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Fan HH, Cui L, Jiang XX, Song YD, Liu SS, Wu KY, Dong HJ, Mao M, Ovlyakulov B, Wu HM, Zhu JH, Zhang X. Autoimmune Disease Associated CLEC16A Variants Convey Risk of Parkinson’s Disease in Han Chinese. Front Genet 2022; 13:856493. [PMID: 35432448 PMCID: PMC9007333 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.856493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CLEC16A is a membrane-associated endosomal protein implicated in regulating autophagy and antigen presentation. Its genetic variants are broadly associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. Parkinson’s disease (PD), which undergoes autophagy disruption and neuroinflammation, has been clinically observed, for an extensive amount of time, to be associated with autoimmune diseases. In this study, we aimed to understand whether the autoimmune disease associated CLEC16A variants pleiotropically modulate PD risk. Five of such CLEC16A variants, including rs6498169, rs12708716, rs12917716, rs7200786, and rs2903692, were selected and analyzed in a Han Chinese cohort comprising 515 sporadic PD patients and 504 controls. Results showed that rs6498169 and rs7200786 were significantly associated with PD susceptibility (p = 0.005 and 0.004, respectively; recessive model, p = 0.002 and 0.001, respectively). Rs6498169 was also associated with the PD subtype of postural instability/gait difficulty (p = 0.002). Haplotype analysis showed that the AAG module in order of rs6498169, rs12708716, and rs2903692 was associated with the highest risk for PD (p = 0.0047, OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.11–1.82). Functional annotation analyses suggested that rs6498169 had high probability to affect transcription factor binding and target gene expression. In summary, the current study demonstrates that the autoimmune disease associated CLEC16A variants convey risk of PD in Han Chinese. Our findings suggest a pleiotropic role of CLEC16A and strengthen the link between PD and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Fan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Geriatric Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Jiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ya-Dan Song
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shu-Shu Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke-Yun Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hao-Jia Dong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Miao Mao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Begench Ovlyakulov
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong-Mei Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Mei Wu, ; Jian-Hong Zhu, ; Xiong Zhang,
| | - Jian-Hong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Geriatric Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Mei Wu, ; Jian-Hong Zhu, ; Xiong Zhang,
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Geriatric Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Mei Wu, ; Jian-Hong Zhu, ; Xiong Zhang,
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Mosca L, Mantero V, Penco S, La Mantia L, De Benedetti S, Marazzi MR, Spreafico C, Erminio C, Grassi L, Lando G, Zagaria M, Agostoni E, Protti A. HLA-DRB1*15 association with multiple sclerosis is confirmed in a multigenerational Italian family. FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 32:83-88. [PMID: 28676141 DOI: 10.11138/fneur/2017.32.2.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and genetic factors seem to play a pathogenetic role in multiple sclerosis (MS). The genetic component is partly suggested by familial aggregation of cases; however, MS families with affected subjects over different generations have rarely been described. The aim of this study was to report clinical and genetic features of a multigenerational MS family and to perform a review of the literature on this topic. We describe a multigenerational Italian family with six individuals affected by MS, showing different clinical and neuroradiological findings. HLA-DRB1* typing revealed the presence of the DRB1*15:01 allele in all the MS cases and in 4/5 non-affected subjects. Reports on six multigenerational MS families have previously been published, giving similar results. The HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele was confirmed to be linked to MS disease in this family; moreover, its presence in non-affected subjects suggests the involvement of other susceptibility factors in the development and expression of the disease, in accordance with the complex disease model now attributed to MS.
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Haghighi S, Andersen O, Nilsson S, Rydberg L, Wahlström J. A linkage study in two families with multiple sclerosis and healthy members with oligoclonal CSF immunopathy. Mult Scler 2016; 12:723-30. [PMID: 17262999 DOI: 10.1177/1352458506070972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We studied two extended families in which not only multiple sclerosis (MS) segregates, but also approximately 18% of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) investigated blood relatives have ‘MS immunopathic trait’, an oligoclonal CSF immunopathy similar to that seen in MS, but with no neurological symptoms. Both families fit a genetic model for autosomal dominant inheritance for MS immunopathic trait, although with reduced penetrance in family A. In order to identify genetic factors of importance for the development of MS immunopathic trait, we performed a genome scan using the CHLC/Weber Screening Set (ver 6A), with 285 successful markers, to test the hypothesis that a single gene is causing the MS immunopathic trait in these families. Using a parametric method, we identified regions with suggestive linkage at chromosome 6q12 with a LOD-score of 2.4, putative linkage with LOD-score 1.5 at chromosome 6p21 (HLA region), putative linkage at chromosome 12q24 with a LOD-score of 1.7 and suggestive linkage at chromosome 19q13.2 with a LOD-score of 1.8. The LOD-score at chromosome 19q13.2 increased to 2.2 when only family A was analysed. In family A, all MS patients and two of five individuals with MS immunopathic trait had HLA DRB1*(15) and in family B, all blood relatives had the rare HLA type DRB1*0103, which is associated with other autoimmune diseases. We suggest that DRB1*0103 is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the susceptibility for MS immunopathic trait in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haghighi
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Flores J, Granados J, Alonso E, Rito Y, Ortega-Hernández E, Mena-Hernández L, Corona T. Presence of the HLADR13 allele among Mexican Mestizos suggests a protective factor against relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2015; 138:184-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sawcer S. The genetic aspects of multiple sclerosis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2011; 12:206-14. [PMID: 20182566 PMCID: PMC2824946 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.58272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis has been extensively investigated and two features have consistently emerged: marked geographical variation in prevalence and substantial familial clustering. At first sight, geographic variation would seem to imply an environmental cause for the disease, while familial clustering would seem to suggest that genetic factors have the predominant etiological effect. However, given that geographic variation in prevalence could result from variation in the frequency of genetic risk alleles and that familial clustering might result from shared environmental exposure rather than shared genetic risk alleles, it is clear that these crude inferences are unreliable. Epidemiologists have been resourceful in their attempts to resolve this apparent conflict between “nurture and nature” and have employed a whole variety of sophisticated methods to try and untangle the etiology of multiple sclerosis. The body of evidence that has emerged from these efforts has formed the foundation for decades of research seeking to identify relevant genes and this is the obvious place to start any consideration of the genetics of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sawcer
- University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
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Lindvall T, Karlsson J, Holmdahl R, Andersson A. Dissection of a locus on mouse chromosome 5 reveals arthritis promoting and inhibitory genes. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 11:R10. [PMID: 20527086 PMCID: PMC2688241 DOI: 10.1186/ar2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In a cross between two mouse strains, the susceptible B10.RIII (H-2r) and resistant RIIIS/J (H-2r) strains, a locus on mouse chromosome 5 (Eae39) was previously shown to control experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Recently, quantitative trait loci (QTL), linked to disease in different experimental arthritis models, were mapped to this region. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether genes within Eae39, in addition to EAE, control development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods CIA, induced by immunisation with bovine type II collagen, was studied in Eae39 congenic and sub-interval congenic mice. Antibody titres were investigated with ELISA. Gene-typing was performed by micro-satellite mapping and statistics was calculated by standard methods. Results Experiments of CIA in Eae39 congenic- and sub-interval congenic mice, carrying RIIIS/J genes on the B10.RIII genetic background, revealed three loci within Eae39 that control disease and anti-collagen antibody titres. Two of the loci promoted disease and the third locus was protected against CIA development. By further breeding of mice with small congenic fragments, we identified a 3.2 mega base pair (Mbp) interval that regulates disease. Conclusions Disease-promoting and disease-protecting genes within the Eae39 locus on mouse chromosome 5 control susceptibility to CIA. A disease-protecting locus in the telomeric part of Eae39 results in lower anti-collagen antibody responses. The study shows the importance of breeding sub-congenic mouse strains to reveal genetic effects on complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Lindvall
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit for Medical Inflammation Research, BMC l11, Lund Unviersity, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Husain S, Yildirim-Toruner C, Rubio JP, Field J, Schwalb M, Cook S, Devoto M, Vitale E. Variants of ST8SIA1 are associated with risk of developing multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2653. [PMID: 18612409 PMCID: PMC2440423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system of unknown etiology with both genetic and environmental factors playing a role in susceptibility. To date, the HLA DR15/DQ6 haplotype within the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6p, is the strongest genetic risk factor associated with MS susceptibility. Additional alleles of IL7 and IL2 have been identified as risk factors for MS with small effect. Here we present two independent studies supporting an allelic association of MS with polymorphisms in the ST8SIA1 gene, located on chromosome 12p12 and encoding ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 1. The initial association was made in a single three-generation family where a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4762896, was segregating together with HLA DR15/DQ6 in MS patients. A study of 274 family trios (affected child and both unaffected parents) from Australia validated the association of ST8SIA1 in individuals with MS, showing transmission disequilibrium of the paternal alleles for three additional SNPs, namely rs704219, rs2041906, and rs1558793, with p = 0.001, p = 0.01 and p = 0.01 respectively. These findings implicate ST8SIA1 as a possible novel susceptibility gene for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Husain
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Cagri Yildirim-Toruner
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Justin P. Rubio
- The Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Judith Field
- The Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Marvin Schwalb
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Stuart Cook
- Department of Neuroscience UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Marcella Devoto
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and CCEB, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Vitale
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- CNR Institute of Cybernetics, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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9
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Dyment DA, Cader MZ, Datta A, Broxholme SJ, Cherny SS, Willer CJ, Ramagopalan S, Herrera BM, Orton S, Chao M, Sadovnick AD, Hader M, Hader W, Ebers GC. A first stage genome-wide screen for regions shared identical-by-descent in Hutterite families with multiple sclerosis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:467-72. [PMID: 18081025 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of multiple sclerosis (MS) genetics has made the search for novel genes using traditional sharing methods problematic. In order to minimize the genetic heterogeneity present in the MS population we have screened the Canadian MS population for individuals belonging to the Hutterite Brethren. Seven Hutterites with clinically definite MS were ascertained and are related to a common founder by eight generations. Six of the 7 affected individuals and 21 of their unaffected family members (total = 27) were genotyped for 807 markers. Haplotypes were then inspected for sharing among the six MS patients. There were three haplotypes shared among all six MS patients. The haplotypes were located at 2q34-35, 4q31-32, and 17p13. An additional 15 haplotypes were shared among five of the six Hutterites MS patients. The HLA Class II region was one of the highlighted regions; however, the shared MHC haplotype bore the DRB1*04 allele and not the MS-associated DRB1*15 allele providing further evidence of the complexity of the MHC. Additional genotyping to refine the haplotypes followed by screening for potential variants may lead to the identification of a novel MS susceptibility gene(s) in this unique population.
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10
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A genome-wide scan in forty large pedigrees with multiple sclerosis. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:955-962. [DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Gulko PS. Contribution of genetic studies in rodent models of autoimmune arthritis to understanding and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Genes Immun 2007; 8:523-31. [PMID: 17703178 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and potentially debilitating autoimmune disease. While novel therapies have emerged in recent years, disease remission is rarely achieved. RA is a complex trait, and the identifying of its susceptibility and severity genes has been anticipated to generate new targets for therapeutic intervention. However, finding those genes and understanding their function has been a challenging task. Studies in rodent intercrosses and congenics generated from inbred strains have been an important complementary strategy to identify arthritis genes, and understand how they operate to regulate disease. Furthermore, these new rodent arthritis genes will be new targets for therapeutic interventions, and will identify new candidate genes or candidate pathways for association studies in RA. In this review-opinion article I discuss RA genetics, difficulties involved in gene identification, and how rodent models can facilitate (1) the discovery of both arthritis susceptibility and severity genes, (2) studies of gene-environment interactions, (3) studies of gene-gender interactions, (4) epistasis, (5) functional characterization of the specific genes, (6) development of novel therapies and (7) how the information generated from rodent studies will be useful to understanding and potentially treating RA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Congenic
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epistasis, Genetic
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Male
- Sex Characteristics
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Gulko
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology, The Robert S Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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Hoppenbrouwers IA, Cortes LMP, Aulchenko YS, Sintnicolaas K, Njajou O, Snijders PJLM, Oostra BA, van Duijn CM, Hintzen RQ. Familial clustering of multiple sclerosis in a Dutch genetic isolate. Mult Scler 2007; 13:17-24. [PMID: 17294607 DOI: 10.1177/1352458506071216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease with a substantial, yet poorly identified, genetic influence. We estimated the pattern of familial aggregation of MS in a recent genetically isolated population in The Netherlands. Forty-eight MS patients were identified. Their relationship was evaluated by tracing extended pedigrees, making use of municipal and church records. Of the 48 MS patients, 24 could be linked to a common ancestor in 14 generations. However, multiple relationships exist between patients and, to take these into account, we calculated inbreeding and kinship coefficients. We found that MS patients from the isolate were significantly more often related to each other and significantly more often inbred than a non-MS control group, drawn from the same isolate. There was no clustering of Type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid diseases in families of MS patients from this isolate. Finally, HLA typing was performed. Although there was a trend towards a higher prevalence of the HLA DRB1*15 allele in patients compared to controls, differences did not reach significance. This study suggests familial aggregation in the genetically isolated population. The high level of inbreeding makes this population valuable for finding novel genes involved in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Hoppenbrouwers
- Department of Neurology, MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
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Kotze MJ, de Villiers JNP, Warnich L, Schmidt S, Carr J, Mansvelt E, Fourie E, van Rensburg SJ. Lack of clinical manifestation of hereditary haemochromatosis in South African patients with multiple sclerosis. Metab Brain Dis 2006; 21:109-20. [PMID: 16850257 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-006-9015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Caucasian South African patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were screened for the most common hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) mutations, H63D and C282Y, in order to determine the impact of iron overload on clinical outcome of MS. DNA screening for mutations H63D and C282Y in 118 apparently unrelated MS patients did not reveal significant differences in allele frequencies in comparison with a control group from the same population. Of 17 MS patients heterozygous for C282Y, 3 had below normal and none had above normal transferrin saturation levels. One of the index MS patients, and subsequently also her sister who also has MS, tested positive for two copies of mutation C282Y. Determination of iron status revealed high serum ferritin and transferrin saturation levels in both patients. However, the index patient, being unaware of her C282Y status, had received treatment for iron deficiency in the past and her MS symptoms were less severe than those of her sister who has been wheelchair bound for the past 12 years and who did not take iron supplements. Lack of clinical manifestation of HH without any signs of organ damage in the C282Y homozygous MS patients is in accordance with a role of iron dysregulation in the aetiology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritha J Kotze
- Genecare Molecular Genetics Pty Ltd, Christiaan Barnard Memorial Hospital, 162 Longmarket Street, Cape Town, South Africa.
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de Villiers JNP, Treurnicht FK, Warnich L, Carr J, van Rensburg SJ, Kotze MJ. Analysis of viral and genetic factors in South African patients with multiple sclerosis. Metab Brain Dis 2006; 21:163-9. [PMID: 16865539 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-006-9016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A significant association was previously demonstrated between multiple sclerosis (MS) and the functional 5'-(GT)n polymorphism in the promoter region of the SLC11A1 gene, which has been implicated in both autoimmune and infectious disease susceptibility. In the present study the role of viral infection was investigated in South African MS patients in relation to specific SLC11A1 genotypes. Serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 49 MS patients, 33 close relatives and 39 unrelated controls previously genotyped for SLC11A1 were screened for the presence of MS-associated retrovirus (MSRV) and two herpes virus (HHV-6 and EBV) sequences. Expression of the pol gene of MSRV was detected in the serum RNA of 34/49 (69%) MS patients whilst absent in the serum of 39 unrelated healthy control individuals (p < 0.001) but was also present in 23/33 (70%) of the unaffected close relatives of the patients. HHV-6 and EBV sequences were detected in both MS patients and control individuals. The viral sequences were not confined to a specific SLC11A1 genotype. Infection with these viruses is excluded as the primary cause for MS in the South African population since no significant differences were detected between MS patients and their unaffected close family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nico P de Villiers
- Genecare Molecular Genetics (Pty) Ltd, Christiaan Barnard Memorial Hospital, 162 Longmarket Street, Cape Town, South Africa.
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15
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Herrera BM, Cader MZ, Dyment DA, Bell JT, Ramagopalan SV, Lincoln MR, Orton S, Chao MJ, Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC. Follow-up investigation of 12 proposed linkage regions in multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2006; 7:366-71. [PMID: 16738670 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with overwhelming evidence for genetic determination, and for which a maternal parent-of-origin effect has been reported. As with many complex diseases, multiple suggestive linkage signals have been observed. However, the only unambiguous association and linkage identified to date is with alleles of the human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) class II region. We have now carried out high-density microsatellite genotyping for 12 of the most promising regions (1p, 1q, 2q, 4q, 5p, 9q, 10p, 11p, 12q, 17q, 18p, 19p) from a whole-genome scan in 552 affected sibling pairs. This has been carried out in 194 families containing avuncular pairs. These permit examination of parent-of-origin effects in non-colineal pairs when divided into likely maternal and paternal trait transmission. The results do not confirm any non-major histocompatibility complex linkage in the overall subset nor in the maternal, paternal or HLA-DRB1*1501 subsets. We were able to establish exclusion for a locus with lambda(AV) > or = 1.3 for all the previously suggested regions. These results again raise the possibility that the paradigm of multiple genes of small individual effect used to justify genome searches in MS is incorrect.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Herrera
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Mark BL, Carson JAS. Vitamin D and autoimmune disease--implications for practice from the multiple sclerosis literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 106:418-24. [PMID: 16503232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies and commentaries link vitamin D with several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Adequate vitamin D intake reduces inflammatory cytokines through control of gene expression, thus inadequate vitamin D intake is suggested as a mechanism that could contribute to inflammation and, consequently, development of MS. Poor vitamin D status has been associated with increased risk for development of MS, and patients with MS may suffer consequences of vitamin D deficiency, such as bone loss. Animal studies and very limited human data suggest possible benefit from vitamin D supplementation in patients with MS. Based on the current state of research, a key principle for practicing dietetics professionals is to include vitamin D status in nutritional assessment. For those at risk for poor vitamin D status, intake can be enhanced by food-based advice and, when indicated, vitamin D supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Mark
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75390-8877, USA.
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17
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Aláez C, Corona T, Ruano L, Flores H, Loyola M, Gorodezky C. Mediterranean and Amerindian MHC class II alleles are associated with multiple sclerosis in Mexicans. Acta Neurol Scand 2005; 112:317-22. [PMID: 16218914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2005.00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 allele typing was performed in Mexicans Mestizos with multiple sclerosis (MS) to define the HLA class II alleles associated with the disease in this population. METHODS Patients (n = 51) diagnosed according to the Poser criteria and a group of 173 unrelated healthy subjects were studied. PCR-SSOP and PCR-SSP were used for genotyping. RESULTS Fifty five percent of the patients were females. The mean age at disease onset was 27 years. A relapsing-remitting disease was the most frequent type of MS (67%). A significant association of DRB1*0403 (OR = 5.68) with MS was shown. DRB1*0802 was also involved in susceptibility (OR = 2.41). An excess of DRB1*0802 homozygotes was observed in patients (P = 0.005), this genotype being in genetic equilibrium in controls. CONCLUSIONS Two novel class II associations are described in Mexicans with MS: DRB1*0403 and DRB1*0802. Both alleles share with DRB1*1501, valine-86 and negatively charged amino acids, in the DRB1-anchoring motif of pocket 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aláez
- Department of Immunology & Immunogenetics, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE), Secretary of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
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Cantorna MT, Mahon BD. Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2005; 229:1136-42. [PMID: 15564440 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422901108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Low vitamin D status has been implicated in the etiology of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and inflammatory bowel disease. The optimal level of vitamin D intake required to support optimal immune function is not known but is likely to be at least that required for healthy bones. Experimentally, vitamin D deficiency results in the increased incidence of autoimmune disease. Mechanistically, the data point to a role for vitamin D in the development of self-tolerance. The vitamin D hormone (1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D(3)) regulates T helper cell (Th1) and dendritic cell function while inducing regulatory T-cell function. The net result is a decrease in the Th1-driven autoimmune response and decreased severity of symptoms. This review discusses the accumulating evidence pointing to a link between vitamin D and autoimmunity. Increased vitamin D intakes might decrease the incidence and severity of autoimmune diseases and the rate of bone fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita T Cantorna
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is probably aetiologically heterogeneous. Systematic genetic epidemiological and molecular genetic studies have provided important insights. Both genetic and non-genetic (environment, stochastic) factors may be involved in susceptibility as well as outcome, but we have yet to understand their relative roles. Any environmental factor is likely to be ubiquitous and act on a population-basis rather than within the family microenvironment. Taken together, the results of genome screening studies provide strong evidence for exclusion of a major locus in MS. There are, however, many genes that seem to be associated with MS. These include, but are in no way limited to, HLA classes I and II, T-cell receptor beta, CTLA4, ICAM1, and SH2D2A. The future of MS genetics, as for most common complex disorders, will be dependent on the resources available, ranging from biological samples and comprehensive databases of clinical and epidemiological information to the development of new technologies and statistical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Dyment
- The Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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20
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Dabil H, Kaplan HJ, Duffy BF, Phelan DL, Mohanakumar T, Jaramillo A. Association of the HLA-DR15/HLA-DQ6 haplotype with development of choroidal neovascular lesions in presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. Hum Immunol 2003; 64:960-4. [PMID: 14522093 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(03)00175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Associations of human leukocyte antigen DR2 (HLA-DR2) and HLA-B7 with presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) in the United States has been previously described. However, these associations were determined by means of low-resolution, complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays for HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR molecules. To determine whether POHS is associated with other HLA alleles within the HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DR, and HLA-DQ loci, we performed a case control study of 34 patients diagnosed with macular choroidal neovascular membrane secondary to POHS and 45 healthy control individuals. Peripheral blood-derived DNA from the study patients was typed for HLA genes by means of sequence-specific primers that gave low-medium allele resolution. Significant associations were observed between HLA-B7 (X2 = 14.30, pc = 0.004, relative risk = 8.23), HLA-DR15 (X2 = 29.08, pc = 0.000001, relative risk = 27.50), and HLA-DQ6 (X2 = 23.09, pc = 0.00001, relative risk = 27.43) and POHS. Because there are strong linkage disequilibria between HLA-DR15 (a subtype of HLA-DR2) and HLA-B7 as well as HLA-DQ6, the significantly higher association of HLA-DR15 and HLA-DQ6 with POHS as compared to HLA-B7 suggests that the former alleles mediate susceptibility to the disease. In conclusion, there is a significant association between the HLA-DR15/HLA-DQ6 haplotype and development of choroidal neovascular lesions in POHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humeyra Dabil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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21
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease with a significant genetic contribution. Similar to other complex diseases, the genetic risk for MS results from a combination of many genetic variants which individually confer only modest effects. Here we review the results of the complementary genetic approaches of linkage and association in MS, highlighting the challenges of identifying loci of modest effect. We describe meta-analytical approaches that provide additional statistical power necessary for detecting such loci and further apply this approach to evaluate the association of a CTLA-4 variant with MS. Lastly, we review recent important advances in our understanding of the patterns of genetic variation in the human genome and speculate about how these advances will aid in future studies of the genetic causes of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Walsh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Center for Genome Research, One Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
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22
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Modin H, Masterman T, Thorlacius T, Stefánsson M, Jónasdóttir A, Stefánsson K, Hillert J, Gulcher J. Genome-wide linkage screen of a consanguineous multiple sclerosis kinship. Mult Scler 2003; 9:128-34. [PMID: 12708807 DOI: 10.1191/1352458503ms894oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), is a common neurological disorder thought to be caused by the interaction of several genes with unknown environmental factors. In both AD and PD the identification of disease forms inherited in a classic Mendelian fashion has helped investigators elucidate pathogenetic mechanisms. In this study a whole-genome screen, with an average of 608 successful genotypes per person, was performed on nine members of a consanguineous family: the index case, three of her siblings and her daughter, all of whom have been diagnosed with definite MS; as well as the parents of the index case (first cousins), one of her five healthy siblings and her husband (who is also her first cousin). Nonparametric linkage analysis was performed on genotyping data. Based on the presence of consanguinity, the a priori hypothesis was that the disease is transmitted in an autosomal recessive fashion in the pedigree. Linkage analysis revealed a suggestive logarithm of odds (LOD) score of 2.29 on the long arm of chromosome 9. Four of five affected family members were identically homozygous for a haplotype under this peak, spanning approximately 43 cM, while the fifth affected subject and all unaffected family members were heterozygous for the haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Modin
- Division of Neurology, Neurotec Department, Karolinska Institute at Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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