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Wang X, Xu J. Evaluating private hospital performance before and during COVID-19 in China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38327. [PMID: 38787968 PMCID: PMC11124748 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a tremendous impact on the global medical system. The development of private hospitals is an important measure to deepen the reform of China's medical and health system, and an important driving force to improve the effective supply of medical services. This study aims to compare the performance of China's private hospitals before and during COVID-19 and determine the factors that affect hospital profitability between the 2 periods. Data are collected from 10 private listed hospitals from 2017 to 2022, and ratio analysis is used to measure hospital performance in 5 aspects, namely profitability, liquidity, leverage, activity (efficiency), and cost coverage. Multiple regression analysis is used to determine the influencing factors of hospital profitability. The results show a negative impact of COVID-19 on private hospital performance. Specifically, regardless of region, hospital profitability, liquidity, and cost coverage were reduced due to COVID-19, while hospital leverage was increased. COVID-19 had also an impact on hospital efficiency. In addition, before COVID-19, current ratio and cost coverage ratio were the determinants of hospital profitability, while only cost coverage ratio affected hospital profitability during the COVID-19 outbreak. We provide evidence that COVID-19 had an impact on China private hospitals, and the findings will aid private hospitals in improving their performance in the post-COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wang
- Financial Department, Qingdao Qingte Zhongji Axle Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Economics and Management, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Zhang X, Zimmerman A, Zhang Y, Ogbuoji O, Tang S. Rapid growth of private hospitals in China: emerging challenges and opportunities to health sector management. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2024; 44:100991. [PMID: 38156262 PMCID: PMC10753080 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
China's private hospital market has experienced rapid growth over the last decade, with private hospitals now outnumbering public hospitals by a factor of two. This policy analysis uses available data and existing literature to analyze China's rapidly changing hospital market, identify key challenges resulting from rapid private hospital growth, and present recommendations to ensure future sustainable private hospital development in the country. Our analysis shows that while private hospitals outnumber public hospitals, outpatient visits and hospitalizations remain higher among public hospitals, while per-patient expenditure remains higher among private hospitals. Key challenges to private hospital development include limited government financial support, high tax burdens, difficulty in workforce recruitment and retainment, poor government regulation and oversight, and dissipating public trust. Recommendations to address these challenges include opening government contract bidding to private hospitals, creating a system that allows private hospitals to enter national health insurance schemes, reducing tax pressure on private hospitals, defining a legal system for market entry and exit of private hospitals, improving a system of supervision, and monitoring and evaluation of private hospital operation and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Zhang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Armand Zimmerman
- Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Osondu Ogbuoji
- Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Duke Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Shenglan Tang
- Duke Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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3
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Hu J, Li W, Peng Z, Chen Z, Shi Y, Zheng Y, Liang Q, Wu Y, Liu W, Shen W, Dai Q, Zhu L, Bao C, Zhu F, Chen F. Annual incidence and fatality rates of notifiable infectious diseases in southeast China from 1950 to 2022 and relationship to socioeconomic development. J Glob Health 2023; 13:04107. [PMID: 37681663 PMCID: PMC10486175 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.04107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over the past 70 years, China has advanced significantly in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases while simultaneously undergoing a socioeconomic transformation, making it a useful source of data for analysing relationships between public health policy and the control of infectious diseases. Methods We collected data on the incidence of notifiable infectious diseases and associated fatalities in Jiangsu province in southeast China from the Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, and the Nationwide Notifiable Infectious Diseases Reporting Information System. We compared data from different historical periods using descriptive statistical methods, joinpoint regression, and correlation analysis. Results During 1950-2022, 75 754 008 cases of 46 notifiable infectious diseases were reported in Jiangsu, with an average annual incidence was 1679.49 per 100 000 population and a fatality rate of 1.82 per 1000 persons. The incidence of classes A-B decreased (average annual percent change (AAPC) = -2.1) during the entire study period, while the incidence of class C increased (AAPC = 10.8) after 2004. The incidence of intestinal diseases (AAPC = -4.4) and vector-borne and zoonotic diseases (AAPC = -8.1) decreased rapidly, while the incidence of sexually transmitted and blood-borne diseases (AAPC = 1.8) increased. The number of medical and health institutions and the per capita gross domestic product correlated negatively with the annual incidence of diseases in classes A-B, but not with fatality rates. Conclusions Although the annual incidence of many severe infectious diseases has decreased in Jiangsu since 1950, the incidence of sexually transmitted and blood-borne diseases increased. Socioeconomic growth and sustainable investment in health systems are associated with better control of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Hu
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- General office, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, WuXi, China
| | - Zhihang Peng
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziying Chen
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanze Zheng
- Department of Acute infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Lianyungang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lianyungang, China
| | - Qi Liang
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Wendong Liu
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenqi Shen
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Qigang Dai
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Nanjing, China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Wang M, Chen X, Sun Y, Wang Q, Liu G. Functions, advantages and challenges facing private healthcare organisations in China's healthcare system: a qualitative analysis through open-ended questionnaires. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069381. [PMID: 37336542 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The medical reform in 2009 stimulated the growth of private healthcare organisations in China, but there is still room for their further development in the healthcare market. The objectives of the study were to provide more information about the healthcare market in China and to explore the challenges private healthcare organisations faced. DESIGN Qualitative descriptive study using a web-based open-ended questionnaire and thematic content analysis. Data were collected between 12 February and 20 February 2020. SETTING This study was conducted in China. PARTICIPANTS 124 respondents from private healthcare organisations across 20 provinces in China. RESULTS Our content analysis identified three themes: (1) functioning and positioning of the healthcare institutions: current private healthcare organisations generally serve as a supplement to public hospitals and focus more on specialised medical and high-end services; (2) institutions' advantages: private healthcare organisations can flexibly respond to market demands, formulate effective strategies, introduce advanced management concepts and methods, provide personalised and diversified services, and introduce new technologies which can stimulate market vitality and promote healthy competition; and (3) institutions' challenges: private healthcare organisations face difficulties in professional development and talent cultivation, branding and establishing a reputation, and the policies for institution establishment, tax and medical insurance pose drawbacks to their development. CONCLUSION This study illustrates that private healthcare organisations need more government support for further development, such as providing a fairer insurance strategy and taxation policy, affording ground for a more equitable scientific research environment and promotion opportunities, and evaluating reputation score for healthcare institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijiao Wang
- College of Public Administration and Humanities, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaotong Chen
- China Center for Health Economic Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- China Center for Health Economic Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Public Administration and Humanities, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Gordon Liu
- China Center for Health Economic Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Liu P, Gong X, Yao Q, Liu Q. Impacts of the medical arms race on medical expenses: a public hospital-based study in Shenzhen, China, during 2009-2013. COST EFFECTIVENESS AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION 2022; 20:73. [PMID: 36567370 PMCID: PMC9791778 DOI: 10.1186/s12962-022-00407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Has the medical arms race (MAR) increased healthcare expenditures? Existing literature has yet to draw a consistent conclusion. Hence, this study aims to reexamine the relationship between the MAR and medical expenses by the data from public hospitals in Shenzhen, China, during the period of 2009 to 2013. METHODS This study's data were collected through panel datasets spanning 2009 to 2013 from the Shenzhen Statistical Yearbook, Shenzhen Health Statistical Yearbook, and annual reports from the Shenzhen Municipal Health Commission. The Herfindahl-Hirschman index and hierarchical linear modeling were combined for empirical analysis. RESULTS The MAR's impact on medical examination fees differed during the inpatient and outpatient stages. Further analysis verified that the MAR had the most significant impact on outpatient examination fees. Due to the characteristics of China's medical system, government regulations in the healthcare market may consequently accelerate the MAR among public hospitals. Strict government regulations on the medical system have also promoted increased medical examination costs to some extent. Once medical service prices are under strict administrative control, only drug and medical examination fees are the primary forms of extra income for hospitals. After the proportion of drug fees is further regulated, medical examinations will then become another staple method to generate extra revenue. These have distorted Chinese public hospitals' medical fees, which completely differ from those in other countries. CONCLUSION The government should confirm that they have allocated sufficient financial investments for public hospitals; otherwise, the competition among hospitals will transfer the burden to patients, and especially to those who can afford to pay for care. A core task for public hospitals involves providing safer, less expensive, and more reliable medical services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paicheng Liu
- grid.443347.30000 0004 1761 2353School of Public Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Gong
- grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Department of East Asian Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qianhui Yao
- grid.443347.30000 0004 1761 2353School of Public Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- grid.459584.10000 0001 2196 0260School of Politics and Public Administration, Guangxi Normal University, No.15, Yucai Road, Qixing District, Guilin, Guangxi People’s Republic of China
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Yan N, Liu T, Xu Y, Fang X, Ma X, Yang M, Du J, Tan Z, Fan EW, Huang J, Akinwunmi B, Zhang CJP, Ming WK, Luo L. Healthcare preferences of the general Chinese population in the hierarchical medical system: A discrete choice experiment. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1044550. [PMID: 36466449 PMCID: PMC9713319 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1044550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chinese health insurance system faces resource distribution challenges. A patient-centric approach allows decision-makers to be keenly aware of optimized medical resource allocation. Objective This study aims to use the discrete choice model to determine the main factors affecting the healthcare preferences of the general Chinese population and their weights in the three scenarios (chronic non-communicable diseases, acute infectious diseases, and major diseases). Methods This study firstly identified the key factors affecting people's healthcare preferences through literature review and qualitative interviews, and then designed the DCE questionnaire. An online questionnaire produced by Lighthouse Studio (version 9.9.1) software was distributed to voluntary respondents recruited from mainland China's entire population from January 2021 to June 2021. Participants were required to answer a total of 21 questions of three scenarios in the questionnaire. The multinomial logit model and latent class model were used to analyze the collected data. Results A total of 4,156 participants from mainland China were included in this study. The multinomial logit and latent class model analyses showed that medical insurance reimbursement is the most important attribute in all three disease scenarios. In the scenario of "non-communicable diseases," the attributes that participants valued were, from the most to the least, medical insurance reimbursement (45.0%), hospital-level (21.6%), distance (14.4%), cost (9.7%), waiting time (8.3%), and care provider (1.0%). As for willingness to pay (WTP), participants were willing to pay 204.5 yuan, or 1,743.8 yuan, to change from private hospitals or community hospitals to tertiary hospitals, respectively. Conclusions This study explores the healthcare preferences of Chinese residents from a new perspective, which can provide theoretical reference for the refinement of many disease medical reimbursement policies, such as developing different reimbursement ratios for various common diseases and realizing rational configuration of medical resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Yan
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taoran Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuanbi Fang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinyang Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhao Du
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijian Tan
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Er-wen Fan
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Babatunde Akinwunmi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, United States,Center for Genomic Medicine (CGM), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Casper J. P. Zhang
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Kit Ming
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,*Correspondence: Wai-Kit Ming
| | - Liangping Luo
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Liangping Luo
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7
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Li P, Luo Y, Yu X, Mason E, Zeng Z, Wen J, Li W, Jalali MS. Readiness of healthcare providers for e-hospitals: a cross-sectional analysis in China before the COVID-19 period. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054169. [PMID: 35190431 PMCID: PMC8861885 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The growth and development of smartphones and eHealth technologies have enabled the potential for extended care hospitals (e-hospitals) in China in order to facilitate the success of a primary healthcare centre (PHC)-based integrated delivery model. Although the adoption of e-hospitals is essential, few studies have directed their research towards understanding the perspectives of healthcare providers. This study aims to identify the current readiness of healthcare providers to adopt e-hospital technologies, determine the factors influencing this adoption and describe the perceived facilitators and barriers in regard to working at e-hospitals. DESIGN A cross-sectional study conducted in Sichuan, China, between June and September 2019. SETTINGS Information was collected from healthcare providers who have more than 3 years of work experience from a tertiary hospital, secondary hospital, PHCs and private hospital. PARTICIPANTS 2298 medical professionals were included in this study. OUTCOME MEASURE This study included a self-administered questionnaire that was used to assess participants' sociodemographic characteristics, online medical practices, willingness to use e-hospitals and perceived facilitators/barriers to working at e-hospitals. Multivariate regression analysis was performed in order to evaluate the independent factors associated with e-hospital work. RESULTS Overall, 86.3% had a positive response towards working at e-hospitals. Age (p<0.05), familiarity with e-hospitals (p<0.001) and prior work practices in online healthcare settings (p<0.001) were associated with participants' readiness to work at e-hospitals. Gender, education level, professional level, the tier of their affiliated hospital and workload were not statistically associated. Healthcare providers who had positive attitudes towards e-hospitals considered improved efficiency, patient satisfaction, communication among physicians, increased reputation and income, and alleviated workload to be advantages of adoption. The participants who were unwilling to work at e-hospitals perceived lack of time, insufficient authenticity/reliability and underdeveloped policies as potential barriers. CONCLUSION Improving operative proficiency in electronic devices, accommodating to work schedules, increasing familiarity with e-hospitals and regulating practices will improve the readiness of healthcare providers to work at e-hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)-Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunmei Luo
- West China Medical Publishers,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuexin Yu
- Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Elizabeth Mason
- MGH Institute for Technology Assessment, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Institute of Hospital Management, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Wen
- Institute of Hospital Management, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mohammad S Jalali
- MGH Institute for Technology Assessment, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Wang YY, Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Li CY, Fu LL, Luo HL, Sun Y. Compassion fatigue among haemodialysis nurses in public and private hospitals in China. Int J Nurs Pract 2021; 28:e13011. [PMID: 34472156 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was conducted to identify and compare the levels of compassion fatigue and job satisfaction among haemodialysis nurses in public and private hospitals in China and explore explanatory factors based on sociodemographic and occupational characteristics. METHODS A descriptive study was conducted using a self-designed demographic questionnaire, the Professional Quality of Life Scale and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, with responses from 283 haemodialysis nurses working at six public and private hospitals in China between June and November 2018. RESULTS The compassion fatigue score of public hospital nurses was significantly higher than that of private hospital nurses. Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in compassion fatigue among nurses based on the number of years worked, nature of employment, and education level. Correlational analysis showed a negative correlation between overall job satisfaction and compassion fatigue in both public and private hospitals. Multiple regression analysis showed that compassion fatigue among haemodialysis nurses in public hospitals was associated with years worked, type of employment, and intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction, whereas in private hospitals, education level, years worked, and intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction were significant. CONCLUSION Haemodialysis nurses in public hospitals are more likely to develop compassion fatigue than those in private hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Yin Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Li Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua-Li Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zang W, Zhou M, Zhao S. Deregulation and pricing of medical services: a policy experiment based in China. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:501. [PMID: 34034722 PMCID: PMC8146237 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Price regulation is a common constraint in Chinese hospitals. Based on a policy experiment conducted in China on the price deregulation of private nonprofit hospitals, this study empirically examines the impact of medical service price regulation on the pricing of medical services by hospitals. Methods Using the claim data of insured inpatients residing in a major Chinese city for the period 2010–2015, this study constructs a DID (difference-in-differences) model to compare the impact of price deregulation on medical expenditure and expenditure structure between public and private nonprofit hospitals. Results The empirical results based on micro data reveal that, price deregulated significantly increased the total expenditure per inpatient visit by 10.5%. In the itemized expenditure, the diagnostic test and drug expenditure per inpatient visit of private nonprofit hospitals decreased significantly, whereas the physician service expenditure per inpatient visit increased significantly. For expenditure structure, the proportions of drug expenditure and diagnostic test expenditure per inpatient visit significantly decreased by 5.7 and 3.1%, respectively. Furthermore, this paper also found that hospitals had larger price changes for dominant diseases than for non-dominant diseases. Conclusions Under price regulation, medical service prices generally become lower than their costs. Therefore, after price deregulation, private nonprofit hospitals increase medical service prices above their cost and achieve the service premium increasing physician medical services. Further, although price deregulation causes patient expenditure to increase to a certain level, it optimizes the expenditure structure, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Zang
- School of Insurance, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- School of Public Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaoyang Zhao
- School of Economics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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10
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Lan T, Pan J. The Association of Market Mix of Hospital Ownership With Medical Disputes: Evidence From China. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 2020; 57:46958020971403. [PMID: 33233980 PMCID: PMC7691921 DOI: 10.1177/0046958020971403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and severity of medical disputes in China have attracted the
attention of society and academia, and how to alleviate medical disputes has
become a major concern. Following the implementation of a series of policies,
the private sector in China’s hospital market has expanded rapidly over the past
decade. It remains unknown whether the market mix of hospital ownership could
alleviate medical disputes, this study aims to bridge the gap. Data are
collected from all hospitals (2171) in Sichuan province, China, from 2012 to
2015. Using a negative binomial hurdle model, the results show that for
hospitals with disputes, the private hospital market share has an inverted
U-shaped relationship with the number of disputes. However, no significant
relationship is found between the private hospital market share and the
probability of dispute occurrence. For hospitals with disputes, competition
plays a protective role in the effect of the private hospital market share on
the number of disputes, hindering the increase in the number of disputes and
facilitating a more rapid drop. However, medical quality is found to play an
insignificant role in that effect. The findings also support encouraging new
private hospitals in China rather than privatizing existing public
hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Lan
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Instiute for Healthy Cities and West China Research Center for Rural Health Development, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jay Pan
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Instiute for Healthy Cities and West China Research Center for Rural Health Development, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Zhang D, Rahman KMA. Government health expenditure, out-of-pocket payment and social inequality: A cross-national analysis of China and OECD countries. Int J Health Plann Manage 2020; 35:1111-1126. [PMID: 32725673 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to assess the association between Chinese out-of-pocket payments and government health spending, investigating their variation ratio in the context of OECD countries. Aggregated time-series data of 37 countries (from China and official OECD members) were collected from the World Bank Open Data source and analyzed using the multiple linear regression models. Benchmarking approach was applied to evaluate the causes of healthcare expenditure rise per capita. The results showed that China's government health expenditure was positively associated with out-of-pocket payment rise, with a higher variation score of 42.70%. The association was statistically significant at 5%. Likewise, the association between government expenditure and out-of-pocket payment in the OECD countries was positively significant at 1%, and their variation score was 2.41%. Health financing in OECD countries showed higher stability and equity than that in China. Policy implications for China is to reduce the distributional disparity of government health funds by tax adjustments in health services, universal health coverage, the removal of social health insurance disparities, and a single health payment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunfu Zhang
- School of Sociology and Political Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - K M Atikur Rahman
- School of Sociology and Political Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Xu J, Mills A. 10 years of China's comprehensive health reform: a systems perspective. Health Policy Plan 2020; 34:403-406. [PMID: 31257418 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Anne Mills
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, UK
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13
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Technical Efficiency of Public and Private Hospitals in Beijing, China: A Comparative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010082. [PMID: 31861922 PMCID: PMC6981764 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: With the participation of private hospitals in the health system, improving hospital efficiency becomes more important. This study aimed to evaluate the technical efficiency of public and private hospitals in Beijing, China, and analyze the influencing factors of hospitals’ technical efficiency, and thus provide policy implications to improve the efficiency of public and private hospitals. Method: This study used a data set of 154–232 hospitals from “Beijing’s Health and Family Planning Statistical Yearbooks” in 2012–2017. The data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was employed to measure technical efficiency. The propensity score matching (PSM) method was used for matching “post-randomization” to directly compare the efficiency of public and private hospitals, and the Tobit regression was conducted to analyze the influencing factors of technical efficiency in public and private hospitals. Results: The technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of public hospitals were higher than those of private hospitals during 2012–2017. After matching propensity scores, although the scale efficiency of public hospitals remained higher than that of their private counterparts, the pure technical efficiency of public hospitals was lower than that of private hospitals. Panel Tobit regression indicated that many hospital characteristics such as service type, level, and governance body affected public hospitals’ efficiency, while only the geographical location had an impact on private hospitals’ efficiency. For public hospitals in Beijing, those with lower average outpatient and inpatient costs per capita had better performance in technical efficiency, and bed occupancy rate, annual visits per doctor, and the ratio of doctors to nurses also showed a positive sign with technical efficiency. For private hospitals, the average length of stay was negatively associated with technical efficiency, but the bed occupancy rate, annual visits per doctor, and average outpatient cost were positively associated with technical efficiency. Conclusions: To improve technical efficiency, public hospitals should focus on improving the management standards, including the rational structure of doctors and nurses as well as appropriate reduction of hospitalization expenses. Private hospitals should expand their scale with proper restructuring, mergers, and acquisitions, and pay special attention to shortening the average length of stay and increasing the bed occupancy rate.
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14
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Jin K, Zhang H, Seery S, Fu Y, Yu S, Zhang L, Sun F, Tian L, Xu J, Yue XZ. Comparing public and private emergency departments in China: Early evidence from a national healthcare quality survey. Int J Health Plann Manage 2019; 35:581-591. [PMID: 31721297 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of private healthcare facilities has rapidly increased since the progressive open market policies, which began in the 1980s; however, little is known about the development of private emergency departments (EDs). This cross-sectional study was part of the National Control Information System (NCIS) project, which collects data annually from hospitals across China. Emergency services data were extracted and included location, infrastructure, human resources, beds, and number of patients; 4529 hospitals across 31 provinces in mainland China were eventually included, consisting of 988 private and 3541 public EDs. Evidence shows that most private EDs are located in central China, where local economies are relatively developed. Most private EDs (91.6%) are found in secondary hospitals but have significantly fewer beds and smaller workforces compared with public EDs. An imbalance of emergency medical resources was observed across China, and this disparity becomes even more profound in rural hospitals. These findings may initiate collaborative, public-private partnerships in emergency health services provision and suggest there is a need to offer tax breaks to incentivize investors, but further research is required. We may also need to rethink health insurance policies, which could enable more equitable access to private emergency care. Future planning and health policies must be based upon the strongest available evidence, if we are to address imbalanced health services distribution and growing demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Jin
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sam Seery
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Fu
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Tian
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhong Yue
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Yang T, Ma M, Guo Y, Li Y, Tian H, Liu Y, Chen Q, Zhang S, Deng J. Do job stress, health, and presenteeism differ between Chinese healthcare workers in public and private hospitals: a cross sectional study. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2019; 25:653-665. [PMID: 31537117 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2019.1668564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To determine if job stress, health, and presenteeism differ between healthcare workers at Chinese public and private hospitals. This cross-sectional study analyzed the records of 1080 healthcare workers in eastern, central, and western China for the period from January2015 through November2015. Data on challenge stress, hindrance stress, health, and presenteeism were collected. Using univariate and multivariate regression and SPSS, we investigated differences between Chinese public and private hospitals in China. Challenge stress, hindrance stress, and presenteeism, but not health status, significantly differed between healthcare workers at public and private hospitals in China. Challenge stress and hindrance stress were significantly higher in public hospitals, while presenteeism was significantly lower in private hospitals. The significant differences between public and private hospitals are attributable to differences in the business practices and management of public and private hospitals. To achieve successful long-term medical reform in China, the adverse effects of psychosocial factors should be considered in future research plans and policies. Chinese hospitals urgently require improvements in management and leadership. Reform efforts should encompass fields such as management science, psychology, and the behavioral sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianan Yang
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing, China.,Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing , Beijing, China.,Chair of Sport and Health Management, School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Uptown Munich Campus D , Munich, Germany
| | - Mingxu Ma
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing, China.,Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing , Beijing, China
| | - Yina Guo
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing, China.,Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing , Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing, China.,Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing , Beijing, China
| | - Huilin Tian
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing, China.,Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing , Beijing, China
| | - Yuanling Liu
- Human Resources Department, Guangdong Women's and Children Hospital , Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Medical Affair Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Shiyang Zhang
- Hospital Infection Management Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University , Xiamen, China
| | - Jianwei Deng
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing, China.,Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing , Beijing, China
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16
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Hsieh CR, Tang C. The multi-tiered medical education system and its influence on the health care market-China's Flexner Report. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2019; 17:50. [PMID: 31277652 PMCID: PMC6612177 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-019-0382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical education is critical and the first step to foster the competence of a physician. Unlike developed countries, China has been adopting a system of multi-tiered medical education to training physicians, which is featured by the provision of an alternative lower level of medical practitioners, or known as a feldsher system since the 1950s. This study aimed to illustrate the impact of multi-tiered medical education on both the equity in the delivery of health care services and the efficiency of the health care market. METHODS Based on both theoretical reasoning and empirical analysis, this paper documented evidence upon those impacts of the medical education system. RESULTS First, the geographic distribution of physicians in China is not uniform across physicians with different educational training. Second, we also find the evidence that high-educated doctors are more likely to be hired by larger hospitals, which in turn add the fuel to foster the hospital-center health care system in China as patients choose large hospitals to chase good doctors. Third, through the channels of adverse selection and moral hazard, the heterogeneity in medical education also imposes costs to the health care market in China. DISCUSSION Overall, the three-tiered medical education system in China is a standard policy trade-off between quantity and quality in training health care professionals. On the one hand, China gains the benefit of increasing the supply of health care professionals at lower costs. On the other hand, China pays the price for keeping a multi-tiered medical education in terms of increasing inequality and efficiency loss in the health care sector. Finally, we discuss the potential policy options for China to mitigate the negative impact of keeping a multi-tiered medical education on the performance of health care market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Ruey Hsieh
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo, 315100 China
| | - Chengxiang Tang
- School of Public Administration, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510320 China
- National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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17
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Zhu B, Hsieh CW, Mao Y. Addressing the Licensed Doctor Maldistribution in China: A Demand-And-Supply Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101753. [PMID: 31108920 PMCID: PMC6571941 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: The maldistribution of licensed doctors is one of the major challenges faced by the Chinese health sector. However, this subject remains underexplored, as the underlying causes of licensed doctor distribution have not been fully mapped out. To fill the research void, this study theoretically modeled and empirically measured various determinants of licensed doctor distribution from both the supply and demand sides while taking the spillover effect between the adjacent geographical units into consideration. Methods: The theory of demand and supply is adopted to construct a research framework so as to explain the imbalance in the licensed doctor distribution. Both direct effects and spillover effects of the supply-side factors and demand-side factors are empirically measured with the spatial panel econometric models. Results: The health service demand was found, as expected, to be the major driving force of the licensed doctor distribution across the nation. That is, the increase in health services demands in a province could significantly help one unit attract licensed doctors from adjacent units. Unexpectedly but intriguingly, the medical education capacity showed a relatively limited effect on increasing the licensed doctor density in local units compared with its spillover effect on neighboring units. In addition, government and social health expenditures played different roles in the health labor market, the former being more effective in increasing the stock of clinicians and public health doctors, the latter doing better in attracting dentists and general practitioners. Conclusions: The results provide directions for Chinese policy makers to formulate more effective policies, including a series of measures to boost the licensed doctor stock in disadvantaged areas, such as the increase of government or social health expenditures, more quotas for medical universities, and the prevention of a brain drain of licensed doctors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China.
- Department of Public Policy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chih-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Public Policy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ying Mao
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China.
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18
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Lu L, Pan J. The association of hospital competition with inpatient costs of stroke: Evidence from China. Soc Sci Med 2019; 230:234-245. [PMID: 31030014 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this article is to analyze the association between hospital competition and stroke inpatient costs. Stroke is selected as the representative of a class of diseases characterized by asymmetric information and lack of autonomy of service choice. A total of 98,061 observations are selected from a medical record dataset in the Sichuan Province. The fixed radius approach of 15 miles and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) are employed to define the hospital market and measure the competition intensity, respectively. The log-linear multivariate regression model is used to analyze the association between competition and stroke inpatient costs. The results show that every 10% increase in competition (0.1 unit decrease of HHI value) associated with an average 2.38% decrease in stroke inpatient total costs. We also explore the relationship between competition and sub-group costs of stroke inpatient, finding that hospitals facing more competition incur lower treatment, drug, and consumable costs. Further analysis shows that for-profit, private, and low-level hospitals are more sensitive when facing changes in market competition degree. Our study offers empirical evidence to support the introduction of pro-competition in China's new round of national health reform and provide implications for other countries facing similar health care challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Lu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Research Center for Rural Health Development, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jay Pan
- West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Research Center for Rural Health Development, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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19
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Zhu J, Li J, Zhang Z, Li H, Cai L. Exploring determinants of health provider choice and heterogeneity in preference among outpatients in Beijing: a labelled discrete choice experiment. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e023363. [PMID: 30948563 PMCID: PMC6500246 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For a long time in China, public hospitals have been the most prominent provider of healthcare. However, recent policy reforms mean the private sector is experiencing rapid development. Thus, the purpose of this study is to detect whether the policies published by the government aimed to improve the quality of healthcare services were catering to patient's preferences. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Our work uses dental care as an example of services provided in outpatient setting and takes advantage of a labelled discrete choice experiment with a random sample of respondents from Beijing. Participants were asked to make a choice between four healthcare providers with different attributes. Mixed logit and latent class models were used for the analysis. RESULT Care provided by high-level private hospitals and community hospitals were valued RMB154 and 216 less, respectively, than care provided by class A tertiary hospitals, while the most disliked provider was private clinics. This was the most valued attribute of dental care. Respondents also value: lower waiting times, the option to choose their doctor, lower treatment costs, shorter travel times and a clean waiting room. However, when the level of provider was analysed, the prevailing notion that patients in China were always likely to choose public services than private services no longer holds. Four classes of patients with distinct preferences for dental care provider choice were identified, which can partly be explained by age, income, experience and Hukou status-a household registration permit. DISCUSSION The study to some extent challenged the overwhelming predominance of public healthcare providers in China. The preference heterogeneity we found was relatively large. Our findings are significant for providers in developing more specific services for patients and for policymakers in weighing the pros and cons of future initiatives in medical reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Zhu
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlin Li
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zengbo Zhang
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingfei Cai
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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20
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Health System in China. HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123409 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8715-3_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The health of China’s population improved dramatically during the first 30 years of the People’s Republic, established in 1949. By the mid-1970s, China was already undergoing the epidemiologic transition, years ahead of other nations of similar economic status, and by 1980, life expectancy (67 years) exceeded that of most similarly low-income nations by 7 years. Almost 30 years later, China’s 2009 health reforms were a response to deep inequity in access to affordable, quality healthcare resulting from three decades of marketization, including de facto privatization of the health sector, along with decentralized accountability and, to a large degree, financing of public health services. The reforms are built on earlier, equity-enhancing initiatives, particularly the reintroduction of social health insurance since 2003, and are planned to continue until 2020, with gradual achievement of overarching objectives on universal and equitable access to health services. The second phase of reform commenced in early 2012. China’s health reforms remain encouragingly specific but not prescriptive on strategy; set in the decentralized governance structure, they avoid the issue of reliance on local government support for the national equity objective, leaving the detailed design of health service financing, human resource distribution and accountability, essential drug lists and application of clinical care pathways, etc. to local health authorities answerable to local government, not the Ministry of Health. Community engagement in government processes, including in provision of healthcare, remains limited. This chapter uses the documentation and literature on health reform in China to provide a comprehensive overview of the current situation of the health sector and its reform in the People’s Republic.
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21
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Leung R, Guo H, Pan X. Social Media Users' Perception of Telemedicine and mHealth in China: Exploratory Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018; 6:e181. [PMID: 30274969 PMCID: PMC6231815 DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.7623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of telemedicine and mHealth has increased rapidly in the People's Republic of China. While telemedicine and mHealth have great potential, wide adoption of this technology depends on how patients, health care providers, and other stakeholders in the Chinese health sector perceive and accept the technology. OBJECTIVE To explore this issue, we aimed to examine a social media platform with a dedicated focus on health information technology and informatics in China. Our goal is to utilize the findings to support further research. METHODS In this exploratory study, we selected a social media platform-HC3i.cn-to examine the perception of telemedicine and mHealth in China. We performed keyword analysis and analyzed the prevalence and term frequency-inverse document frequency of keywords in the selected social media platform; furthermore, we performed qualitative analysis. RESULTS We organized the most prominent 16 keywords from 571 threads into 8 themes: (1) Question versus Answer; (2) Hospital versus Clinic; (3) Market versus Company; (4) Doctor versus Nurse; (5) Family versus Patient; (6) iPad versus Tablet; (7) System versus App; and (8) Security versus Caregiving. Social media participants perceived not only significant opportunities associated with telemedicine and mHealth but also barriers to overcome to realize these opportunities. CONCLUSIONS We identified interesting issues in this paper by studying a social media platform in China. Among other things, participants in the selected platform raised concerns about quality and costs associated with the provision of telemedicine and mHealth, despite the new technology's great potential to address different issues in the Chinese health sector. The methods applied in this paper have some limitations, and the findings may not be generalizable. We have discussed directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Leung
- Department of Health Policy, Management and Behavior, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - Huibin Guo
- School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xuan Pan
- Department of Economics and Finance, School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Hospital Institutional Context and Funding. HEALTHCARE REFORM IN CHINA 2018. [PMCID: PMC7121798 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69736-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on hospital ownership and supervision. Public hospitals are mostly, but not always, under the supervision of the Health Ministry. There are a certain number of other governing bodies that are directly involved in the management of hospitals. A cross-ministry group was set up in 2006 to facilitate the implementation of hospital reforms. Apart from the organizational structure, the funding of hospitals and its evolution is studied. Between 1979 and 1991, the government introduced a co-payment system in healthcare establishments. In 1992, the Ministry of Health officially granted greater autonomy to public hospitals. They were authorized to deliver paid services and to make profits, but were made responsible for their losses and debts. By 2003, central government funding had fallen to 8% of the hospital budget. As a result, public hospitals in China behave very similarly to for-profit firms, while being governed as any traditional public structure. The next step is the current experiment of a Diagnostics Related Group-based payment in China. Along with the financial autonomy of public hospitals, different reforms have been directed at developing private hospitals, even though many obstacles still remain.
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23
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Tang C, Xu J, Zhang M. The choice and preference for public-private health care among urban residents in China: evidence from a discrete choice experiment. BMC Health Serv Res 2016; 16:580. [PMID: 27756292 PMCID: PMC5070360 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Public health care dominated the services provision in China before 1980s. However, the number of private health care providers in China has been increasing since then. The growth of private hospitals escalated after a market-oriented reform was implemented in 2001. Through an experimental approach, this study aims to a better understanding of the dynamic change in preference of health care utilisation among the residents in urban China. Methods Based on a discrete choice experiment (DCE) from a random sample of respondents in urban China, the study evaluated preference over health care attributes affecting individuals’ choice for the utilisation of hospital health care. The marginal willingness-to-pay for five health care attributes was estimated, including public/private provision of health care, by analysing mixed logit and latent class models. Results The results indicated a significantly negative marginal willingness-to-pay for private health care, which was interpreted as representing people’s previous interactions with the health care system. The latent class model further suggested preference heterogeneity across our sample. We found that Hukou type, a typical indicator of socioeconomic background, was significantly related to respondents’ preference for health care utilisation. Permanent urban residents (urban Hukou) valued private health care less; in contrast rural migrants (rural Hukou) were more likely to be indifferent between public/private provision. Conclusion Urban residents in China showed a high disposition to obtain health care from the public providers of health care. Our results have implications in the context of the Chinese government attempts to expand the private health care sector in the short term. Policy makers need to consider residents’ preference for health care in health policy development as the preference can only change in the long term. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1829-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Tang
- School of Public Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.
| | - Judy Xu
- School of Public Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Medicine College, Fujian Medical University, Xue Yuan Road, University Town, FuZhou, Fujian, 350108, China
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He F, Li L, Bynum J, Meng X, Yan P, Li L, Liu L. Medical Malpractice in Wuhan, China: A 10-Year Autopsy-Based Single-Center Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2026. [PMID: 26559306 PMCID: PMC4912300 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical disputes in China are historically poorly documented. In particular, autopsy-based evaluation and its impact on medical malpractice claims remain largely unstudied. This study aims to document autopsy findings and medical malpractice in one of the largest cities of China, Wuhan, located in Hubei Province. A total of 519 autopsies were performed by the Department of Forensic Medicine, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China, over a 10-year period between 2004 and 2013. Of these cases, 190 (36.6%) were associated with medical malpractice claims. Joint evaluation by forensic pathologists and clinicians confirmed that 97 (51.1%) of the 190 claims were approved medical malpractice cases. The percentage of approved malpractice cases increased with patient age and varied according to medical setting, physician specialty, and organ system. The clinico-pathological diagnostic discrepancy was significantly different among various physician specialties (P = 0.031) and organ systems (P = 0.000). Of those cases involved in malpractice claims, aortic dissection, coronary heart disease, and acute respiratory infection were most common. Association between incorrect diagnosis and malpractice was significant (P = 0.001). This is the first report on China's medical malpractice and findings at autopsy which reflects the current state of health care services in one of the biggest cities in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanggang He
- From the Department of Forensic Medicine (FH, XM, PY, LL), Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan; Department of Forensic Medicine (LL), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China; Division of Forensic Pathology (FH, LL, LL), University of Maryland School of Medicine; Department of Pathology (JB), Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Forensic Medicine (LL), TongjiMedical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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Hipgrave D, Mu Y. Health System in China. Health Serv Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6419-8_6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Chen L, Dai Y, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Rudan D, Saftić V, van Velthoven MHMMT, Su J, Tan Z, Scherpbier RW. A comparison between antenatal care quality in public and private sector in rural Hebei, China. Croat Med J 2013; 54:146-56. [PMID: 23630142 PMCID: PMC3641873 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2013.54.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the quality of antenatal care (ANC) in Hebei Province and compare it between the public and private sector and within the public sector. Methods We conducted a Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Household Survey in 2010 using a two-stage sampling procedure and included 1079 mothers. The quality of ANC was assessed on the basis of the number of ANC visits, the time of the first ANC visit, 16 different ANC procedures, owning a maternal health care booklet, and the type of service provider. Results Almost all women (98%) received ANC services at least once, 80% at least four times, and 54% at least five times. About half of the women (46%) visited ANC facility within their first trimester. Neither public nor private sector provided all 16 standardized services, but significantly more women in public sector received ANC procedures. Most women received ANC in county or higher-level hospitals (75%) and very few in township hospitals (8%). Significantly fewer women were weighed and tested for HIV/AIDS in township than in county or higher-level hospitals. Conclusion The quality of ANC in Hebei was poorer than required by China’s national and World Health Organization norms. Although the public sector performed better than the private sector, the utilization and quality of care of ANC services in this sector varied and women generally visited county or higher-level health facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Barber SL, Borowitz M, Bekedam H, Ma J. The hospital of the future in China: China's reform of public hospitals and trends from industrialized countries. Health Policy Plan 2013; 29:367-78. [DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czt023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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