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Fernández Navarro V, Godinho RM, García Martínez D, Garate Maidagan D. Exploring the utility of Geometric Morphometrics to analyse prehistoric hand stencils. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6336. [PMID: 38491272 PMCID: PMC10943054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Hand stencils are a remarkable graphic expression in Prehistoric rock art, dating back to 42 ka BP. Although these stencils provide direct impressions of the artists' hands, the characterization of their biological profile (i.e., biological sex and age) is very challenging. Previous studies have attempted this analysis with traditional morphometrics (TM), whereas little research has been undertaken using Geometric Morphometrics (GM), a method widely used in other disciplines but only tentatively employed in rock art studies. However, the large variation in relative finger position in archaeological hands poses the question of whether these representations can be examined through GM, or, in contrast, if this creates an unmanageable error in the results. To address this issue, a 2D hand scans sample of 70 living individuals (F = 35; M = 35) has been collected in three standardized positions (n = 210) and digitized with 32 2D conventional landmarks. Results show that the intra-individual distance (mean Procrustes distance between Pos. 1-2 = 0.132; 2-3 = 0.191; 1-3 = 0.292) is larger than the inter-individual distance (mean in 1 = 0.122; 2 = 0.142; 3 = 0.165). Finally, it has been demonstrated that the relative finger positions, as well as the inclusion of all hand parts in the analysis, have an overshadowing effect on other variables potentially involved in the morphometric variability of the hand, such as biological sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fernández Navarro
- Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria (IIIPC), Universidad de Cantabria, Gobierno de Cantabria, Santander, Avenida de los Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Spain.
| | - R M Godinho
- Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArHEB), Faculdade das Ciências Humanas e Sociais, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - D García Martínez
- Physical Anthropology Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Garate Maidagan
- Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria (IIIPC), Universidad de Cantabria, Gobierno de Cantabria, Santander, Avenida de los Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Spain
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2
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Arbour J, Rumpp F, López-Fernández H. Organismal form constrains the evolution of complex lever systems in Neotropical cichlid four-bar linkages. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:81-96. [PMID: 37102462 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The diversification of functional traits may be limited by the intrinsic constraints of organismal form (i.e., constructional constraints), owing to the differential investment in different anatomical structures. In this study, we test whether overall organismal form impacts the evolution of shape and function in complex lever systems. We examined the relationship between four-bar shape and overall head shape in two four-bar linkage systems: the oral-jaw and hyoid-neurocranium systems in Neotropical cichlids. We also investigated the strength of form-function mapping in these four-bar linkages and the impact of constraining head shape on these correlations. We quantified the shape of the head and two four-bar linkages using geometric morphometrics and compared these with the kinematic transmission coefficient of each linkage system. The shapes of both linkages were strongly correlated with their mechanical properties, and head shape appears to constrain the shape of both four-bar linkages. Head shape induced greater integration between the two linkages, was associated with stronger form-function correlations and higher rates of evolution in biomechanically important features. Head shape constraints may also contribute to a weak but significant trade-off in linkage kinematics. Elongation of the head and body, in particular, appears to minimize the impact of this trade-off, possibly through maximizing anterior-posterior space availability. However, the strength of relationships between shape and function, and the impact of head shape differed between the two linkages, with the hyoid four-bar in general showing stronger form-function relationships despite being more independent from head shape constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Arbour
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Faith Rumpp
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hernán López-Fernández
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Burress ED, Muñoz MM. Phenotypic rate and state are decoupled in response to river-to-lake transitions in cichlid fishes. Evolution 2023; 77:2365-2377. [PMID: 37624672 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Geographic access to isolated ecosystems is an important catalyst of adaptive radiation. Cichlid fishes repeatedly colonized rift, crater, and volcanic lakes from surrounding rivers. We test the "lake effect" on the phenotypic rate and state across 253 cichlid species. The rate of evolution was consistently higher (~10-fold) in lakes, and consistent across different dimensions of the phenotype. Rate shifts tended to occur coincident with or immediately following river-to-lake transitions, generally resulting in 2- to 5-fold faster rates than in the founding riverine lineage. By contrast, river- and lake-dwelling cichlids exhibit considerable overlap in phenotypes, generally with less disparity in lakes, but often different evolutionary optima. Taken together, these results suggest that lake radiations rapidly expand into niches largely already represented by ancestral riverine lineages, albeit in different frequencies. Lakes may provide ecological opportunity via ecological release (e.g., from predators/competitors) but need not be coupled with access to novel ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Burress
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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Simon MN, Moen DS. Bridging Performance and Adaptive Landscapes to Understand Long-Term Functional Evolution. Physiol Biochem Zool 2023; 96:304-320. [PMID: 37418608 DOI: 10.1086/725416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
AbstractUnderstanding functional adaptation demands an integrative framework that captures the complex interactions between form, function, ecology, and evolutionary processes. In this review, we discuss how to integrate the following two distinct approaches to better understand functional evolution: (1) the adaptive landscape approach (ALA), aimed at finding adaptive peaks for different ecologies, and (2) the performance landscape approach (PLA), aimed at finding performance peaks for different ecologies. We focus on the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process as the evolutionary model for the ALA and on biomechanical modeling to estimate performance for the PLA. Whereas both the ALA and the PLA have each given insight into functional adaptation, separately they cannot address how much performance contributes to fitness or whether evolutionary constraints have played a role in form-function evolution. We show that merging these approaches leads to a deeper understanding of these issues. By comparing the locations of performance and adaptive peaks, we can infer how much performance contributes to fitness in species' current environments. By testing for the relevance of history on phenotypic variation, we can infer the influence of past selection and constraints on functional adaptation. We apply this merged framework in a case study of turtle shell evolution and explain how to interpret different possible outcomes. Even though such outcomes can be quite complex, they represent the multifaceted relations among function, fitness, and constraints.
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Burress ED, Piálek L, Casciotta J, Almirón A, Říčan O. Rapid Parallel Morphological and Mechanical Diversification of South American Pike Cichlids (Crenicichla). Syst Biol 2022; 72:120-133. [PMID: 35244182 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Explosive bouts of diversification are one of the most conspicuous features of the tree of life. When such bursts are repeated in similar environments it suggests some degree of predictability in the evolutionary process. We assess parallel adaptive radiation of South American pike cichlids (Crenicichla) using phylogenomics and phylogenetic comparative methods. We find that species flocks in the Uruguay and Iguazú River basins rapidly diversified into the same set of ecomorphs that reflect feeding ecology. Both adaptive radiations involve expansion of functional morphology, resulting in unique jaw phenotypes. Yet, form and function were decoupled such that most ecomorphs share similar mechanical properties of the jaws (i.e., jaw motion during a feeding strike). Prey mobility explained six to nine-fold differences in the rate of morphological evolution, but had no effect on the rate of mechanical evolution. We find no evidence of gene flow between species flocks or with surrounding coastal lineages that may explain their rapid diversification. When compared to cichlids of the East African Great Lakes and other prominent adaptive radiations, pike cichlids share many themes, including rapid expansion of phenotypic diversity, specialization along the benthic-to-pelagic habitat and soft-to-hard prey axes, and the evolution of conspicuous functional innovations. Yet, decoupled evolution of form and function and the absence of hybridization as a catalyzing force are departures from patterns observed in other adaptive radiations. Many-to-one mapping of morphology to mechanical properties is a mechanism by which pike cichlids exhibit a diversity of feeding ecologies while avoiding exacerbating underlying mechanical trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Burress
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lubomír Piálek
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jorge Casciotta
- División Zoología Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo,UNLP, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CIC,Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Adriana Almirón
- División Zoología Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo,UNLP, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oldřich Říčan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Martinez CM, Tovar AJ, Wainwright PC. A novel intramandibular joint facilitates feeding versatility in the sixbar distichodus. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:273910. [PMID: 34989395 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The intramandibular joint (IMJ) is a secondary point of movement between the two major bones of the lower jaw. It has independently evolved in several groups of teleost fishes, each time representing a departure from related species in which the mandible functions as a single structure rotating only at the quadratomandibular joint (QMJ). In this study, we examine kinematic consequences of the IMJ novelty in a freshwater characiform fish, the herbivorous Distichodus sexfasciatus. We combine traditional kinematic approaches with trajectory-based analysis of motion shapes to compare patterns of prey capture movements during substrate biting, the fish's native feeding mode, and suction of prey from the water column. We find that the IMJ enables complex jaw motions and contributes to feeding versatility by allowing the fish to modulate its kinematics in response to different prey and to various scenarios of jaw-substrate interaction. Implications of the IMJ include context-dependent movements of lower versus upper jaws, enhanced lower jaw protrusion, and the ability to maintain contact between the teeth and substrate throughout the jaw closing or biting phase of the motion. The IMJ in D. sexfasciatus appears to be an adaptation for removing attached benthic prey, consistent with its function in other groups that have evolved the joint. This study builds on our understanding of the role of the IMJ during prey capture and provides insights into broader implications of the innovative trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Martinez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Angelly J Tovar
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peter C Wainwright
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Corn KA, Martinez CM, Burress ED, Wainwright PC. A Multifunction Trade-Off has Contrasting Effects on the Evolution of Form and Function. Syst Biol 2021; 70:681-693. [PMID: 33331913 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Trade-offs caused by the use of an anatomical apparatus for more than one function are thought to be an important constraint on evolution. However, whether multifunctionality suppresses diversification of biomechanical systems is challenged by recent literature showing that traits more closely tied to trade-offs evolve more rapidly. We contrast the evolutionary dynamics of feeding mechanics and morphology between fishes that exclusively capture prey with suction and multifunctional species that augment this mechanism with biting behaviors to remove attached benthic prey. Diversification of feeding kinematic traits was, on average, over 13.5 times faster in suction feeders, consistent with constraint on biters due to mechanical trade-offs between biting and suction performance. Surprisingly, we found that the evolution of morphology contrasts directly with these differences in kinematic evolution, with significantly faster rates of evolution of head shape in biters. This system provides clear support for an often postulated, but rarely confirmed prediction that multifunctionality stifles functional diversification, while also illustrating the sometimes weak relationship between form and function. [Form-function evolution; geometric morphometrics; kinematic evolution; macroevolution; Ornstein-Uhlenbeck; RevBayes; suction feeding].
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Corn
- Department of Evolution & Ecology, University of California, Davis, 2320 Storer Hall, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Christopher M Martinez
- Department of Evolution & Ecology, University of California, Davis, 2320 Storer Hall, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Edward D Burress
- Department of Evolution & Ecology, University of California, Davis, 2320 Storer Hall, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Peter C Wainwright
- Department of Evolution & Ecology, University of California, Davis, 2320 Storer Hall, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
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Haines GE, Stuart YE, Hanson D, Tasneem T, Bolnick DI, Larsson HCE, Hendry AP. Adding the third dimension to studies of parallel evolution of morphology and function: An exploration based on parapatric lake-stream stickleback. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13297-13311. [PMID: 33304538 PMCID: PMC7713967 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent methodological advances have led to a rapid expansion of evolutionary studies employing three-dimensional landmark-based geometric morphometrics (GM). GM methods generally enable researchers to capture and compare complex shape phenotypes, and to quantify their relationship to environmental gradients. However, some recent studies have shown that the common, inexpensive, and relatively rapid two-dimensional GM methods can distort important information and produce misleading results because they cannot capture variation in the depth (Z) dimension. We use micro-CT scanned threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758) from six parapatric lake-stream populations on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to test whether the loss of the depth dimension in 2D GM studies results in misleading interpretations of parallel evolution. Using joint locations described with 2D or 3D landmarks, we compare results from separate 2D and 3D shape spaces, from a combined 2D-3D shape space, and from estimates of biomechanical function. We show that, although shape is distorted enough in 2D projections to strongly influence the interpretation of morphological parallelism, estimates of biomechanical function are relatively robust to the loss of the Z dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E. Haines
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | | | - Dieta Hanson
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Tania Tasneem
- Kealing Middle SchoolAustin Independent School DistrictAustinTXUSA
| | - Daniel I. Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Hans C. E. Larsson
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
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Waldrop LD, He Y, Hedrick TL, Rader JA. Functional Morphology of Gliding Flight I: Modeling Reveals Distinct Performance Landscapes Based on Soaring Strategies. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:1283-1296. [PMID: 32766844 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The physics of flight influences the morphology of bird wings through natural selection on flight performance. The connection between wing morphology and performance is unclear due to the complex relationships between various parameters of flight. In order to better understand this connection, we present a holistic analysis of gliding flight that preserves complex relationships between parameters. We use a computational model of gliding flight, along with analysis by uncertainty quantification, to (1) create performance landscapes of gliding based on output metrics (maximum lift-to-drag ratio, minimum gliding angle, minimum sinking speed, and lift coefficient at minimum sinking speed) and (2) predict what parameters of flight (chordwise camber, wing aspect ratio [AR], and Reynolds number) would differ between gliding and nongliding species of birds. We also examine performance based on the soaring strategy for possible differences in morphology within gliding birds. Gliding birds likely have greater ARs than non-gliding birds, due to the high sensitivity of AR on most metrics of gliding performance. Furthermore, gliding birds can use two distinct soaring strategies based on performance landscapes. First, maximizing distance traveled (maximizing lift-to-drag ratio and minimizing gliding angle) should result in wings with high ARs and middling-to-low wing chordwise camber. Second, maximizing lift extracted from updrafts should result in wings with middling ARs and high wing chordwise camber. Following studies can test these hypotheses using morphological measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D Waldrop
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Yanyan He
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Tyson L Hedrick
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan A Rader
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Burress ED, Martinez CM, Wainwright PC. Decoupled jaws promote trophic diversity in cichlid fishes. Evolution 2020; 74:950-961. [PMID: 32246835 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional decoupling of oral and pharyngeal jaws is widely considered to have expanded the ecological repertoire of cichlid fishes. But, the degree to which the evolution of these jaw systems is decoupled and whether decoupling has impacted trophic diversification remains unknown. Focusing on the large Neotropical radiation of cichlids, we ask whether oral and pharyngeal jaw evolution is correlated and how their evolutionary rates respond to feeding ecology. In support of decoupling, we find relaxed evolutionary integration between the two jaw systems, resulting in novel trait combinations that potentially facilitate feeding mode diversification. These outcomes are made possible by escaping the mechanical trade-off between force transmission and mobility, which characterizes a single jaw system that functions in isolation. In spite of the structural independence of the two jaw systems, results using a Bayesian, state-dependent, relaxed-clock model of multivariate Brownian motion indicate strongly aligned evolutionary responses to feeding ecology. So, although decoupling of prey capture and processing functions released constraints on jaw evolution and promoted trophic diversity in cichlids, the natural diversity of consumed prey has also induced a moderate degree of evolutionary integration between the jaw systems, reminiscent of the original mechanical trade-off between force and mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Burress
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Christopher M Martinez
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Peter C Wainwright
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616
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