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Gandhi S, Sweeney HL, Hart CC, Han R, Perry CGR. Cardiomyopathy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and the Potential for Mitochondrial Therapeutics to Improve Treatment Response. Cells 2024; 13:1168. [PMID: 39056750 PMCID: PMC11274633 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive neuromuscular disease caused by mutations to the dystrophin gene, resulting in deficiency of dystrophin protein, loss of myofiber integrity in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and eventual cell death and replacement with fibrotic tissue. Pathologic cardiac manifestations occur in nearly every DMD patient, with the development of cardiomyopathy-the leading cause of death-inevitable by adulthood. As early cardiac abnormalities are difficult to detect, timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment modalities remain a challenge. There is no cure for DMD; treatment is aimed at delaying disease progression and alleviating symptoms. A comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms is crucial to the development of targeted treatments. While established hypotheses of underlying mechanisms include sarcolemmal weakening, upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and perturbed ion homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be a potential key contributor. Several experimental compounds targeting the skeletal muscle pathology of DMD are in development, but the effects of such agents on cardiac function remain unclear. The synergistic integration of small molecule- and gene-target-based drugs with metabolic-, immune-, or ion balance-enhancing compounds into a combinatorial therapy offers potential for treating dystrophin deficiency-induced cardiomyopathy, making it crucial to understand the underlying mechanisms driving the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Gandhi
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - H. Lee Sweeney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (H.L.S.); (C.C.H.)
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Cora C. Hart
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (H.L.S.); (C.C.H.)
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Renzhi Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Christopher G. R. Perry
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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2
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Gandhi S, Sweeney G, Perry CGR. Recent Advances in Pre-Clinical Development of Adiponectin Receptor Agonist Therapies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1407. [PMID: 39061981 PMCID: PMC11274162 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by genetic mutations in the cytoskeletal-sarcolemmal anchor protein dystrophin. Repeated cycles of sarcolemmal tearing and repair lead to a variety of secondary cellular and physiological stressors that are thought to contribute to weakness, atrophy, and fibrosis. Collectively, these stressors can contribute to a pro-inflammatory milieu in locomotor, cardiac, and respiratory muscles. Given the many unwanted side effects that accompany current anti-inflammatory steroid-based approaches for treating DMD (e.g., glucocorticoids), there is a need to develop new therapies that address inflammation and other cellular dysfunctions. Adiponectin receptor (AdipoR) agonists, which stimulate AdipoR1 and R2 isoforms on various cell types, have emerged as therapeutic candidates for DMD due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-myogenic properties in pre-clinical human and rodent DMD models. Although these molecules represent a new direction for therapeutic intervention, the mechanisms through which they elicit their beneficial effects are not yet fully understood, and DMD-specific data is limited. The overarching goal of this review is to investigate how adiponectin signaling may ameliorate pathology associated with dystrophin deficiency through inflammatory-dependent and -independent mechanisms and to determine if current data supports their future progression to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Gandhi
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Christopher G. R. Perry
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
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3
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Liu D, Wang S, Liu S, Wang Q, Che X, Wu G. Frontiers in sarcopenia: Advancements in diagnostics, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 97:101270. [PMID: 38583268 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The onset of sarcopenia is intimately linked with aging, posing significant implications not only for individual patient quality of life but also for the broader societal healthcare framework. Early and accurate identification of sarcopenia and a comprehensive understanding of its mechanistic underpinnings and therapeutic targets paramount to addressing this condition effectively. This review endeavors to present a cohesive overview of recent advancements in sarcopenia research and diagnosis. We initially delve into the contemporary diagnostic criteria, specifically referencing the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) 2 and Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 benchmarks. Additionally, we elucidate comprehensive assessment techniques for muscle strength, quantity, and physical performance, highlighting tools such as grip strength, chair stand test, dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), gait speed, and short physical performance battery (SPPB), while also discussing their inherent advantages and limitations. Such diagnostic advancements pave the way for early identification and unequivocal diagnosis of sarcopenia. Proceeding further, we provide a deep-dive into sarcopenia's pathogenesis, offering a thorough examination of associated signaling pathways like the Myostatin, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin/IGF-1 Signaling (IIS), and the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathways. Each pathway's role in sarcopenia mediation is detailed, underscoring potential therapeutic target avenues. From a mechanistic perspective, the review also underscores the pivotal role of mitochondrial dysfunction in sarcopenia, emphasizing elements such as mitochondrial oxidative overload, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitophagy, and highlighting their therapeutic significance. At last, we capture recent strides made in sarcopenia treatment, ranging from nutritional and exercise interventions to potential pharmacological and supplementation strategies. In sum, this review meticulously synthesizes the latest scientific developments in sarcopenia, aiming to enhance diagnostic precision in clinical practice and provide comprehensive insights into refined mechanistic targets and innovative therapeutic interventions, ultimately contributing to optimized patient care and advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequan Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China
| | - Shijin Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China
| | - Qifei Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xiangyu Che
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China.
| | - Guangzhen Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China.
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Yin Y, He GJ, Hu S, Tse EHY, Cheung TH. Muscle stem cell niche dynamics during muscle homeostasis and regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 158:151-177. [PMID: 38670704 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The process of skeletal muscle regeneration involves a coordinated interplay of specific cellular and molecular interactions within the injury site. This review provides an overview of the cellular and molecular components in regenerating skeletal muscle, focusing on how these cells or molecules in the niche regulate muscle stem cell functions. Dysfunctions of muscle stem cell-to-niche cell communications during aging and disease will also be discussed. A better understanding of how niche cells coordinate with muscle stem cells for muscle repair will greatly aid the development of therapeutic strategies for treating muscle-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Yin
- Division of Life Science, Center for Stem Cell Research, HKUST-Nan Fung Life Sciences Joint Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Gary J He
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Shenyuan Hu
- Division of Life Science, Center for Stem Cell Research, HKUST-Nan Fung Life Sciences Joint Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Erin H Y Tse
- Division of Life Science, Center for Stem Cell Research, HKUST-Nan Fung Life Sciences Joint Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R. China; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Tom H Cheung
- Division of Life Science, Center for Stem Cell Research, HKUST-Nan Fung Life Sciences Joint Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R. China; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, P.R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, P.R. China.
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5
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Rolland Y, Dray C, Vellas B, Barreto PDS. Current and investigational medications for the treatment of sarcopenia. Metabolism 2023; 149:155597. [PMID: 37348598 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, defined as the loss of muscle mass and function, is a widely prevalent and severe condition in older adults. Since 2016, it is recognized as a disease. Strength exercise training and nutritional support are the frontline treatment of sarcopenia, with no drug currently approved for this indication. However, new therapeutic options are emerging. In this review, we evidenced that only very few trials have focused on sarcopenia/sarcopenic patients. Most drug trials were performed in different clinical older populations (e.g., men with hypogonadism, post-menopausal women at risk for osteoporosis), and their efficacy were tested separately on the components of sarcopenia (muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performances). Results from trials testing the effects of Testosterone, Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs), Estrogen, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), Growth Hormone (GH), GH Secretagogue (GHS), drug targeting Myostatin and Activin receptor pathway, Vitamin D, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs), or β-blockers, were compiled. Although some drugs have been effective in improving muscle mass and/or strength, this was not translated into clinically relevant improvements on physical performance. Finally, some promising molecules investigated in on-going clinical trials and in pre-clinical phase were summarized, including apelin and irisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Rolland
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, IHU HealthAge, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France; CERPOP UMR 1295, University of Toulouse III, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Cedric Dray
- Université de Toulouse III Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Restore, a geroscience and rejuvenation research center, UMR 1301-Inserm, 5070-CNRS EFS, France
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, IHU HealthAge, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France; CERPOP UMR 1295, University of Toulouse III, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philipe De Souto Barreto
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, IHU HealthAge, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France; CERPOP UMR 1295, University of Toulouse III, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Dubuisson N, Versele R, Planchon C, Selvais CM, Noel L, Abou-Samra M, Davis-López de Carrizosa MA. Histological Methods to Assess Skeletal Muscle Degeneration and Regeneration in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:16080. [PMID: 36555721 PMCID: PMC9786356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive disease caused by the loss of function of the protein dystrophin. This protein contributes to the stabilisation of striated cells during contraction, as it anchors the cytoskeleton with components of the extracellular matrix through the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC). Moreover, absence of the functional protein affects the expression and function of proteins within the DAPC, leading to molecular events responsible for myofibre damage, muscle weakening, disability and, eventually, premature death. Presently, there is no cure for DMD, but different treatments help manage some of the symptoms. Advances in genetic and exon-skipping therapies are the most promising intervention, the safety and efficiency of which are tested in animal models. In addition to in vivo functional tests, ex vivo molecular evaluation aids assess to what extent the therapy has contributed to the regenerative process. In this regard, the later advances in microscopy and image acquisition systems and the current expansion of antibodies for immunohistological evaluation together with the development of different spectrum fluorescent dyes have made histology a crucial tool. Nevertheless, the complexity of the molecular events that take place in dystrophic muscles, together with the rise of a multitude of markers for each of the phases of the process, makes the histological assessment a challenging task. Therefore, here, we summarise and explain the rationale behind different histological techniques used in the literature to assess degeneration and regeneration in the field of dystrophinopathies, focusing especially on those related to DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dubuisson
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Neuromuscular Reference Center, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (CUSL), Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Romain Versele
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chloé Planchon
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Camille M. Selvais
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Noel
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Abou-Samra
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - María A. Davis-López de Carrizosa
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
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7
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Waldemer-Streyer RJ, Kim D, Chen J. Muscle cell-derived cytokines in skeletal muscle regeneration. FEBS J 2022; 289:6463-6483. [PMID: 35073461 PMCID: PMC9308828 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of the mammalian adult skeletal muscle is a well-orchestrated process regulated by multiple proteins and signalling pathways. Cytokines constitute a major class of regulators of skeletal myogenesis. It is well established that infiltrating immune cells at the site of muscle injury secrete cytokines, which play critical roles in the myofibre repair and regeneration process. In the past 10-15 years, skeletal muscle itself has emerged as a prolific producer of cytokines. Much attention in the field has been focused on the endocrine effects of muscle-secreted cytokines (myokines) on metabolic regulation. However, ample evidence suggests that muscle-derived cytokines also regulate myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration in an autocrine manner. In this review, we survey cytokines that meet two criteria: (a) evidence of expression by muscle cells; (b) evidence demonstrating a myogenic function. Dozens of cytokines representing several major classes make up this group, and together they regulate all steps of the myogenic process. How such a large array of cytokines coordinate their signalling to form a regulatory network is a fascinating, pressing question. Functional studies that can distinguish the source of the cytokines in vivo are also much needed in order to facilitate exploration of their full therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
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Oliveira-Santos A, Dagda M, Burkin DJ. Sunitinib inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation in cardiac muscle and prevents cardiomyopathy in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2358-2369. [PMID: 35157045 PMCID: PMC9307308 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X-linked genetic disorder affecting approximately 1 in 5000 male births worldwide. DMD is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Dystrophin is essential for maintaining muscle cell membrane integrity and stability by linking the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix, which protects myofibers from contraction-induced damage. Loss of dystrophin leads to mechanically induced skeletal and cardiac muscle damage. Although the disease is not evident in DMD patients at birth, muscular dystrophy rapidly progresses and results in respiratory and cardiac muscle failure as early as the teenage years. Premature death in DMD patients is due to cardiac arrhythmias and left ventricular dysfunction. Currently, there is no effective treatment for DMD-related cardiac failure. Recently, we have shown that a Food and Drug Administration-approved small molecule, sunitinib, a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor can mitigate skeletal muscle disease through an increase in myogenic capacity, cell membrane integrity, and improvement of skeletal muscle function via regulation of STAT3-related signaling pathway. Chronic activation of STAT3 has been shown to promote cardiac hypertrophy and failure. In this study, we examined the effects of long-term sunitinib treatment on cardiac pathology and function. Our results showed sunitinib treatment reduced STAT3 phosphorylation in the heart muscle of mdx mice, improved cardiac electrical function, increased cardiac output and stroke volume, decreased ventricular hypertrophy, reduced cardiomyocytes membrane damage, fibrotic tissue deposition and slightly decreased cardiac inflammation. Together, our studies support the idea that sunitinib could serve as a novel treatment to slow cardiomyopathy progression in DMD. One Sentence Summary In this study, we determined if sunitinib, a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, could reduce the pathology and improve cardiac function in an animal model for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariany Oliveira-Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Reno, School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Reno NV 89557, USA
| | - Marisela Dagda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Reno, School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Reno NV 89557, USA
| | - Dean J Burkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Reno, School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Reno NV 89557, USA
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Forcina L, Franceschi C, Musarò A. The hormetic and hermetic role of IL-6. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101697. [PMID: 35850167 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine regulating different tissues and organs in diverse and sometimes discrepant ways. The dual and sometime hermetic nature of IL-6 action has been highlighted in several contexts and can be explained by the concept of hormesis, in which beneficial or toxic effects can be induced by the same molecule depending on the intensity, persistence, and nature of the stimulation. According with hormesis, a low and/or controlled IL-6 release is associated with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and pro-myogenic actions, whereas increased systemic levels of IL-6 can induce pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant and pro-fibrotic responses. However, many aspects regarding the multifaceted action of IL-6 and the complex nature of its signal transduction remains to be fully elucidated. In this review we collect mechanistic insight into the molecular networks contributing to normal or pathologic changes during advancing age and in chronic diseases. We point out the involvement of IL-6 deregulation in aging-related diseases, dissecting the hormetic action of this key mediator in different tissues, with a special focus on skeletal muscle. Since IL-6 can act as an enhancer of detrimental factor associated with both aging and pathologic conditions, such as chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, this cytokine could represent a "Gerokine", a determinant of the switch from physiologic aging to age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Forcina
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Antonio Musarò
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Scuola Superiore di Studi Avanzati Sapienza (SSAS), Via A. Scarpa, 14, Rome 00161, Italy.
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Lopez MA, Si Y, Hu X, Williams V, Qushair F, Carlyle J, Alesce L, Conklin M, Gilbert S, Bamman MM, Alexander MS, King PH. Smad8 Is Increased in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Suppresses miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-133b. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7515. [PMID: 35886863 PMCID: PMC9323105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disease characterized by skeletal muscle instability, progressive muscle wasting, and fibrosis. A major driver of DMD pathology stems from aberrant upregulation of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling. In this report, we investigated the major transducers of TGFβ signaling, i.e., receptor Smads (R-Smads), in DMD patient skeletal muscle and observed a 48-fold increase in Smad8 mRNA. Smad1, Smad2, Smad3, and Smad5 mRNA were only minimally increased. A similar pattern was observed in the muscle from the mdx5cv mouse. Western blot analysis showed upregulation of phosphorylated Smad1, Smad5, and Smad8 compared to total Smad indicating activation of this pathway. In parallel, we observed a profound diminishment of muscle-enriched microRNAs (myomiRs): miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-133b. The pattern of Smad8 induction and myomiR suppression was recapitulated in C2C12 muscle cells after stimulation with bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), a signaling factor that we found upregulated in DMD muscle. Silencing Smad8 in C2C12 myoblasts derepressed myomiRs and promoted myoblast differentiation; there was also a concomitant upregulation of myogenic regulatory factors (myogenin and myocyte enhancer factor 2D) and suppression of a pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6). Our data suggest that Smad8 is a negative regulator of miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-133b in muscle cells and that the BMP4-Smad8 axis is a driver of dystrophic pathology in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Lopez
- Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (M.C.); (S.G.); (M.S.A.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), CHB314, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (X.H.); (V.W.); (F.Q.); (J.C.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Civitan 545C, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (L.A.); (M.M.B.)
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine (UCEM), University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Ying Si
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Civitan 545C, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (L.A.); (M.M.B.)
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Xianzhen Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), CHB314, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (X.H.); (V.W.); (F.Q.); (J.C.)
| | - Valentyna Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), CHB314, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (X.H.); (V.W.); (F.Q.); (J.C.)
| | - Fuad Qushair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), CHB314, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (X.H.); (V.W.); (F.Q.); (J.C.)
| | - Jackson Carlyle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), CHB314, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (X.H.); (V.W.); (F.Q.); (J.C.)
| | - Lyndsy Alesce
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Civitan 545C, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (L.A.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Michael Conklin
- Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (M.C.); (S.G.); (M.S.A.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Shawn Gilbert
- Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (M.C.); (S.G.); (M.S.A.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Civitan 545C, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (L.A.); (M.M.B.)
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine (UCEM), University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Department of Cell, Development and Integrative Biology, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Matthew S. Alexander
- Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (M.C.); (S.G.); (M.S.A.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), CHB314, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (X.H.); (V.W.); (F.Q.); (J.C.)
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine (UCEM), University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- UAB Civitan International Research Center (CIRC), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Peter H. King
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Civitan 545C, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (L.A.); (M.M.B.)
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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11
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Dos Santos JF, Lazzarin MC, Baptista VIDA, Quintana HT, Ribeiro DA, de Oliveira F. Articular cartilage degeneration and bone adaptation due to lack of dystrophin in mice. J Bone Miner Metab 2022; 40:29-39. [PMID: 34549313 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-021-01270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by the absence of dystrophin. This study aimed to investigate femoral morphological characteristics of lack of dystrophin in MDX mice, considering that this model, different from DMD patient, is not influenced by corticosteroids administration and limited ambulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proximal femur of male 16-week-old Control and MDX mice were submitted to histological, morphometric (volume density of articular cartilage, compact bone, trabecular bone and bone marrow; articular cartilage layers area; articular cartilage cell area), and immunohistochemistry analysis for RUNX-2, RANK-L, MMP-2, MMP-9, Caspase-3 and KI-67. RESULTS MDX showed loss of linearity of articular cartilage with subchondral bone transition and elevation of this subchondral bone to the articular surface when compared with control. In addition, MDX presented morphological difference in the pantographic network of collagen fibers. Volume density of trabecular bone tissue was higher in the MDX than Control, but volume density of articular cartilage was lower in MDX (p < 0.05). The articular cartilage layers and chondrocytes area were significantly smaller in MDX than Control. These results associated to MMPs and osteogenic markers of proximal femur revealed an adaptation process as a consequence of lack of dystrophin. CONCLUSIONS The morphological changes observed in the bone tissue of the MDX may be not only secondary to muscle weakness or chronic use of corticosteroids but also our results indicate connections between decrease of cartilage thickness, collagen network alteration and consequent subchondral changes that may lead to articular cartilage degeneration and bone adaptation mechanism in MDX mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Fontes Dos Santos
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 Lab 328, CEP: 11015-020, Santos, SP, 11060-001, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cruz Lazzarin
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 Lab 328, CEP: 11015-020, Santos, SP, 11060-001, Brazil
| | - Vivianne Izabelle de Araújo Baptista
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 Lab 328, CEP: 11015-020, Santos, SP, 11060-001, Brazil
| | - Hananiah Tardivo Quintana
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 Lab 328, CEP: 11015-020, Santos, SP, 11060-001, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 Lab 328, CEP: 11015-020, Santos, SP, 11060-001, Brazil
| | - Flavia de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 Lab 328, CEP: 11015-020, Santos, SP, 11060-001, Brazil.
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12
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Marine T, Marielle S, Graziella M, Fabio RMV. Macrophages in Skeletal Muscle Dystrophies, An Entangled Partner. J Neuromuscul Dis 2021; 9:1-23. [PMID: 34542080 PMCID: PMC8842758 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-210737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While skeletal muscle remodeling happens throughout life, diseases that result in its dysfunction are accountable for many deaths. Indeed, skeletal muscle is exceptionally capable to respond to stimuli modifying its homeostasis, such as in atrophy, hypertrophy, regeneration and repair. In particular conditions such as genetic diseases (muscular dystrophies), skeletal muscle’s capacity to remodel is strongly affected and undergoes continuous cycles of chronic damage. This induces scarring, fatty infiltration, as well as loss of contractibility and of the ability to generate force. In this context, inflammation, primarily mediated by macrophages, plays a central pathogenic role. Macrophages contribute as the primary regulators of inflammation during skeletal muscle regeneration, affecting tissue-resident cells such as myogenic cells and endothelial cells, but also fibro-adipogenic progenitors, which are the main source of the fibro fatty scar. During skeletal muscle regeneration their function is tightly orchestrated, while in dystrophies their fate is strongly disturbed, resulting in chronic inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the latest findings on the role of macrophages in skeletal muscle diseases, and how they are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theret Marine
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Saclier Marielle
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Messina Graziella
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossi M V Fabio
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
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13
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Gupta D, Wiklander OPB, Görgens A, Conceição M, Corso G, Liang X, Seow Y, Balusu S, Feldin U, Bostancioglu B, Jawad R, Mamand DR, Lee YXF, Hean J, Mäger I, Roberts TC, Gustafsson M, Mohammad DK, Sork H, Backlund A, Lundin P, de Fougerolles A, Smith CIE, Wood MJA, Vandenbroucke RE, Nordin JZ, El-Andaloussi S. Amelioration of systemic inflammation via the display of two different decoy protein receptors on extracellular vesicles. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:1084-1098. [PMID: 34616047 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be functionalized to display specific protein receptors on their surface. However, surface-display technology typically labels only a small fraction of the EV population. Here, we show that the joint display of two different therapeutically relevant protein receptors on EVs can be optimized by systematically screening EV-loading protein moieties. We used cytokine-binding domains derived from tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and interleukin-6 signal transducer (IL-6ST), which can act as decoy receptors for the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6, respectively. We found that the genetic engineering of EV-producing cells to express oligomerized exosomal sorting domains and the N-terminal fragment of syntenin (a cytosolic adaptor of the single transmembrane domain protein syndecan) increased the display efficiency and inhibitory activity of TNFR1 and IL-6ST and facilitated their joint display on EVs. In mouse models of systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation and intestinal inflammation, EVs displaying the cytokine decoys ameliorated the disease phenotypes with higher efficacy as compared with clinically approved biopharmaceutical agents targeting the TNF-α and IL-6 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanu Gupta
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Oscar P B Wiklander
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - André Görgens
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Giulia Corso
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiuming Liang
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yiqi Seow
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sriram Balusu
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ulrika Feldin
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beklem Bostancioglu
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rim Jawad
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Doste R Mamand
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Biology Department, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Yi Xin Fiona Lee
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Imre Mäger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas C Roberts
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manuela Gustafsson
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dara K Mohammad
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Helena Sork
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Backlund
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joel Z Nordin
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Samir El-Andaloussi
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Pelosi L, Berardinelli MG, Forcina L, Ascenzi F, Rizzuto E, Sandri M, De Benedetti F, Scicchitano BM, Musarò A. Sustained Systemic Levels of IL-6 Impinge Early Muscle Growth and Induce Muscle Atrophy and Wasting in Adulthood. Cells 2021; 10:1816. [PMID: 34359985 PMCID: PMC8306542 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that can exert different and opposite effects. The muscle-induced and transient expression of IL-6 can act in an autocrine or paracrine manner, stimulating anabolic pathways associated with muscle growth, myogenesis, and with regulation of energy metabolism. In contrast, under pathologic conditions, including muscular dystrophy, cancer associated cachexia, aging, chronic inflammatory diseases, and other pathologies, the plasma levels of IL-6 significantly increase, promoting muscle wasting. Nevertheless, the specific physio-pathological role exerted by IL-6 in the maintenance of differentiated phenotype remains to be addressed. The purpose of this study was to define the role of increased plasma levels of IL-6 on muscle homeostasis and the mechanisms contributing to muscle loss. Here, we reported that increased plasma levels of IL-6 promote alteration in muscle growth at early stage of postnatal life and induce muscle wasting by triggering a shift of the slow-twitch fibers toward a more sensitive fast fiber phenotype. These findings unveil a role for IL-6 as a potential biomarker of stunted growth and skeletal muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pelosi
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.P.); (M.G.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Maria Grazia Berardinelli
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.P.); (M.G.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Laura Forcina
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.P.); (M.G.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Francesca Ascenzi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Risk Management Q and A, Sant’Andrea Hospital, “Sapienza” University, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Rizzuto
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Sandri
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Benedetti
- Division of Rheumatology and Immuno-Rheumatology Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Bianca Maria Scicchitano
- Istituto di Istologia ed Embriologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli”, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Musarò
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Scuola Superiore di Studi Avanzati Sapienza (SSAS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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15
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Starosta A, Konieczny P. Therapeutic aspects of cell signaling and communication in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4867-4891. [PMID: 33825942 PMCID: PMC8233280 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03821-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating chromosome X-linked disease that manifests predominantly in progressive skeletal muscle wasting and dysfunctions in the heart and diaphragm. Approximately 1/5000 boys and 1/50,000,000 girls suffer from DMD, and to date, the disease is incurable and leads to premature death. This phenotypic severity is due to mutations in the DMD gene, which result in the absence of functional dystrophin protein. Initially, dystrophin was thought to be a force transducer; however, it is now considered an essential component of the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC), viewed as a multicomponent mechanical scaffold and a signal transduction hub. Modulating signal pathway activation or gene expression through epigenetic modifications has emerged at the forefront of therapeutic approaches as either an adjunct or stand-alone strategy. In this review, we propose a broader perspective by considering DMD to be a disease that affects myofibers and muscle stem (satellite) cells, as well as a disorder in which abrogated communication between different cell types occurs. We believe that by taking this systemic view, we can achieve safe and holistic treatments that can restore correct signal transmission and gene expression in diseased DMD tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Starosta
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Patryk Konieczny
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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16
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The linkage between inflammation and fibrosis in muscular dystrophies: The axis autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid as a new therapeutic target? J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:317-334. [PMID: 33689121 PMCID: PMC8222483 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00610-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a diverse group of severe disorders characterized by increased skeletal muscle feebleness. In many cases, respiratory and cardiac muscles are also compromised. Skeletal muscle inflammation and fibrosis are hallmarks of several skeletal muscle diseases, including MDs. Until now, several keys signaling pathways and factors that regulate inflammation and fibrosis have been identified. However, no curative treatments are available. Therefore, it is necessary to find new therapeutic targets to fight these diseases and improve muscle performance. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an active glycerophospholipid mainly synthesized by the secreted enzyme autotaxin (ATX), which activates six different G protein-coupled receptors named LPA1 to LPA6 (LPARs). In conjunction, they are part of the ATX/LPA/LPARs axis, involved in the inflammatory and fibrotic response in several organs-tissues. This review recapitulates the most relevant aspects of inflammation and fibrosis in MDs. It analyzes experimental evidence of the effects of the ATX/LPA/LPARs axis on inflammatory and fibrotic responses. Finally, we speculate about its potential role as a new therapeutic pharmacological target to treat these diseases.
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17
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Pedrazzani PS, Araújo TOP, Sigoli E, da Silva IR, da Roza DL, Chesca DL, Rassier DE, Cornachione AS. Twenty-one days of low-intensity eccentric training improve morphological characteristics and function of soleus muscles of mdx mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3579. [PMID: 33574358 PMCID: PMC7878734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by the absence of the protein dystrophin, which leads to muscle weakness, progressive degeneration, and eventually death due to respiratory failure. Low-intensity eccentric training (LIET) has been used as a rehabilitation method in skeletal muscles after disuse. Recently, LIET has also been used for rehabilitating dystrophic muscles, but its effects are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 21 days of LIET in dystrophic soleus muscle. Thirty-six male mdx mice were randomized into six groups (n = 6/each): mdx sedentary group; mdx training group-3 days; mdx training group-21 days; wild-type sedentary group; wild-type training group-3 days and wild-type training group-21 days. After the training sessions, animals were euthanized, and fragments of soleus muscles were removed for immunofluorescence and histological analyses, and measurements of active force and Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile apparatus. Muscles of the mdx training group-21 days showed an improvement in morphological characteristics and an increase of active force when compared to the sedentary mdx group. The results show that LIET can improve the functionality of dystrophic soleus muscle in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo S Pedrazzani
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Tatiana O P Araújo
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Emilly Sigoli
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Isabella R da Silva
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Daiane Leite da Roza
- Department of Neurosciences and Behaviour, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Deise Lucia Chesca
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dilson E Rassier
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anabelle S Cornachione
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil.
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18
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Nogo-A Is Critical for Pro-Inflammatory Gene Regulation in Myocytes and Macrophages. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020282. [PMID: 33572505 PMCID: PMC7912613 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nogo-A (Rtn 4A), a member of the reticulon 4 (Rtn4) protein family, is a neurite outgrowth inhibitor protein that is primarily expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). However, previous studies revealed that Nogo-A was upregulated in skeletal muscles of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. Additionally, experiments showed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), was upregulated in gastrocnemius muscle of a murine model of ALS. We therefore hypothesized that Nogo-A might relate to skeletal muscle diseases. According to our knocking down and overexpression results in muscle cell line (C2C12), we have found that upregulation of Nogo-A resulted in upregulation of CHOP, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, while downregulation of Nogo-A led to downregulation of CHOP, IL-6 and TNF-α. Immunofluorescence results showed that Nogo-A and CHOP were expressed by myofibers as well as tissue macrophages. Since resident macrophages share similar functions as bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), we therefore, isolated macrophages from bone marrow to study the role of Nogo-A in activation of these cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BMDM in Nogo-KO mice showed low mRNA expression of CHOP, IL-6 and TNF-α compared to BMDM in wild type (WT) mice. Interestingly, Nogo knockout (KO) BMDM exhibited lower migratory activity and phagocytic ability compared with WT BMDM after LPS treatment. In addition, mice experiments data revealed that upregulation of Nogo-A in notexin- and tunicamycin-treated muscles was associated with upregulation of CHOP, IL-6 and TNF-α in WT group, while in Nogo-KO group resulted in low expression level of CHOP, IL-6 and TNF-α. Furthermore, upregulation of Nogo-A in dystrophin-deficient (mdx) murine model, myopathy and Duchenne muscle dystrophy (DMD) clinical biopsies was associated with upregulation of CHOP, IL-6 and TNF-α. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate Nogo-A as a regulator of inflammation in diseased muscle and bone marrow macrophages and that deletion of Nogo-A alleviates muscle inflammation and it can be utilized as a therapeutic target for improving muscle diseases.
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19
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Conceição M, Forcina L, Wiklander OPB, Gupta D, Nordin JZ, Vrellaku B, McClorey G, Mäger I, Gӧrgens A, Lundin P, Musarò A, Wood MJA, Andaloussi SE, Roberts TC. Engineered extracellular vesicle decoy receptor-mediated modulation of the IL6 trans-signalling pathway in muscle. Biomaterials 2020; 266:120435. [PMID: 33049461 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin 6 (IL6) is a key mediator of inflammation that contributes to skeletal muscle pathophysiology. IL6 activates target cells by two main mechanisms, the classical and trans-signalling pathways. While classical signalling is associated with the anti-inflammatory activities of the cytokine, the IL6 trans-signalling pathway mediates chronic inflammation and is therefore a target for therapeutic intervention. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural, lipid-bound nanoparticles, with potential as targeted delivery vehicles for therapeutic macromolecules. Here, we engineered EVs to express IL6 signal transducer (IL6ST) decoy receptors to selectively inhibit the IL6 trans-signalling pathway. The potency of the IL6ST decoy receptor EVs was optimized by inclusion of a GCN4 dimerization domain and a peptide sequence derived from syntenin-1 which targets the decoy receptor to EVs. The resulting engineered EVs were able to efficiently inhibit activation of the IL6 trans-signalling pathway in reporter cells, while having no effect on the IL6 classical signalling. IL6ST decoy receptor EVs, were also capable of blocking the IL6 trans-signalling pathway in C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes, thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT3 and partially reversing the anti-differentiation effects observed when treating cells with IL6/IL6R complexes. Treatment of a Duchenne muscular dystrophy mouse model with IL6ST decoy receptor EVs resulted in a reduction in STAT3 phosphorylation in the quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles of these mice, thereby demonstrating in vivo activity of the decoy receptor EVs as a potential therapy. Taken together, this study reveals the IL6 trans-signalling pathway as a promising therapeutic target in DMD, and demonstrates the therapeutic potential of IL6ST decoy receptor EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Conceição
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Laura Forcina
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, IMM, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Oscar P B Wiklander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | - Joel Z Nordin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Graham McClorey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Imre Mäger
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - André Gӧrgens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Per Lundin
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonio Musarò
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, IMM, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Center for Life Nano Science @Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Interleukin-6: A neuro-active cytokine contributing to cognitive impairment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy? Cytokine 2020; 133:155134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Gao S, Chen SN, Di Nardo C, Lombardi R. Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy and Skeletal Muscle Dystrophies: Shared Histopathological Features and Pathogenic Mechanisms. Front Physiol 2020; 11:834. [PMID: 32848821 PMCID: PMC7406798 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a heritable cardiac disease characterized by fibrotic or fibrofatty myocardial replacement, associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Originally described as a disease of the right ventricle, ACM is currently recognized as a biventricular entity, due to the increasing numbers of reports of predominant left ventricular or biventricular involvement. Research over the last 20 years has significantly advanced our knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of ACM. Several etiopathogenetic theories have been proposed; among them, the most attractive one is the dystrophic theory, based on the observation of similar histopathological features between ACM and skeletal muscle dystrophies (SMDs), such as progressive muscular degeneration, inflammation, and tissue replacement by fatty and fibrous tissue. This review will describe the pathophysiological and molecular similarities shared by ACM with SMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Gao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Suet Nee Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Carlo Di Nardo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Lombardi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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22
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Xiong L, Zhao K, Cao Y, Guo HH, Pan JX, Yang X, Ren X, Mei L, Xiong WC. Linking skeletal muscle aging with osteoporosis by lamin A/C deficiency. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000731. [PMID: 32479501 PMCID: PMC7310860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamina protein lamin A/C is a key component of the nuclear envelope. Mutations in the lamin A/C gene (LMNA) are identified in patients with various types of laminopathy-containing diseases, which have features of accelerated aging and osteoporosis. However, the underlying mechanisms for laminopathy-associated osteoporosis remain largely unclear. Here, we provide evidence that loss of lamin A/C in skeletal muscles, but not osteoblast (OB)-lineage cells, results in not only muscle aging-like deficit but also trabecular bone loss, a feature of osteoporosis. The latter is due in large part to elevated bone resorption. Further cellular studies show an increase of osteoclast (OC) differentiation in cocultures of bone marrow macrophages/monocytes (BMMs) and OBs after treatment with the conditioned medium (CM) from lamin A/C-deficient muscle cells. Antibody array screening analysis of the CM proteins identifies interleukin (IL)-6, whose expression is markedly increased in lamin A/C-deficient muscles. Inhibition of IL-6 by its blocking antibody in BMM-OB cocultures diminishes the increase of osteoclastogenesis. Knockout (KO) of IL-6 in muscle lamin A/C-KO mice diminishes the deficits in trabecular bone mass but not muscle. Further mechanistic studies reveal an elevation of cellular senescence marked by senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), p16Ink4a, and p53 in lamin A/C-deficient muscles and C2C12 muscle cells, and the p16Ink4a may induce senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and IL-6 expression. Taken together, these results suggest a critical role for skeletal muscle lamin A/C to prevent cellular senescence, IL-6 expression, hyperosteoclastogenesis, and trabecular bone loss, uncovering a pathological mechanism underlying the link between muscle aging/senescence and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Louis Stoke VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hao-Han Guo
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jin-Xiu Pan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Louis Stoke VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiao Ren
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Louis Stoke VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Louis Stoke VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
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23
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Forcina L, Cosentino M, Musarò A. Mechanisms Regulating Muscle Regeneration: Insights into the Interrelated and Time-Dependent Phases of Tissue Healing. Cells 2020; 9:E1297. [PMID: 32456017 PMCID: PMC7290814 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a massive body of knowledge which has been produced related to the mechanisms guiding muscle regeneration, great interest still moves the scientific community toward the study of different aspects of skeletal muscle homeostasis, plasticity, and regeneration. Indeed, the lack of effective therapies for several physiopathologic conditions suggests that a comprehensive knowledge of the different aspects of cellular behavior and molecular pathways, regulating each regenerative stage, has to be still devised. Hence, it is important to perform even more focused studies, taking the advantage of robust markers, reliable techniques, and reproducible protocols. Here, we provide an overview about the general aspects of muscle regeneration and discuss the different approaches to study the interrelated and time-dependent phases of muscle healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Musarò
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (M.C.)
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24
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Heterogenetic parabiosis between healthy and dystrophic mice improve the histopathology in muscular dystrophy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7075. [PMID: 32341395 PMCID: PMC7184587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle disease, characterized by mutations in the X-linked dystrophin, that has several therapeutic options but no curative treatment. Transplantation of muscle progenitor cells for treatment of DMD has been widely investigated; however, its application is hindered by limited cell survival due to the harmful dystrophic microenvironment. An alternative approach to utilize progenitor cells and circulatory factors and to improve the dystrophic muscle pathology and microenvironment is through parabiotic pairing, where mice are surgically sutured to create a joint circulatory system. Parabiotic mice were generated by surgically joining wild type (WT) mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) with mdx mice. These mice developed a common circulation (approximately 50% green cells in the blood of mdx mice) 2-weeks after parabiotic pairing. We observed significantly improved dystrophic muscle pathology, including decreased inflammation, necrotic fibers and fibrosis in heterogenetic parabionts. Importantly, the GFP + cells isolated from the mdx mice (paired with GFP mice) underwent myogenic differentiation in vitro and expressed markers of mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages, which may potentially be involved in the improvement of dystrophic muscle pathology. These observations suggest that changing the dystrophic microenvironment can be a new approach to treat DMD.
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25
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Daou HN. Exercise as an anti-inflammatory therapy for cancer cachexia: a focus on interleukin-6 regulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R296-R310. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00147.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complicated disorder of extreme, progressive skeletal muscle wasting. It is directed by metabolic alterations and systemic inflammation dysregulation. Numerous studies have demonstrated that increased systemic inflammation promotes this type of cachexia and have suggested that cytokines are implicated in the skeletal muscle loss. Exercise is firmly established as an anti-inflammatory therapy that can attenuate or even reverse the process of muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. The interleukin IL-6 is generally considered to be a key player in the development of the microenvironment of malignancy; it promotes tumor growth and metastasis by acting as a bridge between chronic inflammation and cancerous tissue and it also induces skeletal muscle atrophy and protein breakdown. Paradoxically, a beneficial role for IL-6 has also been identified recently, and that is its status as a “founding member” of the myokine class of proteins. Skeletal muscle is an important source of circulating IL-6 in people who participate in exercise training. IL-6 acts as an anti-inflammatory myokine by inhibiting TNFα and improving glucose uptake through the stimulation of AMPK signaling. This review discusses the action of IL-6 in skeletal muscle tissue dysfunction and the role of IL-6 as an “exercise factor” that modulates the immune system. This review also sheds light on the main considerations related to the treatment of muscle wasting in cancer cachexia.
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26
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Hightower RM, Reid AL, Gibbs DE, Wang Y, Widrick JJ, Kunkel LM, Kastenschmidt JM, Villalta SA, van Groen T, Chang H, Gornisiewicz S, Landesman Y, Tamir S, Alexander MS. The SINE Compound KPT-350 Blocks Dystrophic Pathologies in DMD Zebrafish and Mice. Mol Ther 2020; 28:189-201. [PMID: 31628052 PMCID: PMC6952030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked muscle wasting disease that is caused by the loss of functional dystrophin protein in cardiac and skeletal muscles. DMD patient muscles become weakened, leading to eventual myofiber breakdown and replacement with fibrotic and adipose tissues. Inflammation drives the pathogenic processes through releasing inflammatory cytokines and other factors that promote skeletal muscle degeneration and contributing to the loss of motor function. Selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINEs) are a class of compounds that function by inhibiting the nuclear export protein exportin 1 (XPO1). The XPO1 protein is an important regulator of key inflammatory and neurological factors that drive inflammation and neurotoxicity in various neurological and neuromuscular diseases. Here, we demonstrate that SINE compound KPT-350 can ameliorate dystrophic-associated pathologies in the muscles of DMD models of zebrafish and mice. Thus, SINE compounds are a promising novel strategy for blocking dystrophic symptoms and could be used in combinatorial treatments for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylie M Hightower
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; UAB Center for Exercise Medicine (UCEM), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Andrea L Reid
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Devin E Gibbs
- Division of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Widrick
- Division of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Louis M Kunkel
- Division of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jenna M Kastenschmidt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - S Armando Villalta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Thomas van Groen
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hua Chang
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA 02459, USA
| | | | | | | | - Matthew S Alexander
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; UAB Center for Exercise Medicine (UCEM), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Genetics at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Civitan International Research Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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27
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Increased Circulating Levels of Interleukin-6 Affect the Redox Balance in Skeletal Muscle. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3018584. [PMID: 31827671 PMCID: PMC6881749 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3018584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The extent of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are closely related events which coexist in a muscle environment under pathologic conditions. It has been generally accepted that the inflammatory cells, as well as myofibers, are sources of reactive species which are, in turn, able to amplify the activation of proinflammatory pathways. However, the precise mechanism underlining the physiopathologic interplay between ROS generation and inflammatory response has to be fully clarified. Thus, the identification of key molecular players in the interconnected pathogenic network between the two processes might help to design more specific therapeutic approaches for degenerative diseases. Here, we investigated whether elevated circulating levels of the proinflammatory cytokine Interleukin-6 (IL-6) are sufficient to perturb the physiologic redox balance in skeletal muscle, independently of tissue damage and inflammatory response. We observed that the overexpression of circulating IL-6 enhances the generation and accumulation of free radicals in the diaphragm muscle of adult NSE/IL-6 mice, by deregulating redox-associated molecular circuits and impinging the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2- (Nrf2-) mediated antioxidant response. Our findings are coherent with a model in which uncontrolled levels of IL-6 in the bloodstream can influence the local redox homeostasis, inducing the establishment of prooxidative conditions in skeletal muscle tissue.
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28
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Moresi V, Adamo S, Berghella L. The JAK/STAT Pathway in Skeletal Muscle Pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2019; 10:500. [PMID: 31114509 PMCID: PMC6502894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is a key intracellular mediator of a variety of metabolically relevant hormones and cytokines, including the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines. The JAK/STAT pathway transmits extracellular signals to the nucleus, leading to the transcription of genes involved in multiple biological activities. The JAK/STAT pathway has been reported to be required for the homeostasis of different tissues and organs. Indeed, when deregulated, it promotes the initiation and progression of pathological conditions, including cancer, obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. In skeletal muscle, activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by the IL-6 cytokines accounts for opposite effects: on the one hand, it promotes muscle hypertrophy, by increasing the proliferation of satellite cells; on the other hand, it contributes to muscle wasting. The expression of IL-6 and of key members of the JAK/STAT pathway is regulated at the epigenetic level through histone methylation and histone acetylation mechanisms. Thus, manipulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by specific inhibitors and/or drugs that modulate epigenetics is a promising therapeutic intervention for the treatment of numerous diseases. We focus this review on the JAK/STAT pathway functions in striated muscle pathophysiology and the potential role of IL-6 as an effector of the cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Moresi
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, DAHFMO, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Adamo
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, DAHFMO, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Rome, Italy
| | - Libera Berghella
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, DAHFMO, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
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29
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Forcina L, Miano C, Scicchitano BM, Musarò A. Signals from the Niche: Insights into the Role of IGF-1 and IL-6 in Modulating Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis. Cells 2019; 8:E232. [PMID: 30862132 PMCID: PMC6468756 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration, characterized by the activation and proliferation of satellite cells and other precursors, is accompanied by an inflammatory response and the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), necessary to remove cellular debris and to mechanically support newly generated myofibers and activated satellite cells. Muscle repair can be considered concluded when the tissue architecture, vascularization, and innervation have been restored. Alterations in these connected mechanisms can impair muscle regeneration, leading to the replacement of functional muscle tissue with a fibrotic scar. In the present review, we will discuss the cellular mediators of fibrosis and how the altered expression and secretion of soluble mediators, such as IL-6 and IGF-1, can modulate regulatory networks involved in the altered regeneration and fibrosis during aging and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Forcina
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carmen Miano
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Bianca Maria Scicchitano
- Istituto di Istologia ed Embriologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Musarò
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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30
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Forcina L, Miano C, Pelosi L, Musarò A. An Overview about the Biology of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells. Curr Genomics 2019; 20:24-37. [PMID: 31015789 PMCID: PMC6446479 DOI: 10.2174/1389202920666190116094736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The peculiar ability of skeletal muscle tissue to operate adaptive changes during post-natal de-velopment and adulthood has been associated with the existence of adult somatic stem cells. Satellite cells, occupying an exclusive niche within the adult muscle tissue, are considered bona fide stem cells with both stem-like properties and myogenic activities. Indeed, satellite cells retain the capability to both maintain the quiescence in uninjured muscles and to be promptly activated in response to growth or re-generative signals, re-engaging the cell cycle. Activated cells can undergo myogenic differentiation or self-renewal moving back to the quiescent state. Satellite cells behavior and their fate decision are finely controlled by mechanisms involving both cell-autonomous and external stimuli. Alterations in these regu-latory networks profoundly affect muscle homeostasis and the dynamic response to tissue damage, con-tributing to the decline of skeletal muscle that occurs under physio-pathologic conditions. Although the clear myogenic activity of satellite cells has been described and their pivotal role in muscle growth and regeneration has been reported, a comprehensive picture of inter-related mechanisms guiding muscle stem cell activity has still to be defined. Here, we reviewed the main regulatory networks determining satellite cell behavior. In particular, we focused on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlining satel-lite cell maintenance and commitment. Besides intrinsic regulations, we reported current evidences about the influence of environmental stimuli, derived from other cell populations within muscle tissue, on satel-lite cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Forcina
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14 Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Carmen Miano
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14 Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Laura Pelosi
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14 Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14 Rome 00161, Italy
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31
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Burns DP, Canavan L, Rowland J, O'Flaherty R, Brannock M, Drummond SE, O'Malley D, Edge D, O'Halloran KD. Recovery of respiratory function in mdx mice co-treated with neutralizing interleukin-6 receptor antibodies and urocortin-2. J Physiol 2018; 596:5175-5197. [PMID: 30160301 PMCID: PMC6209753 DOI: 10.1113/jp276954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Impaired ventilatory capacity and diaphragm muscle weakness are prominent features of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, with strong evidence of attendant systemic and muscle inflammation. We performed a 2-week intervention in young wild-type and mdx mice, consisting of either injection of saline or co-administration of a neutralizing interleukin-6 receptor antibody (xIL-6R) and urocortin-2 (Ucn2), a corticotrophin releasing factor receptor 2 agonist. We examined breathing and diaphragm muscle form and function. Breathing and diaphragm muscle functional deficits are improved following xIL-6R and Ucn2 co-treatment in mdx mice. The functional improvements were associated with a preservation of mdx diaphragm muscle myosin heavy chain IIx fibre complement. The concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β was reduced and the concentration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 was increased in mdx diaphragm following drug co-treatment. Our novel findings may have implications for the development of pharmacotherapies for the dystrophinopathies with relevance for respiratory muscle performance and breathing. ABSTRACT The mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy shows evidence of hypoventilation and pronounced diaphragm dysfunction. Six-week-old male mdx (n = 32) and wild-type (WT; n = 32) mice received either saline (0.9% w/v) or a co-administration of neutralizing interleukin-6 receptor antibodies (xIL-6R; 0.2 mg kg-1 ) and corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 2 agonist (urocortin-2; 30 μg kg-1 ) subcutaneously over 2 weeks. Breathing and diaphragm muscle contractile function (ex vivo) were examined. Diaphragm structure was assessed using histology and immunofluorescence. Muscle cytokine concentration was determined using a multiplex assay. Minute ventilation and diaphragm muscle peak force at 100 Hz were significantly depressed in mdx compared with WT. Drug treatment completely restored ventilation in mdx mice during normoxia and significantly increased mdx diaphragm force- and power-generating capacity. The number of centrally nucleated muscle fibres and the areal density of infiltrates and collagen content were significantly increased in mdx diaphragm; all indices were unaffected by drug co-treatment. The abundance of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) type IIx fibres was significantly decreased in mdx diaphragm; drug co-treatment preserved MyHC type IIx complement in mdx muscle. Drug co-treatment increased the cross-sectional area of MyHC type I and IIx fibres in mdx diaphragm. The cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, KC/GRO and TNF-α were significantly increased in mdx diaphragm compared with WT. Drug co-treatment significantly decreased IL-1β and increased IL-10 in mdx diaphragm. Drug co-treatment had no significant effect on WT diaphragm muscle structure, cytokine concentrations or function. Recovery of breathing and diaphragm force in mdx mice was impressive in our studies, with implication for human dystrophinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Burns
- Department of PhysiologySchool of MedicineCollege of Medicine and HealthUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Leonie Canavan
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of DublinDublinIreland
| | - Jane Rowland
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of DublinDublinIreland
| | - Robin O'Flaherty
- Department of PhysiologySchool of MedicineCollege of Medicine and HealthUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Molly Brannock
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of DublinDublinIreland
| | - Sarah E. Drummond
- Department of PhysiologySchool of MedicineCollege of Medicine and HealthUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Dervla O'Malley
- Department of PhysiologySchool of MedicineCollege of Medicine and HealthUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Deirdre Edge
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of DublinDublinIreland
| | - Ken D. O'Halloran
- Department of PhysiologySchool of MedicineCollege of Medicine and HealthUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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32
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Boulanger Piette A, Hamoudi D, Marcadet L, Morin F, Argaw A, Ward L, Frenette J. Targeting the Muscle-Bone Unit: Filling Two Needs with One Deed in the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2018; 16:541-553. [PMID: 30225627 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the progressive skeletal and cardiac muscle dysfunction and degeneration is accompanied by low bone mineral density and bone fragility. Glucocorticoids, which remain the standard of care for patients with DMD, increase the risk of developing osteoporosis. The scope of this review emphasizes the mutual cohesion and common signaling pathways between bone and skeletal muscle in DMD. RECENT FINDINGS The muscle-bone interactions involve bone-derived osteokines, muscle-derived myokines, and dual-origin cytokines that trigger common signaling pathways leading to fibrosis, inflammation, or protein synthesis/degradation. In particular, the triad RANK/RANKL/OPG including receptor activator of NF-kB (RANK), its ligand (RANKL), along with osteoprotegerin (OPG), regulates bone matrix modeling and remodeling pathways and contributes to muscle pathophysiology in DMD. This review discusses the importance of the muscle-bone unit in DMD and covers recent research aimed at determining the muscle-bone interactions that may eventually lead to the development of multifunctional and effective drugs for treating muscle and bone disorders regardless of the underlying genetic mutations in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Boulanger Piette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Dounia Hamoudi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Laetitia Marcadet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Françoise Morin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Anteneh Argaw
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Leanne Ward
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Jérôme Frenette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Virgilio KM, Martin KS, Peirce SM, Blemker SS. Agent-based model illustrates the role of the microenvironment in regeneration in healthy and mdx skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1424-1439. [PMID: 30070607 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00379.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle-wasting disease with no effective treatment. Multiple mechanisms are thought to contribute to muscle wasting, including increased susceptibility to contraction-induced damage, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, altered satellite stem cell (SSC) dynamics, and impaired regenerative capacity. The goals of this project were to 1) develop an agent-based model of skeletal muscle that predicts the dynamic regenerative response of muscle cells, fibroblasts, SSCs, and inflammatory cells as a result of contraction-induced injury, 2) calibrate and validate the model parameters based on comparisons with published experimental measurements, and 3) use the model to investigate how changing isolated and combined factors known to be associated with DMD (e.g., altered fibroblast or SSC behaviors) influence muscle regeneration. Our predictions revealed that the percent of injured muscle that recovered 28 days after injury was dependent on the peak SSC counts following injury. In simulations with near-full cross-sectional area recovery (healthy, 4-wk mdx, 3-mo mdx), the SSC counts correlated with the extent of initial injury; however, in simulations with impaired regeneration (9-mo mdx), the peak SSC counts were suppressed relative to initial injury. The differences in SSC counts between these groups were emergent predictions dependent on altered microenvironment factors known to be associated with DMD. Multiple cell types influenced the peak number of SSCs, but no individual parameter predicted the differences in SSC counts. This finding suggests that interventions to target the microenvironment rather than SSCs directly could be an effective method for improving regeneration in impaired muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A computational model predicted that satellite stem cell (SSC) counts are correlated with muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) recovery following injury. In simulations with impaired CSA recovery, SSC counts are suppressed relative to healthy muscle. The suppressed SSC counts were an emergent model prediction, because all simulations had equal initial SSC counts. Fibroblast and anti-inflammatory macrophage counts influenced SSC counts, but no single factor was able to predict the pathological differences in SSC counts that lead to impaired regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley M Virgilio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kyle S Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Shayn M Peirce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Silvia S Blemker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
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Forcina L, Miano C, Musarò A. The physiopathologic interplay between stem cells and tissue niche in muscle regeneration and the role of IL-6 on muscle homeostasis and diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 41:1-9. [PMID: 29778303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a complex, dynamic tissue characterized by an elevated plasticity. Although the adult muscle is mainly composed of multinucleated fibers with post mitotic nuclei, it retains a remarkable ability to regenerate in response to traumatic events. The regenerative potential of the adult skeletal muscle relies in the activity of satellite cells, mononucleated cells residing within the muscle in intimate association with myofibers. Satellite cells normally remain quiescent in their sublaminar position, sporadically entering the cell cycle to guarantee an efficient cellular turnover, by fusing with pre-existing myofibers, and to maintain the stem cell pool. However, after muscle injury satellite cells undergo an extensive increase of their activity in response to environmental stimuli, thereby participating to the regeneration of a functional muscle tissue. Nevertheless, regeneration is affected in several pathologic conditions and by a wide range of environmental signals that are highly variable, not only through time, but also depending on the physiological or pathological conditions of the musculature. Among these factors, the interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a critical physiopathologic role on muscle homeostasis and diseases. The basis of muscle regeneration and the impact of IL-6 on the physiopathology of skeletal muscle will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Forcina
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Carmen Miano
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14, Rome 00161, Italy; Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome 00161, Italy.
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Choi SJ, Kim HS. Deregulation of Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway causes susceptibility of dystrophin-deficient myotubes to menadione-induced oxidative stress. Exp Cell Res 2018; 364:224-233. [PMID: 29458173 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X chromosome-linked disorder caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene. Many previous studies reported that the skeletal muscles of DMD patients were more susceptible to oxidative stress than those of healthy people. However, not much has been known about the responsible mechanism of the differential susceptibility. In this study, we established dystrophin knock-down (DysKD) cell lines by transfection of dystrophin shRNA lentiviral particles into C2 cells and found that DysKD myotubes are more vulnerable to menadione-induced oxidative stress than control myotubes. We focused on the nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) which is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of phase II antioxidant enzymes by binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE). Under menadione-induced oxidative stress, the translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus is significantly decreased in the DysKD myotubes. In addition, the binding of Nrf2 to ARE site of Bcl-2 gene as well as protein expression of Bcl-2 is decreased compared to the control cells. Interestingly, sulforaphane increased Akt activation and Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus in the DysKD myotubes. These results suggest that the Nrf2 pathway might be the responsible pathway to the oxidative stress-induced muscle damage in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Choi
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
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Identification of plasma interleukins as biomarkers for deflazacort and omega-3 based Duchenne muscular dystrophy therapy. Cytokine 2018; 102:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Petrillo S, Pelosi L, Piemonte F, Travaglini L, Forcina L, Catteruccia M, Petrini S, Verardo M, D'Amico A, Musarò A, Bertini E. Oxidative stress in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: focus on the NRF2 redox pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:2781-2790. [PMID: 28472288 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked genetic disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene and characterized by progressive, lethal muscle degeneration and chronic inflammation. In this study, we explored the expression and signaling pathway of a master player of the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory response, namely NF-E2-related Factor 2, in muscle biopsies of DMD patients. We classified DMD patients in two age groups (Class I, 0-2 years and Class II, 2-9 years), in order to evaluate the antioxidant pathway expression during the disease progression. We observed that altered enzymatic antioxidant responses, increased levels of oxidized glutathione and oxidative damage are differently modulated in the two age classes of patients and well correlate with the severity of pathology. Interestingly, we also observed a modulation of relevant markers of the inflammatory response, such as heme oxygenase 1 and Inteleukin-6 (IL-6), suggesting a link between oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory response. Of note, using a transgenic mouse model, we demonstrated that IL-6 overexpression parallels the antioxidant expression profile and the severity of dystrophic muscle observed in DMD patients. This study advances our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying DMD and defines the critical role of oxidative stress on muscle wasting with clear implications for disease pathogenesis and therapy in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petrillo
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute Bambino Gesú, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pelosi
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Piemonte
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute Bambino Gesú, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorena Travaglini
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute Bambino Gesú, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Forcina
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Catteruccia
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute Bambino Gesú, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Laboratory of Research, Children's Hospital and Research Institute Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Verardo
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute Bambino Gesú, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Adele D'Amico
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute Bambino Gesú, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute Bambino Gesú, 00146 Rome, Italy
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38
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Insights into the Pathogenic Secondary Symptoms Caused by the Primary Loss of Dystrophin. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/jfmk2040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Nakamori M, Hamanaka K, Thomas JD, Wang ET, Hayashi YK, Takahashi MP, Swanson MS, Nishino I, Mochizuki H. Aberrant Myokine Signaling in Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy. Cell Rep 2017; 21:1240-1252. [PMID: 29091763 PMCID: PMC5689469 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy types 1 (DM1) and 2 (DM2) are dominantly inherited neuromuscular disorders caused by a toxic gain of function of expanded CUG and CCUG repeats, respectively. Although both disorders are clinically similar, congenital myotonic dystrophy (CDM), a severe DM form, is found only in DM1. CDM is also characterized by muscle fiber immaturity not observed in adult DM, suggesting specific pathological mechanisms. Here, we revealed upregulation of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) myokine signaling pathway in CDM muscles. We also found a correlation between muscle immaturity and not only IL-6 expression but also expanded CTG repeat length and CpG methylation status upstream of the repeats. Aberrant CpG methylation was associated with transcriptional dysregulation at the repeat locus, increasing the toxic RNA burden that upregulates IL-6. Because the IL-6 pathway is involved in myocyte maturation and muscle atrophy, our results indicate that enhanced RNA toxicity contributes to severe CDM phenotypes through aberrant IL-6 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Nakamori
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kohei Hamanaka
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - James D Thomas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eric T Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yukiko K Hayashi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0022, Japan
| | - Masanori P Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Maurice S Swanson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Wada E, Tanihata J, Iwamura A, Takeda S, Hayashi YK, Matsuda R. Treatment with the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody attenuates muscular dystrophy via promoting skeletal muscle regeneration in dystrophin-/utrophin-deficient mice. Skelet Muscle 2017; 7:23. [PMID: 29078808 PMCID: PMC5660454 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-017-0140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic increases in the levels of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum and skeletal muscle are thought to contribute to the progression of muscular dystrophy. Dystrophin/utrophin double-knockout (dKO) mice develop a more severe and progressive muscular dystrophy than the mdx mice, the most common murine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). In particular, dKO mice have smaller body sizes and muscle diameters, and develop progressive kyphosis and fibrosis in skeletal and cardiac muscles. As mdx mice and DMD patients, we found that IL-6 levels in the skeletal muscle were significantly increased in dKO mice. Thus, in this study, we aimed to analyze the effects of IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) blockade on the muscle pathology of dKO mice. Methods Male dKO mice were administered an initial injection (200 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)) of either the anti-IL-6R antibody MR16-1 or an isotype-matched control rat IgG at the age of 14 days, and were then given weekly injections (25 mg/kg i.p.) until 90 days of age. Results Treatment of dKO mice with the MR16-1 antibody successfully inhibited the IL-6 pathway in the skeletal muscle and resulted in a significant reduction in the expression levels of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in the skeletal muscle. Pathologically, a significant increase in the area of embryonic myosin heavy chain-positive myofibers and muscle diameter, and reduced fibrosis in the quadriceps muscle were observed. These results demonstrated the therapeutic effects of IL-6R blockade on promoting muscle regeneration. Consistently, serum creatine kinase levels were decreased. Despite these improvements observed in the limb muscles, degeneration of the diaphragm and cardiac muscles was not ameliorated by the treatment of mice with the MR16-1 antibody. Conclusion As no adverse effects of treatment with the MR16-1 antibody were observed, our results indicate that the anti-IL-6R antibody is a potential therapy for muscular dystrophy particularly for promoting skeletal muscle regeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13395-017-0140-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Wada
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jun Tanihata
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Iwamura
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko K Hayashi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Matsuda
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
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Burns DP, Rowland J, Canavan L, Murphy KH, Brannock M, O'Malley D, O'Halloran KD, Edge D. Restoration of pharyngeal dilator muscle force in dystrophin-deficient (mdx) mice following co-treatment with neutralizing interleukin-6 receptor antibodies and urocortin 2. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:1177-1193. [PMID: 28665499 DOI: 10.1113/ep086232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We previously reported impaired upper airway dilator muscle function in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Our aim was to assess the effect of blocking interleukin-6 receptor signalling and stimulating corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 2 signalling on mdx sternohyoid muscle structure and function. What is the main finding and its importance? The interventional treatment had a positive inotropic effect on sternohyoid muscle force, restoring mechanical work and power to wild-type values, reduced myofibre central nucleation and preserved the myosin heavy chain type IIb fibre complement of mdx sternohyoid muscle. These data might have implications for development of pharmacotherapies for DMD with relevance to respiratory muscle performance. The mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy shows evidence of impaired pharyngeal dilator muscle function. We hypothesized that inflammatory and stress-related factors are implicated in airway dilator muscle dysfunction. Six-week-old mdx (n = 26) and wild-type (WT; n = 26) mice received either saline (0.9% w/v) or a co-administration of neutralizing interleukin-6 receptor antibodies (0.2 mg kg-1 ) and corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 2 agonist (urocortin 2; 30 μg kg-1 ) over 2 weeks. Sternohyoid muscle isometric and isotonic contractile function was examined ex vivo. Muscle fibre centronucleation and muscle cellular infiltration, collagen content, fibre-type distribution and fibre cross-sectional area were determined by histology and immunofluorescence. Muscle chemokine content was examined by use of a multiplex assay. Sternohyoid peak specific force at 100 Hz was significantly reduced in mdx compared with WT. Drug treatment completely restored force in mdx sternohyoid to WT levels. The percentage of centrally nucleated muscle fibres was significantly increased in mdx, and this was partly ameliorated after drug treatment. The areal density of infiltrates and collagen content were significantly increased in mdx sternohyoid; both indices were unaffected by drug treatment. The abundance of myosin heavy chain type IIb fibres was significantly decreased in mdx sternohyoid; drug treatment preserved myosin heavy chain type IIb complement in mdx muscle. The chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein 2, interferon-γ-induced protein 10 and macrophage inflammatory protein 3α were significantly increased in mdx sternohyoid compared with WT. Drug treatment significantly increased chemokine expression in mdx but not WT sternohyoid. Recovery of contractile function was impressive in our study, with implications for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The precise molecular mechanisms by which the drug treatment exerts an inotropic effect on mdx sternohyoid muscle remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Burns
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jane Rowland
- Department of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leonie Canavan
- Department of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin H Murphy
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Molly Brannock
- Department of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dervla O'Malley
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Edge
- Department of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Increased Circulating Levels of Interleukin-6 Induce Perturbation in Redox-Regulated Signaling Cascades in Muscle of Dystrophic Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1987218. [PMID: 28845212 PMCID: PMC5563418 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1987218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked genetic disease in which dystrophin gene is mutated, resulting in dysfunctional or absent dystrophin protein. The pathology of dystrophic muscle includes degeneration, necrosis with inflammatory cell invasion, regeneration, and fibrous and fatty changes. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which the absence of dystrophin leads to muscle degeneration remain to be fully elucidated. An imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant systems has been proposed as a secondary effect of DMD. However, the significance and precise extent of the perturbation in redox signaling cascades is poorly understood. We report that mdx dystrophic mice are able to activate a compensatory antioxidant response at the presymptomatic stage of the disease. In contrast, increased circulating levels of IL-6 perturb the redox signaling cascade, even prior to the necrotic stage, leading to severe features and progressive nature of muscular dystrophy.
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43
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Abebayehu D, Spence A, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z, Ryan JJ, McClure MJ. Galectin-1 promotes an M2 macrophage response to polydioxanone scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2562-2571. [PMID: 28544348 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulating soft tissue repair to prevent fibrosis and promote regeneration is central to creating a microenvironment conducive to soft tissue development. Macrophages play an important role in this process. The macrophage response can be modulated using biomaterials, altering cytokine and growth factor secretion to promote regeneration. Electrospun polydioxanone (PDO) fiber scaffolds promoted an M2 phenotype when macrophages were cultured on large diameter, highly porous scaffolds, but an M1 phenotype on smaller diameter fibers. In this study, we investigated whether incorporation of galectin-1, an immunosuppressive protein that enhances muscle regeneration, could promote the M2 response. Galectin-1 was incorporated into large and small fiber PDO scaffolds during electrospinning. Galectin-1 incorporation increased arginase-1 and reduced iNOS and IL-6 production in mouse bone-marrow derived macrophages compared with PDO alone for both scaffold types. Inhibition of ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase did not alter galectin-1 effects on arginase-1 and iNOS expression, but reversed IL-6 suppression, indicating that IL-6 is mediated by a different mechanism. Our results suggest that galectin-1 can be used to modulate macrophage commitment to a pro-regenerative M2 phenotype, which may positively impact tissue regeneration when using small diameter PDO scaffolds. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2562-2571, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Abebayehu
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Andrew Spence
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - John J Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Michael J McClure
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
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Manning J, Buckley MM, O'Halloran KD, O'Malley D. Combined XIL-6R and urocortin-2 treatment restores MDX diaphragm muscle force. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:E134-E140. [PMID: 28294390 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration leading to immobility, respiratory failure, and premature death. As chronic inflammation and stress are implicated in DMD pathology, the efficacy of an anti-inflammatory and anti-stress intervention strategy in ameliorating diaphragm dysfunction was investigated. METHODS Diaphragm muscle contractile function was compared in wild-type and dystrophin-deficient mdx mice treated with saline, anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibodies (xIL-6R), the corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 2 (CRFR2) agonist, urocortin 2, or both xIL-6R and urocortin 2. RESULTS Combined treatment with xIL-6R and urocortin 2 rescued impaired force in mdx diaphragms. Mechanical work production and muscle shortening was also improved by combined drug treatment. DISCUSSION Treatment which neutralizes peripheral IL-6 signaling and stimulates CRFR2 recovers force-generating capacity and the ability to perform mechanical work in mdx diaphragm muscle. These findings may be important in the search for therapeutic targets in DMD. Muscle Nerve 56: E134-E140, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Manning
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Maria M Buckley
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dervla O'Malley
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Gomez JP, Gonçalves C, Pichon C, Midoux P. Effect of IL-1β, TNF-α and IGF-1 on trans-endothelial passage of synthetic vectors through an in vitro vascular endothelial barrier of striated muscle. Gene Ther 2017; 24:416-424. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Potent pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic molecules, osteopontin and galectin-3, are not major disease modulators of laminin α2 chain-deficient muscular dystrophy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44059. [PMID: 28281577 PMCID: PMC5345027 DOI: 10.1038/srep44059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of human diseases are caused by chronic tissue injury with fibrosis potentially leading to organ failure. There is a need for more effective anti-fibrotic therapies. Congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A) is a devastating form of muscular dystrophy caused by laminin α2 chain-deficiency. It is characterized with early inflammation and build-up of fibrotic lesions, both in patients and MDC1A mouse models (e.g. dy3K/dy3K). Despite the enormous impact of inflammation on tissue remodelling in disease, the inflammatory response in MDC1A has been poorly described. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of secondary mechanisms (impaired regeneration, enhanced fibrosis) leading to deterioration of muscle phenotype in MDC1A is missing. We have monitored inflammatory processes in dy3K/dy3K muscle and created mice deficient in laminin α2 chain and osteopontin or galectin-3, two pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic molecules drastically increased in dystrophic muscle. Surprisingly, deletion of osteopontin worsened the phenotype of dy3K/dy3K mice and loss of galectin-3 did not reduce muscle pathology. Our results indicate that osteopontin could even be a beneficial immunomodulator in MDC1A. This knowledge is essential for the design of future therapeutic interventions for muscular dystrophies that aim at targeting inflammation, especially that osteopontin inhibition has been suggested for Duchenne muscular dystrophy therapy.
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Skeletal muscle secretome in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a pivotal anti-inflammatory role of adiponectin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2487-2501. [PMID: 28188344 PMCID: PMC5487898 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Persistent inflammation exacerbates the progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The hormone, adiponectin (ApN), which is decreased in the metabolic syndrome, exhibits anti-inflammatory properties on skeletal muscle and alleviates the dystrophic phenotype of mdx mice. Here, we investigate whether ApN retains its anti-inflammatory action in myotubes obtained from DMD patients. We unravel the underlying mechanisms by studying the secretome and the early events of ApN. Methods Primary cultures of myotubes from DMD and control patients were treated or not by ApN after an inflammatory challenge. Myokines secreted in medium were identified by cytokine antibody-arrays and ELISAs. The early events of ApN signaling were assessed by abrogating selected genes. Results ApN retained its anti-inflammatory properties in both dystrophic and control myotubes. Profiling of secretory products revealed that ApN downregulated the secretion of two pro-inflammatory factors (TNFα and IL-17A), one soluble receptor (sTNFRII), and one chemokine (CCL28) in DMD myotubes, while upregulating IL-6 that exerts some anti-inflammatory effects. These changes were explained by pretranslational mechanisms. Earlier events of the ApN cascade involved AdipoR1, the main receptor for muscle, and the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α axis leading, besides alteration of the myokine profile, to the upregulation of utrophin A (a dystrophin analog). Conclusion ApN retains its beneficial properties in dystrophic muscles by activating the AdipoR1-AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α pathway, thereby inducing a shift in the secretion of downstream myokines toward a less inflammatory profile while upregulating utrophin. ApN, the early events of the cascade and downstream myokines may be therapeutic targets for the management of DMD.
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Miyatake S, Shimizu-Motohashi Y, Takeda S, Aoki Y. Anti-inflammatory drugs for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: focus on skeletal muscle-releasing factors. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:2745-58. [PMID: 27621596 PMCID: PMC5012616 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an incurable and a progressive muscle wasting disease, is caused by the absence of dystrophin protein, leading to recurrent muscle fiber damage during contraction. The inflammatory response to fiber damage is a compelling candidate mechanism for disease exacerbation. The only established pharmacological treatment for DMD is corticosteroids to suppress muscle inflammation, however this treatment is limited by its insufficient therapeutic efficacy and considerable side effects. Recent reports show the therapeutic potential of inhibiting or enhancing pro- or anti-inflammatory factors released from DMD skeletal muscles, resulting in significant recovery from muscle atrophy and dysfunction. We discuss and review the recent findings of DMD inflammation and opportunities for drug development targeting specific releasing factors from skeletal muscles. It has been speculated that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs targeting specific inflammatory factors are more effective and have less side effects for DMD compared with steroidal drugs. For example, calcium channels, reactive oxygen species, and nuclear factor-κB signaling factors are the most promising targets as master regulators of inflammatory response in DMD skeletal muscles. If they are combined with an oligonucleotide-based exon skipping therapy to restore dystrophin expression, the anti-inflammatory drug therapies may address the present therapeutic limitation of low efficiency for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouta Miyatake
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Shimizu-Motohashi
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Aoki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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Rae MG, O'Malley D. Cognitive dysfunction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a possible role for neuromodulatory immune molecules. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:1304-15. [PMID: 27385793 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00248.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X chromosome-linked disease characterized by progressive physical disability, immobility, and premature death in affected boys. Underlying the devastating symptoms of DMD is the loss of dystrophin, a structural protein that connects the extracellular matrix to the cell cytoskeleton and provides protection against contraction-induced damage in muscle cells, leading to chronic peripheral inflammation. However, dystrophin is also expressed in neurons within specific brain regions, including the hippocampus, a structure associated with learning and memory formation. Linked to this, a subset of boys with DMD exhibit nonprogressing cognitive dysfunction, with deficits in verbal, short-term, and working memory. Furthermore, in the genetically comparable dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse model of DMD, some, but not all, types of learning and memory are deficient, and specific deficits in synaptogenesis and channel clustering at synapses has been noted. Little consideration has been devoted to the cognitive deficits associated with DMD compared with the research conducted into the peripheral effects of dystrophin deficiency. Therefore, this review focuses on what is known about the role of full-length dystrophin (Dp427) in hippocampal neurons. The importance of dystrophin in learning and memory is assessed, and the potential importance that inflammatory mediators, which are chronically elevated in dystrophinopathies, may have on hippocampal function is also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Rae
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and
| | - Dervla O'Malley
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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