1
|
Whelan K, Bancil AS, Lindsay JO, Chassaing B. Ultra-processed foods and food additives in gut health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 21:406-427. [PMID: 38388570 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-00893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and food additives have become ubiquitous components of the modern human diet. There is increasing evidence of an association between diets rich in UPFs and gut disease, including inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and irritable bowel syndrome. Food additives are added to many UPFs and have themselves been shown to affect gut health. For example, evidence shows that some emulsifiers, sweeteners, colours, and microparticles and nanoparticles have effects on a range of outcomes, including the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and intestinal inflammation. Broadly speaking, evidence for the effect of UPFs on gut disease comes from observational epidemiological studies, whereas, by contrast, evidence for the effect of food additives comes largely from preclinical studies conducted in vitro or in animal models. Fewer studies have investigated the effect of UPFs or food additives on gut health and disease in human intervention studies. Hence, the aim of this article is to critically review the evidence for the effects of UPF and food additives on gut health and disease and to discuss the clinical application of these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Whelan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Aaron S Bancil
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James O Lindsay
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kwok D, Scott C, Strom N, Au-Yeung F, Lam C, Chakrabarti A, Hutton T, Wolever TM. Comparison of a Daily Steviol Glycoside Beverage compared with a Sucrose Beverage for Four Weeks on Gut Microbiome in Healthy Adults. J Nutr 2024; 154:1298-1308. [PMID: 38408729 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that some nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) have deleterious effects on the human gut microbiome (HGM). The effect of steviol glycosides on the HGM has not been well studied. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the effects of stevia- compared with sucrose-sweetened beverages on the HGM and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles. METHODS Using a randomized, double-blinded, parallel-design study, n = 59 healthy adults [female/male, n = 36/23, aged 31±9 y, body mass index (BMI): 22.6±1.7 kg/m2] consumed 16 oz of a beverage containing either 25% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of stevia or 30 g of sucrose daily for 4 weeks followed by a 4-week washout. At weeks 0 (baseline), 4, and 8, the HGM was characterized via shotgun sequencing, fecal SCFA concentrations were measured using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and anthropometric measurements, fasting serum glucose, insulin and lipids, blood pressure, pulse, and 3-d diet records were obtained. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the HGM or fecal SCFA between the stevia and sucrose groups at baseline (P > 0.05). At week 4 (after intervention), there were no significant differences in the HGM at the phylum, family, genus, or species level between the stevia and sucrose groups and no significant differences in fecal SCFA. At week 4, BMI had increased by 0.3 kg/m2 (P = 0.013) in sucrose compared with stevia, but all other anthropometric and cardiometabolic measures and food intake did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). At week 8 (after washout), there were no significant differences in the HGM, fecal SFCA, or any anthropometric or cardiometabolic measure between the stevia and sucrose groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of a beverage sweetened with 25% of the ADI of stevia for 4 weeks had no significant effects on the HGM, fecal SCFA, or fasting cardiometabolic measures, compared with daily consumption of a beverage sweetened with 30 g of sucrose. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05264636.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kwok
- Frontage Laboratories (BRI), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Corey Scott
- Cargill R&D Center, Plymouth, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Noah Strom
- Diversigen, New Brighton, Minnesota, USA
| | - Fei Au-Yeung
- INQUIS Clinical Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caanan Lam
- Frontage Laboratories (BRI), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Singh G, McBain AJ, McLaughlin JT, Stamataki NS. Consumption of the Non-Nutritive Sweetener Stevia for 12 Weeks Does Not Alter the Composition of the Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2024; 16:296. [PMID: 38257188 PMCID: PMC10821022 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) as an alternative to caloric sugars has increased in recent years. Stevia is an NNS that has demonstrated beneficial effects on appetite and energy intake. However, the impact on the gut microbiota is not well understood. Therefore, we investigated how regular consumption of stevia, for up to 12 weeks, impacts the human gut microbiota. Healthy subjects with a normal body mass index participated in our study; the stevia group (n = 14) was asked to consume five drops of stevia twice daily, compared to control participants (n = 13). Faecal samples collected before and after treatment were analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Stevia did not cause significant changes in the alpha or beta diversity when compared to the control groups. When the relative abundances of taxa were investigated, no clear differences were detected. Conversely, a random forest analysis correctly associated the gut microbiome with the control and stevia groups with an average of 75% accuracy, suggesting that there are intrinsic patterns that could discriminate between control and stevia use. However, large-scale changes in the gut microbiota were not apparent in this study, and, therefore, our data suggest that stevia does not significantly impact the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurdeep Singh
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (G.S.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Andrew J. McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (G.S.); (A.J.M.)
| | - John T. McLaughlin
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nikoleta S. Stamataki
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen C, Chen W, Ding H, Wu P, Zhang G, Xie K, Zhang T. High-fat diet-induced gut microbiota alteration promotes lipogenesis by butyric acid/miR-204/ACSS2 axis in chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102856. [PMID: 37390560 PMCID: PMC10331483 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is known to have significant involvement in the regulation of lipogenesis and adipogenesis, yet the mechanisms responsible for this relationship remain poorly understood. The current study aims to provide insight into the potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota modulates lipogenesis in chickens. Using chickens fed with a normal-fat diet (NFD, n = 5) and high-fat diet (HFD, n = 5), we analyzed the correlation between gut microbiota, cecal metabolomics, and lipogenesis by 16s rRNA sequencing, miRNA and mRNA sequencing as well as targeted metabolomics analysis. The potential metabolite/miRNA/mRNA axis regulated by gut microbiota was identified using chickens treated with antibiotics (ABX, n = 5). The possible mechanism of gut microbiota regulating chicken lipogenesis was confirmed by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from chickens fed with NFD to chickens fed with HFD (n = 5). The results showed that HFD significantly altered gut microbiota composition and enhanced chicken lipogenesis, with a significant correlation between 3. Furthermore, HFD significantly altered the hepatic miRNA expression profiles and reduced the abundance of hepatic butyric acid. Procrustes analysis indicated that the HFD-induced dysbiosis of the gut microbiota might affect the expression profiles of hepatic miRNA. Specifically, HFD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis may reduce the abundance of butyric acid and downregulate the expression of miR-204 in the liver. Multiomics analysis identified ACSS2 as a target gene of miR-204. Gut microbiota depletion by an antibiotic cocktail (ABX) showed a gut microbiota-dependent manner in the abundance of butyric acid and the expression of miR-204/ACSS2, which have been observed to be significantly correlated. Fecal microbiota transplantation from NFD chickens into HFD chickens effectively attenuated the HFD-induced excessive lipogenesis, elevated the abundance of butyric acid and the relative expression of miR-204, and reduced the expression of ACSS2 in the liver. Mechanistically, our results showed that the gut microbiota plays an antiobesity role by regulating the butyric acid/miR-204/ACSS2 axis in chickens. This work contributed to a better understanding of the functions of gut microbiota in regulating chicken lipogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weilin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hao Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Genxi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kaizhou Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu Y, Fu Y, Chen L, Cui J, Huang M, Fu Y, Liu H. Combined effect of simulated microgravity and low-dose ionizing radiation on structure and antibiotic resistance of a synthetic community model of bacteria isolated from spacecraft assembly room. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2023; 38:29-38. [PMID: 37481305 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structural and antibiotic resistance changes of microbial communities in space environments is critical for identifying potential pathogens that may pose health risks to astronauts and for preventing and controlling microbial contamination. The research to date on microbes under simulated space factors has primarily been carried out on single bacterial species under the individual effects of microgravity or low-dose radiation. However, microgravity (MG) and low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) coexist in the actual spacecraft environment, and microorganisms coexist as communities in the spacecraft environment. Thus, the microbial response to the real changes present during space habitation has not been adequately explored. To address this knowledge gap, we compared the dynamics of community composition and antibiotic resistance of synthetic bacterial communities under simulated microgravit, low-dose ionizing radiation, and the conditions combined, as it occurs in spacecraft. To ensure representative bacteria were selected, we co-cultured of 12 bacterial strains isolated from spacecraft cleanrooms. We found that the weakened competition between communities increased the possibility of species coexistence, community diversity, and homogeneity. The number of Bacilli increased significantly, while different species under the combined conditions showed various changes in abundance compared to those under the individual conditions. The resistance of the synthetic community to penicillins increased significantly under low doses of ionizing radiation but did not change significantly under simulated microgravity or the combined conditions. The results of functional predictions revealed that antibiotic biosynthesis and resistance increased dramatically in the community under space environmental stress, which confirmed the results of the drug sensitivity assays. Our results show that combined space environmental factors exert different effects on the microbial community structure and antibiotic resistance, which provides new insights into our understanding of the mechanisms of evolution of microorganisms in spacecraft, and is relevant to effective microbial pollution prevention and control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yifan Fu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; 4+4 M D. Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Letian Chen
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingjing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuming Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Metagenomic Insights into the Anti-Obesity Effect of a Polysaccharide from Saccharina japonica. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030665. [PMID: 36766192 PMCID: PMC9914707 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharina japonica polysaccharides exhibit great potential to be developed as anti-obesity and prebiotic health products, but the underlying mechanism has not been adequately addressed. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanism of a S. japonica polysaccharide fraction (SjC) in preventing high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice using 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing analysis. SjC was characterized as a 756 kDa sulfated polysaccharide and 16 weeks of SjC supplementation significantly alleviated HFD-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism disorders. The 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing analysis demonstrated that SjC supplementation prevented gut microbiota dysbiosis mainly by regulating the relative abundance of Desulfovibrio and Akkermansia. Metagenomic functional profiling demonstrated that SjC treatment predominantly suppressed the amino acid metabolism of gut microbiota. Linking of 16S rRNA genes with metagenome-assembled genomes indicated that SjC enriched at least 22 gut bacterial species with fucoidan-degrading potential including Desulfovibrio and Akkermansia, which showed significant correlations with bodyweight. In conclusion, our results suggest that SjC exhibits a promising potential as an anti-obesity health product and the interaction between SjC and fucoidan-degrading bacteria may be associated with its anti-obesity effect.
Collapse
|
7
|
Richardson IL, Frese SA. Non-nutritive sweeteners and their impacts on the gut microbiome and host physiology. Front Nutr 2022; 9:988144. [PMID: 36091255 PMCID: PMC9453245 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.988144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are broadly incorporated into foods, especially those representing a growing share of the beverage market. NNS are viewed as a noncaloric and desirable alternative to sugar-based sweeteners and are thought to contribute to reducing overall caloric intake. While these compounds have been studied extensively and have long been considered inert, new research has presented a different view and raises new questions about the effects of NNS on human physiology. Namely, the influence on glucose responses, the gastrointestinal epithelium, and the gut microbiome. As the gut microbiome is now recognized as a major mediator of human health and perturbations to this community are generally associated with negative health trajectories or overt disease, interactions between NNS and the gut microbiome are of increasing interest to clinicians and researchers. Several NNS compounds are now hypothesized to affect human physiology by modulating the gut microbiome, though the mechanism for this action remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to discuss the history and current knowledge of NNS, their reported utility and effects on host physiology and the gut microbiome, and describes a model for investigating the underlying mechanism behind reported effects of NNS on the gut microbiome.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jiang M, Datsomor O, Cheng Z, Meng Z, Zhan K, Yang T, Huang Y, Yan Q, Zhao G. Partial Substitution of Alfalfa Hay by Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) Hay Can Improve Lactation Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and Nitrogen Utilization of Dairy Cows. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:899148. [PMID: 35664855 PMCID: PMC9158501 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.899148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of replacing isonitrogenous and isoenergetic basis alfalfa hay (AH) with stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) hay in dairy cow diets on nutrient digestion, milk performance, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen (N) utilization. In this study, 24 healthy Holstein lactating dairy cattle with a similar milk yield of 33.70 ± 2.75 (mean ± SD) kg, days in milk 95.98 ± 23.59 (mean ± SD) days, and body weight 587.75 ± 66.97 (mean ± SD) kg were selected and randomly allocated into three groups. The constituents of the three treatments were (1) 30.0% AH, and 0% stevia hay (SH) for the AH group; (2) 24.0% AH, and 6% SH for the 6% SH group; (3) 18.0% AH, and 12% SH for the 12% SH group. The substitution of AH with SH did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), gross energy (GE), and other nutrients intake but increased the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Compared with the AH diet, the cows fed the 6% SH diet had a higher milk yield and concentration of milk fat. Fecal and urinary nitrogen (N) were lower in cows fed a 6% SH diet than in cows fed the AH diet. Milk N secretion and milk N as a percentage of N intake were higher in cows fed a 6% SH diet than in cows fed AH diets. The concentration of ruminal volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, and ammonia-N were higher in cows fed a 6% SH diet than in cows fed an AH diet. By comparison, the 12% SH group did not affect milk yield, milk composition, N utilization, and rumen fermentation compared with the AH and 6% SH groups. In conclusion, it appears that feeding 6% SH, replacing a portion of AH, may improve lactation performance and N utilization for lactating dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maocheng Jiang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Osmond Datsomor
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zitong Meng
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kang Zhan
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Yang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinghao Huang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qi Yan
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqi Zhao
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kasti AN, Nikolaki MD, Synodinou KD, Katsas KN, Petsis K, Lambrinou S, Pyrousis IA, Triantafyllou K. The Effects of Stevia Consumption on Gut Bacteria: Friend or Foe? Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040744. [PMID: 35456796 PMCID: PMC9028423 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stevia, a zero-calorie sugar substitute, is recognized as safe by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). In vitro and in vivo studies showed that stevia has antiglycemic action and antioxidant effects in adipose tissue and the vascular wall, reduces blood pressure levels and hepatic steatosis, stabilizes the atherosclerotic plaque, and ameliorates liver and kidney damage. The metabolism of steviol glycosides is dependent upon gut microbiota, which breaks down glycosides into steviol that can be absorbed by the host. In this review, we elucidated the effects of stevia’s consumption on the host’s gut microbiota. Due to the lack of randomized clinical trials in humans, we included in vitro using certain microbial strains and in vivo in laboratory animal studies. Results indicated that stevia consumption has a potential benefit on the microbiome’s alpha diversity. Alterations in the colonic microenvironment may depend on the amount and frequency of stevia intake, as well as on the simultaneous consumption of other dietary components. The anti-inflammatory properties of stevioside were confirmed in vitro by decreasing TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 synthesis and inhibiting of NF-κB transcription factor, and in vivo by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK in laboratory animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arezina N. Kasti
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Attikon University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (A.N.K.); (M.D.N.); (K.D.S.); (K.N.K.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (I.A.P.)
| | - Maroulla D. Nikolaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Attikon University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (A.N.K.); (M.D.N.); (K.D.S.); (K.N.K.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (I.A.P.)
| | - Kalliopi D. Synodinou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Attikon University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (A.N.K.); (M.D.N.); (K.D.S.); (K.N.K.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (I.A.P.)
| | - Konstantinos N. Katsas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Attikon University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (A.N.K.); (M.D.N.); (K.D.S.); (K.N.K.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (I.A.P.)
- Institute of Preventive Medicine Environmental and Occupational Health Prolepsis, 15125 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Petsis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Attikon University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (A.N.K.); (M.D.N.); (K.D.S.); (K.N.K.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (I.A.P.)
| | - Sophia Lambrinou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Attikon University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (A.N.K.); (M.D.N.); (K.D.S.); (K.N.K.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (I.A.P.)
| | - Ioannis A. Pyrousis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Attikon University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (A.N.K.); (M.D.N.); (K.D.S.); (K.N.K.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (I.A.P.)
- Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Triantafyllou
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, 2nd Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2105832090
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stevioside Enhances the Anti-Adipogenic Effect and β-Oxidation by Activating AMPK in 3T3-L1 Cells and Epididymal Adipose Tissues of db/db Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071076. [PMID: 35406641 PMCID: PMC8997985 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevioside, the primary sweetener in stevia, is a glycoside with numerous beneficial biological activities. However, its anti-adipogenic effects on tissue differentiation and adipose tissues remain to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, the anti-adipogenic effects of stevioside during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and epididymal adipose tissues of db/db mice were investigated by measuring the lipid droplets stained with Oil Red O and an immunoblot assay. Immunoblot analysis revealed that stevioside downregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Additionally, the protein expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) increased following treatment with stevioside. Furthermore, stevioside increased the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), both in vitro and in vivo. The activity of AMPK in stevioside-treated 3T3-L1 cells was further confirmed using agonists and antagonists of AMPK signaling. Our data indicate that stevioside ameliorates anti-adipogenic effects and promotes β-oxidation in adipocytes by activating AMPK-mediated signaling. The results of this study clearly demonstrated the inhibitory effect of stevioside on the differentiation of adipocytes and the reduction of lipid accumulation in the epididymal adipose tissues of db/db mice.
Collapse
|
11
|
Mao K, Gao J, Wang X, Li X, Geng S, Zhang T, Sadiq FA, Sang Y. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 Has Effect Against Obesity by Regulating Gut Microbiota in Two Phases in Human Microbiota-Associated Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 8:811619. [PMID: 35083265 PMCID: PMC8784422 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.811619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB-12) is an extensively studied probiotics species, which has been reported to improve the human gut microbiota. This study aimed to confirm the effects of BB-12 on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced gut microbiota disorders. The probiotic BB-12 was consumed by human microbiota-associated rats and changes in gut microbiota were compared using next generation sequencing of the fecal samples collected from the normal chow group, the HFD group, and the BB-12-supplemented group. The enterotypes switched from Prevotella dominant to Akkermansia dominant as a result of switching diet from normal chow to HFD. BB-12 conferred protection on the gut microbiota composition of the rats by increasing the abundance of Prevotella and decreasing the abundance of Clostridium, Blautia, and Bacteroides in 0-3 weeks. In addition, Prevotella-dominant enterotype was maintained, which provides improve obesity effects. A decrease in body weight and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio were also observed at week 3. While in 4-8 weeks, the enrichment of short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria such as Eubacterium and Parabacteroides and probiotics such as Bifidobacterium was observed. The results revealed that BB-12 against obesity by regulating gut microbiota in two phases. After a short-term intervention, BB-12 supplementation suppressed the transition from the healthy to obesity state by protecting Prevotella-dominant enterotype, whereas after a long-term intervention, BB-12 ameliorates obesity by enriching beneficial bacteria in the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Mao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xianghong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiyu Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuo Geng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | | | - Yaxin Sang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Basson AR, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F. Artificial Sweeteners: History and New Concepts on Inflammation. Front Nutr 2021; 8:746247. [PMID: 34631773 PMCID: PMC8497813 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.746247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of artificial sweeteners (AS) to the North American market in the 1950s, a growing number of epidemiological and animal studies have suggested that AS may induce changes in gut bacteria and gut wall immune reactivity, which could negatively affect individuals with or susceptible to chronic inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a disorder that has been growing exponentially in westernized countries. This review summarizes the history of current FDA-approved AS and their chemical composition, metabolism, and bacterial utilization, and provides a scoping overview of the disease mechanisms associated with the induction or prevention of inflammation in IBD. We provide a general outlook on areas that have been both largely and scarcely studied, emerging concepts using silica, and describe the effects of AS on acute and chronic forms of intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Raffner Basson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Mouse Models, Silvio O'Conte Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Germ-Free and Gut Microbiome Core, Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Mouse Models, Silvio O'Conte Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Germ-Free and Gut Microbiome Core, Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
McNamara MP, Singleton JM, Cadney MD, Ruegger PM, Borneman J, Garland T. Early-life effects of juvenile Western diet and exercise on adult gut microbiome composition in mice. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb239699. [PMID: 33431595 PMCID: PMC7929929 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.239699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alterations to the gut microbiome caused by changes in diet, consumption of antibiotics, etc., can affect host function. Moreover, perturbation of the microbiome during critical developmental periods potentially has long-lasting impacts on hosts. Using four selectively bred high runner and four non-selected control lines of mice, we examined the effects of early-life diet and exercise manipulations on the adult microbiome by sequencing the hypervariable internal transcribed spacer region of the bacterial gut community. Mice from high runner lines run ∼3-fold more on wheels than do controls, and have several other phenotypic differences (e.g. higher food consumption and body temperature) that could alter the microbiome, either acutely or in terms of coevolution. Males from generation 76 were given wheels and/or a Western diet from weaning until sexual maturity at 6 weeks of age, then housed individually without wheels on standard diet until 14 weeks of age, when fecal samples were taken. Juvenile Western diet reduced bacterial richness and diversity after the 8-week washout period (equivalent to ∼6 human years). We also found interactive effects of genetic line type, juvenile diet and/or juvenile exercise on microbiome composition and diversity. Microbial community structure clustered significantly in relation to both line type and diet. Western diet also reduced the relative abundance of Muribaculum intestinale These results constitute one of the first reports of juvenile diet having long-lasting effects on the adult microbiome after a substantial washout period. Moreover, we found interactive effects of diet with early-life exercise exposure, and a dependence of these effects on genetic background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica P McNamara
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 91521, USA
| | - Jennifer M Singleton
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 91521, USA
| | - Marcell D Cadney
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 91521, USA
| | - Paul M Ruegger
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 91521, USA
| | - James Borneman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 91521, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 91521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
de la Garza AL, Romero-Delgado B, Martínez-Tamez AM, Cárdenas-Tueme M, Camacho-Zamora BD, Matta-Yee-Chig D, Sánchez-Tapia M, Torres N, Camacho-Morales A. Maternal Sweeteners Intake Modulates Gut Microbiota and Exacerbates Learning and Memory Processes in Adult Male Offspring. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:746437. [PMID: 35071124 PMCID: PMC8777273 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.746437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is increasing evidence that gut microbiota in offspring is derived in part from maternal environment such as diet. Thus, sweeteners intake including caloric or non-caloric during perinatal period can induce gut dysbiosis and program the offspring to develop cognitive problems later in life. Objective: To determine the effect of maternal high-sweeteners intake during gestation and lactation on gut microbiota shifts in adult male offspring rats and the impact on cognitive dysfunction. Methods: Thirty-four male pups from dams fed standard diet (Control-C, n = 10), high-sucrose diet (HS-C, n = 11), high-honey diet (Ho-C, n = 8), and high-stevia diet (HSt-C, n = 5) were fed standard diet after weaning, and body weight and food intake were recorded once a week for 26 weeks. Learning and memory tests were performed at week 23 of life using the Barnes maze. Fecal samples from the breastfeeding and adulthood periods were collected and analyzed by sequencing the 16S rRNA V3-V4 region of gut microbiota. Results: Maternal high-sucrose and stevia diets programmed the male offspring, and changes in microbial diversity by Shannon index were observed after weaning (p < 0.01). Furthermore, maternal high-stevia diet programming lasted into adulthood. The increase of Firmicutes abundance and the decrease in phylum Bacteroidetes were significant in HS-C and HSt-C groups. This led to an increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes index, although only in HS-C group was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Of note, the downstream gram-negative Bacteroidales and the upregulation of the gram-positive Clostridiales abundance contribute to cognitive dysfunction. Conclusion: These results suggest that dams fed a high-sucrose and stevia diets during gestation and lactation favor a deficient memory performance in adult male offspring rats through shifts gut microbiota diversity and relative abundance at several taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura de la Garza
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Monterrey, Mexico.,Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Unidad de Nutrición, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Bianca Romero-Delgado
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Mayela Martínez-Tamez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Marcela Cárdenas-Tueme
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Bianka Dianey Camacho-Zamora
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Unidad de Genómica, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Daniel Matta-Yee-Chig
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Unidad de Genómica, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Mónica Sánchez-Tapia
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alberto Camacho-Morales
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Monterrey, Mexico.,Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Unidad de Neurometabolismo, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Markus V, Share O, Teralı K, Ozer N, Marks RS, Kushmaro A, Golberg K. Anti-Quorum Sensing Activity of Stevia Extract, Stevioside, Rebaudioside A and Their Aglycon Steviol. Molecules 2020; 25:E5480. [PMID: 33238612 PMCID: PMC7700441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Governments are creating regulations for consumers to reduce their sugar intake, prompting companies to increase the ratio of artificial sweeteners in their products. However, there is evidence of some deleterious effects ascribed to the aforementioned synthetic agents and therefore consumers and food manufacturers have turned their attention to natural dietary sweeteners, such as stevia, to meet their sweetening needs. Stevia is generally considered safe; however, emerging scientific evidence has implicated the agent in gut microbial imbalance. In general, regulation of microbial behavior is known to depend highly on signaling molecules via quorum sensing (QS) pathways. This is also true for the gut microbial community. We, therefore, evaluated the possible role of these stevia-based natural sweeteners on this bacterial communication pathway. The use of a commercial stevia herbal supplement resulted in an inhibitory effect on bacterial communication, with no observable bactericidal effect. Purified stevia extracts, including stevioside, rebaudioside A (Reb A), and steviol revealed a molecular interaction, and possible interruption of Gram-negative bacterial communication, via either the LasR or RhlR receptor. Our in-silico analyses suggest a competitive-type inhibitory role for steviol, while Reb A and stevioside are likely to inhibit LasR-mediated QS in a non-competitive manner. These results suggest the need for further safety studies on the agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Markus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus; (V.M.); (K.T.)
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel; (O.S.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Orr Share
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel; (O.S.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Kerem Teralı
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus; (V.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Nazmi Ozer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Girne American University, Kyrenia 99428, Cyprus;
| | - Robert S. Marks
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel; (O.S.); (R.S.M.)
- The Ilse Katz Center for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ariel Kushmaro
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel; (O.S.); (R.S.M.)
- The Ilse Katz Center for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Karina Golberg
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel; (O.S.); (R.S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Farid A, Hesham M, El-Dewak M, Amin A. The hidden hazardous effects of stevia and sucralose consumption in male and female albino mice in comparison to sucrose. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1290-1300. [PMID: 33132722 PMCID: PMC7584803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacing sucrose with non-caloric sweeteners is an approach to avoid overweight and diabetes development. Non-caloric sweeteners are classified into either artificial as sucralose or natural as stevia. Both of them have been approved by FDA, but the effects of their chronic consumption are controversial. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of these two sweeteners, in male and female albino mice, on different blood biochemical parameters, enzymes activities and immunological parameters after 8 and 16 weeks of sweeteners administration. 40.5 mg/ml of sucrose, 5.2 mg/ml of sucralose and 4.2 mg/ml of stevia were dissolved individually in distilled water. Mice were administrated by sweetener's solution for 5 h daily. Male and female mice showed a preference for water consumption with sucralose or stevia. Both of the two sweeteners significantly reduced the hemoglobin level, HCT%, RBCs and WBCs count. After 18 weeks, significant elevations in liver and kidney function enzymes were observed in male and female mice administrated with both non-caloric sweeteners. Histopathological examination in sucralose and stevia administrated groups confirmed the biochemical results; where it revealed a severe damage in liver and kidney sections. While, sucrose administration elevated, only, the levels of ALT, AST and cholesterol in male mice. A vigorous elevation in levels of different immunoglobulin (IgG, IgE and IgA) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and -8), that was accompanied by a significant reduction in level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, was observed in male and female mice groups administrated with sucralose or stevia. On the other hand, sucrose administration led to an elevation in IgA and reduction in IL-10 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyaa Farid
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Marim Hesham
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Dewak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Egypt
| | - Ayman Amin
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|