1
|
Zhang XY, Li YY, Huang HX, Zhao CC, Lei XX, Zhao BP, Lu JY, Lan T, Sun WC. Seneca Valley virus 3C pro antagonizes host innate immune responses and programmed cell death. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1235620. [PMID: 37869659 PMCID: PMC10588452 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1235620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Seneca Valley virus (SVV), a member of the Picornaviridae family, may cause serious water blister diseases in pregnant sows and acute death in newborn piglets, which have resulted in economic losses in pig production. The 3C protease is a vital enzyme for SVV maturation and is capable of regulating protein cleavage and RNA replication of the virus. Additionally, this protease can impede the host's innate immune response by targeting the interferon pathway's principal factor and enhance virus replication by modulating the host's RNA metabolism while simultaneously triggering programmed cell death. This article reviews recent studies on SVV 3C functions, which include viral replication promotion, cell apoptosis modulation and host immune response evasion, and provides a theoretical basis for research on preventing and controlling SVV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-yu Zhang
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu-ying Li
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hai-xin Huang
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Chen-chen Zhao
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-xiao Lei
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bao-peng Zhao
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing-yi Lu
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen-chao Sun
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
An Y, Chen ZS, Chan H, Ngo J. Molecular insights into the interaction of CAG trinucleotide RNA repeats with nucleolin and its implication in polyglutamine diseases. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:7655-7668. [PMID: 35776134 PMCID: PMC9303306 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a type of inherited neurodegenerative disorders caused by cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide expansion within the coding region of the disease-associated genes. We previously demonstrated that a pathogenic interaction between expanded CAG RNA and the nucleolin (NCL) protein triggers the nucleolar stress and neuronal cell death in polyQ diseases. However, mechanisms behind the molecular interaction remain unknown. Here, we report a 1.45 Å crystal structure of the r(CAG)5 oligo that comprises a full A'-form helical turn with widened grooves. Based on this structure, we simulated a model of r(CAG)5 RNA complexed with the RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) of NCL and identified NCL residues that are critical for its binding to CAG RNA. Combined with in vitro and in vivo site-directed mutagenesis studies, our model reveals that CAG RNA binds to NCL sites that are not important for other cellular functions like gene expression and rRNA synthesis regulation, indicating that toxic CAG RNA interferes with NCL functions by sequestering it. Accordingly, an NCL mutant that is aberrant in CAG RNA-binding could rescue RNA-induced cytotoxicity effectively. Taken together, our study provides new molecular insights into the pathogenic mechanism of polyQ diseases mediated by NCL-CAG RNA interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying An
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhefan S Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ho Yin Edwin Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jacky Chi Ki Ngo
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Novel Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song J, Quan R, Wang D, Liu J. Seneca Valley Virus 3C pro Mediates Cleavage and Redistribution of Nucleolin To Facilitate Viral Replication. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0030422. [PMID: 35357201 PMCID: PMC9045095 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00304-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a recently discovered pathogen that poses a significant threat to the global pig industry. It has been shown that many viruses are reliant on nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of nucleolin (NCL) for their own replication. Here, we demonstrate that NCL, a critical protein component of the nucleolus, is cleaved and translocated out of the nucleoli following SVV infection. Furthermore, our data suggest that SVV 3C protease (3Cpro) is responsible for this cleavage and subsequent delocalization from the nucleoli, and that inactivation of this protease activity abolished this cleavage and translocation. SVV 3Cpro cleaved NCL at residue Q545, and the cleavage fragment (aa 1 to 545) facilitated viral replication, which was similar to the activities described for full-length NCL. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown indicated that NCL is required for efficient viral replication and viral protein expression. In contrast, lentivirus-mediated overexpression of NCL significantly enhanced viral replication. Taken together, these results indicate that SVV 3Cpro targets NCL for its cleavage and redistribution, which contributes to efficient viral replication, thereby emphasizing the potential target of antiviral strategies for the control of SVV infection. IMPORTANCE The nucleolus is a subnuclear cellular compartment, and nucleolin (NCL) resides predominantly in the nucleolus. NCL participates in viral replication, translation, internalization, and also serves as a receptor for virus entry. The interaction between NCL and SVV is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that SVV 3Cpro targets NCL for its cleavage and nucleocytoplasmic transportation, which contributes to efficient viral replication. Our results reveal novel function of SVV 3Cpro and provide further insight into the mechanisms by which SVV utilizes nucleoli for efficient replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu J, Miao Q, Guo H, Tang A, Dong D, Tang J, Wang F, Tong G, Liu G. Nucleolin interacts with the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus replicase RdRp, nonstructural proteins p16 and p23, playing a role in virus replication. Virol Sin 2022; 37:48-59. [PMID: 35234629 PMCID: PMC8922422 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a member of the Caliciviridae family and cannot be propagated in vitro, which has impeded the progress of investigating its replication mechanism. Construction of an RHDV replicon system has recently provided a platform for exploring RHDV replication in host cells. Here, aided by this replicon system and using two-step affinity purification, we purified the RHDV replicase and identified its associated host factors. We identified rabbit nucleolin (NCL) as a physical link, which mediating the interaction between other RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)-related host proteins and the viral replicase RdRp. We found that the overexpression or knockdown of NCL significantly increased or severely impaired RHDV replication in RK-13 cells, respectively. NCL was identified to directly interact with RHDV RdRp, p16, and p23. Furthermore, NCL knockdown severely impaired the binding of RdRp to RdRp-related host factors. Collectively, these results indicate that the host protein NCL is essential for RHDV replication and acts as a physical link between viral replicase and host proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qiuhong Miao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China; Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Hongyuan Guo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Aoxing Tang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Dandan Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jingyu Tang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Šašinková M, Holoubek A, Otevřelová P, Kuželová K, Brodská B. AML-associated mutation of nucleophosmin compromises its interaction with nucleolin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 103:65-73. [PMID: 30130654 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
C-terminal mutations of the nucleolar protein nucleophosmin (NPM) are the most frequent genetic aberration detected in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with normal karyotype. The mutations cause aberrant cytoplasmic localization of NPM and lead to loss of functions associated with NPM nucleolar localization, e.g. in ribosome biogenesis or DNA-damage repair. NPM has many interaction partners and some of them were proved to interact also with the mutated form (NPMmut) and due to this interaction thereby to be withdrawn from their site of action. We analyzed the impact of the mutation on NPM interaction with nucleolin (NCL) which is also prevalently localized into the nucleolus and cooperates with wild-type NPM (NPMwt) in many cellular processes. We revealed that the NCL-NPM complex formation is completely abolished by the mutation and that the presence/absence of the interaction is not affected by drugs causing genotoxic stress or differentiation. Deregulation resulting from changes of NCL/NPMwt ratio may contribute to leukemogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Šašinková
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Holoubek
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Otevřelová
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kuželová
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Brodská
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu J, Miao Q, Tang J, Wang X, Dong D, Liu T, Qi R, Yang Z, Liu G. Nucleolin mediates the internalization of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus through clathrin-dependent endocytosis. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007383. [PMID: 30339712 PMCID: PMC6209375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is an important member of the Caliciviridae family and a highly lethal pathogen in rabbits. Although the cell receptor of RHDV has been identified, the mechanism underlying RHDV internalization remains unknown. In this study, the entry and post-internalization of RHDV into host cells were investigated using several biochemical inhibitors and RNA interference. Our data demonstrate that rabbit nucleolin (NCL) plays a key role in RHDV internalization. Further study revealed that NCL specifically interacts with the RHDV capsid protein (VP60) through its N-terminal residues (aa 285-318), and the exact position of the VP60 protein for the interaction with NCL is located in a highly conserved region (472Asp-Val-Asn474; DVN motif). Following competitive blocking of the interaction between NCL and VP60 with an artificial DVN peptide (RRTGDVNAAAGSTNGTQ), the internalization efficiency of the virus was markedly reduced. Moreover, NCL also interacts with the C-terminal residues of clathrin light chain A, which is an important component in clathrin-dependent endocytosis. In addition, the results of animal experiments also demonstrated that artificial DVN peptides protected most rabbits from RHDV infection. These findings demonstrate that NCL is involved in RHDV internalization through clathrin-dependent endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiuhong Miao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jingyu Tang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Teng Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ruibin Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhibiao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Garcia-Esparcia P, Hernández-Ortega K, Koneti A, Gil L, Delgado-Morales R, Castaño E, Carmona M, Ferrer I. Altered machinery of protein synthesis is region- and stage-dependent and is associated with α-synuclein oligomers in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:76. [PMID: 26621506 PMCID: PMC4666041 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal α-synuclein in selected regions of the brain following a gradient of severity with disease progression. Whether this is accompanied by globally altered protein synthesis is poorly documented. The present study was carried out in PD stages 1-6 of Braak and middle-aged (MA) individuals without alterations in brain in the substantia nigra, frontal cortex area 8, angular gyrus, precuneus and putamen. RESULTS Reduced mRNA expression of nucleolar proteins nucleolin (NCL), nucleophosmin (NPM1), nucleoplasmin 3 (NPM3) and upstream binding transcription factor (UBF), decreased NPM1 but not NPM3 nucleolar protein immunostaining in remaining neurons; diminished 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA; reduced expression of several mRNAs encoding ribosomal protein (RP) subunits; and altered protein levels of initiation factor eIF3 and elongation factor eEF2 of protein synthesis was found in the substantia nigra in PD along with disease progression. Although many of these changes can be related to neuron loss in the substantia nigra, selective alteration of certain factors indicates variable degree of vulnerability of mRNAs, rRNAs and proteins in degenerating sustantia nigra. NPM1 mRNA and 18S rRNA was increased in the frontal cortex area 8 at stage 5-6; modifications were less marked and region-dependent in the angular gyrus and precuneus. Several RPs were abnormally regulated in the frontal cortex area 8 and precuneus, but only one RP in the angular gyrus, in PD. Altered levels of eIF3 and eIF1, and decrease eEF1A and eEF2 protein levels were observed in the frontal cortex in PD. No modifications were found in the putamen at any time of the study except transient modifications in 28S rRNA and only one RP mRNA at stages 5-6. These observations further indicate marked region-dependent and stage-dependent alterations in the cerebral cortex in PD. Altered solubility and α-synuclein oligomer formation, assessed in total homogenate fractions blotted with anti-α-synuclein oligomer-specific antibody, was demonstrated in the substantia nigra and frontal cortex, but not in the putamen, in PD. Dramatic increase in α-synuclein oligomers was also seen in fluorescent-activated cell sorter (FACS)-isolated nuclei in the frontal cortex in PD. CONCLUSIONS Altered machinery of protein synthesis is altered in the substantia nigra and cerebral cortex in PD being the frontal cortex area 8 more affected than the angular gyrus and precuneus; in contrast, pathways of protein synthesis are apparently preserved in the putamen. This is associated with the presence of α-synuclein oligomeric species in total homogenates; substantia nigra and frontal cortex are enriched, albeit with different band patterns, in α-synuclein oligomeric species, whereas α-synuclein oligomers are not detected in the putamen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Garcia-Esparcia
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat; Biomedical Research Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karina Hernández-Ortega
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat; Biomedical Research Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anusha Koneti
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat; Biomedical Research Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Gil
- Department of Genetics, Medical School, Alfonso X el Sabio University, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Delgado-Morales
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Castaño
- Biology-Bellvitge Unit, Scientific and Technological Centers-University of Barcelona (CCiTUB), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Carmona
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat; Biomedical Research Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat; Biomedical Research Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, Bellvitge University Hospital, carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Garcia-Diaz B, Barca E, Balreira A, Lopez LC, Tadesse S, Krishna S, Naini A, Mariotti C, Castellotti B, Quinzii CM. Lack of aprataxin impairs mitochondrial functions via downregulation of the APE1/NRF1/NRF2 pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4516-29. [PMID: 25976310 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in APTX, which encodes the DNA strand-break repair protein aprataxin (APTX). CoQ10 deficiency has been identified in fibroblasts and muscle of AOA1 patients carrying the common W279X mutation, and aprataxin has been localized to mitochondria in neuroblastoma cells, where it enhances preservation of mitochondrial function. In this study, we show that aprataxin deficiency impairs mitochondrial function, independent of its role in mitochondrial DNA repair. The bioenergetics defect in AOA1-mutant fibroblasts and APTX-depleted Hela cells is caused by decreased expression of SDHA and genes encoding CoQ biosynthetic enzymes, in association with reductions of APE1, NRF1 and NRF2. The biochemical and molecular abnormalities in APTX-depleted cells are recapitulated by knockdown of APE1 in Hela cells and are rescued by overexpression of NRF1/2. Importantly, pharmacological upregulation of NRF1 alone by 5-aminoimidazone-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide does not rescue the phenotype, which, in contrast, is reversed by the upregulation of NRF2 by rosiglitazone. Accordingly, we propose that the lack of aprataxin causes reduction of the pathway APE1/NRF1/NRF2 and their target genes. Our findings demonstrate a critical role of APTX in transcription regulation of mitochondrial function and the pathogenesis of AOA1 via a novel pathomechanistic pathway, which may be relevant to other neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuele Barca
- Department of Neurology, UOC of Neurology and Neuromuscular Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, University of Messina, Messina 98100, Italy
| | | | - Luis C Lopez
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Health Science Technological Park (PTS), University of Granada, Armilla, Granada 18100, Spain and
| | | | - Sindhu Krishna
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ali Naini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Caterina Mariotti
- Unitâ di Genetica delle Malattie Neurodegenerative e Metaboliche, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico 'Carlo Besta', Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Barbara Castellotti
- Unitâ di Genetica delle Malattie Neurodegenerative e Metaboliche, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico 'Carlo Besta', Milan 20126, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carroll J, Page TKW, Chiang SC, Kalmar B, Bode D, Greensmith L, Mckinnon PJ, Thorpe JR, Hafezparast M, El-Khamisy SF. Expression of a pathogenic mutation of SOD1 sensitizes aprataxin-deficient cells and mice to oxidative stress and triggers hallmarks of premature ageing. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:828-40. [PMID: 25274775 PMCID: PMC4291253 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aprataxin (APTX) deficiency causes progressive cerebellar degeneration, ataxia and oculomotor apraxia in man. Cell free assays and crystal structure studies demonstrate a role for APTX in resolving 5'-adenylated nucleic acid breaks, however, APTX function in vertebrates remains unclear due to the lack of an appropriate model system. Here, we generated a murine model in which a pathogenic mutant of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1(G93A)) is expressed in an Aptx-/- mouse strain. We report a delayed population doubling and accelerated senescence in Aptx-/- primary mouse fibroblasts, which is not due to detectable telomere instability or cell cycle deregulation but is associated with a reduction in transcription recovery following oxidative stress. Expression of SOD1(G93A) uncovers a survival defect ex vivo in cultured cells and in vivo in tissues lacking Aptx. The surviving neurons feature numerous and deep nuclear envelope invaginations, a hallmark of cellular stress. Furthermore, they possess an elevated number of high-density nuclear regions and a concomitant increase in histone H3 K9 trimethylation, hallmarks of silenced chromatin. Finally, the accelerated cellular senescence was also observed at the organismal level as shown by down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a hallmark of premature ageing. Together, this study demonstrates a protective role of Aptx in vivo and suggests that its loss results in progressive accumulation of DNA breaks in the nervous system, triggering hallmarks of premature ageing, systemically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Carroll
- Genome Damage and Stability Center, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Tristan K W Page
- School of Life Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Shih-Chieh Chiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Bernadett Kalmar
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Bode
- School of Life Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Linda Greensmith
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter J Mckinnon
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA and
| | - Julian R Thorpe
- School of Life Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | | | - Sherif F El-Khamisy
- Genome Damage and Stability Center, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK Center of Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schellenberg MJ, Tumbale PP, Williams RS. Molecular underpinnings of Aprataxin RNA/DNA deadenylase function and dysfunction in neurological disease. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 117:157-165. [PMID: 25637650 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic DNA ligases seal DNA breaks in the final step of DNA replication and repair transactions via a three-step reaction mechanism that can abort if DNA ligases encounter modified DNA termini, such as the products and repair intermediates of DNA oxidation, alkylation, or the aberrant incorporation of ribonucleotides into genomic DNA. Such abortive DNA ligation reactions act as molecular checkpoint for DNA damage and create 5'-adenylated nucleic acid termini in the context of DNA and RNA-DNA substrates in DNA single strand break repair (SSBR) and ribonucleotide excision repair (RER). Aprataxin (APTX), a protein altered in the heritable neurological disorder Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia 1 (AOA1), acts as a DNA ligase "proofreader" to directly reverse AMP-modified nucleic acid termini in DNA- and RNA-DNA damage responses. Herein, we survey APTX function and the emerging cell biological, structural and biochemical data that has established a molecular foundation for understanding the APTX mediated deadenylation reaction, and is providing insights into the molecular bases of APTX deficiency in AOA1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Schellenberg
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Percy P Tumbale
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - R Scott Williams
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xiao S, Caglar E, Maldonado P, Das D, Nadeem Z, Chi A, Trinité B, Li X, Saxena A. Induced expression of nucleolin phosphorylation-deficient mutant confers dominant-negative effect on cell proliferation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109858. [PMID: 25313645 PMCID: PMC4196967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleolin (NCL) is a major nucleolar phosphoprotein that has pleiotropic effects on cell proliferation and is elevated in a variety of tumors. NCL is highly phosphorylated at the N-terminus by two major kinases: interphase casein kinase 2 (CK2) and mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Earlier we demonstrated that a NCL-mutant that is partly defective in undergoing phosphorylation by CK2 inhibits chromosomal replication through its interactions with Replication Protein A, mimicking the cellular response to DNA damage. We further delineated that the N-terminus of NCL associates with Hdm2, the most common E3 ubiquitin ligase of p53. We reported that NCL antagonizes Hdm2 to stabilize p53 and stimulates p53 transcriptional activity. Although NCL-phosphorylation by CK2 and ribosomal DNA transcription are closely coordinated during interphase, the role of NCL phosphorylation in regulating cell proliferation remains unexplored. We have therefore engineered unique human cells that specifically induce expression of NCL-wild type (WT) or a phosphorylation-deficient NCL-mutant, 6/S*A where all the six CK2 consensus serine sites residing in the N-terminus NCL were mutated to alanine. Here we show that this NCL-mutant is defective in undergoing phosphorylation by CK2. We also demonstrate that NCL-phosphorylation by CK2 is required through the S-phase progression in cell cycle and hence proliferation. Induced expression of NCL with mutated CK2 phosphorylation sites stabilizes p53, results in higher expression of Bcl2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) homology 3 (BH3)-only apoptotic markers and causes a dominant-negative effect on cell viability. Our unique cellular system thus provides the first evidential support to delineate phospho-specific functions of NCL on cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Xiao
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- City University of New York, Graduate Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elif Caglar
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Priscilla Maldonado
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dibash Das
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- City University of New York, Graduate Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Zaineb Nadeem
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Angela Chi
- Great Neck South High School, Great Neck, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xin Li
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anjana Saxena
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- City University of New York, Graduate Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gudavicius G, Dilworth D, Serpa JJ, Sessler N, Petrotchenko EV, Borchers CH, Nelson CJ. The prolyl isomerase, FKBP25, interacts with RNA-engaged nucleolin and the pre-60S ribosomal subunit. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 20:1014-22. [PMID: 24840943 PMCID: PMC4114681 DOI: 10.1261/rna.042648.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl-proline isomerases of the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family belong to a class of enzymes that catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of prolyl-peptide bonds in proteins. A handful of FKBPs are found in the nucleus, implying that the isomerization of proline in nuclear proteins is enzymatically controlled. FKBP25 is a nuclear protein that has been shown to associate with chromatin modifiers and transcription factors. In this study, we performed the first proteomic characterization of FKBP25 and found that it interacts with numerous ribosomal proteins, ribosomal processing factors, and a small selection of chromatin modifiers. In agreement with previous reports, we found that nucleolin is a major FKBP25-interacting protein and demonstrated that this interaction is dependent on rRNA. FKBP25 interacts with the immature large ribosomal subunit in nuclear extract but does not associate with mature ribosomes, implicating this FKBP's action in ribosome biogenesis. Despite engaging nascent 60S ribosomes, FKBP25 does not affect steady-state levels of rRNAs or its pre-rRNA intermediates. We conclude that FKBP25 is likely recruited to preribosomes to chaperone one of the protein components of the ribosome large subunit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Gudavicius
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P5C2, Canada
| | - David Dilworth
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P5C2, Canada
| | - Jason J. Serpa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P5C2, Canada
- University of Victoria Genome BC Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z7X8, Canada
| | - Nicole Sessler
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P5C2, Canada
- University of Victoria Genome BC Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z7X8, Canada
| | - Evgeniy V. Petrotchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P5C2, Canada
- University of Victoria Genome BC Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z7X8, Canada
| | - Christoph H. Borchers
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P5C2, Canada
- University of Victoria Genome BC Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z7X8, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P5C2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Poletto M, Lirussi L, Wilson DM, Tell G. Nucleophosmin modulates stability, activity, and nucleolar accumulation of base excision repair proteins. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1641-52. [PMID: 24648491 PMCID: PMC4019495 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-12-0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is a multifunctional protein that controls cell growth and genome stability via a mechanism that involves nucleolar-cytoplasmic shuttling. It is clear that NPM1 also contributes to the DNA damage response, yet its exact function is poorly understood. We recently linked NPM1 expression to the functional activation of the major abasic endonuclease in mammalian base excision repair (BER), apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1). Here we unveil a novel role for NPM1 as a modulator of the whole BER pathway by 1) controlling BER protein levels, 2) regulating total BER capacity, and 3) modulating the nucleolar localization of several BER enzymes. We find that cell treatment with the genotoxin cisplatin leads to concurrent relocalization of NPM1 and BER components from nucleoli to the nucleoplasm, and cellular experiments targeting APE1 suggest a role for the redistribution of nucleolar BER factors in determining cisplatin toxicity. Finally, based on the use of APE1 as a representative protein of the BER pathway, our data suggest a function for BER proteins in the regulation of ribogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Poletto
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Lisa Lirussi
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - David M Wilson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tsoi H, Chan HYE. Roles of the nucleolus in the CAG RNA-mediated toxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:779-84. [PMID: 24269666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nucleolus is a subnuclear compartment within the cell nucleus that serves as the site for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription and the assembly of ribosome subunits. Apart from its classical role in ribosomal biogenesis, a number of cellular regulatory roles have recently been assigned to the nucleolus, including governing the induction of apoptosis. "Nucleolar stress" is a term that is used to describe a signaling pathway through which the nucleolus communicates with other subcellular compartments, including the mitochondria, to induce apoptosis. It is an effective mechanism for eliminating cells that are incapable of performing protein synthesis efficiently due to ribosome biogenesis defects. The down-regulation of rRNA transcription is a common cause of nucleolar function disruption that subsequently triggers nucleolar stress, and has been associated with the pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) and Huntington's diseases (HD). This article discusses recent advances in mechanistic studies of how expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat RNA transcripts trigger nucleolar stress in SCAs, HD and other trinucleotide repeat disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Role of the Nucleolus in Human Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Tsoi
- Laboratory of Drosophila Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China; Biochemistry Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Yin Edwin Chan
- Laboratory of Drosophila Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China; Biochemistry Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China; Molecular Biotechnology Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zachová D, Fojtová M, Dvořáčková M, Mozgová I, Lermontova I, Peška V, Schubert I, Fajkus J, Sýkorová E. Structure-function relationships during transgenic telomerase expression in Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 149:114-26. [PMID: 23278240 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although telomerase (EC 2.7.7.49) is important for genome stability and totipotency of plant cells, the principles of its regulation are not well understood. Therefore, we studied subcellular localization and function of the full-length and truncated variants of the catalytic subunit of Arabidopsis thaliana telomerase, AtTERT, in planta. Our results show that multiple sites in AtTERT may serve as nuclear localization signals, as all the studied individual domains of the AtTERT were targeted to the nucleus and/or the nucleolus. Although the introduced genomic or cDNA AtTERT transgenes display expression at transcript and protein levels, they are not able to fully complement the lack of telomerase functions in tert -/- mutants. The failure to reconstitute telomerase function in planta suggests a more complex telomerase regulation in plant cells than would be expected based on results of similar experiments in mammalian model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Zachová
- Faculty of Science and Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, CZ-61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bire S, Casteret S, Arnaoty A, Piégu B, Lecomte T, Bigot Y. Transposase concentration controls transposition activity: myth or reality? Gene 2013; 530:165-71. [PMID: 23994686 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanisms underlying the regulation of DNA transposons might be central to understanding their function and dynamics in genomes. From results obtained under artificial experimental conditions, it has been proposed that some DNA transposons self-regulate their activity via overproduction inhibition (OPI), a mechanism by which transposition activity is down-regulated when the transposase is overconcentrated in cells. However, numerous studies have given contradictory results depending on the experimental conditions. Moreover, we do not know in which cellular compartment this phenomenon takes place, or whether transposases assemble to form dense foci when they are highly expressed in cells. In the present review, we focus on investigating the data available about eukaryotic transposons to explain the mechanisms underlying OPI. Data in the literature indicate that members of the IS630-Tc1-mariner, Hobo-Ac-Tam, and piggyBac superfamilies are able to use OPI to self-regulate their transposition activity in vivo in most eukaryotic cells, and that some of them are able to assemble so as to form higher order soluble oligomers. We also investigated the localization and behavior of GFP-fused transposases belonging to the mariner, Tc1-like, and piggyBac families, investigating their ability to aggregate in cells when they are overexpressed. Transposases are able to form dense foci when they are highly expressed. Moreover, the cellular compartments in which these foci are concentrated depend on the transposase, and on its expression. The data presented here suggest that sequestration in cytoplasmic or nucleoplasmic foci, or within the nucleoli, might protect the genome against the potentially genotoxic effects of the non-specific nuclease activities of eukaryotic transposases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Bire
- PRC, UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
DNA damage created by endogenous or exogenous genotoxic agents can exist in multiple forms, and if allowed to persist, can promote genome instability and directly lead to various human diseases, particularly cancer, neurological abnormalities, immunodeficiency and premature aging. To avoid such deleterious outcomes, cells have evolved an array of DNA repair pathways, which carry out what is typically a multiple-step process to resolve specific DNA lesions and maintain genome integrity. To fully appreciate the biological contributions of the different DNA repair systems, one must keep in mind the cellular context within which they operate. For example, the human body is composed of non-dividing and dividing cell types, including, in the brain, neurons and glial cells. We describe herein the molecular mechanisms of the different DNA repair pathways, and review their roles in non-dividing and dividing cells, with an eye toward how these pathways may regulate the development of neurological disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Iyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sykora P, Wilson DM, Bohr VA. Base excision repair in the mammalian brain: implication for age related neurodegeneration. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 134:440-8. [PMID: 23643943 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The repair of damaged DNA is essential to maintain longevity of an organism. The brain is a matrix of different neural cell types including proliferative astrocytes and post-mitotic neurons. Post-mitotic DNA repair is a version of proliferative DNA repair, with a reduced number of available pathways and most of these attenuated. Base excision repair (BER) is one pathway that remains robust in neurons; it is this pathway that resolves the damage due to oxidative stress. This oxidative damage is an unavoidable byproduct of respiration, and considering the high metabolic activity of neurons this type of damage is particularly pertinent in the brain. The accumulation of oxidative DNA damage over time is a central aspect of the theory of aging and repair of such chronic damage is of the highest importance. We review research conducted in BER mouse models to clarify the role of this pathway in the neural system. The requirement for BER in proliferating cells also correlates with high levels of many of the BER enzymes in neurogenesis after DNA damage. However, the pathway is also necessary for normal neural maintenance as larger infarct volumes after ischemic stroke are seen in some glycosylase deficient animals. Further, the requirement for DNA polymerase β in post-mitotic BER is potentially more important than in proliferating cells due to reduced levels of replicative polymerases. The BER response may have particular relevance for the onset and progression of many neurodegenerative diseases associated with an increase in oxidative stress including Alzheimer's.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sykora
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Nucleoli are the sites where synthesis of rRNA and ribosomal assembly take place. Along with these "traditional" roles, the nucleolus controls cellular physiology and homeostasis. The cellular and molecular alterations associated with impaired nucleolar activity ("nucleolar stress") have just started to be systematically explored in the nervous system taking advantage of newly available animal models lacking rRNA synthesis in specific neurons. These studies showed that nucleolar function is necessary for neuronal survival and that its modality of action differs between and within cell types. Nucleolar function is also crucial in pathology as it controls mitochondrial activity and critical stress signaling pathways mimicking hallmarks of human neurodegenerative diseases. This mini-review will focus on the modes of action of nucleolar stress and discuss how the manipulation of nucleolar activity might underscore novel strategies to extend neuronal function and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Parlato
- Department of Molecular Biology of the Cell I, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jeppesen DK, Bohr VA, Stevnsner T. DNA repair deficiency in neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94:166-200. [PMID: 21550379 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency in repair of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage has been linked to several neurodegenerative disorders. Many recent experimental results indicate that the post-mitotic neurons are particularly prone to accumulation of unrepaired DNA lesions potentially leading to progressive neurodegeneration. Nucleotide excision repair is the cellular pathway responsible for removing helix-distorting DNA damage and deficiency in such repair is found in a number of diseases with neurodegenerative phenotypes, including Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Cockayne syndrome. The main pathway for repairing oxidative base lesions is base excision repair, and such repair is crucial for neurons given their high rates of oxygen metabolism. Mismatch repair corrects base mispairs generated during replication and evidence indicates that oxidative DNA damage can cause this pathway to expand trinucleotide repeats, thereby causing Huntington's disease. Single-strand breaks are common DNA lesions and are associated with the neurodegenerative diseases, ataxia-oculomotor apraxia-1 and spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy-1. DNA double-strand breaks are toxic lesions and two main pathways exist for their repair: homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining. Ataxia telangiectasia and related disorders with defects in these pathways illustrate that such defects can lead to early childhood neurodegeneration. Aging is a risk factor for neurodegeneration and accumulation of oxidative mitochondrial DNA damage may be linked with the age-associated neurodegenerative disorders Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mutation in the WRN protein leads to the premature aging disease Werner syndrome, a disorder that features neurodegeneration. In this article we review the evidence linking deficiencies in the DNA repair pathways with neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kjølhede Jeppesen
- Danish Centre for Molecular Gerontology and Danish Aging Research Center, University of Aarhus, Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
El-Khamisy SF. To live or to die: a matter of processing damaged DNA termini in neurons. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 3:78-88. [PMID: 21246735 PMCID: PMC3377058 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the repair of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage underpin several hereditary neurological diseases in humans. Of the different activities that repair chromosomal DNA breaks, defects in resolving damaged DNA termini are among the most common causes of neuronal cell death. Here, the molecular mechanisms of some of the DNA end processing activities are reviewed and the association with human neurodegenerative disease is discussed.
Collapse
|
22
|
Becherel OJ, Jakob B, Cherry AL, Gueven N, Fusser M, Kijas AW, Peng C, Katyal S, McKinnon PJ, Chen J, Epe B, Smerdon SJ, Taucher-Scholz G, Lavin MF. CK2 phosphorylation-dependent interaction between aprataxin and MDC1 in the DNA damage response. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:1489-503. [PMID: 20008512 PMCID: PMC2836575 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aprataxin, defective in the neurodegenerative disorder ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 1, resolves abortive DNA ligation intermediates during DNA repair. Here, we demonstrate that aprataxin localizes at sites of DNA damage induced by high LET radiation and binds to mediator of DNA-damage checkpoint protein 1 (MDC1/NFBD1) through a phosphorylation-dependent interaction. This interaction is mediated via the aprataxin FHA domain and multiple casein kinase 2 di-phosphorylated S-D-T-D motifs in MDC1. X-ray structural and mutagenic analysis of aprataxin FHA domain, combined with modelling of the pSDpTD peptide interaction suggest an unusual FHA binding mechanism mediated by a cluster of basic residues at and around the canonical pT-docking site. Mutation of aprataxin FHA Arg29 prevented its interaction with MDC1 and recruitment to sites of DNA damage. These results indicate that aprataxin is involved not only in single strand break repair but also in the processing of a subset of double strand breaks presumably through its interaction with MDC1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier J. Becherel
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforschung GmBH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, The MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA and Central Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Burkhard Jakob
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforschung GmBH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, The MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA and Central Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amy L. Cherry
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforschung GmBH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, The MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA and Central Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nuri Gueven
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforschung GmBH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, The MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA and Central Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Markus Fusser
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforschung GmBH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, The MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA and Central Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amanda W. Kijas
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforschung GmBH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, The MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA and Central Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cheng Peng
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforschung GmBH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, The MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA and Central Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sachin Katyal
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforschung GmBH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, The MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA and Central Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter J. McKinnon
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforschung GmBH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, The MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA and Central Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Junjie Chen
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforschung GmBH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, The MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA and Central Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bernd Epe
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforschung GmBH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, The MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA and Central Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Smerdon
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforschung GmBH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, The MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA and Central Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gisela Taucher-Scholz
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforschung GmBH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, The MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA and Central Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martin F. Lavin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforschung GmBH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, The MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA and Central Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tada M, Yokoseki A, Sato T, Makifuchi T, Onodera O. Early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia/ataxia with oculomotor apraxia 1. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 685:21-33. [PMID: 20687492 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6448-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) are non-overlapping discontinuities in strands ofa DNA duplex. Significant attention has been given on the DNA SSB repair (SSBR) system in neurons, because the impairment of the SSBR causes human neurodegenerative disorders, including early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia (EAOH), also known as ataxia-oculomotor apraxia Type 1 (AOA1). EAOH/AOA1 is characterized by early-onset slowly progressive ataxia, ocular motor apraxia, peripheral neuropathy and hypoalbuminemia. Neuropathological examination reveals severe loss of Purkinje cells and moderate neuronal loss in the anterior horn and dorsal root ganglia. EAOH/AOA1 is caused by the mutation in the APTX gene encoding the aprataxin (APTX) protein. APTX interacts with X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 protein, which is a scaffold protein in SSBR. In addition, APTX-defective cells show increased sensitivity to genotoxic agents, which result in SSBs. These results indicate an important role ofAPTX in SSBR. SSBs are usually accompanied by modified or damaged 5'- and 3'-ends at the break site. Because these modified or damaged ends are not suitable for DNA ligation, they need to be restored to conventional ends prior to subsequent repair processes. APTX restores the 5'-adenylate monophosphate, 3'-phosphates and 3'-phosphoglycolate ends. The loss of function of APTX results in the accumulation of SSBs, consequently leading to neuronal cell dysfunction and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tada
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
AOA1 (ataxia oculomotor apraxia-1) results from mutations in aprataxin, a component of DNA strand break repair that removes AMP from 5'-termini. In the present article, we provide an overview of this disease and review recent experiments demonstrating that short-patch repair of oxidative single-strand breaks in AOA1 cell extracts bypasses the point of aprataxin action and stalls at the final step of DNA ligation, resulting in accumulation of adenylated DNA nicks. Strikingly, this defect results from insufficient levels of non-adenylated DNA ligase and short-patch single-strand break repair can be restored in AOA1 extracts, independently of aprataxin, by addition of recombinant DNA ligase.
Collapse
|
25
|
Harris JL, Jakob B, Taucher-Scholz G, Dianov GL, Becherel OJ, Lavin MF. Aprataxin, poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and apurinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) function together to protect the genome against oxidative damage. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:4102-17. [PMID: 19643912 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aprataxin, defective in the neurodegenerative disorder ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1), is a DNA repair protein that processes the product of abortive ligations, 5' adenylated DNA. In addition to its interaction with the single-strand break repair protein XRCC1, aprataxin also interacts with poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1), a key player in the detection of DNA single-strand breaks. Here, we reveal reduced expression of PARP-1, apurinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) and OGG1 in AOA1 cells and demonstrate a requirement for PARP-1 in the recruitment of aprataxin to sites of DNA breaks. While inhibition of PARP activity did not affect aprataxin activity in vitro, it retarded its recruitment to sites of DNA damage in vivo. We also demonstrate the presence of elevated levels of oxidative DNA damage in AOA1 cells coupled with reduced base excision and gap filling repair efficiencies indicative of a synergy between aprataxin, PARP-1, APE-1 and OGG1 in the DNA damage response. These data support both direct and indirect modulating functions for aprataxin on base excision repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janelle L Harris
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Suraweera A, Lim Y, Woods R, Birrell GW, Nasim T, Becherel OJ, Lavin MF. Functional role for senataxin, defective in ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 2, in transcriptional regulation. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:3384-96. [PMID: 19515850 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia and oculomotor apraxia. The gene mutated in AOA2, SETX, encodes senataxin, a putative DNA/RNA helicase which shares high homology to the yeast Sen1p protein and has been shown to play a role in the response to oxidative stress. To investigate further the function of senataxin, we identified novel senataxin-interacting proteins, the majority of which are involved in transcription and RNA processing, including RNA polymerase II. Binding of RNA polymerase II to candidate genes was significantly reduced in senataxin deficient cells and this was accompanied by decreased transcription of these genes, suggesting a role for senataxin in the regulation/modulation of transcription. RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription termination was defective in cells depleted of senataxin in keeping with the observed interaction of senataxin with poly(A) binding proteins 1 and 2. Splicing efficiency of specific mRNAs and alternate splice-site selection of both endogenous genes and artificial minigenes were altered in senataxin depleted cells. These data suggest that senataxin, similar to its yeast homolog Sen1p, plays a role in coordinating transcriptional events, in addition to its role in DNA repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amila Suraweera
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Hereditary defects in the repair of DNA damage are implicated in a variety of diseases, many of which are typified by neurological dysfunction and/or increased genetic instability and cancer. Of the different types of DNA damage that arise in cells, single-strand breaks (SSBs) are the most common, arising at a frequency of tens of thousands per cell per day from direct attack by intracellular metabolites and from spontaneous DNA decay. Here, the molecular mechanisms and organization of the DNA-repair pathways that remove SSBs are reviewed and the connection between defects in these pathways and hereditary neurodegenerative disease are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nucleolin – Characteristics of Protein and its Role in Biology of Cancers and Viral Infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2478/v10052-008-0003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
29
|
Gatti RA, Boder E, Good RA. Immunodeficiency, radiosensitivity, and the XCIND syndrome. Immunol Res 2008; 38:87-101. [PMID: 17917014 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-007-0018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Through the analysis of a rare disorder called ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), many important biological lessons have been gleaned. Today, it is clear that the underlying defect of A-T lies in the nucleus, as an inability to repair or process double strand breaks. More important, by the A-T phenotype now allows us to appreciate a much more general distinction between immunodeficiencies that are radiosensitive and those that are not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Gatti
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA David Geffin School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ma N, Matsunaga S, Takata H, Ono-Maniwa R, Uchiyama S, Fukui K. Nucleolin functions in nucleolus formation and chromosome congression. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:2091-105. [PMID: 17535846 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.008771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex structure, designated the chromosome periphery, surrounds each chromosome during mitosis. Although several proteins have been shown to localize to the chromosome periphery, their functions during mitosis remain unclear. Here, we used a combination of high-resolution microscopy and RNA-interference-mediated depletion to study the functions of nucleolin, a nucleolar protein localized at the chromosome periphery, in interphase and mitosis. During mitosis, nucleolin was localized in the peripheral region including the vicinity of the outer kinetochore of chromosomes. Staining with an antibody specific for nucleolin phosphorylated by CDC2 revealed that nucleolin was also associated with the spindle poles from prometaphase to anaphase. Nucleolin depletion resulted in disorganization of the nucleoli at interphase. Furthermore, nucleolin-depleted cells showed a prolonged cell cycle with misaligned chromosomes and defects in spindle organization. The misaligned chromosomes showed syntelic kinetochore-microtubule attachments with reduced centromere stretching. Taken together, our results indicate that nucleolin is required for nucleolus formation, and is also involved in chromosome congression and spindle formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Suraweera A, Becherel OJ, Chen P, Rundle N, Woods R, Nakamura J, Gatei M, Criscuolo C, Filla A, Chessa L, Fusser M, Epe B, Gueven N, Lavin MF. Senataxin, defective in ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 2, is involved in the defense against oxidative DNA damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:969-79. [PMID: 17562789 PMCID: PMC2064358 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200701042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adefective response to DNA damage is observed in several human autosomal recessive ataxias with oculomotor apraxia, including ataxia-telangiectasia. We report that senataxin, defective in ataxia oculomotor apraxia (AOA) type 2, is a nuclear protein involved in the DNA damage response. AOA2 cells are sensitive to H2O2, camptothecin, and mitomycin C, but not to ionizing radiation, and sensitivity was rescued with full-length SETX cDNA. AOA2 cells exhibited constitutive oxidative DNA damage and enhanced chromosomal instability in response to H2O2. Rejoining of H2O2-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) was significantly reduced in AOA2 cells compared to controls, and there was no evidence for a defect in DNA single-strand break repair. This defect in DSB repair was corrected by full-length SETX cDNA. These results provide evidence that an additional member of the autosomal recessive AOA is also characterized by a defective response to DNA damage, which may contribute to the neurodegeneration seen in this syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amila Suraweera
- Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hirano M, Asai H, Kiriyama T, Furiya Y, Iwamoto T, Nishiwaki T, Yamamoto A, Mori T, Ueno S. Short half-lives of ataxia-associated aprataxin proteins in neuronal cells. Neurosci Lett 2007; 419:184-7. [PMID: 17485165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia (EAOH)/ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding aprataxin (APTX). Although several in vitro findings proposed that impaired enzymatic activities of APTX are responsible for EAOH/AOA1, potential instability of mutant proteins has also been suggested as the pathogenesis based on in vivo finding that mutant proteins are almost undetectable in EAOH/AOA1 tissues or cells. The present study aimed to experimentally prove instability of mutant proteins in neuronal cells, the cell type preferentially affected by this disease. Results of pulse-chase experiments demonstrated that all of the disease-associated mutants had extremely shorter half-lives than the WT. We further found that mutants were targeted for rapid proteasome-mediated degradation. These results help establish pathogenic and physiological protein characteristics of APTX in neuronal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makito Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hirano M, Yamamoto A, Mori T, Lan L, Iwamoto TA, Aoki M, Shimada K, Furiya Y, Kariya S, Asai H, Yasui A, Nishiwaki T, Imoto K, Kobayashi N, Kiriyama T, Nagata T, Konishi N, Itoyama Y, Ueno S. DNA single-strand break repair is impaired in aprataxin-related ataxia. Ann Neurol 2007; 61:162-74. [PMID: 17315206 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia (EAOH)/ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1) is an autosomal recessive form of cerebellar ataxia. The causative protein for EAOH/AOA1, aprataxin (APTX), interacts with X-ray repair cross-complementing 1 (XRCC1), a scaffold DNA repair protein for single-strand breaks (SSBs). The goal of this study was to prove the functional involvement of APTX in SSB repair (SSBR). METHODS We visualized the SSBR process with a recently developed laser irradiation system that allows real-time observation of SSBR proteins and with a local ultraviolet-irradiation system using a XPA-UVDE cell line that repairs DNA lesions exclusively via SSBR. APTX was knocked down using small interference RNA in the cells. Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and cell death were assessed in EAOH fibroblasts and cerebellum. RESULTS Our systems showed the XRCC1-dependent recruitment of APTX to SSBs. SSBR was impaired in APTX-knocked-down cells. Oxidative stress in EAOH fibroblasts readily induced SSBs and cell death, which were blocked by antioxidants. Accumulated oxidative DNA damage was confirmed in EAOH cerebellum. INTERPRETATION This study provides the first direct evidence for the functional involvement of APTX in SSBR and in vivo DNA damage in EAOH/AOA1, and suggests a benefit of antioxidant treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makito Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Radioisotope Research Center, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|