reject such offers. Economists argue that negative reciprocity reflects altruistic punishment, since the rejecting individual is sacrificing own resources. However, recent studies suggest that self-interest, in terms of status defense plays a substantial role in decisions to reject unfair offers. We also assessed social preferences by social value orientation and assertiveness via self-report. By applying structural equation modeling we estimated the latent level association of 2D:4D and WHR with negative reciprocity, assertiveness and prosociality in both sexes. Results revealed no robust association between any of the trait measures and hormonal markers. The measures of 2D:4D and WHR were not related with each other. Multigroup models based on sex suggested invariance of factor loadings allowing to compare hormone-behavior relationships of females and males. Only when collapsing across sex greater WHR was weakly associated with assertiveness, suggesting that individuals with wider faces tend to express greater status defense. Only the right hand 2D:4D was weakly associated with prosocial behavior, indicating that individuals with lower prenatal testosterone exposure are more cooperative. Rejection behavior in UG was not related with 2D:4D nor WHR in any of the models. There were also no curvilinear associations between 2D:4D and prosociality as theorized in the literature. Our results suggest that previous studies over-estimated the role of static markers of testosterone in accounting for aggression and competition behavior in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kaltwasser
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Una Mikac
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vesna Buško
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Hildebrandt
- Department of Psychology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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42
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Hartsfield JK, Jacob GJ, Morford LA. Heredity, Genetics and Orthodontics - How Much Has This Research Really Helped? Semin Orthod 2017; 23:336-347. [PMID: 29290679 DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Uncovering the genetic factors that correlate with a clinical deviation of previously unknown etiology helps to diminish the unknown variation influencing the phenotype. Clinical studies, particularly those that consider the effects of an appliance or treatment regimen on growth, need to be a part of these types of genetic investigations in the future. While the day-to-day utilization of "testing" for genetic factors is not ready for practice yet, genetic testing for monogenic traits such as Primary Failure of Eruption (PFE) and Class III malocclusion is showing more promise as knowledge and technology advances. Although the heterogeneous complexity of such things as facial and dental development, the physiology of tooth movement, and the occurrence of External Apical Root Resorption (EARR) make their precise prediction untenable, investigations into the genetic factors that influence different phenotypes, and how these factors may relate to or impact environmental factors (including orthodontic treatment) are becoming better understood. The most important "genetic test" the practitioner can do today is to gather the patient's individual and family history. This would greatly benefit the patient, and augment the usefulness of these families in future clinical research in which clinical findings, environmental, and genetic factors can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Hartsfield
- E. Preston Hicks Professor of Orthodontics and Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky Center for the Biologic Basis of Oral/Systemic Diseases, Hereditary Genetics/Genomics Core
| | - George Jeryn Jacob
- Craniofacial Genetics Fellow, University of Kentucky Center for the Biologic Basis of Oral/Systemic Diseases, Hereditary Genetics/Genomics Core
| | - Lorri Ann Morford
- Research Assistant Professor, University of Kentucky Center for the Biologic Basis of Oral/Systemic Diseases, Hereditary Genetics/Genomics CoreThe University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky USA 40536-0297
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43
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Hahn T, Winter NR, Anderl C, Notebaert K, Wuttke AM, Clément CC, Windmann S. Facial width-to-height ratio differs by social rank across organizations, countries, and value systems. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187957. [PMID: 29121113 PMCID: PMC5679545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial Width-to-Height Ratio (fWHR) has been linked with dominant and aggressive behavior in human males. We show here that on portrait photographs published online, chief executive officers (CEOs) of companies listed in the Dow Jones stock market index and the Deutscher Aktienindex have a higher-than-normal fWHR, which also correlates positively with their company’s donations to charitable causes and environmental awareness. Furthermore, we show that leaders of the world’s most influential non-governmental organizations and even the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church, the popes, have higher fWHR compared to controls on public portraits, suggesting that the relationship between displayed fWHR and leadership is not limited to profit-seeking organizations. The data speak against the simplistic view that wider-faced men achieve higher social status through antisocial tendencies and overt aggression, or the mere signaling of such dispositions. Instead they suggest that high fWHR is linked with high social rank in a more subtle fashion in both competitive as well as prosocially oriented settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hahn
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology II, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nils R. Winter
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology II, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Anderl
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology II, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karolien Notebaert
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology II, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Research Center of Marketing and Consumer Science, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alina Marie Wuttke
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology II, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Celina Chantal Clément
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology II, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Windmann
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology II, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- * E-mail:
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44
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Zilioli S, Bird BM. Functional significance of men's testosterone reactivity to social stimuli. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 47:1-18. [PMID: 28676436 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid testosterone fluctuations in response to social stimuli are observed across a wide range of species, and the highly conserved nature of these fluctuations suggests an adaptive function. This paper reviews the current literature on testosterone reactivity, primarily in human males, and illustrates how life-history theory provides an adequate theoretical framework to interpret findings. The review is structured around supporting evidence suggesting that situations implicated in mating effort either directly (e.g., interactions with a mate) or indirectly (e.g., intrasexual competition) are generally associated with a brief elevation of testosterone, while situations implicated in parenting effort (e.g., nurturant interactions with offspring) are generally associated with a decline in testosterone. Further, we discuss how these fluctuations in testosterone have been linked to future behaviors, and how situational, motivational, and physiological variables moderate the interplay between social stimuli, testosterone reactivity, and behavior. Supporting the notion that testosterone can play a causal role in modulating behavior in response to social stimuli, we also summarize recent single administration studies examining the effects of testosterone on physiology, neurobiology, and behavior. A conceptual model provides links between supported findings, and hypothesized pathways requiring future testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Zilioli
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Brian M Bird
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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45
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Inhibited Power Motivation is Associated with the Facial Width-to-Height Ratio in Females. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-017-0075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Montano KJ, Tigue CC, Isenstein SGE, Barclay P, Feinberg DR. Men's voice pitch influences women's trusting behavior. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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47
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Welker KM, Bird BM, Arnocky S. Commentary: Facial Width-to-Height Ratio (fWHR) Is Not Associated with Adolescent Testosterone Levels. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1745. [PMID: 27917130 PMCID: PMC5114283 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Welker
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian M Bird
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Steven Arnocky
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University North Bay, ON, Canada
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48
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Bird BM, Cid Jofré VS, Geniole SN, Welker KM, Zilioli S, Maestripieri D, Arnocky S, Carré JM. Does the facial width-to-height ratio map onto variability in men's testosterone concentrations? EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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49
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Dixson BJW, Sulikowski D, Gouda-Vossos A, Rantala MJ, Brooks RC. The masculinity paradox: facial masculinity and beardedness interact to determine women's ratings of men's facial attractiveness. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:2311-2320. [PMID: 27488414 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In many species, male secondary sexual traits have evolved via female choice as they confer indirect (i.e. genetic) benefits or direct benefits such as enhanced fertility or survival. In humans, the role of men's characteristically masculine androgen-dependent facial traits in determining men's attractiveness has presented an enduring paradox in studies of human mate preferences. Male-typical facial features such as a pronounced brow ridge and a more robust jawline may signal underlying health, whereas beards may signal men's age and masculine social dominance. However, masculine faces are judged as more attractive for short-term relationships over less masculine faces, whereas beards are judged as more attractive than clean-shaven faces for long-term relationships. Why such divergent effects occur between preferences for two sexually dimorphic traits remains unresolved. In this study, we used computer graphic manipulation to morph male faces varying in facial hair from clean-shaven, light stubble, heavy stubble and full beards to appear more (+25% and +50%) or less (-25% and -50%) masculine. Women (N = 8520) were assigned to treatments wherein they rated these stimuli for physical attractiveness in general, for a short-term liaison or a long-term relationship. Results showed a significant interaction between beardedness and masculinity on attractiveness ratings. Masculinized and, to an even greater extent, feminized faces were less attractive than unmanipulated faces when all were clean-shaven, and stubble and beards dampened the polarizing effects of extreme masculinity and femininity. Relationship context also had effects on ratings, with facial hair enhancing long-term, and not short-term, attractiveness. Effects of facial masculinization appear to have been due to small differences in the relative attractiveness of each masculinity level under the three treatment conditions and not to any change in the order of their attractiveness. Our findings suggest that beardedness may be attractive when judging long-term relationships as a signal of intrasexual formidability and the potential to provide direct benefits to females. More generally, our results hint at a divergence of signalling function, which may result in a subtle trade-off in women's preferences, for two highly sexually dimorphic androgen-dependent facial traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J W Dixson
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
| | - D Sulikowski
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| | - A Gouda-Vossos
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M J Rantala
- Turku Brain and Mind Center, Section of Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - R C Brooks
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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50
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Whitehouse AJO, Gilani SZ, Shafait F, Mian A, Tan DW, Maybery MT, Keelan JA, Hart R, Handelsman DJ, Goonawardene M, Eastwood P. Prenatal testosterone exposure is related to sexually dimorphic facial morphology in adulthood. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20151351. [PMID: 26400740 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal testosterone may have a powerful masculinizing effect on postnatal physical characteristics. However, no study has directly tested this hypothesis. Here, we report a 20-year follow-up study that measured testosterone concentrations from the umbilical cord blood of 97 male and 86 female newborns, and procured three-dimensional facial images on these participants in adulthood (range: 21-24 years). Twenty-three Euclidean and geodesic distances were measured from the facial images and an algorithm identified a set of six distances that most effectively distinguished adult males from females. From these distances, a 'gender score' was calculated for each face, indicating the degree of masculinity or femininity. Higher cord testosterone levels were associated with masculinized facial features when males and females were analysed together (n = 183; r = -0.59), as well as when males (n = 86; r = -0.55) and females (n = 97; r = -0.48) were examined separately (p-values < 0.001). The relationships remained significant and substantial after adjusting for potentially confounding variables. Adult circulating testosterone concentrations were available for males but showed no statistically significant relationship with gendered facial morphology (n = 85, r = 0.01, p = 0.93). This study provides the first direct evidence of a link between prenatal testosterone exposure and human facial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J O Whitehouse
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Syed Zulqarnain Gilani
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Faisal Shafait
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Mian
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Diana Weiting Tan
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia Neurocognitive Development Unit, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Murray T Maybery
- Neurocognitive Development Unit, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A Keelan
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Roger Hart
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Mithran Goonawardene
- School of Dentistry/Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Peter Eastwood
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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