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Hess RA, Park CJ, Soto S, Reinacher L, Oh JE, Bunnell M, Ko CJ. Male animal sterilization: history, current practices, and potential methods for replacing castration. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1409386. [PMID: 39027909 PMCID: PMC11255590 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1409386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sterilization and castration have been synonyms for thousands of years. Making an animal sterile meant to render them incapable of producing offspring. Castration or the physical removal of the testes was discovered to be the most simple but reliable method for managing reproduction and sexual behavior in the male. Today, there continues to be global utilization of castration in domestic animals. More than six hundred million pigs are castrated every year, and surgical removal of testes in dogs and cats is a routine practice in veterinary medicine. However, modern biological research has extended the meaning of sterilization to include methods that spare testis removal and involve a variety of options, from chemical castration and immunocastration to various methods of vasectomy. This review begins with the history of sterilization, showing a direct link between its practice in man and animals. Then, it traces the evolution of concepts for inducing sterility, where research has overlapped with basic studies of reproductive hormones and the discovery of testicular toxicants, some of which serve as sterilizing agents in rodent pests. Finally, the most recent efforts to use the immune system and gene editing to block hormonal stimulation of testis function are discussed. As we respond to the crisis of animal overpopulation and strive for better animal welfare, these novel methods provide optimism for replacing surgical castration in some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex A. Hess
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Epivara, Inc, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Chan Jin Park
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Epivara, Inc, Champaign, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Ji-Eun Oh
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Mary Bunnell
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - CheMyong J. Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Epivara, Inc, Champaign, IL, United States
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Zhang Y, Qi J, Zhao J, Li M, Zhang Y, Hu H, Wei L, Zhou K, Qin H, Qu P, Cao W, Liu E. Effect of Dietetic Obesity on Testicular Transcriptome in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030557. [PMID: 36980830 PMCID: PMC10048326 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a metabolic disorder resulting from behavioral, environmental and heritable causes, and can have a negative impact on male reproduction. There have been few experiments in mice, rats, and rabbits on the effects of obesity on reproduction, which has inhibited the development of better treatments for male subfertility caused by obesity. Nonhuman primates are most similar to human beings in anatomy, physiology, metabolism, and biochemistry and are appropriate subjects for obesity studies. In this investigation, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of the testes of cynomolgus monkeys on high-fat, high-fructose, and cholesterol-rich diets to determine the effect of obesity on gene expression in testes. The results showed that the testes of obese monkeys had abnormal morphology, and their testes transcriptome was significantly different from that of non-obese animals. We identified 507 differentially abundant genes (adjusted p value < 0.01, log2 [FC] > 2) including 163 up-regulated and 344 down-regulated genes. Among the differentially abundant genes were ten regulatory genes, including IRF1, IRF6, HERC5, HERC6, IFIH1, IFIT2, IFIT5, IFI35, RSAD2, and UBQLNL. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analysis was conducted, and we found that processes and pathways associated with the blood testes barrier (BTB), immunity, inflammation, and DNA methylation in gametes were preferentially enriched. We also found abnormal expression of genes related to infertility (TDRD5, CLCN2, MORC1, RFX8, SOHLH1, IL2RB, MCIDAS, ZPBP, NFIA, PTPN11, TSC22D3, MAPK6, PLCB1, DCUN1D1, LPIN1, and GATM) and down-regulation of testosterone in monkeys with dietetic obesity. This work not only provides an important reference for research and treatment on male infertility caused by obesity, but also valuable insights into the effects of diet on gene expression in testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jia Qi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Miaojing Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Huizhong Hu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Liangliang Wei
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Hongyu Qin
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Pengxiang Qu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Wenbin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710049, China
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (E.L.)
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New trends in immunocastration and its potential to improve animal welfare: a mini review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:369. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Han X, Guan Z, Xu M, Zhang Y, Yao H, Meng F, Zhuo Y, Yu G, Cao X, Du X, Bu G, Kong F, Huang A, Zeng X. A novel follicle-stimulating hormone vaccine for controlling fat accumulation. Theriogenology 2020; 148:103-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wassie T, Liu G, Jiang X, Tesema B, Han Y, Zhao J, Girmay S, Ahmad HI. Immunization against Kisspeptin-54 perturb hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular signaling pathway in ram lambs. Theriogenology 2019; 125:193-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Kumar TR. Fshb Knockout Mouse Model, Two Decades Later and Into the Future. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1941-1949. [PMID: 29579177 PMCID: PMC5888209 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In 1997, nearly 20 years ago, we reported the phenotypes of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) β (Fshb) null mice. Since then, these mice have been useful for various physiological and genetic studies in reproductive and skeletal biology. In a 2009 review titled "FSHβ Knockout Mouse Model: A Decade Ago and Into the Future," I summarized the need for and what led to the development of an FSH-deficient mouse model and its applications, including delineation of the emerging extragonadal roles of FSH in bone cells by using this genetic model. These studies opened up exciting avenues of research on osteoporosis and now extend into those on adiposity in postmenopausal women. Here, I summarize the progress made with this mouse model since 2009 with regard to FSH rerouting in vivo, deciphering the role of N-glycosylation on FSHβ, roles of FSH in somatic-germ cell interactions in gonads, and provide a road map that is anticipated to emerge in the near future. Undoubtedly, the next 10 years should be an even more exciting time to explore the fertile area of FSH biology and its implications for basic and clinical reproductive physiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rajendra Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado at Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Colorado at Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Correspondence: T. Rajendra Kumar, PhD, Edgar L. and Patricia M. Makowski Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, RC-2 Complex, 15-3000B, Aurora, Colorado 80045. E-mail:
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Abstract
The impact of deer overabundance is a worldwide problem. Along with habitat expansion and population increase, damage by sika deer to the forest ecosystem and
agriculture has become a serious issue in Japan. Deer also transmit a number of diseases and parasites to humans and livestock. The overabundance of deer is a
result of their strong fecundity, and therefore the present situation should, in theory, be tackled by experts in reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Noguchi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Xu P, Tang S, Jiang L, Yang L, Zhang D, Feng S, Zhao T, Dong Y, He W, Wang R, Zhang J, Liang Z. Nanomaterial-dependent immunoregulation of dendritic cells and its effects on biological activities of contraceptive nanovaccines. J Control Release 2016; 225:252-68. [PMID: 26826303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanovehicles are promising delivery systems for various vaccines. Nevertheless, different biophysicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs), dominating their in vitro and in vivo performances for vaccination, remain unclear. We attempted to elucidate the effects of NPs and their pH-sensitivity on in vitro and in vivo efficacy of resulting prophylactic nanovaccines containing a contraceptive peptide (FSHR). To this end, pH-responsive and non-responsive nanovaccines were produced using acetalated β-cyclodextrin (Ac-bCD) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), respectively. Meanwhile, FSHR derived from an epitope of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor was used as the model antigen. FSHR-containing Ac-bCD and PLGA NPs were successfully prepared by a nanoemulsion technique, leading to well-shaped nanovaccines with high loading efficiency. The pH-sensitivity of Ac-bCD and PLGA nanovaccines was examined by in vitro hydrolysis and antigen release studies. Nanovaccines could be effectively engulfed by dendritic cells (DCs) via endocytosis in both dose and time dependent manners, and their intracellular trafficking was closely related to the pH-sensitivity of the carrier materials. Furthermore, nanovaccines could induce the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by DCs and T cells co-cultured with the stimulated DCs. In vivo evaluations demonstrated that nanovaccines were more potent than that based on the complete Freund's adjuvant, with respect to inducing anti-FSHR antibody, reducing the sperm count, inhibiting the sperm motility, and increasing the teratosperm rate. Immunization of male mice with nanovaccines notably decreased the parturition incidence of the mated females. Consequently, both in vitro and in vivo activities of FSHR could be considerably augmented by NPs. More importantly, our studies indicated that the pH-responsive nanovaccine was not superior over the non-responsive counterpart for the examined peptide antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital 81 of PLA, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Shuai Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Luping Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tangshan Workers' Hospital of Hebei Province, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Dinglin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shibin Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yajun Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Zhiqing Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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9
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Han Y, Liu G, Jiang X, Ijaz N, Tesema B, Xie G. KISS1 can be used as a novel target for developing a DNA immunocastration vaccine in ram lambs. Vaccine 2015; 33:777-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kaur K, Prabha V. Immunocontraceptives: new approaches to fertility control. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:868196. [PMID: 25110702 PMCID: PMC4119744 DOI: 10.1155/2014/868196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly increasing global population has bowed the attention of family planning and associated reproductive health programmes in the direction of providing a safe and reliable method which can be used to limit family size. The world population is estimated to exceed a phenomenal 10 billion by the year 2050 A.D., thus presenting a real jeopardy of overpopulation with severe implications for the future. Despite the availability of contraceptive methods, there are over one million elective abortions globally each year due to unintended pregnancies, having devastating impact on reproductive health of women worldwide. This highlights the need for the development of newer and improved contraceptive methods. A novel contraceptive approach that is gaining substantial attention is "immunocontraception" targeting gamete production, gamete outcome, or gamete function. Amongst these, use of sperm antigens (gamete function) seems to be an exciting and feasible approach. However, the variability of immune response and time lag to attain titer among vaccinated individuals after active immunization has highlighted the potential relevance of preformed antibodies in this league. This review is an attempt to analyze the current status and progress of immunocontraceptive approaches with respect to their establishment as a future fertility control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiranjeet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Vijay Prabha
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Xu C, Li YC, Yang H, Long Y, Chen MJ, Qin YF, Xia YK, Song L, Gu AH, Wang XR. The preparation and application of N-terminal 57 amino acid protein of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor as a candidate male contraceptive vaccine. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:623-30. [PMID: 24713829 PMCID: PMC4104094 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.125910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), which is expressed only on Sertoli cells and plays a key role in spermatogenesis, has been paid attention for its potential in male contraception vaccine research and development. This study introduces a method for the preparation and purification of human FSHR 57-amino acid protein (FSHR-57aa) as well as determination of its immunogenicity and antifertility effect. A recombinant pET-28a(+)-FSHR-57aa plasmid was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 Star TM (DE3) and the FSHR-57aa protein was separated and collected by cutting the gel and recovering activity by efficient refolding dialysis. The protein was identified by Western blot and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis with a band of nearly 7 kDa and a purity of 97.4%. Male monkeys were immunized with rhFSHR-57aa protein and a gradual rising of specific serum IgG antibody was found which reached a plateau on day 112 (16 weeks) after the first immunization. After mating of one male with three female monkeys, the pregnancy rate of those mated with males immunized against FSHR-57aa was significantly decreased while the serum hormone levels of testosterone and estradiol were not disturbed in the control or the FSHR-57aa groups. By evaluating pathological changes in testicular histology, we found that the blood-testis barrier remained intact, in spite of some small damage to Sertoli cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the rhFSHR-57aa protein might be a feasible male contraceptive which could affect sperm production without disturbing hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying-Chun Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min-Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Kai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Ai-Hua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin-Ru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing, China
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Gupta SK, Shrestha A, Minhas V. Milestones in contraceptive vaccines development and hurdles in their application. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:911-25. [PMID: 24262991 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Contraceptive vaccines have been proposed for controlling the growing human population and wildlife population management. Multiple targets such as gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, gonadotropin receptors, sperm-specific proteins and zona pellucida glycoproteins have been exploited to develop contraceptive vaccine and their efficacy investigated and shown in various experimental animal models. Vaccines based on GnRH have found application in immuno-castration of male pigs for prevention of boar-taint. Vaccines based on zona pellucida glycoproteins have shown promising results for population management of wild horses and white-tailed deer. Phase II clinical trials in women with β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG)-based contraceptive vaccine established proof of principle that these can be developed for human application. Block in fertility by β-hCG contraceptive vaccine was reversible. Further research inputs are required to establish the safety of contraceptive vaccines, improve their immunogenicity and to develop novel vaccine delivery platforms for providing long lasting immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Gupta
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi, India
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Ferro VA, Garside DA. Reproductive component vaccine developments for contraceptive and non-contraceptive uses. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1473-82. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.594042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Cruz LJ, Rueda F, Cordobilla B, Simón L, Hosta L, Albericio F, Domingo JC. Targeting Nanosystems to Human DCs via Fc Receptor as an Effective Strategy to Deliver Antigen for Immunotherapy. Mol Pharm 2010; 8:104-16. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100178k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis J. Cruz
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felix Rueda
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Cordobilla
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Simón
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leticia Hosta
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Domingo
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Vaccines for immunological control of fertility. Reprod Med Biol 2009; 9:61-71. [PMID: 29699331 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-009-0042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have been proposed as one of the strategies for population control. Immunocontraceptive vaccines can be designed to inhibit: (1) production of gametes (sperm and egg); (2) functions of gametes, leading to blocking of fertilization; and (3) gamete outcome (pregnancy). Immunization with gonadotropin-releasing hormone coupled to different carriers has shown curtailment in the production of sperm with concomitant infertility in various species. Immunization of nonhuman primates and men with ovine follicle stimulating hormone has also resulted in reduced sperm output. Various spermatozoa-specific proteins such as FA1, PH-20, LDH-C4, SP-10, SP-17, sp56, SPAG9, and Izumo have been proposed as candidate antigens to develop contraceptive vaccines, which have shown efficacy in inhibiting fertility in different animal models. Immunization with zona pellucida glycoproteins-based immunogens also results in curtailment of fertility in a variety of species. However, ways to overcome the observed oophoritis associated with zona proteins immunization have yet to be discovered, a necessary step before their proposal for control of human population. Nonetheless, this is a very promising approach to control wildlife animal population. Phase II clinical trials of β-human chorionic gonadotropin-based vaccine in women have established the proof of principle that it is possible to inhibit fertility without any untoward side-effects by vaccination. Further scientific inputs are required to increase the efficacy of contraceptive vaccines and establish their safety beyond doubt, before they can become applicable for control of fertility in humans.
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Abstract
Male contraception research has yielded a number of promising leads over the past 50 years. Yet, little is known by the public due to lack of institutional support and funding. This is unfortunate since, apart from condom and vasectomy, there are many male methods which may be safer, more effective and easier to use. This paper explores male contraception which has been used in the past and the present and discusses some of its potential developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Herdiman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
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18
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van Straten N, Timmers M. Chapter 8 Non-Peptide Ligands for the Gonadotropin Receptors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(09)04408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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19
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Dahia CL, Petrusz P, Hall SH, Rao AJ. Effect of deprivation of endogenous follicle stimulating hormone on rat epididymis: a histological evaluation. Reprod Biomed Online 2008; 17:331-7. [PMID: 18765003 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The growth and function of the epididymis are regulated by testosterone produced by Leydig cells in the testes. In the present study it was observed that neutralization of endogenous follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in immature rats using a highly specific antiserum to ovine FSH resulted in changes in the histology of the epididymis along with a decrease (50-60%) in its weight compared with the normal serum-treated controls. These changes were observed in both rat and monkey epididymis without any decrease in serum testosterone, on which epididymis is known to be dependent. A detailed study was therefore carried out on the effects of deprivation of FSH or testosterone on the histology of epididymis. The changes in epididymal histology following FSH deprivation included a decrease in the size of the tubule lumen in the rat as well as in the adult male bonnet monkey in which the antiserum against ovine FSH was raised. Intensive vacuolization and uneven surface of the luminal epithelium was also observed. In contrast, the effect of deprivation of testosterone support by way of administration of LH antiserum or fiutamide resulted in a decrease in the size of the lumen and degenerative changes. These results suggest that cauda epididymidis is a target for FSH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Lekha Dahia
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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20
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Timmerman P, Puijk WC, Meloen RH. Functional reconstruction and synthetic mimicry of a conformational epitope using CLIPS technology. J Mol Recognit 2008; 20:283-99. [PMID: 18074397 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes immunization studies with CLIPS-constrained peptides covering only the major part (beta3-loop) of a structurally complex antigenic site on human Follicle Stimulating Hormone beta-subunit (FSH-beta). In cases where linear and SS-constrained peptides fail, the CLIPS-constrained peptides generate polyclonal antibodies with high neutralizing activity for hFSH. The sera were shown to be specific for hFSH over human Luteinizing Hormone (hLH) and human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). ELISA-competition studies and circular dichroism (CD)-measurements illustrate clearly that activity of the peptides in antibody binding and generation relates directly to precise and appropriate fixation of the peptide conformation. Design of the CLIPS-peptides was entirely based on epitope mapping studies with two neutralizing anti-hFSH mAbs. Both mAbs were shown to bind to a conformational epitope located at the top of the beta1-beta3-loop covering the amino acid sequences Y58-P77 (beta3-loop). The results described in this paper show that CLIPS-constrained peptides covering the Y58-P77 sequence provide the minimally required structural entity necessary to generate reproducibly sera with high hFSH-neutralizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Timmerman
- Pepscan Therapeutics B.V., PO Box 2098, 8203 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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21
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Abstract
Despite significant advances in contraceptive options for women over the last 50 yr, world population continues to grow rapidly. Scientists and activists alike point to the devastating environmental impacts that population pressures have caused, including global warming from the developed world and hunger and disease in less developed areas. Moreover, almost half of all pregnancies are still unwanted or unplanned. Clearly, there is a need for expanded, reversible, contraceptive options. Multicultural surveys demonstrate the willingness of men to participate in contraception and their female partners to trust them to do so. Notwithstanding their paucity of options, male methods including vasectomy and condoms account for almost one third of contraceptive use in the United States and other countries. Recent international clinical research efforts have demonstrated high efficacy rates (90-95%) for hormonally based male contraceptives. Current barriers to expanded use include limited delivery methods and perceived regulatory obstacles, which stymie introduction to the marketplace. However, advances in oral and injectable androgen delivery are cause for optimism that these hurdles may be overcome. Nonhormonal methods, such as compounds that target sperm motility, are attractive in their theoretical promise of specificity for the reproductive tract. Gene and protein array technologies continue to identify potential targets for this approach. Such nonhormonal agents will likely reach clinical trials in the near future. Great strides have been made in understanding male reproductive physiology; the combined efforts of scientists, clinicians, industry and governmental funding agencies could make an effective, reversible, male contraceptive an option for family planning over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T Page
- Center for Research in Reproduction and Contraception, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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22
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Huyghe E, Nohra J, Vezzosi D, Bennet A, Caron P, Mieusset R, Bujan L, Plante P. Contraceptions masculines non déférentielles : revue de la littérature. Prog Urol 2007; 17:156-64. [PMID: 17489310 DOI: 10.1016/s1166-7087(07)92254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the state of progress of the various male contraceptive methods (with the exception of deferential methods). MATERIAL AND METHODS A review of the literature was performed by using the key words: male/contraception, limiting the search to original articles in English and French. Articles on vasectomy and the other deferential methods of contraception are not considered in the present review. RESULTS Three methods of male contraception are widely used at the present time: withdrawal, male condom and vasectomy, although other types of male contraception have been shown to be effective, including hormonal contraception, which appears to be the most promising technique and the subject of the majority of research. Other contraceptive methods (immunological, thermal...) could constitute possible alternatives. CONCLUSION Male contraception remains under-used, as only male condoms are commonly used (apart from withdrawal and vasectomy). Consequently, new research protocols in the field of male contraception must be strongly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Huyghe
- Service d'Urologie et Andrologie, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Toulouse, France.
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23
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Kumar TR. Mouse models for gonadotropins: a 15-year saga. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 260-262:249-54. [PMID: 17055639 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary gonadotropins FSH and LH are heterodimeric glycoproteins consisting of a common alpha and a hormone-specific beta subunit that are non-covalently linked. Both these hormones bind G-protein coupled receptors and regulate multiple processes in the gonads. Advances in the past two decades in manipulating the mouse genome by random and site-specific mutagenesis have been invaluable to our understanding of the biology of gonadotropins. Using these transgenic and gene targeting approaches, both gain-of-function transgenic as well as knockout mice lacking the hormone-specific gonadotropin subunits, and hence functional dimeric hormones were generated. Furthermore, knockout mice lacking regulators of gonadotropin production have also been characterized. These mice are useful to delineate the distinct in vivo biological roles of FSH and LH, and provide valuable genetic tools to study the signaling mechanisms within the gonads. Here, I will discuss our work on different ways to manipulate gonadotropin ligand function in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rajendra Kumar
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, KS 66160, USA.
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24
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Barfield JP, Nieschlag E, Cooper TG. Fertility control in wildlife: humans as a model. Contraception 2006; 73:6-22. [PMID: 16371289 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2005.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In a time of accelerated extinction rates and biodiversity loss, it may seem illogical to be concerned with methods limiting the reproduction of wild populations; however, there is an urgent need to inhibit the proliferation of a wide variety of species. The range of animals for which fertility control is desired makes the development of a single method impossible. The various reproductive strategies used by individual species, the desired outcome of contraceptive programs (reversible or irreversible; male or female directed) and our ignorance of the reproductive biology of many endangered species necessitate thorough species-specific investigations. As fertility control in humans is a reality and research into methods of fertility control is more advanced, humans serve as a model for developing contraceptive approaches for wild species. Population control by traditional methods (indirect or direct intervention by culling, poisoning, translocation, etc.) is increasingly unacceptable to the public, making human studies even more valuable for finding solutions to overabundant wild populations. This review compares and contrasts the range of contraceptive methods used in both wildlife and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Barfield
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University of Münster, D-48129 Münster, Germany
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25
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Kumar TR. What have we learned about gonadotropin function from gonadotropin subunit and receptor knockout mice? Reproduction 2005; 130:293-302. [PMID: 16123236 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A number of biochemical and physiological studies elucidated the roles of pituitary and placental glycoprotein hormones. Advances in the past two decades in manipulating the mouse genome by random or site-specific mutagenesis have heralded a new dimension to our understanding of the biology of gonadotropins. It is now possible to model many human reproductive disorders involving gonadotropins/gonadotropin-signaling in the mouse. Mutant mice selectively lacking either FSH or LH or their cognate receptors have been generated. The gonadotropin ligand and the corresponding receptor knockout mice mostly phenocopy each other. Analyses with these genetic models confirmed earlier physiological studies; in addition they also revealed novel roles for gonadotropins previously unrecognized. While FSH action seems dispensable for male but not female fertility, absence of LH causes infertility in both the sexes. While Sertoli cell number and germ cell carrying capacity of the Sertoli cells in compromised in FSH mutants, both somatic and germ cell lineages are affected in the LH mutants resulting in complete male infertility. FSH mutant females demonstrate a preantral stage block in folliculogenesis and FSH alone is not sufficient to promote full folliculogenesis in the absence of LH. Pre-ovulatory stage follicles do not form and most of the follicles undergo apoptosis in the absence of LH. Many extra-gonadal phenotypes have been described for the receptor knockout mice and whether these bear any resemblances to those in patients with similar inactivating mutations in the receptors for FSH and LH remains an open question. Thus the in vivo models will continue to have a significant impact in understanding gonadotropin physiology and pathophysiology and serve as novel genetic tools to study signaling mechanisms in the gonads.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit/genetics
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit/metabolism
- Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Gonadotropins, Pituitary/genetics
- Gonadotropins, Pituitary/metabolism
- Humans
- Infertility/metabolism
- Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit/genetics
- Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Animal
- Receptors, Gonadotropin/genetics
- Receptors, Gonadotropin/metabolism
- Reproduction/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rajendra Kumar
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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26
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Kumar TR. Gonadotropin gene targeting and biological implications. Endocrine 2005; 26:227-33. [PMID: 16034176 DOI: 10.1385/endo:26:3:227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary gonadotropins FSH and LH are heterodimeric glycoproteins consisting of a common alpha and a hormone-specific beta subunit that are non-covalently linked. These hormones orchestrate gonadal growth, differentiation, and function by regulating both steroid-ogenesis and gametogenesis. Advances in the past two decades in manipulating the mouse genome by site-specific mutagenesis have heralded a new dimension to our understanding of the biology of gonadotropins. Using these gene-targeting approaches, knockout mice lacking the hormone-specific gonadotropin subunits, and hence the functional dimeric hormones, have been generated. These individual gonadotropin-deficient mice are useful to delineate the distinct in vivo biological roles of FSH and LH. These mice also serve as valuable genetic tools to study the signaling mechanisms within the gonads and help a better understanding of some forms of human infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rajendra Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 66160, USA.
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27
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Delves PJ. How far from a hormone-based contraceptive vaccine? J Reprod Immunol 2004; 62:69-78. [PMID: 15288183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2003.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2003] [Accepted: 08/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies of appropriate specificity are able to block the action of hormones which are obligatory for successful reproduction. Thus, if immunisation using such hormones can provoke adequate titres of bioneutralizing antibodies in sexually mature individuals, the vaccinee becomes infertile ('immunocontraception') for as long as sufficient titres of the antibodies are maintained. In the case of hormones that are required for the development of sexual maturity in the male, immunisation of young animals can prevent sexual maturation ('immunocastration'). The hormones which have been targeted are gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) for both immunocastration and immunocontraception, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for immunocontraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Delves
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, 46 Cleveland St., London W1T 4JF, UK.
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28
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Gupta SK. Status of immunodiagnosis and immunocontraceptive vaccines in India. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2003; 85:181-214. [PMID: 12930096 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36466-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The article focuses on the Indian initiative of making kits for diagnosis of various infectious and non-infectious diseases as well as reproductive hormones and hormones in various other endocrine disorders. Indigenous diagnostic kits for the detection of various infections such as filariasis, typhoid, amebiasis, Japanese encephalitis, hepatitis, HIV, dengue, leishmaniasis, malaria, rabies, toxoplasmosis, rotavirus, and group A streptococci have been developed. Agreements to transfer the know-how of some of these leads to industries have been signed. The know-how of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of hepatitis C has been successfully transferred to industry and is being commercially produced. For detection of HIV-1 and HIV-2, indigenous diagnostic kits based on three different formats, namely ELISA, Western blot and rapid test have been developed and are being commercially produced by Indian industries. The factors influencing the successful transfer of laboratory-scale diagnostic assays from academia to industry and their commercial exploitation have been discussed. Indian scientists have made seminal contributions in exploring the possibility to develop an effective and safe contraceptive vaccine to control the increasing human population of India. Achieving contraception by means of vaccine is a novel approach, which entails generation of a specific antibody response against antigens critically involved in the process of mammalian reproduction. In India, three major programs on contraceptive vaccines based on the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin ((beta)hCG) for women, ovine follicle stimulating hormone (oFSH) for men, and riboflavin carrier protein for both males and females have been initiated. The work at the National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi on contraceptive vaccine for women, based on (beta)hCG, has demonstrated, for the first time, that it is feasible to regulate fertility by such an approach. Basic research being carried out to achieve immunocontraception by interfering at sperm-oocyte interaction level has been briefly discussed. These developments are still at the research stage. In addition to advances in the area of contraceptive vaccines, a non-steroidal contraceptive oral pill has been developed by Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, commercially produced by two Indian pharmaceutical companies and has been incorporated in the National Family Welfare Program. Another interesting approach for fertility regulation in male has been developed in India, which involves vas occlusion with styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) and is currently undergoing clinical trials in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Gupta
- Gamete Antigen Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India.
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29
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Ferro VA, Khan MAH, Earl ER, Harvey MJA, Colston A, Stimson WH. Influence of carrier protein conjugation site and terminal modification of a GnRH-I peptide sequence in the development of a highly specific anti-fertility vaccine. Part I. Am J Reprod Immunol 2002; 48:361-71. [PMID: 12607772 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0897.2002.01120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM We previously immunoneutralized gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), using an analogue of GnRH (des-1 GnRH-I), conjugated to tetanus toxoid via a carbodiimide reaction. The castration effect on the reproductive system was not consistent in all the treated animals. Therefore, we examined the possibility that conjugation to the carrier protein via the N- or C-terminal could have an effect on efficacy. METHOD OF STUDY GnRH analogue sequences were synthesized consisting of an additional cysteine at either terminal and specific conjugation was carried out using a bifunctional linker agent. RESULTS Conjugation of the monomer through the N-terminal proved to be a highly effective means of causing immunocastration in terms of decreased gonadotrophin and testosterone concentrations and testicular size, whereas conjugation through the C-terminal proved to be ineffective. This was reflected in the ability of the antibodies to bind native GnRH, but not the levels of the anti-GnRH antibodies. CONCLUSION Immunoneutralization efficacy was attributed to the importance of preserving the GnRH C-terminal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Ferro
- Department of Immunology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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30
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Ferro VA, Harvey MJA, Colston A, Stimson WH. Part II: influence of dimerization of a modified GnRH-I peptide sequence on a male antifertility vaccine. Am J Reprod Immunol 2002; 48:372-80. [PMID: 12607773 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0897.2002.01121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM In the previous paper, we described how the tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugated monomer, CHWSYGLRPG-NH2, induced high neutralizing antibody titres, which resulted in decreased levels of testosterone and subsequent antifertility. However, its counterpart HWSYGLRPGC, induced low avidity antibody titres. We wanted to know whether peptide dimerization would improve the efficacy of both peptides. METHOD OF STUDY Male Sprague-Dawley rats were immunized with modified dimerized GnRH-I peptides (HWSYGLRPGCCGPRLGYSWH and GPRLGYSWHCCHWSYGLRPG-NH2), with or without conjugation to TT. RESULTS The unconjugated dimers were not effective in causing castration, although the first peptide dimer did induce production of antibodies. When conjugated to TT, both dimers showed the same level of efficacy in causing castration as each other. However, there were differences in antibody binding to native GnRH. CONCLUSIONS Dimerization and conjugation to a carrier improved the antifertility efficacy of HWSYGLRPGC, whereas the conjugated monomer CHWSYGLRPG-NH2 showed a greater level of consistent castration than its conjugated dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Ferro
- Department of Immunology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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31
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Abstract
The use of vaccination as a means of controlling fertility was established during the last decade with the publication of a successful Phase II trial demonstrating the efficacy of this approach to family planning. However, only this one Phase II trial has been completed despite a plethora of hormonal and gamete antigens that have been proposed as candidate vaccines. Improvements in the design and formulation of contraceptive vaccines are underway and will be a necessary prelude to further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Delves
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, UK.
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Ferro VA, Khan MA, Latimer VS, Brown D, Urbanski HF, Stimson WH. Immunoneutralisation of GnRH-I, without cross-reactivity to GnRH-II, in the development of a highly specific anti-fertility vaccine for clinical and veterinary use. J Reprod Immunol 2001; 51:109-29. [PMID: 11543851 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0378(01)00071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several forms of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) molecules have been isolated from primate brain. These molecules are very similar in sequence and this raises the question of whether previously developed neutralisation vaccines based on GnRH (now termed GnRH-I) would remove other forms of GnRH (namely GnRH-II) as well. As the function of these other molecules has not yet been clearly defined, potential health risks could exist by their ablation. In view of the high sequence homology between the molecules, this paper describes the production of highly specific polyclonal antibodies against GnRH-I and GnRH-II, with negligible cross-reactivity. The ultimate aim of this is to develop an anti-fertility vaccine which does not present any inappropriate side-effects, caused by neutralisation of a GnRH molecule which may or may not be directly involved in reproduction. Several formulations were investigated, based on analogues of the following molecules, conjugated to tetanus toxoid: 1. GnRH-I pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Try-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2 and 2. GnRH-II pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-His-Gly-Trp-Tyr-Pro-Gly-NH2. The specificity of the antibodies produced was examined, together with effects on fertility and any inappropriate side-effects. Immunostaining of hypothalamic sections was carried out, using the generated antisera, to determine the regional distribution of GnRH-I and GnRH-II neurones, as well as to further evaluate the specificity of the antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Ferro
- Department of Immunology, University of Strathclyde, SIBS Building, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 ONR, UK.
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33
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Abstract
As the number of abortion procedures performed each year reaches nearly 1 million, the incentive to decrease the incidence of unwanted pregnancy in the United States is high. Better education regarding women's health issues and enhanced contraceptive development are necessary to impact this long-standing problem. Several new contraceptive products are likely to become available in years to come to increase the number of choices that women and their health care providers have for pregnancy prevention. These products include long-acting implants, the levonorgestrel intrauterine device, patches, and the vaginal ring. This article surveys the near future of male and female contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Grow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
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