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Raudaskoski M. Kinesin Motors in the Filamentous Basidiomycetes in Light of the Schizophyllum commune Genome. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030294. [PMID: 35330296 PMCID: PMC8950801 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins are essential motor molecules of the microtubule cytoskeleton. All eukaryotic organisms have several genes encoding kinesin proteins, which are necessary for various cell biological functions. During the vegetative growth of filamentous basidiomycetes, the apical cells of long leading hyphae have microtubules extending toward the tip. The reciprocal exchange and migration of nuclei between haploid hyphae at mating is also dependent on cytoskeletal structures, including the microtubules and their motor molecules. In dikaryotic hyphae, resulting from a compatible mating, the nuclear location, synchronous nuclear division, and extensive nuclear separation at telophase are microtubule-dependent processes that involve unidentified molecular motors. The genome of Schizophyllum commune is analyzed as an example of a species belonging to the Basidiomycota subclass, Agaricomycetes. In this subclass, the investigation of cell biology is restricted to a few species. Instead, the whole genome sequences of several species are now available. The analyses of the mating type genes and the genes necessary for fruiting body formation or wood degrading enzymes in several genomes of Agaricomycetes have shown that they are controlled by comparable systems. This supports the idea that the genes regulating the cell biological process in a model fungus, such as the genes encoding kinesin motor molecules, are also functional in other filamentous Agaricomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjatta Raudaskoski
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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2
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Abstract
Coiled coils are extensively and successfully used nowadays to rationally design multistranded structures for applications, including basic research, biotechnology, nanotechnology, materials science, and medicine. The wide range of applications as well as the important functions these structures play in almost all biological processes highlight the need for a detailed understanding of the factors that control coiled-coil folding and oligomerization. Here, we address the important and unresolved question why the presence of particular oligomerization-state determinants within a coiled coil does frequently not correlate with its topology. We found an unexpected, general link between coiled-coil oligomerization-state specificity and trigger sequences, elements that are indispensable for coiled-coil formation. By using the archetype coiled-coil domain of the yeast transcriptional activator GCN4 as a model system, we show that well-established trimer-specific oligomerization-state determinants switch the peptide's topology from a dimer to a trimer only when inserted into the trigger sequence. We successfully confirmed our results in two other, unrelated coiled-coil dimers, ATF1 and cortexillin-1. We furthermore show that multiple topology determinants can coexist in the same trigger sequence, revealing a delicate balance of the resulting oligomerization state by position-dependent forces. Our experimental results should significantly improve the prediction of the oligomerization state of coiled coils. They therefore should have major implications for the rational design of coiled coils and consequently many applications using these popular oligomerization domains.
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3
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Abstract
The protein family of kinesins contains processive motor proteins that move stepwise along microtubules. This mechanism requires the precise coupling of the catalytic steps in the two heads, and their precise mechanical coordination. Here we show that these functionalities can be uncoupled in chimera of processive and non-processive kinesins. A chimera with the motor domain of Kinesin-1 and the dimerization domain of a non-processive Kinesin-3 motor behaves qualitatively as conventional kinesin and moves processively in TIRF and bead motility assays, suggesting that spatial proximity of two Kinein-1 motor domains is sufficient for processive behavior. In the reverse chimera, the non-processive motor domains are unable to step along microtubules, despite the presence of the Kinesin-1 neck coiled coil. Still, ATP-binding to one head of these chimera induces ADP-release from the partner head, a characteristic feature of alternating site catalysis. These results show that processive movement of kinesin dimers requires elements in the motor head that respond to ADP-release and induce stepping, in addition to a proper spacing of the motor heads via the neck coiled coil.
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4
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Ebbing B, Mann K, Starosta A, Jaud J, Schöls L, Schüle R, Woehlke G. Effect of spastic paraplegia mutations in KIF5A kinesin on transport activity. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:1245-52. [PMID: 18203753 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by motoneuron degeneration. It is linked to at least 30 loci, among them SPG10, which causes dominant forms and originates in point mutations in the neuronal Kinesin-1 gene (KIF5A). Here, we investigate the motility of KIF5A and four HSP mutants. All mutations are single amino-acid exchanges and located in kinesin's motor or neck domain. The mutation in the neck (A361V) did not change the gliding properties in vitro, the others either reduced microtubule affinity or gliding velocity or both. In laser-trapping assays, none of the mutants moved more than a few steps along microtubules. Motility assays with mixtures of homodimeric wild-type, homodimeric mutant and heterodimeric wild-type/mutant motors revealed that only one mutant (N256S) reduces the gliding velocity at ratios present in heterozygous patients, whereas the others (K253N, R280C) do not. Attached to quantum dots as artificial cargo, mixtures involving N256S mutants produced slower cargo populations lagging behind in transport, whereas mixtures with the other mutants led to populations of quantum dots that rarely bound to microtubules. These differences indicate that the dominant inheritance of SPG10 is caused by two different mechanisms that both reduce the gross cargo flux, leading to deficient supply of the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Ebbing
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Munich, Schillerstr. 42, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
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5
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Xu C, Kopecek J. Genetically Engineered Block Copolymers: Influence of the Length and Structure of the Coiled-Coil Blocks on Hydrogel Self-Assembly. Pharm Res 2007; 25:674-82. [PMID: 17713844 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the relationship between the structure of block polypeptides and their self-assembly into hydrogels. To investigate structural parameters that influence hydrogel formation and physical properties. METHODS Three ABA triblock and two AB diblock coiled-coil containing polypeptides were designed and biologically synthesized. The triblock polypeptides had two terminal coiled-coil (A) domains and a central random coil (B) segment. The coiled-coil domains were different in their lengths, and tyrosine residues were incorporated at selected solvent-exposed positions in order to increase the overall hydrophobicity of the coiled-coil domains. The secondary structures of these polypeptides were characterized by circular dichroism and analytical ultracentrifugation. The formation of hydrogel structures was evaluated by microrheology and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Hydrogels self-assembled from the triblock polypeptides, and had interconnected network microstructures. Hydrogel formation was reversible. Denaturation of coiled-coil domains by guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) resulted in disassembly of the hydrogels. Removal of GdnHCl by dialysis caused coiled-coil refolding and hydrogel reassembly. CONCLUSIONS Protein ABA triblock polypeptides composed of a central random block flanked by two coiled-coil forming sequences self-assembled into hydrogels. Hydrogel formation and physical properties may be manipulated by choosing the structure and changing the length of the coiled-coil blocks. These self-assembling systems have a potential as in-situ forming depots for protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E. Rm. 201, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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6
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Adio S, Bloemink M, Hartel M, Leier S, Geeves MA, Woehlke G. Kinetic and mechanistic basis of the nonprocessive Kinesin-3 motor NcKin3. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:37782-93. [PMID: 17012747 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605061200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-3 motors have been shown to transport cellular cargo along microtubules and to function according to mechanisms that differ from the conventional hand-over-hand mechanism. To find out whether the mechanisms described for Kif1A and CeUnc104 cover the full spectrum of Kinesin-3 motors, we characterize here NcKin3, a novel member of the Kinesin-3 family that localizes to mitochondria of ascomycetes. We show that NcKin3 does not move in a K-loop-dependent way as Kif1A or in a cluster-dependent way as CeUnc104. Its in vitro gliding velocity ranges between 0.30 and 0.64 mum/s and correlates positively with motor density. The processivity index (k(bi,ratio)) of approximately 3 reveals that not more than three ATP molecules are hydrolyzed per productive microtubule encounter. The NcKin3 duty ratio of 0.03 indicates that the motor spends only a minute fraction of the ATPase cycle attached to the filament. Unlike other Kinesin-3 family members, NcKin3 forms stable dimers, but only one subunit releases ADP in a microtubule-dependent fashion. Together, these data exclude a processive hand-over-hand mechanism of movement and suggest a power-stroke mechanism where nucleotide-dependent structural changes in a single motor domain lead to displacement of the motor along the filament. Thus, NcKin3 is the first plus end-directed kinesin motor that is dimeric but moves in a nonprocessive fashion to its destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adio
- Institute for Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schillerstrasse 42, D-80336 Munich, Germany and Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
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7
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Jaud J, Bathe F, Schliwa M, Rief M, Woehlke G. Flexibility of the neck domain enhances Kinesin-1 motility under load. Biophys J 2006; 91:1407-12. [PMID: 16714343 PMCID: PMC1518645 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.076265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1 is a dimeric motor protein that moves stepwise along microtubules. A two-stranded alpha-helical coiled-coil formed by the neck domain links the two heads of the molecule, and forces the motor heads to alternate. By exchanging the particularly soft neck region of the conventional kinesin from the fungus Neurospora crassa with an artificial, highly stable coiled-coil we investigated how this domain affects motor kinetics and motility. Under unloaded standard conditions, both motor constructs developed the same gliding velocity. However, in a force-feedback laser trap the mutant showed increasing motility defects with increasing loads, and did not reach wild-type velocities and run lengths. The stall force dropped significantly from 4.1 to 3.0 pN. These results indicate the compliance of kinesin's neck is important to sustain motility under load, and reveal a so far unknown constrain on the imperfect coiled-coil heptad pattern of Kinesin-1. We conclude that coiled-coil structures, a motif encountered in various types of molecular motors, are not merely a clamp for linking two heavy chains to a functional unit but may have specifically evolved to allow motor progression in a viscous, inhomogeneous environment or when several motors attached to a transported vesicle are required to cooperate efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Jaud
- Physics Department E22, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
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8
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Hahlen K, Ebbing B, Reinders J, Mergler J, Sickmann A, Woehlke G. Feedback of the kinesin-1 neck-linker position on the catalytic site. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:18868-77. [PMID: 16682419 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508019200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1 motor proteins step along microtubules by a mechanism in which the heads cycle through microtubule-bound and unbound states in an interlaced fashion. An important contribution to head-head coordination arises from the action of the neck-linker that docks onto the core motor domain upon ATP binding. We show here that the docked neck-linker not only guides the microtubule-unbound head to the next microtubule binding site but also signals its position to the head to which it is attached. Cross-linking studies on mutated kinesin constructs reveal that residues at the interface motor core/docked neck-linker, among them most importantly a conserved tyrosine, are involved in this feedback. The primary effect of the docked neck-linker is a reduced microtubule binding affinity in the ADP state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hahlen
- Institute for Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Schillerstrasse 42, 80336 München, Germany
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9
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Lakämper S, Meyhöfer E. Back on track – On the role of the microtubule for kinesin motility and cellular function. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2006; 27:161-71. [PMID: 16453157 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-005-9052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of cytoskeletal filaments (actin- and intermediate-filaments, and the microtubules) and their associated motor- and non-motor-proteins has enabled the eukaryotic cell to achieve complex organizational and structural tasks. This ability to control cellular transport processes and structures allowed for the development of such complex cellular organelles like cilia or flagella in single-cell organisms and made possible the development and differentiation of multi-cellular organisms with highly specialized, polarized cells. Also, the faithful segregation of large amounts of genetic information during cell division relies crucially on the reorganization and control of the cytoskeleton, making the cytoskeleton a key prerequisite for the development of highly complex genomes. Therefore, it is not surprising that the eukaryotic cell continuously invests considerable resources in the establishment, maintenance, modification and rearrangement of the cytoskeletal filaments and the regulation of its interaction with accessory proteins. Here we review the literature on the interaction between microtubules and motor-proteins of the kinesin-family. Our particular interest is the role of the microtubule in the regulation of kinesin motility and cellular function. After an introduction of the kinesin-microtubule interaction we focus on two interrelated aspects: (1) the active allosteric participation of the microtubule during the interaction with kinesins in general and (2) the possible regulatory role of post-translational modifications of the microtubule in the kinesin-microtubule interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lakämper
- Physics of Complex Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Adio S, Reth J, Bathe F, Woehlke G. Review: regulation mechanisms of Kinesin-1. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2006; 27:153-60. [PMID: 16450053 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-005-9054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin-1 microtubule motors are common kinesin motors from protozoa, fungi and animals. They transport vesicular or particle cargo in a strictly regulated manner. The relatively well-studied tail inhibition mechanism is based on a conformational change that leads to an interaction of Kinesin-1's tail with the junction of neck and hinge regions. This folding causes a decrease in microtubule binding and motor activity. In fungal Kinesin-1 motors several lines of evidence suggest that a conserved tyrosine in the neck coiled-coil mediates this inhibition. In the active state, a region surrounding a conserved tryptophan in the hinge stabilises the neck coiled-coil, and prevents the tyrosine from inhibiting. Although animal and fungal Kinesin-1 motors are clearly homologous and function according to the same chemo-mechanical mechanism, they differ in their regulation. Unlike fungal Kinesin-1s, animal kinesins associate with light chains that are important for regulation and cargo interaction. Several proteins interacting with animal Kinesin-1 heavy or light chains are known, among them typical scaffolding proteins that seem to link Kinesin-1 to signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adio
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Munich, Schillerstr. 42, D-80336, Munich, Germany
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11
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Lakämper S, Meyhöfer E. The E-hook of tubulin interacts with kinesin's head to increase processivity and speed. Biophys J 2005; 89:3223-34. [PMID: 16100283 PMCID: PMC1366818 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.057505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins are dimeric motor proteins that move processively along microtubules. It has been proposed that the processivity of conventional kinesins is increased by electrostatic interactions between the positively charged neck of the motor and the negatively charged C-terminus of tubulin (E-hook). In this report we challenge this anchoring hypothesis by studying the motility of a fast fungal kinesin from Neurospora crassa (NcKin). NcKin is highly processive despite lacking the positive charges in the neck. We present a detailed analysis of how proteolytic removal of the E-hook affects truncated monomeric and dimeric constructs of NcKin. Upon digestion we observe a strong reduction of the processivity and speed of dimeric motor constructs. Monomeric motors with truncated or no neck display the same reduction of microtubule gliding speed as dimeric constructs, suggesting that the E-hook interacts with the head only. The E-hook has no effect on the strongly bound states of NcKin as microtubule digestion does not alter the stall forces produced by single dimeric motors, suggesting that the E-hook affects the interaction site of the kinesin.ADP-head and the microtubule. In fact, kinetic and binding experiments indicate that removal of the E-hook shifts the binding equilibrium of the weakly attached kinesin.ADP-head toward a more strongly bound state, which may explain reduced processivity and speed on digested microtubules.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Diphosphate/chemistry
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/chemistry
- Adenosine Triphosphate/chemistry
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Biophysics/methods
- Biotinylation
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/metabolism
- Cattle
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Cloning, Molecular
- Dimerization
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Guanosine Triphosphate/chemistry
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Ions
- Kinesins/chemistry
- Kinetics
- Lasers
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Microtubules/chemistry
- Models, Biological
- Movement
- Neurospora crassa/metabolism
- Potassium/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteins/chemistry
- Spectrometry, Fluorescence
- Static Electricity
- Tubulin/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lakämper
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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12
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Bathe F, Hahlen K, Dombi R, Driller L, Schliwa M, Woehlke G. The complex interplay between the neck and hinge domains in kinesin-1 dimerization and motor activity. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:3529-37. [PMID: 15901834 PMCID: PMC1182295 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-11-0957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1 dimerizes via the coiled-coil neck domain. In contrast to animal kinesins, neck dimerization of the fungal kinesin-1 NcKin requires additional residues from the hinge. Using chimeric constructs containing or lacking fungal-specific elements, the proximal part of the hinge was shown to stabilize the neck coiled-coil conformation in a complex manner. The conserved fungal kinesin hinge residue W384 caused neck coiled-coil formation in a chimeric NcKin construct, including parts of the human kinesin-1 stalk. The stabilizing effect was retained in a NcKinW384F mutant, suggesting important pi-stacking interactions. Without the stalk, W384 was not sufficient to induce coiled-coil formation, indicating that W384 is part of a cluster of several residues required for neck coiled-coil folding. A W384-less chimera of NcKin and human kinesin possessed a non-coiled-coil neck conformation and showed inhibited activity that could be reactivated when artificial interstrand disulfide bonds were used to stabilize the neck coiled-coil conformation. On the basis of yeast two-hybrid data, we propose that the proximal hinge can bind kinesin's cargo-free tail domain and causes inactivation of kinesin by disrupting the neck coiled-coil conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Bathe
- Department of Cell Biology, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, University of Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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13
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Lee JR, Shin H, Choi J, Ko J, Kim S, Lee HW, Kim K, Rho SH, Lee JH, Song HE, Eom SH, Kim E. An intramolecular interaction between the FHA domain and a coiled coil negatively regulates the kinesin motor KIF1A. EMBO J 2004; 23:1506-15. [PMID: 15014437 PMCID: PMC391070 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Accepted: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor proteins not actively involved in transporting cargoes should remain inactive at sites of cargo loading to save energy and remain available for loading. KIF1A/Unc104 is a monomeric kinesin known to dimerize into a processive motor at high protein concentrations. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying monomer stabilization and monomer-to-dimer transition are not well understood. Here, we report an intramolecular interaction in KIF1A between the forkhead-associated (FHA) domain and a coiled-coil domain (CC2) immediately following the FHA domain. Disrupting this interaction by point mutations in the FHA or CC2 domains leads to a dramatic accumulation of KIF1A in the periphery of living cultured neurons and an enhancement of the microtubule (MT) binding and self-multimerization of KIF1A. In addition, point mutations causing rigidity in the predicted flexible hinge disrupt the intramolecular FHA-CC2 interaction and increase MT binding and peripheral accumulation of KIF1A. These results suggest that the intramolecular FHA-CC2 interaction negatively regulates KIF1A activity by inhibiting MT binding and dimerization of KIF1A, and point to a novel role of the FHA domain in the regulation of kinesin motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ran Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyewon Shin
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jaewon Ko
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seho Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Karam Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seong-Hwan Rho
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Song
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Eom
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Kuseong-dong, Yuseong-ku, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea. Tel.: +82 42 869 2633; Fax: +82 42 869 2610; E-mail:
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14
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Abstract
The Unc104/Kif1A class of kinesins transports synaptic vesicle precursors along microtubules with high speed and processivity that has been proposed to depend on reversible dimerization between two poorly motile monomers. In this issue, Al-Bassam et al. (2003) discover a structural basis for regulation of motility by reversible dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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15
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Abstract
In filamentous fungi, the actin cytoskeleton is required for polarity establishment and maintenance at hyphal tips and for formation of a contractile ring at sites of septation. Recently, formins have been identified as Arp (actin-related protein) 2/3-independent nucleators of actin polymerization, and filamentous fungi contain a single formin that localizes to both sites. Work on cytoplasmic dynein and members of the kinesin and myosin families of motors has continued to reveal new information regarding the function and regulation of motors as well as demonstrate the importance of microtubules in the long-distance transport of vesicles/organelles in the filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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16
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Neef R, Preisinger C, Sutcliffe J, Kopajtich R, Nigg EA, Mayer TU, Barr FA. Phosphorylation of mitotic kinesin-like protein 2 by polo-like kinase 1 is required for cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2003; 162:863-75. [PMID: 12939256 PMCID: PMC2172827 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200306009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2003] [Accepted: 07/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the function of mitotic kinesin-like protein (MKlp) 2, a kinesin localized to the central spindle, and demonstrate that its depletion results in a failure of cleavage furrow ingression and cytokinesis, and disrupts localization of polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). MKlp2 is a target for Plk1, and phosphorylated MKlp2 binds to the polo box domain of Plk1. Plk1 also binds directly to microtubules and targets to the central spindle via its polo box domain, and this interaction controls the activity of Plk1 toward MKlp2. An antibody to the neck region of MKlp2 that prevents phosphorylation of MKlp2 by Plk1 causes a cytokinesis defect when introduced into cells. We propose that phosphorylation of MKlp2 by Plk1 is necessary for the spatial restriction of Plk1 to the central spindle during anaphase and telophase, and the complex of these two proteins is required for cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Neef
- Intracellular Protein Transport, Independent Junior Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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17
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Deluca D, Woehlke G, Moroder L. Synthesis and conformational characterization of peptides related to the neck domain of a fungal kinesin. J Pept Sci 2003; 9:203-11. [PMID: 12725241 DOI: 10.1002/psc.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Y362K mutation in the neck domain of conventional kinesin from Neurospora crassa provokes a significant reduction of the rate of movement along microtubules. Since the alpha-helical coiled-coil structure of the neck region is implicated in the mechanism of the processive movement of kinesins, a series of peptides related to the heptad region 338-379 of the wild-type and the variant fungal kinesinswere synthesized as monomers and as N-terminal disulfide dimers, crosslinked to favour self-association into coiled-coil structures entropically. A comparison of the dichroic properties of the peptides and the effects of trifluoroethanol and peptide concentration clearly confirmed the strong implication of the single point mutation in destabilizing the intrinsic propensity of the peptides to fold into the supercoiled conformation. That there is a correlation between the stability of the coiled-coil and rate of movement of the kinesin is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominga Deluca
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Lakämper S, Kallipolitou A, Woehlke G, Schliwa M, Meyhöfer E. Single fungal kinesin motor molecules move processively along microtubules. Biophys J 2003; 84:1833-43. [PMID: 12609885 PMCID: PMC1302752 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional kinesins are two-headed molecular motors that move as single molecules micrometer-long distances on microtubules by using energy derived from ATP hydrolysis. The presence of two heads is a prerequisite for this processive motility, but other interacting domains, like the neck and K-loop, influence the processivity and are implicated in allowing some single-headed kinesins to move processively. Neurospora kinesin (NKin) is a phylogenetically distant, dimeric kinesin from Neurospora crassa with high gliding speed and an unusual neck domain. We quantified the processivity of NKin and compared it to human kinesin, HKin, using gliding and fluorescence-based processivity assays. Our data show that NKin is a processive motor. Single NKin molecules translocated microtubules in gliding assays on average 2.14 micro m (N = 46). When we tracked single, fluorescently labeled NKin motors, they moved on average 1.75 micro m (N = 182) before detaching from the microtubule, whereas HKin motors moved shorter distances (0.83 micro m, N = 229) under identical conditions. NKin is therefore at least twice as processive as HKin. These studies, together with biochemical work, provide a basis for experiments to dissect the molecular mechanisms of processive movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lakämper
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Medical School Hannover, Germany
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