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Derkaczew M, Martyniuk P, Osowski A, Wojtkiewicz J. Cyclitols: From Basic Understanding to Their Association with Neurodegeneration. Nutrients 2023; 15:2029. [PMID: 37432155 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most common cyclitols found in eukaryotic cells-Myo-inositol (MI) and its derivatives play a key role in many cellular processes such as ion channel physiology, signal transduction, phosphate storage, cell wall formation, membrane biogenesis and osmoregulation. The aim of this paper is to characterize the possibility of neurodegenerative disorders treatment using MI and the research of other therapeutic methods linked to MI's derivatives. Based on the reviewed literature the researchers focus on the most common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Spinocerebellar ataxias, but there are also works describing other seldom encountered diseases. The use of MI, d-pinitol and other methods altering MI's metabolism, although research on this topic has been conducted for years, still needs much closer examination. The dietary supplementation of MI shows a promising effect on the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and can be of great help in alleviating the accompanying depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Derkaczew
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
- Students' Scientific Club of Pathophysiologists, Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Piotr Martyniuk
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
- Students' Scientific Club of Pathophysiologists, Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Adam Osowski
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
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Ghosh S, Ali R, Verma S. Aβ-oligomers: A potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124231. [PMID: 36996958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The cascade of amyloid formation relates to multiple complex events at the molecular level. Previous research has established amyloid plaque deposition as the leading cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, detected mainly in aged population. The primary components of the plaques are two alloforms of amyloid-beta (Aβ), Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 peptides. Recent studies have provided considerable evidence contrary to the previous claim indicating that amyloid-beta oligomers (AβOs) as the main culprit responsible for AD-associated neurotoxicity and pathogenesis. In this review, we have discussed the primary features of AβOs, such as assembly formation, the kinetics of oligomer formation, interactions with various membranes/membrane receptors, the origin of toxicity, and oligomer-specific detection methods. Recently, the discovery of rationally designed antibodies has opened a gateway for using synthesized peptides as a grafting component in the complementarity determining region (CDR) of antibodies. Thus, the Aβ sequence motif or the complementary peptide sequence in the opposite strand of the β-sheet (extracted from the Protein Data Bank: PDB) helps design oligomer-specific inhibitors. The microscopic event responsible for oligomer formation can be targeted, and thus prevention of the overall macroscopic behaviour of the aggregation or the associated toxicity can be achieved. We have carefully reviewed the oligomer formation kinetics and associated parameters. Besides, we have depicted a thorough understanding of how the synthesized peptide inhibitors can impede the early aggregates (oligomers), mature fibrils, monomers, or a mixture of the species. The oligomer-specific inhibitors (peptides or peptide fragments) lack in-depth chemical kinetics and optimization control-based screening. In the present review, we have proposed a hypothesis for effectively screening oligomer-specific inhibitors using the chemical kinetics (determining the kinetic parameters) and optimization control strategy (cost-dependent analysis). Further, it may be possible to implement the structure-kinetic-activity-relationship (SKAR) strategy instead of structure-activity-relationship (SAR) to improve the inhibitor's activity. The controlled optimization of the kinetic parameters and dose usage will be beneficial for narrowing the search window for the inhibitors.
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Parra MA, Orellana P, Leon T, Victoria CG, Henriquez F, Gomez R, Avalos C, Damian A, Slachevsky A, Ibañez A, Zetterberg H, Tijms BM, Yokoyama JS, Piña-Escudero SD, Cochran JN, Matallana DL, Acosta D, Allegri R, Arias-Suárez BP, Barra B, Behrens MI, Brucki SMD, Busatto G, Caramelli P, Castro-Suarez S, Contreras V, Custodio N, Dansilio S, De la Cruz-Puebla M, de Souza LC, Diaz MM, Duque L, Farías GA, Ferreira ST, Guimet NM, Kmaid A, Lira D, Lopera F, Meza BM, Miotto EC, Nitrini R, Nuñez A, O'neill S, Ochoa J, Pintado-Caipa M, de Paula França Resende E, Risacher S, Rojas LA, Sabaj V, Schilling L, Sellek AF, Sosa A, Takada LT, Teixeira AL, Unaucho-Pilalumbo M, Duran-Aniotz C. Biomarkers for dementia in Latin American countries: Gaps and opportunities. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:721-735. [PMID: 36098676 PMCID: PMC10906502 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Limited knowledge on dementia biomarkers in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries remains a serious barrier. Here, we reported a survey to explore the ongoing work, needs, interests, potential barriers, and opportunities for future studies related to biomarkers. The results show that neuroimaging is the most used biomarker (73%), followed by genetic studies (40%), peripheral fluids biomarkers (31%), and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (29%). Regarding barriers in LAC, lack of funding appears to undermine the implementation of biomarkers in clinical or research settings, followed by insufficient infrastructure and training. The survey revealed that despite the above barriers, the region holds a great potential to advance dementia biomarkers research. Considering the unique contributions that LAC could make to this growing field, we highlight the urgent need to expand biomarker research. These insights allowed us to propose an action plan that addresses the recommendations for a biomarker framework recently proposed by regional experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A. Parra
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde. Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Orellana
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomas Leon
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College. Dublin, Ireland
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Clinic (CMYN) Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Cabello G. Victoria
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Department - Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
- Unit of Brain Health, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Henriquez
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Department - Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO). Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory for Cognitive and Evolutionary Neuroscience (LaNCE), Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Gomez
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Clinic (CMYN) Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
- Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Mayor, Chile - Centro de Apoyo Comunitario a personas con Demencia Kintun. Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Avalos
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
| | - Andres Damian
- Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular (CUDIM) - Centro de Medicina Nuclear e Imagenología Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República. Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Clinic (CMYN) Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Department - Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO). Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neurology and Psyquiatry, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo. Santiago, Chile
| | - Agustin Ibañez
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College. Dublin, Ireland
- Global Brain Health Institute and the Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). San Francisco, USA
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, & National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg. Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital. Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology. Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL. London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Betty M. Tijms
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience. Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer S. Yokoyama
- Global Brain Health Institute and the Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). San Francisco, USA
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF. San Francisco, USA
| | - Stefanie D. Piña-Escudero
- Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Diana L Matallana
- Medical School, Aging Institute and Psychiatry Department, Neuroscience PhD Program, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá,Colombia
- Memory and Cognition Center, Intellectus, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Bogotá, Colombia
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitario Santa Fe de Bogotá. Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daisy Acosta
- Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Urena (UNPHU). Santo Domingo, República Dominicana
| | - Ricardo Allegri
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology, Instituto Neurológico Fleni. Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Neurosciences, Universidad de la Costa. Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Bianca P. Arias-Suárez
- Faculty of Human Medicine, Postgraduate Section, National University of San Marcos. Lima, Perú
| | - Bernardo Barra
- Mental Health Service, Clínica Universidad de los Andes. Santiago, Chile
- Department of Psychiatry, Medicine School, Andrés Bello University of Santiago (UNAB). Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Isabel Behrens
- Department of Neurology and Psyquiatry, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo. Santiago, Chile
- Center for Advanced Clinical Research (CICA). Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neurocience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Sonia M. D. Brucki
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo. São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Busatto
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo HCFMUSP. São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sheila Castro-Suarez
- Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, USA
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima, Perú
| | | | - Nilton Custodio
- Unit of diagnosis of cognitive impairment and dementia prevention, Instituto Peruano de Neurociencias.Lima, Perú
| | - Sergio Dansilio
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institut of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine,Universidad de la República. Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Myriam De la Cruz-Puebla
- Global Brain Health Institute and the Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). San Francisco, USA
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute. Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona. Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Technical University of Ambato. Tungurahua, Ecuador
| | - Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo HCFMUSP. São Paulo, Brazil
- Neurology Service, School of Medicine, Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Monica M. Diaz
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. North Carolina, USA
- School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Lima, Peru
| | - Lissette Duque
- Unit of Cognitive diseases, Neuromedicenter. Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gonzalo A. Farías
- Center for Advanced Clinical Research (CICA). Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio T. Ferreira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nahuel Magrath Guimet
- Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, USA
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology, Instituto Neurológico Fleni. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Kmaid
- Unit of Cognitive evaluation. Department of Geriatry ang Gerentology. Hospital de Clínicas. Faculty of Medicine. Universidad de la República. Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - David Lira
- Unit of diagnosis of cognitive impairment and dementia prevention, Instituto Peruano de Neurociencias.Lima, Perú
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, School of Medicine. Medellín, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Mar Meza
- Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, USA
- Department of Geriatry ang Gerentology, Hospital Central de la Fuerza Aérea del Perú. Lima, Perú
| | - Eliane C Miotto
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo. São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo. São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Nuñez
- Unit of Cognitive diseases, Neuromedicenter. Quito, Ecuador
| | - Santiago O'neill
- Neurosciences Institute, Favaloro Foundation University Hospital. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John Ochoa
- Group of Neuropsychology and behavior, Universidad de Antioquia, School of Medicine. Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maritza Pintado-Caipa
- Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, USA
- Unit of diagnosis of cognitive impairment and dementia prevention, Instituto Peruano de Neurociencias.Lima, Perú
| | - Elisa de Paula França Resende
- Global Brain Health Institute and the Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). San Francisco, USA
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Neurology Service, School of Medicine, Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Shannon Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine. Indianapolis, USA
| | - Luz Angela Rojas
- Research Group, MI Dneuropsy, Universidad Surcolombiana. Neiva, Colombia
| | - Valentina Sabaj
- Unit of Neuropsychogeriatry, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría. Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucas Schilling
- Neurology Service, School of Medicine, Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Sosa
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Manuel Velasco Suarez. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Leonel T. Takada
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo. São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio L. Teixeira
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH. Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Neuropsychiatry Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Houston, USA
| | - Martha Unaucho-Pilalumbo
- Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, USA
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja. Loja, Ecuador
| | - Claudia Duran-Aniotz
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Santiago, Chile
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Baazaoui N, Iqbal K. Alzheimer's Disease: Challenges and a Therapeutic Opportunity to Treat It with a Neurotrophic Compound. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101409. [PMID: 36291618 PMCID: PMC9599095 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with an insidious onset and multifactorial nature. A deficit in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity are considered the early pathological features associated with neurofibrillary tau and amyloid β pathologies and neuroinflammation. The imbalance of neurotrophic factors with an increase in FGF-2 level and a decrease in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin 4 (NT-4) in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and parietal cortex and disruption of the brain micro-environment are other characteristics of AD. Neurotrophic factors are crucial in neuronal differentiation, maturation, and survival. Several attempts to use neurotrophic factors to treat AD were made, but these trials were halted due to their blood-brain barrier (BBB) impermeability, short-half-life, and severe side effects. In the present review we mainly focus on the major etiopathology features of AD and the use of a small neurotrophic and neurogenic peptide mimetic compound; P021 that was discovered in our laboratory and was found to overcome the difficulties faced in the administration of the whole neurotrophic factor proteins. We describe pre-clinical studies on P021 and its potential as a therapeutic drug for AD and related neurodegenerative disorders. Our study is limited because it focuses only on P021 and the relevant literature; a more thorough investigation is required to review studies on various therapeutic approaches and potential drugs that are emerging in the AD field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Baazaoui
- Biology Department, College of Sciences and Arts Muhayil Assir, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-718-494-5259; Fax: +1-718-494-1080
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Khoba K, Kumar S, Chatterjee S, Purty RS. Isolation, Characterization, and In Silico Interaction Studies of Bioactive Compounds from Caesalpinia bonducella with Target Proteins Involved in Alzheimer's Disease. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:2216-2234. [PMID: 35507252 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, cognitive deterioration, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Various drug targets implicated in AD are amyloid beta peptides, cholinesterase enzymes, and anti-amylogenic protein. Medicinal plants derived phytochemical constituents provide a vast pool of diverse compounds as a source of novel drugs. In view of this, the Caesalpinia bonducella seed extract and its active phytoconstituents were used to study the disease-modifying effects in Alzheimer's disease. The present study successfully demonstrated the therapeutic potential of various phytochemicals as it binds to multiple drug targets, resulting in inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), BACE-1 enzyme, and anti-amylogenic protein as indicated by docking analysis. In conclusion, phytochemicals identified can be used as a suitable lead to developing a molecule that might have multi-targeted directed ligand (MTDL) potential and disease amelioration effects in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Khoba
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector-16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector-16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Sayan Chatterjee
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector-16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Ram Singh Purty
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector-16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India.
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Sagar R, Pathak P, Pandur B, Kim SJ, Li J, Mahairaki V. Biomarkers and Precision Medicine in Alzheimer’s Disease. GeNeDis 2020 2021; 1339:403-408. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78787-5_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Intramembrane proteolysis is more than a mechanism to “clean” the membranes from proteins no longer needed. By non-reversibly modifying transmembrane proteins, intramembrane cleaving proteases hold key roles in multiple signaling pathways and often distinguish physiological from pathological conditions. Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and signal peptide peptidase-like proteases (SPPLs) recently have been associated with multiple functions in the field of signal transduction. SPP/SPPLs together with presenilins (PSs) are the only two families of intramembrane cleaving aspartyl proteases known in mammals. PS1 or PS2 comprise the catalytic center of the γ-secretase complex, which is well-studied in the context of Alzheimer's disease. The mammalian SPP/SPPL family of intramembrane cleaving proteases consists of five members: SPP and its homologous proteins SPPL2a, SPPL2b, SPPL2c, and SPPL3. Although these proteases were discovered due to their homology to PSs, it became evident in the past two decades that no physiological functions are shared between these two families. Based on studies in cell culture models various substrates of SPP/SPPL proteases have been identified in the past years and recently-developed mouse lines lacking individual members of this protease family, will help to further clarify the physiological functions of these proteases. In this review we concentrate on signaling roles of mammalian intramembrane cleaving aspartyl proteases. In particular, we will highlight the signaling roles of PS via its substrates NOTCH, VEGF, and others, mainly focusing on its involvement in vasculature. Delineating also signaling pathways that are affected and/or controlled by SPP/SPPL proteases. From SPP's participation in tumor progression and survival, to SPPL3's regulation of protein glycosylation and SPPL2c's control over cellular calcium stores, various crossovers between proteolytic activity of intramembrane proteases and cell signaling will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkmini A Papadopoulou
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Advances in genetic and genomic technologies over the last thirty years have greatly enhanced our knowledge concerning the genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several genes including APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APOE have been shown to exhibit large effects on disease susceptibility, with the remaining risk loci having much smaller effects on AD risk. Notably, common genetic variants impacting AD are not randomly distributed across the genome. Instead, these variants are enriched within regulatory elements active in human myeloid cells, and to a lesser extent liver cells, implicating these cell and tissue types as critical to disease etiology. Integrative approaches are emerging as highly effective for identifying the specific target genes through which AD risk variants act and will likely yield important insights related to potential therapeutic targets in the coming years. In the future, additional consideration of sex- and ethnicity-specific contributions to risk as well as the contribution of complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions will likely be necessary to further improve our understanding of AD genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Neuner
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Julia Tcw
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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Franco R, Navarro G, Martínez-Pinilla E. Lessons on Differential Neuronal-Death-Vulnerability from Familial Cases of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133297. [PMID: 31277513 PMCID: PMC6651599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The main risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), the two most common neurodegenerative pathologies, is aging. In contrast to sporadic cases, whose symptoms appear at >60 years of age, familial PD or familial AD affects younger individuals. Finding early biological markers of these diseases as well as efficacious treatments for both symptom relief and delaying disease progression are of paramount relevance. Familial early-onset PD/AD are due to genetic factors, sometimes a single mutation in a given gene. Both diseases have neuronal loss and abnormal accumulations of specific proteins in common, but in different brain regions. Despite shared features, the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiological processes are not known. This review aims at finding, among the genetic-associated cases of PD and AD, common trends that could be of interest to discover reliable biomarkers and efficacious therapies, especially those aimed at affording neuroprotection, i.e., the prevention of neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Chemistry School, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 02028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33003 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
- Instituto de Salud del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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Centeno EGZ, Cimarosti H, Bithell A. 2D versus 3D human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cultures for neurodegenerative disease modelling. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:27. [PMID: 29788997 PMCID: PMC5964712 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), affect millions of people every year and so far, there are no therapeutic cures available. Even though animal and histological models have been of great aid in understanding disease mechanisms and identifying possible therapeutic strategies, in order to find disease-modifying solutions there is still a critical need for systems that can provide more predictive and physiologically relevant results. One possible avenue is the development of patient-derived models, e.g. by reprogramming patient somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which can then be differentiated into any cell type for modelling. These systems contain key genetic information from the donors, and therefore have enormous potential as tools in the investigation of pathological mechanisms underlying disease phenotype, and progression, as well as in drug testing platforms. hiPSCs have been widely cultured in 2D systems, but in order to mimic human brain complexity, 3D models have been proposed as a more advanced alternative. This review will focus on the use of patient-derived hiPSCs to model AD, PD, HD and ALS. In brief, we will cover the available stem cells, types of 2D and 3D culture systems, existing models for neurodegenerative diseases, obstacles to model these diseases in vitro, and current perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda G Z Centeno
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, 96160-000, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Helena Cimarosti
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Angela Bithell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK.
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11
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Virgili J, Lebbadi M, Tremblay C, St-Amour I, Pierrisnard C, Faucher-Genest A, Emond V, Julien C, Calon F. Characterization of a 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease with the senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) background. Synapse 2018; 72. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.22025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Virgili
- Faculté de Pharmacie; Université Laval; Quebec Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec; Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Meryem Lebbadi
- Faculté de Pharmacie; Université Laval; Quebec Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec; Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec; Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Isabelle St-Amour
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec; Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Caroline Pierrisnard
- Faculté de Pharmacie; Université Laval; Quebec Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec; Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Audrey Faucher-Genest
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec; Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Vincent Emond
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec; Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Carl Julien
- Faculté de Pharmacie; Université Laval; Quebec Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec; Université Laval; Québec Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de Pharmacie; Université Laval; Quebec Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec; Université Laval; Québec Canada
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12
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Lim CH, Mathuru AS. Modeling Alzheimer's and Other Age Related Human Diseases in Embryonic Systems. J Dev Biol 2017; 6:jdb6010001. [PMID: 29615550 PMCID: PMC5875559 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling human disease in animals is an important strategy to discover potential methods of intervention. We suggest that there is much to be gained by employing a multi-model approach that takes advantage of different animal systems used in the laboratory simultaneously. We use the example of modeling Alzheimer's disease in Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Danio rerio to illustrate how such an approach can be employed to investigate the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Hsien Lim
- Yale NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138610, Singapore.
| | - Ajay S Mathuru
- Yale NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138610, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 137673, Singapore.
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13
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Mentrup T, Fluhrer R, Schröder B. Latest emerging functions of SPP/SPPL intramembrane proteases. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:372-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurological disorder with economic, social, and medical burdens which is acknowledged as leading cause of dementia marked by the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β peptide and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein and concomitant dementia, neuron loss and brain atrophy. AD is the most prevalent neurodegenerative brain disorder with sporadic etiology, except for a small fraction of cases with familial inheritance where familial forms of AD are correlated to mutations in three functionally related genes: the amyloid-β protein precursor and presenilins 1 and 2, two key γ-secretase components. The common clinical features of AD are memory impairment that interrupts daily life, difficulty in accomplishing usual tasks, confusion with time or place, trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships. Age is the most significant risk factor for AD, whereas other risk factors correlated with AD are hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, smoking, obesity, and diabetes. Despite decades of research, there is no satisfying therapy which will terminate the advancement of AD by acting on the origin of the disease process, whereas currently available therapeutics only provide symptomatic relief but fail to attain a definite cure and prevention. This review also represents the current status of AD in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rashidur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
| | - Afsana Tajmim
- Department of Pharmacy, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
| | - Mostakim Sharif
- Department of Pharmacy, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
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15
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D'Addario C, Candia SB, Arosio B, Di Bartolomeo M, Abbate C, Casè A, Candeletti S, Romualdi P, Damanti S, Maccarrone M, Bergamaschini L, Mari D. Transcriptional and epigenetic phenomena in peripheral blood cells of monozygotic twins discordant for alzheimer's disease, a case report. J Neurol Sci 2017; 372:211-6. [PMID: 28017215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Target genes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been identified. In monozygotic twins discordant for AD we analysed the expression of selected genes, and their possible regulation by epigenetic mechanisms in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, possibly useful to discover biomarkers. Amyloid precursor protein, sirtuin 1 and peptidyl prolyl isomerase 1 gene expressions were highly up-regulated in the AD twin versus the healthy one. Consistently with sirtuin 1 role in controlling acetylation status, we observed a substantial reduction of the acetylation on histone 3 lysine 9, associated with gene transcription in the AD twin. Noteworthy in the AD twin we also observed an increased gene expression in two histone deacetylases (HDACs) isoforms: HDAC2 and HDAC9. A general DNA hypomethylation of all gene promoters studied was also observed in both twins. Our results unravel transcriptional and epigenetic differences potentially helpful to better understand environmental factors and phenotypic differences in monozygotic twins.
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16
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Wang W, Moerman-Herzog AM, Slaton A, Barger SW. Presenilin 1 mutations influence processing and trafficking of the ApoE receptor apoER2. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 49:145-153. [PMID: 27810638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin (PS)-1 is an intramembrane protease serving as the catalytic component of γ-secretase. Mutations in the PS1 gene are the most common cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). The low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor family member apoER2 is a γ-secretase substrate that has been associated with AD in several ways, including acting as a receptor for apolipoprotein E (ApoE). ApoER2 is processed by γ-secretase into a C-terminal fragment (γ-CTF) that appears to regulate gene expression. FAD PS1 mutations were tested for effects on apoER2. PS1 mutation R278I showed impaired γ-secretase activity for apoER2 in the basal state or after exposure to Reelin. PS1 M146V mutation permitted accumulation of apoER2 CTFs after Reelin treatment, whereas no difference was seen between wild-type (WT) and M146V in the basal state. PS1 L282V mutation, combined with the γ-secretase inhibitor N-(N-[3,5-Difluorophenacetyl]-L-alanyl)-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester, greatly reduced the cell-surface levels of apoER2 without affecting total apoER2 levels, suggesting a defect in receptor trafficking. These findings indicate that impaired processing or localization of apoER2 may contribute to the pathogenic effects of FAD mutations in PS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Arthur Slaton
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Steven W Barger
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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17
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Panmanee J, Nopparat C, Chavanich N, Shukla M, Mukda S, Song W, Vincent B, Govitrapong P. Melatonin regulates the transcription of βAPP-cleaving secretases mediated through melatonin receptors in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. J Pineal Res 2015; 59:308-20. [PMID: 26123100 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is involved in the control of various physiological functions, such as sleep, cell growth and free radical scavenging. The ability of melatonin to behave as an antioxidant, together with the fact that the Alzheimer-related amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) triggers oxidative stress through hydroxyl radical-induced cell death, suggests that melatonin could reduce Alzheimer's pathology. Although the exact etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains to be established, excess Aβ is believed to be the primary contributor to the dysfunction and degeneration of neurons that occurs in AD. Aβ peptides are produced via the sequential cleavage of β-secretase β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase (PS1/PS2), while α-secretase (ADAM10) prevents the production of Aβ peptides. We hypothesized that melatonin could inhibit BACE1 and PS1/PS2 and enhance ADAM10 expression. Using the human neuronal SH-SY5Y cell line, we found that melatonin inhibited BACE1 and PS1 and activated ADAM10 mRNA level and protein expression in a concentration-dependent manner and mediated via melatonin G protein-coupled receptors. Melatonin inhibits BACE1 and PS1 protein expressions through the attenuation of nuclear factor-κB phosphorylation (pNF-κB). Moreover, melatonin reduced BACE1 promoter transactivation and consequently downregulated β-secretase catalytic activity. The present data show that melatonin is not only a potential regulator of β/γ-secretase but also an activator of α-secretase expression through the activation of protein kinase C, thereby favoring the nonamyloidogenic pathway over the amyloidogenic pathway. Altogether, our findings suggest that melatonin may be a potential therapeutic agent for reducing the risk of AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Panmanee
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Chutikorn Nopparat
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Napapit Chavanich
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Mayuri Shukla
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Sujira Mukda
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Weihong Song
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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18
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Abstract
DNA damage is ubiquitous in all mammalian cells with the occurrence of more than 60,000 times per day per cell. In particular, DNA damage in neurons is found to accumulate with age and has been suggested to interfere with the synthesis of functional proteins. Moreover, recent studies have found through transgenic mice that human amyloid precursor protein causes an increase in DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) with the effect of a prolongation in DNA repair. It is surmised that amyloid β (Aβ) exacerbates the DNA DSBs in neurons, possibly engendering neuronal dysfunction as a result. However, a good understanding on the holistic interaction mechanisms and the manner in which Aβ intertwines with DNA damage is still in its infancy. In our study, we found that DNA with an AT-rich sequence has a very low binding affinity toward Aβ by means of molecular dynamics simulation. While we have pursued a particular sequence of DNA in this study, other DNA sequences are expected to affect the interaction and binding affinity between DNA and Aβ, and will be pursued in our further research. Nonetheless, we have uncovered favorable interaction between the positively charged side chain of Aβ and the two ends of DNA. The latest experiment reveals that many of the double-stranded breaks in neurons can be fixed via DNA repair mechanisms but not in the case that Aβs are present. It is found that the increased numbers of DSBs prevail in active neurons. Here, on the basis of the favorable interaction between Aβ and the two ends of DNA, we propose the possibility that Aβ prevents DNA repair via binding directly to the break ends of the DNA, which further exacerbates DNA damage. Moreover, we have found that the base pair oxygen of the DNA has a greater preference to form hydrogen bonds than the backbone oxygen with Aβ at the two ends. Thus, we postulate that Aβ could serve to prevent the repair of AT-rich DNA, and it is unlikely to cause its breakage or affect its binding toward histone. Another important observation from our study is that AT-rich DNA has very little or no influence on Aβ oligomerization. Finally, even though we do not observe any dramatic DNA conformational change in the presence of Aβ, we do observe an increase in diversity of the DNA structural parameters such as groove width, local base step, and torsional angles in lieu of Aβ interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Na Zhao
- †School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore.,‡School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore.,§Bioinformatics Institute, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138671
| | - Jie Zheng
- ‡School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore.,∥Genome Institute of Singapore, A* STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672
| | - Lock Yue Chew
- †School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore.,⊥Complexity Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 18 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
| | - Yuguang Mu
- #School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
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19
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Zhao LN, Lu L, Chew LY, Mu Y. Alzheimer's disease--a panorama glimpse. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12631-50. [PMID: 25032844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The single-mutation of genes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) increases the production of Aβ peptides. An elevated concentration of Aβ peptides is prone to aggregation into oligomers and further deposition as plaque. Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are two hallmarks of AD. In this review, we provide a broad overview of the diverses sources that could lead to AD, which include genetic origins, Aβ peptides and tau protein. We shall discuss on tau protein and tau accumulation, which result in neurofibrillary tangles. We detail the mechanisms of Aβ aggregation, fibril formation and its polymorphism. We then show the possible links between Aβ and tau pathology. Furthermore, we summarize the structural data of Aβ and its precursor protein obtained via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) or X-ray crystallography. At the end, we go through the C-terminal and N-terminal truncated Aβ variants. We wish to draw reader's attention to two predominant and toxic Aβ species, namely Aβ4-42 and pyroglutamate amyloid-beta peptides, which have been neglected for more than a decade and may be crucial in Aβ pathogenesis due to their dominant presence in the AD brain.
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Kim DH, Yeo SH, Park J, Choi JY, Lee T, Park SY, Ock MS, Eo J, Kim H, Cha H. Genetic markers for diagnosis and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Gene 2014; 545:185-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Weddell JC, Imoukhuede PI. Quantitative characterization of cellular membrane-receptor heterogeneity through statistical and computational modeling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97271. [PMID: 24827582 PMCID: PMC4020774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell population heterogeneity can affect cellular response and is a major factor in drug resistance. However, there are few techniques available to represent and explore how heterogeneity is linked to population response. Recent high-throughput genomic, proteomic, and cellomic approaches offer opportunities for profiling heterogeneity on several scales. We have recently examined heterogeneity in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) membrane localization in endothelial cells. We and others processed the heterogeneous data through ensemble averaging and integrated the data into computational models of anti-angiogenic drug effects in breast cancer. Here we show that additional modeling insight can be gained when cellular heterogeneity is considered. We present comprehensive statistical and computational methods for analyzing cellomic data sets and integrating them into deterministic models. We present a novel method for optimizing the fit of statistical distributions to heterogeneous data sets to preserve important data and exclude outliers. We compare methods of representing heterogeneous data and show methodology can affect model predictions up to 3.9-fold. We find that VEGF levels, a target for tuning angiogenesis, are more sensitive to VEGFR1 cell surface levels than VEGFR2; updating VEGFR1 levels in the tumor model gave a 64% change in free VEGF levels in the blood compartment, whereas updating VEGFR2 levels gave a 17% change. Furthermore, we find that subpopulations of tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells (tEC) expressing high levels of VEGFR (>35,000 VEGFR/cell) negate anti-VEGF treatments. We show that lowering the VEGFR membrane insertion rate for these subpopulations recovers the anti-angiogenic effect of anti-VEGF treatment, revealing new treatment targets for specific tumor cell subpopulations. This novel method of characterizing heterogeneous distributions shows for the first time how different representations of the same data set lead to different predictions of drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared C. Weddell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - P. I. Imoukhuede
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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22
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Robinson A, Grösgen S, Mett J, Zimmer VC, Haupenthal VJ, Hundsdörfer B, P. Stahlmann C, Slobodskoy Y, Müller UC, Hartmann T, Stein R, Grimm MOW. Upregulation of PGC-1α expression by Alzheimer's disease-associated pathway: presenilin 1/amyloid precursor protein (APP)/intracellular domain of APP. Aging Cell 2014; 13:263-72. [PMID: 24304563 PMCID: PMC4331788 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretase generates amyloid-β (Aβ) and APP intracellular domain (AICD) peptides. Presenilin (PS) 1 or 2 is the catalytic component of the γ-secretase complex. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an established phenomenon in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the causes and role of PS1, APP, and APP’s cleavage products in this process are largely unknown. We studied the effect of these AD-associated molecules on mitochondrial features. Using cells deficient in PSs expression, expressing human wild-type PS1, or PS1 familial AD (FAD) mutants, we found that PS1 affects mitochondrial energy metabolism (ATP levels and oxygen consumption) and expression of mitochondrial proteins. These effects were associated with enhanced expression of the mitochondrial master transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α and its target genes. Importantly, PS1-FAD mutations decreased PS1’s ability to enhance PGC-1α mRNA levels. Analyzing the effect of APP and its γ-secretase-derived cleavage products Aβ and AICD on PGC-1α expression showed that APP and AICD increase PGC-1α expression. Accordingly, PGC-1α mRNA levels in cells deficient in APP/APLP2 or expressing APP lacking its last 15 amino acids were lower than in control cells, and treatment with AICD, but not with Aβ, enhanced PGC-1α mRNA levels in these and PSs-deficient cells. In addition, knockdown of the AICD-binding partner Fe65 reduced PGC-1α mRNA levels. Importantly, APP/AICD increases PGC-1α expression also in the mice brain. Our results therefore suggest that APP processing regulates mitochondrial function and that impairments in the newly discovered PS1/APP/AICD/PGC-1α pathway may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Robinson
- Department of Neurobiology George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv Israel
| | - Sven Grösgen
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology Saarland University Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Janine Mett
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology Saarland University Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Valerie C. Zimmer
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology Saarland University Homburg/Saar Germany
| | | | | | | | - Yulia Slobodskoy
- Department of Neurobiology George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv Israel
| | - Ulrike C. Müller
- Department of Functional Genomics Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology Saarland University Homburg/Saar Germany
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP) Saarland University Homburg/Saar Germany
- Experimental Neurology Saarland University Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Reuven Stein
- Department of Neurobiology George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Marcus O. W. Grimm
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology Saarland University Homburg/Saar Germany
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP) Saarland University Homburg/Saar Germany
- Experimental Neurology Saarland University Homburg/Saar Germany
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23
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, classified as either early onset (under 65 years of age), or late onset (over 65 years of age). Three main genes are involved in early onset AD: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2). The apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 allele has been found to be a main risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several genes that might be potential risk factors for AD, including clusterin (CLU), complement receptor 1 (CR1), phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), and sortilin-related receptor (SORL1). Recent studies have discovered additional novel genes that might be involved in late-onset AD, such as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33). Identification of new AD-related genes is important for better understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to neurodegeneration. Since the differential diagnoses of neurodegenerative disorders are difficult, especially in the early stages, genetic testing is essential for diagnostic processes. Next-generation sequencing studies have been successfully used for detecting mutations, monitoring the epigenetic changes, and analyzing transcriptomes. These studies may be a promising approach toward understanding the complete genetic mechanisms of diverse genetic disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Budang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Rassas AA, Fredj SH, Khiari HM, Sahnoun S, Bibi A, Siala H, Mrabet A, Messaoud T. No association between an intronic polymorphism in the presenilin-1 gene and Alzheimer disease in a Tunisian population. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1355-8. [PMID: 23371443 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-0985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined the potential involvement of the polymorphism in intron 8 of the presenilin-1 (PSEN1) gene as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD), both through independent effect and interaction with the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele risk, in 85 patients and 90 controls. We found no significant differences in the distribution of PSEN1 genotype and allele frequency between both groups; and post stratification distribution with APOE ε4 allele. Age of onset suggests that this polymorphism influences AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afef Achouri Rassas
- Neurological Department, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Boulevard du 9 Avril, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia.
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Alonso Vilatela ME, López-López M, Yescas-Gómez P. Genetics of Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Med Res. 2012;43:622-631. [PMID: 23142261 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia in the elderly and represents an important and increasing clinical challenge in terms of diagnosis and treatment. This review highlights the role of genetics in understanding the pieces of the complex AD puzzle and summarizes the genes known to be involved in Alzheimer's disease. The amount of risk of Alzheimer's disease that is attributable to genetics is estimated to be ∼70%. Mutations in the genes encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) are responsible for early-onset autosomal dominant AD. Although mutations in these genes account for ∼1% of AD cases, their identification has been crucial to understand the molecular mechanisms of AD. For the more common complex late-onset AD, the ɛ-4 allele of the gene encoding apolipoprotein E (APOE) has been recognized as a major genetic risk factor. More recently, several potential disease risk genes have been identified with the use of advanced genomic methods like genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In the end, the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to AD will enable the development of more accurate diagnostic tests and new disease-treating strategies.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disorder of two pathologies- plaques and tangles. The former have as a key constituent amyloid protein and the latter the microtubule-associaied protein tau. Genetics has demonstrated that changes in either protein are sufficient to cause dementia. The amyloid cascade hypothesis proposes that plaque-related changes precede tangle-related changes and positions amyloid as central to the degeneration of AD. All the evidence suggests this is correct, including evidence that presenil ins alter the processing of the amyloid precursor protein and evidence that disrupting the normal properties of tau underlies the related froniotemporal dementias. The amyloid cascade hypothesis has provided the basis for nearly a decade of intensive basic science - the skeleton of that hypothesis can now be fleshed out, and confidence is growing that this will result in useful disease-modifying therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lovestone
- Author affiliations: Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the commonest progressive, dementing neurodegenerative disease in elderly, which affects innumerable people each year, and these numbers are likely to further increase as the population ages. In addition to the financial burden of AD on health care system, the disease has powerful emotional impact on caregivers and families of those afflicted. In this advancing era of AD research, with the availability of new treatment strategies having disease-modifying effects, there is growing need for the early diagnosis in AD, often hampered by paucity of biomarkers of AD. Various candidate biomarkers for AD have been developed that can detect patients with AD at an early stage. In the recent years, the search for an ideal biomarker has undergone a rapid evolution. Novel technologies in proteomics, genomics, and imaging techniques further expand the role of a biomarker not only in early diagnosis, but also in monitoring the response to various treatments. However, the availability of sensitive and specific biomarkers requires the method to be standardized so as to be able to compare the results across studies. Inspite of tremendous advances in this field the quest for an “ideal biomarker” still continues. In this review, we will discuss the various candidate markers in five spheres namely biochemical, neuroanatomical, metabolic, genetic and neuropsychological, and their current status and limitations in AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandurang R Wattamwar
- Cognition & Behavioural Neurology Section, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Devadhasan JP, Kim S, An J. Fish-on-a-chip: a sensitive detection microfluidic system for Alzheimer's disease. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:33. [PMID: 21619660 PMCID: PMC3125339 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics has become an important tool in diagnosing many diseases, including neurological and genetic disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that irreversibly and progressively destroys memory, language ability, and thinking skills. Commonly, detection of AD is expensive and complex. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-based microfluidic chip platform is capable of diagnosing AD at an early stage and they are effective tools for the diagnosis with low cost, high speed, and high sensitivity. In this review, we tried to provide basic information on the diagnosis of AD via FISH-based microfluidics. Different sample preparations using a microfluidic chip for diagnosis of AD are highlighted. Moreover, rapid innovations in nanotechnology for diagnosis are explained. This review will provide information on dynamic quantification methods for the diagnosis and treatment of AD. The knowledge provided in this review will help develop new integration diagnostic techniques based on FISH and microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine P Devadhasan
- College of Bionanotechnology, Kyungwon University, San 65, Bokjeong-Dong, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 461-701, Republic of Korea
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Wesson DW, Nixon RA, Levy E, Wilson DA. Mechanisms of neural and behavioral dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 43:163-79. [PMID: 21424679 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This review critically examines progress in understanding the link between Alzheimer's disease (AD) molecular pathogenesis and behavior, with an emphasis on the impact of amyloid-β. We present the argument that the AD research field requires more multifaceted analyses into the impacts of Alzheimer's pathogenesis which combine simultaneous molecular-, circuit-, and behavior-level approaches. Supporting this argument is a review of particular research utilizing similar, "systems-level" methods in mouse models of AD. Related to this, a critique of common physiological and behavioral models is made-highlighting the likely usefulness of more refined and specific tools in understanding the relationship between candidate molecular pathologies and behavioral dysfunction. Finally, we propose challenges for future research which, if met, may greatly extend our current understanding of how AD molecular pathology impacts neural network function and behavior and possibly may lead to refinements in disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Wesson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York University School of Medicine, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Dostal V, Roberts CM, Link CD. Genetic mechanisms of coffee extract protection in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of β-amyloid peptide toxicity. Genetics 2010; 186:857-66. [PMID: 20805557 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.110.120436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported that coffee and/or caffeine consumption may reduce Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. We found that coffee extracts can similarly protect against β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) toxicity in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans Alzheimer's disease model. The primary protective component(s) in this model is not caffeine, although caffeine by itself can show moderate protection. Coffee exposure did not decrease Aβ transgene expression and did not need to be present during Aβ induction to convey protection, suggesting that coffee exposure protection might act by activating a protective pathway. By screening the effects of coffee on a series of transgenic C. elegans stress reporter strains, we identified activation of the skn-1 (Nrf2 in mammals) transcription factor as a potential mechanism of coffee extract protection. Inactivation of skn-1 genetically or by RNAi strongly blocked the protective effects of coffee extract, indicating that activation of the skn-1 pathway was the primary mechanism of coffee protection. Coffee also protected against toxicity resulting from an aggregating form of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in a skn-1-dependent manner. These results suggest that the reported protective effects of coffee in multiple neurodegenerative diseases may result from a general activation of the Nrf2 phase II detoxification pathway.
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Kim S, Shen L, Saykin AJ, West JD. Visual exploration of genetic association with voxel-based imaging phenotypes in an MCI/AD study. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2009; 2009:3849-52. [PMID: 19963597 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5332570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging genomics is a new transdisciplinary research field, which aims to examine genetic effects on brain via integrated analyses of high throughput neuroimaging and genomic data. We report our recent work on (1) developing an imaging genomic browsing system that allows for whole genome and entire brain analyses based on visual exploration and (2) applying the system to the imaging genomic analysis of an existing MCI/AD cohort. Voxel-based morphometry is used to define imaging phenotypes. ANCOVA is employed to evaluate the effect of the interaction of genotypes and diagnosis in relation to imaging phenotypes while controlling for relevant covariates. Encouraging experimental results suggest that the proposed system has substantial potential for enabling discovery of imaging genomic associations through visual evaluation and for localizing candidate imaging regions and genomic regions for refined statistical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungeun Kim
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Beeler N, Riederer BM, Waeber G, Abderrahmani A. Role of the JNK-interacting protein 1/islet brain 1 in cell degeneration in Alzheimer disease and diabetes. Brain Res Bull 2009; 80:274-81. [PMID: 19616077 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies and some pharmacological clinical trials show the close connection between Alzheimer disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and thereby, shed more light into the existence of possible similar pathogenic mechanisms between these two diseases. Diabetes increases the risk of developing AD and sensitizers of insulin currently used as diabetes drugs can efficiently slow cognitive decline of the neurological disorder. Deposits of amyloid aggregate and hyperphosphorylation of tau, which are hallmarks of AD, have been also found in degenerating pancreatic islets beta-cells of patients with T2D. These events may have a causal role in the pathogenesis of the two diseases. Increased c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) activity is found in neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) of AD and promotes programmed cell death of beta-cells exposed to a diabetic environment. The JNK-interacting protein 1 (JIP-1), also called islet brain 1 (IB1) because it is mostly expressed in the brain and islets, is a key regulator of the JNK pathway in neuronal and beta-cells. JNK, hyperphosphorylated tau and IB1/JIP-1 all co-localize with amyloids deposits in NFT and islets of AD and patients with T2D. This review discusses the role of the IB1/JIP-1 and the JNK pathway in the molecular pathogenesis of AD and T2D.
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Abstract
The Minimotif Miner Web site contains information on several hundred short functional motifs in a single database, and allows the user to search protein queries for the presence of these motifs. Scoring based on evolutionary conservation, protein surface prediction, and motif frequency can be used in conjunction with other motif programs and the known biology of the query to reduce false-positive predictions and select short motifs for experimental pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Schiller
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Spremo-Potparević B, Zivković L, Djelić N, Plećas-Solarović B, Smith MA, Bajić V. Premature centromere division of the X chromosome in neurons in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2008; 106:2218-23. [PMID: 18624923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Premature centromere division (PCD) represents a loss of control over the sequential separation and segregation of chromosome centromeres. Although first described in aging women, PCD on the X chromosome (PCD,X) is markedly elevated in peripheral blood lymphocytes of individuals suffering from Alzheimer disease (AD). The present study evaluated PCD,X, using a fluorescent in situ hybridization method, in interphase nuclei of frontal cerebral cortex neurons from sporadic AD patients and age-matched controls. The average frequency of PCD,X in AD patients (8.60 +/- 1.20%) was almost three times higher (p < 0.01) than in the control group (2.96 +/- 1.20). However, consistent with previous studies, no mitotic cells were found in neurons in either AD or control brain, suggesting an intrinsic inability of post-mitotic neurons to divide. In view of the fact that it has been well-documented that neurons in AD can re-enter into the cell division cycle, the findings presented here of increased PCD advance the hypothesis that deregulation of the cell cycle may contribute to neuronal degeneration and subsequent cognitive deficits in AD.
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Zivković L, Spremo-Potparević B, Djelić N, Bajić V. Analysis of premature centromere division (PCD) of the chromosome 18 in peripheral blood lymphocytes in Alzheimer disease patients. Mech Ageing Dev 2006; 127:892-6. [PMID: 17069875 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Premature centromere division (PCD) of the chromosome 18 was analyzed by using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on interphase peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from six sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and six healthy elderly controls. Results of FISH analysis revealed that chromosome 18 expressed PCD in 5.18% interphase nuclei of AD patients, and in 2.59% interphase nuclei of age-matched controls (p<0.05). Our study also showed that hypoploidy and hyperploidy frequency for chromosome 18 exhibited a statistically significant increase in the AD group compared to the control one. The increase in spontaneous aneuploidy of chromosome 18 in AD patients which is correlated with PCD shows that deregulation of the time of centromere separation can be considered as a manifestation of chromosome instability leading to aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lada Zivković
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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Roelofs RF, Fischer DF, Houtman SH, Sluijs JA, Van Haren W, Van Leeuwen FW, Hol EM. Adult human subventricular, subgranular, and subpial zones contain astrocytes with a specialized intermediate filament cytoskeleton. Glia 2005; 52:289-300. [PMID: 16001427 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human glial fibrillary acidic protein-delta (GFAP-delta) is a GFAP protein isoform that is encoded by an alternative splice variant of the GFAP-gene. As a result, GFAP-delta protein differs from the predominant splice form, GFAP-alpha, by its C-terminal protein sequence. In this study, we show that GFAP-delta protein is not expressed by all GFAP-expressing astrocytes but specifically by a subpopulation located in the subpial zone of the cerebral cortex, the subgranular zone of the hippocampus, and, most intensely, by a ribbon of astrocytes following the ependymal layer of the cerebral ventricles. Therefore, at least in the sub ventricular zone (SVZ), GFAP-delta specifically marks the population of astrocytes that contain the neural stem cells in the adult human brain. Interestingly, the SVZ astrocytes actively splice GFAP-delta transcripts, in contrast to astrocytes adjacent to this layer. Furthermore, we show that GFAP-delta protein, unlike GFAP-alpha, is not upregulated in astrogliosis. Our data therefore indicate a different functional role for GFAP-delta in astrocyte physiology. Finally, transfection studies showed that GFAP-delta protein expression has a negative effect on GFAP filament formation, and therefore could be important for modulating intermediate filament cytoskeletal properties, possibly facilitating astrocyte motility. Further studies on GFAP-delta and the cells that express it are important for gaining insights into its function during differentiation, migration and during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinko F Roelofs
- Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Graduate School Neurosciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Nagasaka Y, Dillner K, Ebise H, Teramoto R, Nakagawa H, Lilius L, Axelman K, Forsell C, Ito A, Winblad B, Kimura T, Graff C. A unique gene expression signature discriminates familial Alzheimer's disease mutation carriers from their wild-type siblings. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:14854-9. [PMID: 16199521 PMCID: PMC1253556 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504178102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with an insidious onset and progressive course that inevitably leads to death. The current diagnostic tools do not allow for diagnosis until the disease has lead to irreversible brain damage. Genetic studies of autosomal dominant early onset familial AD has identified three causative genes: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 and 2 (PSEN1 and PSEN2). We performed a global gene expression analysis on fibroblasts from 33 individuals (both healthy and demented mutation carriers as well as wild-type siblings) from three families segregating the APP(SWE), APP(ARC) and PSEN1 H163Y mutations, respectively. The mutations cause hereditary progressive cognitive disorder, including typical autosomal dominant AD. Our data show that the mutation carriers share a common gene expression profile significantly different from that of their wild-type siblings. The results indicate that the disease process starts several decades before the onset of cognitive decline, suggesting that presymptomatic diagnosis of AD and other progressive cognitive disorders may be feasible in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Nagasaka
- Research Division, Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
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Spremo-Potparevic B, Zivkovic L, Djelic N, Bajic V. Analysis of premature centromere division (PCD) of the X chromosome in Alzheimer patients through the cell cycle. Exp Gerontol 2004; 39:849-54. [PMID: 15130680 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2004.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Revised: 01/08/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis of the X chromosome in phytohaemagglutinin stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes was evaluated in 12 sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and in 11 healthy subjects. For chromosome analysis two methods were used: (1) standard analysis of G-banded metaphase chromosomes and; (2) fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for the detection of the X chromosome centromeric region in interphase nuclei. Cytogenetic analysis revealed that the X chromosome expresses premature centromere division (PCD) in AD females in 10.53% of metaphase cells and in 15.22% of interphase nuclei. In AD men the percentages were 3.98 and 6.06%, respectively. X chromosome PCD in the female control group showed a percentage of 7.46% in metaphase cells and 9.35% in interphase nuclei and in male controls the percentages were 2.84% in metaphases and 5.54% in interphase nuclei. The results of FISH analysis showed that PCD could occur much earlier than metaphase of mitosis, i.e. in interphase of the cell cycle, immediately after replication. The FISH method can be used for PCD verification in all phases of the cell cycle in various disorders including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Spremo-Potparevic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biology and Human Genetics, Institute of Physiology, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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Hébert SS, Godin C, Tomiyama T, Mori H, Lévesque G. Dimerization of presenilin-1 in vivo: suggestion of novel regulatory mechanisms leading to higher order complexes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 301:119-26. [PMID: 12535650 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that presenilins could exist and be active as oligomeric complexes. Using yeast two-hybrid and cell culture analysis, we provide evidence that presenilin-1 (PS1) may self-oligomerize giving rise to specific full-length/full-length homodimers. When expressed in N2A and HEK239T cultured cells, full-length PS1-wt and 5(')myc-PS1-wt form specific homodimers corresponding to twice their molecular weight. The Alzheimer's disease-associated PS1 mutations Y115H, M146L, L392V, deltaE10(PS1(1-289/320-467)), the gamma-secretase dominant negative mutant D257A, and the PS1 polymorphism mutant E318G do not affect their ability to self-oligomerize. Under non-denaturing conditions, endogenous PS1 forms specific homo-oligomers in human cultured cells. The results obtained herein suggest that PS1 associates intramolecularly to form higher order complexes, which may be needed for endoproteolytic cleavage and/or gamma-secretase-associated activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien S Hébert
- Molecular and Human Genetics Unit, CHUQ-Pavillon St-François d'Assise, 10 rue de l' Espinay, Que., Canada G1L 3L5
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Lleó A, Blesa R, Gendre J, Castellví M, Molinuevo JL, Oliva R. [Clinical characteristics of a family with early-onset Alzheimer's disease associated with a presenilin 1 mutation (M139T)]. Med Clin (Barc) 2002; 118:698-700. [PMID: 12042135 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(02)72501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to describe the clinical features and the genetic analysis of a family with autosomal-dominant familial Alzheimer's disease. PATIENTS AND METHOD In addition to the clinical findings of different family members, we performed a genetic analysis to detect mutations in the amyloid precursor protein genes, presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 genes, by means of single-strand conformation polymorphism and subsequent sequencing. The APOE genotype was also determined. RESULTS The proband was a 52-year-old patient whose Alzheimer's disease started at age 49 years. Family history revealed that several members had developed an early onset dementia. The clinical picture in all them was characterized by cognitive and behavioral abnormalities that started at age 40 to 50 years. An important variability in the age of onset was observed among family members (range 39-51 years). The proband's genetic study identified a mutation in the presenilin 1 gene which predicted a methionine-to-treonine substitution at codon 139 (M139T). APOE genotype was *3/*3. CONCLUSIONS The clinical picture of this family carrying the M139T mutation was similar to that of the sporadic variant of Alzheimer's disease. The observed variability in the age of onset suggests that, yet being genetically determined, other genetic or environmental factors modify the clinical expression of the disease.
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Martínez-Mir A, Cañestro C, Gonzàlez-Duarte R, Albalat R. Characterization of the amphioxus presenilin gene in a high gene-density genomic region illustrates duplication during the vertebrate lineage. Gene 2001; 279:157-64. [PMID: 11733140 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular studies on the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have revealed that mutations in presenilin genes (PS) account for some familial cases. Although the contribution of these genes to the etiology is clear, their biological function remains obscure. Approaches using model organisms have been hampered by the fact that rodents contain two PS copies in the genome and do not develop the hallmark features associated with AD upon aging. To understand PS function and evolution, we have searched for PS homologous sequences in the genome of a lower chordate, Branchiostoma floridae. We report the structure of a single copy Branchiostoma floridae PS gene, named BfPS, and describe new features at the molecular level. Moreover, molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that BfPS is orthologous to the vertebrate PS-1 and PS-2 forms. Finally, the analysis of more than 16 kb of genomic DNA encompassing BfPS identified three novel genes, which cluster with BfPS in a high gene-density region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martínez-Mir
- Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Genètica, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
As knowledge of cellular signal transduction has accumulated, general truisms have emerged, including the notion that signaling proteins are usually activated by stimuli and that they, in turn, mediate the actions of specific agonists. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is an unusual protein-serine kinase that bucks these conventions. This evolutionarily conserved protein kinase is active in resting cells and is inhibited in response to activation of several distinct pathways, including those acting by elevation of 3' phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol lipids and adenosine 3'-5'-monophosphate (cAMP). In addition, GSK-3 is distinctly regulated by, and is a core component of, the Wnt pathway. This review describes the unique characteristics of this decidedly oddball protein kinase in terms of its diverse biological functions, plethora of targets, role in several human diseases, and consequential potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Woodgett
- Ontario Cancer Institute within the Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9 Canada.
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44
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Abstract
Mutations on human presenilins 1 and 2 cause dominant early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Presenilins are polytopic transmembrane proteins endoproteolytically processed in vivo to N- and C-terminal fragments (NTFs and CTFs). The functional presenilin unit consists of a high molecular weight complex that contains both fragments. Here we show NTF:NTF, CTF:CTF and NTF:CTF interactions by yeast two-hybrid and in vivo endoplasmic reticulum split-ubiquitin assays. Our results also highlight the involvement of HL1--the hydrophilic loop between TMI and TMII--in the NTF:NTF binding site. Besides, nine FAD-linked presenilin mutations substantially affected HL1:HL1 binding. From the evidence of NTF and CTF homodimerization, we propose the contribution of two NTFs and two CTFs, instead of a single NTF:CTF heterodimer, to the functional presenilin-gamma-secretase complex and that FAD mutations affect the assembly or stability of this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cervantes
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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45
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Maltese WA, Wilson S, Tan Y, Suomensaari S, Sinha S, Barbour R, McConlogue L. Retention of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor fragment C99 in the endoplasmic reticulum prevents formation of amyloid beta-peptide. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:20267-79. [PMID: 11278337 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007238200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
gamma-Secretase is a membrane-associated endoprotease that catalyzes the final step in the processing of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), resulting in the release of amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta). The molecular identity of gamma-secretase remains in question, although recent studies have implicated the presenilins, which are membrane-spanning proteins localized predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Based on these observations, we have tested the hypothesis that gamma-secretase cleavage of the membrane-anchored C-terminal stump of APP (i.e. C99) occurs in the ER compartment. When recombinant C99 was expressed in 293 cells, it was localized mainly in the Golgi apparatus and gave rise to abundant amounts of Abeta. Co-expression of C99 with mutant forms of presenilin-1 (PS1) found in familial Alzheimer's disease resulted in a characteristic elevation of the Abeta(42)/Abeta(40) ratio, indicating that the N-terminal exodomain of APP is not required for mutant PS1 to influence the site of gamma-secretase cleavage. Biogenesis of both Abeta(40) and Abeta(42) was almost completely eliminated when C99 was prevented from leaving the ER by addition of a di-lysine retention motif (KKQN) or by co-expression with a dominant-negative mutant of the Rab1B GTPase. These findings indicate that the ER is not a major intracellular site for gamma-secretase cleavage of C99. Thus, by inference, PS1 localized in this compartment does not appear to be active as gamma-secretase. The results suggest that presenilins may acquire the characteristics of gamma-secretase after leaving the ER, possibly by assembling with other proteins in peripheral membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Maltese
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
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46
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Steiner H, Revesz T, Neumann M, Romig H, Grim MG, Pesold B, Kretzschmar HA, Hardy J, Holton JL, Baumeister R, Houlden H, Haass C. A pathogenic presenilin-1 deletion causes abberrant Abeta 42 production in the absence of congophilic amyloid plaques. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:7233-9. [PMID: 11084029 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007183200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) is frequently associated with mutations in the presenilin-1 (PS1) gene. Almost all PS1-associated FAD mutations reported so far are exchanges of single conserved amino acids and cause the increased production of the highly amyloidogenic 42-residue amyloid beta-peptide Abeta42. Here we report the identification and pathological function of an unusual FAD-associated PS1 deletion (PS1 DeltaI83/DeltaM84). This FAD mutation is associated with spastic paraparesis clinically and causes accumulation of noncongophilic Abeta-positive "cotton wool" plaques in brain parenchyma. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy due to Abeta deposition was widespread as were neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads, although tau-positive neurites were sparse. Although significant deposition of Abeta42 was observed, no neuritic pathology was associated with these unusual lesions. Overexpressing PS1 DeltaI83/DeltaM84 in cultured cells results in a significantly elevated level of the highly amyloidogenic 42-amino acid amyloid beta-peptide Abeta42. Moreover, functional analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans reveals reduced activity of PS1 DeltaI83/DeltaM84 in Notch signaling. Our data therefore demonstrate that a small deletion of PS proteins can pathologically affect PS function in endoproteolysis of beta-amyloid precursor protein and in Notch signaling. Therefore, the PS1 DeltaI83/DeltaM84 deletion shows a very similar biochemical/functional phenotype like all other FAD-associated PS1 or PS2 point mutations. Since increased Abeta42 production is not associated with classical senile plaque formation, these data demonstrate that amyloid plaque formation is not a prerequisite for dementia and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Steiner
- Adolf Butenandt-Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
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47
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Abstract
Considerable advances have been made the last years in the understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD): Several pathogenic mutations have been found in the amyloid precursor protein gene on chromosome 21. Two other dominantly operating genes on chromosome 14 and 1 were recently cloned, named presenilin 1 and 2, respectively. Mutations in these genes give rise to AD with a very early age of onset. Increased Abeta1-42 is most likely the pathogenic mechanism in all these cases. A susceptibility gene for AD has also been found. There is an association between the epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene and late-onset AD. The epsilon4 allele increases the risk for AD, although some epsilon4 homozygotes may live a long life without developing AD. The mechanism by which APOE epsilon4 promotes development of AD is most likely increased plaque formation. The new knowledge on pathogenic mechanisms of the disease gives opportunities for alternative strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lannfelt
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Neurotec, Novum KFC, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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48
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Queralt R, Ezquerra M, Castellví M, Lleó A, Blesa R, Oliva R. Detection of the presenilin 1 gene mutation (M139T) in early-onset familial Alzheimer disease in Spain. Neurosci Lett 2001; 299:239-41. [PMID: 11165779 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In a family with early-onset Alzheimer disease (EOAD) from Spain we found a mutation in the presenilin 1 (PS1) gene that predicts a methionine-to-threonine change at the PS1 residue 139 (M139T). This mutation was previously reported in a independent French family. The age of onset of the disease was similar in the affected members from both families, suggesting a specific age of expression (range 47-50 years). The detection of the M139T mutation in an independent EOAD family strongly supports the pathogenicity of this mutation in familial Alzheimer disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Queralt
- Genetics Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
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49
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Macario AJ, De Macario EC. Molecular chaperones and age-related degenerative disorders. Interorganellar Signaling in Age-Related Disease 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-3124(01)07018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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50
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Abstract
Presenilins were first identified as causative factors in early onset, familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD). They are predicted to encode a highly conserved novel family of eight transmembrane domain proteins with a large hydrophilic loop between TM6 and TM7 that is the site of numerous FAD mutations. Here, we show that the loop region of Drosophila and human presenilins interacts with the C-terminal domain of Drosophila filamin. Furthermore, we show that Drosophila has at least two major filamin forms generated by alternative splicing from a gene that maps to position 89E10-89F4 on chromosome 3. The longest form is enriched in the central nervous system and ovaries, shares 41.7% overall amino acid identity with human filamin (ABP-280) and contains an N-terminal actin-binding domain. The shorter form is broadly expressed and encodes an alternatively spliced form of the protein lacking the actin-binding domain. Finally, we show that presenilin and filamin are expressed in overlapping patterns in Drosophila and that dominant adult phenotypes produced by overexpression of presenilin can be suppressed by overexpression of filamin in the same tissue. Taken together, these results suggest that presenilin and filamin functionally interact during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Guo
- Program in Developmental Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
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