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Moorwood K, Smith FM, Garfield AS, Ward A. Imprinted Grb10, encoding growth factor receptor bound protein 10, regulates fetal growth independently of the insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (Igf1r) and insulin receptor (Insr) genes. BMC Biol 2024; 22:127. [PMID: 38816743 PMCID: PMC11140863 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01926-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal size at birth dictates perinatal survival and long-term risk of developing common disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The imprinted Grb10 gene encodes a signalling adaptor protein capable of inhibiting receptor tyrosine kinases, including the insulin receptor (Insr) and insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (Igf1r). Grb10 restricts fetal growth such that Grb10 knockout (KO) mice are at birth some 25-35% larger than wild type. Using a mouse genetic approach, we test the widely held assumption that Grb10 influences growth through interaction with Igf1r, which has a highly conserved growth promoting role. RESULTS Should Grb10 interact with Igf1r to regulate growth Grb10:Igf1r double mutant mice should be indistinguishable from Igf1r KO single mutants, which are around half normal size at birth. Instead, Grb10:Igf1r double mutants were intermediate in size between Grb10 KO and Igf1r KO single mutants, indicating additive effects of the two signalling proteins having opposite actions in separate pathways. Some organs examined followed a similar pattern, though Grb10 KO neonates exhibited sparing of the brain and kidneys, whereas the influence of Igf1r extended to all organs. An interaction between Grb10 and Insr was similarly investigated. While there was no general evidence for a major interaction for fetal growth regulation, the liver was an exception. The liver in Grb10 KO mutants was disproportionately overgrown with evidence of excess lipid storage in hepatocytes, whereas Grb10:Insr double mutants were indistinguishable from Insr single mutants or wild types. CONCLUSIONS Grb10 acts largely independently of Igf1r or Insr to control fetal growth and has a more variable influence on individual organs. Only the disproportionate overgrowth and excess lipid storage seen in the Grb10 KO neonatal liver can be explained through an interaction between Grb10 and the Insr. Our findings are important for understanding how positive and negative influences on fetal growth dictate size and tissue proportions at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Moorwood
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Building 4 South, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Florentia M Smith
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Building 4 South, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair S Garfield
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Building 4 South, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Ward
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Building 4 South, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
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Hummel S, Rosenberger S, von dem Berge T, Besser REJ, Casteels K, Hommel A, Kordonouri O, Elding Larsson H, Lundgren M, Marcus BA, Oltarzewski M, Rochtus A, Szypowska A, Todd JA, Weiss A, Winkler C, Bonifacio E, Ziegler AG. Early-childhood body mass index and its association with the COVID-19 pandemic, containment measures and islet autoimmunity in children with increased risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2024; 67:670-678. [PMID: 38214711 PMCID: PMC10904508 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to determine whether BMI in early childhood was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and containment measures, and whether it was associated with the risk for islet autoimmunity. METHODS Between February 2018 and May 2023, data on BMI and islet autoimmunity were collected from 1050 children enrolled in the Primary Oral Insulin Trial, aged from 4.0 months to 5.5 years of age. The start of the COVID-19 pandemic was defined as 18 March 2020, and a stringency index was used to assess the stringency of containment measures. Islet autoimmunity was defined as either the development of persistent confirmed multiple islet autoantibodies, or the development of one or more islet autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes. Multivariate linear mixed-effect, linear and logistic regression methods were applied to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and the stringency index on early-childhood BMI measurements (BMI as a time-varying variable, BMI at 9 months of age and overweight risk at 9 months of age), and Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the effect of BMI measurements on islet autoimmunity risk. RESULTS The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with increased time-varying BMI (β = 0.39; 95% CI 0.30, 0.47) and overweight risk at 9 months (β = 0.44; 95% CI 0.03, 0.84). During the COVID-19 pandemic, a higher stringency index was positively associated with time-varying BMI (β = 0.02; 95% CI 0.00, 0.04 per 10 units increase), BMI at 9 months (β = 0.13; 95% CI 0.01, 0.25) and overweight risk at 9 months (β = 0.23; 95% CI 0.03, 0.43). A higher age-corrected BMI and overweight risk at 9 months were associated with increased risk for developing islet autoimmunity up to 5.5 years of age (HR 1.16; 95% CI 1.01, 1.32 and HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.00, 2.82, respectively). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Early-childhood BMI increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, and was influenced by the level of restrictions during the pandemic. Controlling for the COVID-19 pandemic, elevated BMI during early childhood was associated with increased risk for childhood islet autoimmunity in children with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hummel
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
- School of Medicine, Forschergruppe Diabetes at Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Sarah Rosenberger
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology - IBE, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Rachel E J Besser
- Centre for Human Genetics, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kristina Casteels
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Angela Hommel
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olga Kordonouri
- Kinder- und Jugendkrankenhaus auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helena Elding Larsson
- Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Paediatrics, Skane University Hospital, Malmö/Lund, Sweden
| | - Markus Lundgren
- Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Kristianstad Hospital, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Benjamin A Marcus
- School of Medicine, Forschergruppe Diabetes at Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariusz Oltarzewski
- Department of Paediatric Diabetology and Paediatrics, The Children's Clinical Hospital Józef Polikarp Brudziński, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anne Rochtus
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Agnieszka Szypowska
- Department of Paediatric Diabetology and Paediatrics, The Children's Clinical Hospital Józef Polikarp Brudziński, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - John A Todd
- Centre for Human Genetics, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Weiss
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Christiane Winkler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ezio Bonifacio
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anette-G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- School of Medicine, Forschergruppe Diabetes at Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Nongmaithem SS, Beaumont RN, Dedaniya A, Wood AR, Ogunkolade BW, Hassan Z, Krishnaveni GV, Kumaran K, Potdar RD, Sahariah SA, Krishna M, Di Gravio C, Mali ID, Sankareswaran A, Hussain A, Bhowmik BW, Khan AKA, Knight BA, Frayling TM, Finer S, Fall CHD, Yajnik CS, Freathy RM, Hitman GA, Chandak GR. Babies of South Asian and European Ancestry Show Similar Associations With Genetic Risk Score for Birth Weight Despite the Smaller Size of South Asian Newborns. Diabetes 2022; 71:821-836. [PMID: 35061033 PMCID: PMC7612532 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Size at birth is known to be influenced by various fetal and maternal factors, including genetic effects. South Asians have a high burden of low birth weight and cardiometabolic diseases, yet studies of common genetic variations underpinning these phenotypes are lacking. We generated independent, weighted fetal genetic scores (fGSs) and maternal genetic scores (mGSs) from 196 birth weight-associated variants identified in Europeans and conducted an association analysis with various fetal birth parameters and anthropometric and cardiometabolic traits measured at different follow-up stages (5-6-year intervals) from seven Indian and Bangladeshi cohorts of South Asian ancestry. The results from these cohorts were compared with South Asians in UK Biobank and the Exeter Family Study of Childhood Health, a European ancestry cohort. Birth weight increased by 50.7 g and 33.6 g per SD of fGS (P = 9.1 × 10-11) and mGS (P = 0.003), respectively, in South Asians. A relatively weaker mGS effect compared with Europeans indicates possible different intrauterine exposures between Europeans and South Asians. Birth weight was strongly associated with body size in both childhood and adolescence (P = 3 × 10-5 to 1.9 × 10-51); however, fGS was associated with body size in childhood only (P < 0.01) and with head circumference, fasting glucose, and triglycerides in adults (P < 0.01). The substantially smaller newborn size in South Asians with comparable fetal genetic effect to Europeans on birth weight suggests a significant role of factors related to fetal growth that were not captured by the present genetic scores. These factors may include different environmental exposures, maternal body size, health and nutritional status, etc. Persistent influence of genetic loci on size at birth and adult metabolic syndrome in our study supports a common genetic mechanism that partly explains associations between early development and later cardiometabolic health in various populations, despite marked differences in phenotypic and environmental factors in South Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj S Nongmaithem
- Genomic Research on Complex diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Akshay Dedaniya
- Genomic Research on Complex diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Babatunji-William Ogunkolade
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Zahid Hassan
- Dept of Physiology and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Kalyanaraman Kumaran
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Murali Krishna
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
- Foundation for Research and Advocacy in Mental Health (FRAMe) Mysore. India
| | - Chiara Di Gravio
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Inder D Mali
- Genomic Research on Complex diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Alagu Sankareswaran
- Genomic Research on Complex diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Akhtar Hussain
- Centre of Global Health Research, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nord University, Norway
| | - Biswajit W Bhowmik
- Centre of Global Health Research, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdul Kalam A Khan
- Centre of Global Health Research, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bridget A Knight
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- RD&E NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah Finer
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Caroline HD Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Rachel M Freathy
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Graham A Hitman
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Giriraj R Chandak
- Genomic Research on Complex diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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Aguilera-Venegas IG, Mora-Peña JDS, Velazquez-Villafaña M, Gonzalez-Dominguez MI, Barbosa-Sabanero G, Gomez-Zapata HM, Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy ML. Association of diabetes-related variants in ADCY5 and CDKAL1 with neonatal insulin, C-peptide, and birth weight. Endocrine 2021; 74:318-331. [PMID: 34169461 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neonates at the highest and lowest percentiles of birth weight present an increased risk of developing metabolic diseases in adult life. While environmental events in utero may play an important role in this association, some genetic variants are associated both with birth weight and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), suggesting a genetic link between intrauterine growth and metabolism in adult life. Variants rs11708067 in ADCY5 and rs7754840 in CDKAL1 are associated with low birth weight, risk of T2DM, and lower insulin secretion in adults. We aimed to investigate whether, besides birth weight, these polymorphisms were related to insulin secretion at birth. METHODS A cohort of 218 healthy term newborns from uncomplicated pregnancies were evaluated for anthropometric and biochemical variables. Cord blood insulin and C-peptide were analyzed by ELISA. Genotyping of rs11708067 in ADCY5 and rs7754840 in CDKAL1 was performed. RESULTS Newborns carrying the A allele of ADCY5 rs11708067 had lower cord blood insulin and C-peptide, even after adjusting by maternal glycemia, HbA1c, and pregestational BMI. Lower birth weight was found for AA-AG genotypes compared to GG, but no differences were seen in adjusted birth weight or z-score. Variant rs7754840 in CDKAL1 was not associated with birth weight, neonatal insulin, or C-peptide for any genotype or genetic model. CONCLUSIONS The variant rs11708067 in ADCY5 is associated with lower neonatal insulin and C-peptide concentrations. Our results suggest that the genetic influence on insulin secretion may be evident from birth, even in healthy newborns, independently of maternal glycemia and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martha-Isabel Gonzalez-Dominguez
- Universidad de la Cienega del Estado de Michoacan de Ocampo, Trayectoria de Ingenieria en Nanotecnologia, Sahuayo, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Gloria Barbosa-Sabanero
- Medical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Balkhiyarova Z, Luciano R, Kaakinen M, Ulrich A, Shmeliov A, Bianchi M, Chioma L, Dallapiccola B, Prokopenko I, Manco M. Relationship between glucose homeostasis and obesity in early life-A study of Italian children and adolescents. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:816-826. [PMID: 34590674 PMCID: PMC8895752 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epidemic obesity is the most important risk factor for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in youth as it is in adults. Obesity shares pathophysiological mechanisms with T2D and is likely to share part of the genetic background. We aimed to test if weighted genetic risk scores (GRSs) for T2D, fasting glucose (FG) and fasting insulin (FI) predict glycaemic traits and if there is a causal relationship between obesity and impaired glucose metabolism in children and adolescents. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Genotyping of 42 SNPs established by genome-wide association studies for T2D, FG and FI was performed in 1660 Italian youths aged between 2 and 19 years. We defined GRS for T2D, FG and FI and tested their effects on glycaemic traits, including FG, FI, indices of insulin resistance/beta cell function, and body mass index (BMI). We evaluated causal relationships between obesity and FG/FI using one-sample Mendelian Randomization analyses in both directions. RESULTS GRS-FG associated with FG (beta = 0.075 mmol/l, SE = 0.011, P = 1.58 × 10-11) and beta cell function (beta = -0.041, SE = 0.0090 P = 5.13 × 10-6). GRS-T2D also demonstrated an association with beta cell function (beta = -0.020, SE = 0.021 P = 0.030). We detected a causal effect of increased BMI on levels of FI in Italian youths (beta = 0.31 ln (pmol/l), 95%CI [0.078, 0.54], P = 0.0085), while there was no effect of FG/FI levels on BMI. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the glycaemic and T2D risk genetic variants contribute to higher FG and FI levels and decreased beta cell function in children and adolescents. The causal effects of adiposity on increased insulin resistance are detectable from childhood age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Balkhiyarova
- Section of Statistical Multi-Omics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.,Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450008, Russian Federation.,Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa 450054, Russian Federation
| | - Rosa Luciano
- Research Area for Multifactorial Disease, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Section of Statistical Multi-Omics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.,Section of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anna Ulrich
- Section of Statistical Multi-Omics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.,Section of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Aleksey Shmeliov
- Section of Statistical Multi-Omics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Marzia Bianchi
- Research Area for Multifactorial Disease, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Laura Chioma
- Unit of Endocrinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Section of Statistical Multi-Omics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.,Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450008, Russian Federation.,UMR 8199 - EGID, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CNRS, University of Lille, Lille 59000, France
| | - Melania Manco
- Research Area for Multifactorial Disease, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
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Hughes AE, Hattersley AT, Flanagan SE, Freathy RM. Two decades since the fetal insulin hypothesis: what have we learned from genetics? Diabetologia 2021; 64:717-726. [PMID: 33569631 PMCID: PMC7940336 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In 1998 the fetal insulin hypothesis proposed that lower birthweight and adult-onset type 2 diabetes are two phenotypes of the same genotype. Since then, advances in research investigating the role of genetics affecting insulin secretion and action have furthered knowledge of fetal insulin-mediated growth and the biology of type 2 diabetes. In this review, we discuss the historical research context from which the fetal insulin hypothesis originated and consider the position of the hypothesis in light of recent evidence. In summary, there is now ample evidence to support the idea that variants of certain genes which result in impaired pancreatic beta cell function and reduced insulin secretion contribute to both lower birthweight and higher type 2 diabetes risk in later life when inherited by the fetus. There is also evidence to support genetic links between type 2 diabetes secondary to reduced insulin action and lower birthweight but this applies only to loci implicated in body fat distribution and not those influencing insulin resistance via obesity or lipid metabolism by the liver. Finally, we also consider how advances in genetics are being used to explore alternative hypotheses, namely the role of the maternal intrauterine environment, in the relationship between lower birthweight and adult cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Hughes
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah E Flanagan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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