1
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Hernandez CA, Eugenin EA. The role of Pannexin-1 channels, ATP, and purinergic receptors in the pathogenesis of HIV and SARS-CoV-2. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2023; 73:102404. [PMID: 37734241 PMCID: PMC10838406 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2023.102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Infectious agents such as human immune deficiency virus-1 (HIV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) use host proteins to infect, replicate, and induce inflammation within the host. A critical component of these diseases is the axis between pannexin-1 channels, extracellular ATP, and purinergic receptors. Here, we describe the potential therapeutic role of Pannexin-1/purinergic approaches to prevent or reduce the devastating consequences of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Hernandez
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA.
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2
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Van Gulck E, Pardons M, Nijs E, Verheyen N, Dockx K, Van Den Eynde C, Battivelli E, Vega J, Florence E, Autran B, Archin NM, Margolis DM, Katlama C, Hamimi C, Van Den Wyngaert I, Eyassu F, Vandekerckhove L, Boden D. A truncated HIV Tat demonstrates potent and specific latency reversal activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0041723. [PMID: 37874295 PMCID: PMC10649039 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00417-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A major barrier to HIV-1 cure is caused by the pool of latently infected CD4 T-cells that persist under combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This latent reservoir is capable of producing replication-competent infectious viruses once prolonged suppressive cART is withdrawn. Inducing the reactivation of HIV-1 gene expression in T-cells harboring a latent provirus in people living with HIV-1 under cART may result in depletion of this latent reservoir due to cytopathic effects or immune clearance. Studies have investigated molecules that reactivate HIV-1 gene expression, but to date, no latency reversal agent has been identified to eliminate latently infected cells harboring replication-competent HIV in cART-treated individuals. Stochastic fluctuations in HIV-1 tat gene expression have been described and hypothesized to allow the progression into proviral latency. We hypothesized that exposing latently infected CD4+ T-cells to Tat would result in effective latency reversal. Our results indicate the capacity of a truncated Tat protein and mRNA to reactivate HIV-1 in latently infected T-cells ex vivo to a similar degree as the protein kinase C agonist: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, without T-cell activation or any significant transcriptome perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Van Gulck
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marion Pardons
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erik Nijs
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nick Verheyen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Koen Dockx
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Christel Van Den Eynde
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Emilie Battivelli
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Brisbane, California, USA
| | - Jerel Vega
- Arcturus Therapeutics, Science Center Drive, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Brigitte Autran
- Faculty of Medicine Sorbonne-University, CIMI-Paris, UPMC/Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Nancie M. Archin
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine and UNC, HIV Cure Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M. Margolis
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine and UNC, HIV Cure Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christine Katlama
- Department Infectious Diseases, Hospital Pitié Salpetière, Sorbonne-University and IPLESP, Paris, France
| | - Chiraz Hamimi
- Faculty of Medicine Sorbonne-University, CIMI-Paris, UPMC/Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Ilse Van Den Wyngaert
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Filmon Eyassu
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Boden
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Brisbane, California, USA
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3
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Veenhuis RT, Abreu CM, Costa PAG, Ferreira EA, Ratliff J, Pohlenz L, Shirk EN, Rubin LH, Blankson JN, Gama L, Clements JE. Monocyte-derived macrophages contain persistent latent HIV reservoirs. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:833-844. [PMID: 36973419 PMCID: PMC10159852 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of persistent cellular reservoirs of latent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a critical obstacle to viral eradication since viral rebound takes place once anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is interrupted. Previous studies show that HIV persists in myeloid cells (monocytes and macrophages) in blood and tissues in virologically suppressed people with HIV (vsPWH). However, how myeloid cells contribute to the size of the HIV reservoir and what impact they have on rebound after treatment interruption remain unclear. Here we report the development of a human monocyte-derived macrophage quantitative viral outgrowth assay (MDM-QVOA) and highly sensitive T cell detection assays to confirm purity. We assess the frequency of latent HIV in monocytes using this assay in a longitudinal cohort of vsPWH (n = 10, 100% male, ART duration 5-14 yr) and find half of the participants showed latent HIV in monocytes. In some participants, these reservoirs could be detected over several years. Additionally, we assessed HIV genomes in monocytes from 30 vsPWH (27% male, ART duration 5-22 yr) utilizing a myeloid-adapted intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) and demonstrate that intact genomes were present in 40% of the participants and higher total HIV DNA correlated with reactivatable latent reservoirs. The virus produced in the MDM-QVOA was capable of infecting bystander cells resulting in viral spread. These findings provide further evidence that myeloid cells meet the definition of a clinically relevant HIV reservoir and emphasize that myeloid reservoirs should be included in efforts towards an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Veenhuis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Celina M Abreu
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pedro A G Costa
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edna A Ferreira
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janaysha Ratliff
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lily Pohlenz
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin N Shirk
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leah H Rubin
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lucio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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4
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de Gea-Grela A, Moreno S. Controversies in the Design of Strategies for the Cure of HIV Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:322. [PMID: 36839593 PMCID: PMC9961067 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The cure for chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections has been a goal pursued since the antiretroviral therapy that improved the clinical conditions of patients became available. However, the exclusive use of these drugs is not enough to achieve a cure, since the viral load rebounds when the treatment is discontinued, leading to disease progression. There are several theories and hypotheses about the biological foundations that prevent a cure. The main obstacle appears to be the existence of a latent viral reservoir that cannot be eliminated pharmacologically. This concept is the basis of the new strategies that seek a cure, known as kick and kill. However, there are other lines of study that recognize mechanisms of persistent viral replication in patients under effective treatment, and that would modify the current lines of research on the cure of HIV. Given the importance of these concepts, in this work, we propose to review the most recent evidence on these hypotheses, covering both the evidence that is positioned in favor and against, trying to expose what are some of the challenges that remain to be resolved in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Alcalá University, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Renelt S, Schult-Dietrich P, Baldauf HM, Stein S, Kann G, Bickel M, Kielland-Kaisen U, Bonig H, Marschalek R, Rieger MA, Dietrich U, Duerr R. HIV-1 Infection of Long-Lived Hematopoietic Precursors In Vitro and In Vivo. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192968. [PMID: 36230931 PMCID: PMC9562211 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent reservoirs in human-immunodeficiency-virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals represent a major obstacle in finding a cure for HIV-1. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have been described as potential HIV-1 targets, but their roles as HIV-1 reservoirs remain controversial. Here we provide additional evidence for the susceptibility of several distinct HSPC subpopulations to HIV-1 infection in vitro and in vivo. In vitro infection experiments of HSPCs were performed with different HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped lentiviral particles and with replication-competent HIV-1. Low-level infection/transduction of HSPCs, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitors (MPP), was observed, preferentially via CXCR4, but also via CCR5-mediated entry. Multi-lineage colony formation in methylcellulose assays and repetitive replating of transduced cells provided functional proof of susceptibility of primitive HSPCs to HIV-1 infection. Further, the access to bone marrow samples from HIV-positive individuals facilitated the detection of HIV-1 gag cDNA copies in CD34+ cells from eight (out of eleven) individuals, with at least six of them infected with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 strains. In summary, our data confirm that primitive HSPC subpopulations are susceptible to CXCR4- and CCR5-mediated HIV-1 infection in vitro and in vivo, which qualifies these cells to contribute to the HIV-1 reservoir in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Renelt
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrizia Schult-Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hanna-Mari Baldauf
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Stein
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerrit Kann
- Department of Medicine II/Infectious Diseases, Goethe University Hospital, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Infektiologikum, Center for Infectious Diseases, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Markus Bickel
- Infektiologikum, Center for Infectious Diseases, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Halvard Bonig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rolf Marschalek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael A. Rieger
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Puertas MC, Bayón-Gil Á, Garcia-Guerrero MC, Salgado M, Urrea V, Morón-López S, Peña R, Jiménez-Moyano E, Clotet B, Prado JG, Martinez-Picado J. VIP-SPOT: an Innovative Assay To Quantify the Productive HIV-1 Reservoir in the Monitoring of Cure Strategies. mBio 2021; 12:e0056021. [PMID: 34154408 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00560-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved assays are critical to the successful implementation of novel HIV-1 cure strategies, given the limited ability of currently available assays to quantify true effects on the viral reservoir. As interventions based on immune clearance target infected cells producing viral antigens, irrespective of whether the viruses generated are infectious or not, we developed a novel assay to identify viral protein production at the single-cell level. The novel viral protein spot (VIP-SPOT) assay, based on the enzyme-linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) approach, quantifies the frequency of CD4+ T cells that produce HIV antigen upon stimulation. The performance of the VIP-SPOT assay was validated in samples from viremic (n = 18) and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated subjects (n = 35), and the results were compared with total and intact proviral DNA and plasma viremia. The size of the functional reservoir, measured by VIP-SPOT, correlates with total HIV-1 DNA and, more strongly, with intact proviruses. However, the frequency of HIV antigen-producing cells is 100-fold lower than that of intact proviruses, thus suggesting that most latently infected cells harboring full-length proviruses are not prone to reactivation. Furthermore, VIP-SPOT was useful for evaluating the efficacy of latency reversing agents (LRAs) in primary cells. VIP-SPOT is a novel tool for measuring the size of the functional HIV-1 reservoir in a rapid, sensitive, and precise manner. It might benefit the evaluation of cure strategies based on immune clearance, as these will specifically target this minor fraction of the viral reservoir, and might assist in the identification of novel therapeutic candidates that modulate viral latency.
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7
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Shenkoya B, Atoyebi S, Eniayewu I, Akinloye A, Olagunju A. Mechanistic Modeling of Maternal Lymphoid and Fetal Plasma Antiretroviral Exposure During the Third Trimester. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:734122. [PMID: 34616699 PMCID: PMC8488224 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.734122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-induced changes in plasma pharmacokinetics of many antiretrovirals (ARV) are well-established. Current knowledge about the extent of ARV exposure in lymphoid tissues of pregnant women and within the fetal compartment is limited due to their inaccessibility. Subtherapeutic ARV concentrations in HIV reservoirs like lymphoid tissues during pregnancy may constitute a barrier to adequate virological suppression and increase the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). The present study describes the pharmacokinetics of three ARVs (efavirenz, dolutegravir, and rilpivirine) in lymphoid tissues and fetal plasma during pregnancy using materno-fetal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models (m-f-PBPK). Lymphatic and fetal compartments were integrated into our previously validated adult PBPK model. Physiological and drug disposition processes were described using ordinary differential equations. For each drug, virtual pregnant women (n = 50 per simulation) received the standard dose during the third trimester. Essential pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, Cmin, and AUC (0-24), were computed from the concentration-time data at steady state for lymph and fetal plasma. Models were qualified by comparison of predictions with published clinical data, the acceptance threshold being an absolute average fold-error (AAFE) within 2.0. AAFE for all model predictions was within 1.08-1.99 for all three drugs. Maternal lymph concentration 24 h after dose exceeded the reported minimum effective concentration (MEC) for efavirenz (11,514 vs. 800 ng/ml) and rilpivirine (118.8 vs. 50 ng/ml), but was substantially lower for dolutegravir (16.96 vs. 300 ng/ml). In addition, predicted maternal lymph-to-plasma AUC ratios vary considerably (6.431-efavirenz, 0.016-dolutegravir, 1.717-rilpivirine). Furthermore, fetal plasma-to-maternal plasma AUC ratios were 0.59 for efavirenz, 0.78 for dolutegravir, and 0.57 for rilpivirine. Compared with rilpivirine (0 h), longer dose forgiveness was observed for dolutegravir in fetal plasma (42 h), and for efavirenz in maternal lymph (12 h). The predicted low lymphoid tissue penetration of dolutegravir appears to be significantly offset by its extended dose forgiveness and adequate fetal compartment exposure. Hence, it is unlikely to be a predictor of maternal virological failure or MTCT risks. Predictions from our m-f-PBPK models align with recommendations of no dose adjustment despite moderate changes in exposure during pregnancy for these drugs. This is an important new application of PBPK modeling to evaluate the adequacy of drug exposure in otherwise inaccessible compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babajide Shenkoya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Shakir Atoyebi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Eniayewu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Abdulafeez Akinloye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Adeniyi Olagunju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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8
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Lungu C, Procopio FA, Overmars RJ, Beerkens RJJ, Voermans JJC, Rao S, Prins HAB, Rokx C, Pantaleo G, van de Vijver DAMC, Mahmoudi T, Boucher CAB, Gruters RA, van Kampen JJA. Inter-Laboratory Reproducibility of Inducible HIV-1 Reservoir Quantification by TILDA. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090973. [PMID: 32887284 PMCID: PMC7552071 DOI: 10.3390/v12090973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial efforts to eliminate or reduce latent HIV-1 reservoirs are underway in clinical trials and have created a critical demand for sensitive, accurate, and reproducible tools to evaluate the efficacy of these strategies. Alternative reservoir quantification assays have been developed to circumvent limitations of the quantitative viral outgrowth assay. One such assay is tat/rev induced limiting dilution assay (TILDA), which measures the frequency of CD4+ T cells harboring inducible latent HIV-1 provirus. We modified pre-amplification reagents and conditions (TILDA v2.0) to improve assay execution and first internally validated assay performance using CD4+ T cells obtained from cART-suppressed HIV-1-infected individuals. Detection of tat/rev multiply spliced RNA was not altered by modifying pre-amplification conditions, confirming the robustness of the assay, and supporting the technique’s amenability to limited modifications to ensure better implementation for routine use in clinical studies of latent HIV-1 reservoirs. Furthermore, we cross-validated results of TILDA v2.0 and the original assay performed in two separate laboratories using samples from 15 HIV-1-infected individuals. TILDA and TILDA v2.0 showed a strong correlation (Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient = 0.86). The low inter-laboratory variability between TILDAs performed at different institutes further supports use of TILDA for reservoir quantitation in multi-center interventional HIV-1 Cure trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lungu
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.J.O.); (R.J.J.B.); (J.J.C.V.); (D.A.M.C.v.d.V.); (C.A.B.B.); (R.A.G.); (J.J.A.v.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco A. Procopio
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.A.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Ronald J. Overmars
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.J.O.); (R.J.J.B.); (J.J.C.V.); (D.A.M.C.v.d.V.); (C.A.B.B.); (R.A.G.); (J.J.A.v.K.)
| | - Rob J. J. Beerkens
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.J.O.); (R.J.J.B.); (J.J.C.V.); (D.A.M.C.v.d.V.); (C.A.B.B.); (R.A.G.); (J.J.A.v.K.)
| | - Jolanda J. C. Voermans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.J.O.); (R.J.J.B.); (J.J.C.V.); (D.A.M.C.v.d.V.); (C.A.B.B.); (R.A.G.); (J.J.A.v.K.)
| | - Shringar Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Henrieke A. B. Prins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.A.B.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Casper Rokx
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.A.B.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.A.P.); (G.P.)
| | - David A. M. C. van de Vijver
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.J.O.); (R.J.J.B.); (J.J.C.V.); (D.A.M.C.v.d.V.); (C.A.B.B.); (R.A.G.); (J.J.A.v.K.)
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Charles A. B. Boucher
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.J.O.); (R.J.J.B.); (J.J.C.V.); (D.A.M.C.v.d.V.); (C.A.B.B.); (R.A.G.); (J.J.A.v.K.)
| | - Rob A. Gruters
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.J.O.); (R.J.J.B.); (J.J.C.V.); (D.A.M.C.v.d.V.); (C.A.B.B.); (R.A.G.); (J.J.A.v.K.)
| | - Jeroen J. A. van Kampen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.J.O.); (R.J.J.B.); (J.J.C.V.); (D.A.M.C.v.d.V.); (C.A.B.B.); (R.A.G.); (J.J.A.v.K.)
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9
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Ismael S, Moshahid Khan M, Kumar P, Kodidela S, Mirzahosseini G, Kumar S, Ishrat T. HIV Associated Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5306. [PMID: 32722629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although retroviral therapy (ART) has changed the HIV infection from a fatal event to a chronic disease, treated HIV patients demonstrate high prevalence of HIV associated comorbidities including cardio/cerebrovascular diseases. The incidence of stroke in HIV infected subjects is three times higher than that of uninfected controls. Several clinical and postmortem studies have documented the higher incidence of ischemic stroke in HIV infected patients. The etiology of stroke in HIV infected patients remains unknown; however, several factors such as coagulopathies, opportunistic infections, vascular abnormalities, atherosclerosis and diabetes can contribute to the pathogenesis of stroke. In addition, chronic administration of ART contributes to the increased risk of stroke in HIV infected patients. Concurrently, experimental studies in murine model of ischemic stroke demonstrated that HIV infection worsens stroke outcome, increases blood brain barrier permeability and increases neuroinflammation. Additionally, residual HIV viral proteins, such as Trans-Activator of Transcription, glycoprotein 120 and Negative regulatory factor, contribute to the pathogenesis. This review presents comprehensive information detailing the risk factors contributing to ischemic stroke in HIV infected patients. It also outlines experimental evidence demonstrating the impact of HIV infection on stroke outcomes, in addition to possible novel therapeutic approaches to improve these outcomes.
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10
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Abstract
Therapeutic approaches towards a functional cure or eradication of HIV have gained renewed momentum upon encouraging data emerging from studies in SIV monkey models and recent results from human clinical studies. However, a multitude of questions remain to be addressed, including how to deal with the latent viral reservoir, how to boost the host immune response to the virus and what the hurdles are to reach relevant viral compartments in the body. Advances have been made especially with regard to identifying agents that can reactivate the latent virus in vivo and boost the cellular and humoral immunity, but it remains largely unclear whether any of these strategies can awaken a sufficiently large fraction of the viral reservoir and whether the boosted immunity can prevent rapid viral replication once antiretroviral treatments are stopped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bailon
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | | | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.
- AELIX Therapeutics, Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Fidler S, Stöhr W, Pace M, Dorrell L, Lever A, Pett S, Kinloch-de Loes S, Fox J, Clarke A, Nelson M, Thornhill J, Khan M, Fun A, Bandara M, Kelly D, Kopycinski J, Hanke T, Yang H, Bennett R, Johnson M, Howell B, Barnard R, Wu G, Kaye S, Wills M, Babiker A, Frater J. Antiretroviral therapy alone versus antiretroviral therapy with a kick and kill approach, on measures of the HIV reservoir in participants with recent HIV infection (the RIVER trial): a phase 2, randomised trial. Lancet 2020; 395:888-898. [PMID: 32085823 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral therapy (ART) cannot cure HIV infection because of a persistent reservoir of latently infected cells. Approaches that force HIV transcription from these cells, making them susceptible to killing-termed kick and kill regimens-have been explored as a strategy towards an HIV cure. RIVER is the first randomised trial to determine the effect of ART-only versus ART plus kick and kill on markers of the HIV reservoir. METHODS This phase 2, open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial was undertaken at six clinical sites in the UK. Patients aged 18-60 years who were confirmed as HIV-positive within a maximum of the past 6 months and started ART within 1 month from confirmed diagnosis were randomly assigned by a computer generated randomisation list to receive ART-only (control) or ART plus the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat (the kick) and replication-deficient viral vector T-cell inducing vaccines encoding conserved HIV sequences ChAdV63. HIVconsv-prime and MVA.HIVconsv-boost (the kill; ART + V + V; intervention). The primary endpoint was total HIV DNA isolated from peripheral blood CD4+ T-cells at weeks 16 and 18 after randomisation. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02336074. FINDINGS Between June 14, 2015 and Jul 11, 2017, 60 men with HIV were randomly assigned to receive either an ART-only (n=30) or an ART + V + V (n=30) regimen; all 60 participants completed the study, with no loss-to-follow-up. Mean total HIV DNA at weeks 16 and 18 after randomisation was 3·02 log10 copies HIV DNA per 106 CD4+ T-cells in the ART-only group versus 3·06 log10 copies HIV DNA per 106 CD4+ T-cells in ART + V + V group, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (mean difference of 0·04 log10 copies HIV DNA per 106 CD4+ T-cells [95% CI -0·03 to 0·11; p=0·26]). There were no intervention-related serious adverse events. INTERPRETATION This kick and kill approach conferred no significant benefit compared with ART alone on measures of the HIV reservoir. Although this does not disprove the efficacy kick and kill strategy, for future trials enhancement of both kick and kill agents will be required. FUNDING Medical Research Council (MR/L00528X/1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
| | - Wolfgang Stöhr
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matt Pace
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine Oxford Martin School, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Lever
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sarah Pett
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK; Mortimer Market Centre, London, UK
| | - Sabine Kinloch-de Loes
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK; University College London, London, UK
| | - Julie Fox
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK; Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Amanda Clarke
- Elton John Centre, Brighton, UK; Department of HIV and Sexual Health, Sussex University Hospital, Brighton, UK; Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Mark Nelson
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Department of HIV Medicine, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - John Thornhill
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Maryam Khan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Axel Fun
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Hongbing Yang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Bennett
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Bonnie Howell
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck and Co, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Richard Barnard
- Global Regulatory Affairs and Clinical Safety, Merck and Co, North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck and Co, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Steve Kaye
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abdel Babiker
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
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12
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Stone M, Rosenbloom D, Bacchetti P, Deng X, Dimapasoc M, Keating S, Bakkour S, Richman D, Mellors J, Deeks S, Lai J, Beg S, Siliciano J, Pagliuzza A, Chomont N, Lackman-Smith C, Ptak RG, Busch MP. Assessing suitability of next-generation viral outgrowth assays as proxies for classic QVOA to measure HIV-1 latent reservoir size. J Infect Dis 2020; 224:1209-1218. [PMID: 32147687 PMCID: PMC8514180 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) curative interventions require reliable and efficient quantification of replication-competent latent reservoirs. The “classic” quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA) has been regarded as the reference standard, although prohibitively resource and labor intensive. We compared 6 “next-generation” viral outgrowth assays, using polymerase chain reaction or ultrasensitive p24 to assess their suitability as scalable proxies for QVOA. Methods Next-generation QVOAs were compared with classic QVOA using single leukapheresis-derived samples from 5 antiretroviral therapy–suppressed HIV-infected participants and 1 HIV-uninfected control; each laboratory tested blinded batches of 3 frozen and 1 fresh sample. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods estimated extra-Poisson variation at aliquot, batch, and laboratory levels. Models also estimated the effect of testing frozen versus fresh samples. Results Next-generation QVOAs had similar estimates of variation to QVOA. Assays with ultrasensitive readout reported higher infectious units per million values than classic QVOA. Within-batch testing had 2.5-fold extra-Poisson variation (95% credible interval [CI], 2.1–3.5-fold) for next-generation assays. Between-laboratory variation increased extra-Poisson variation to 3.4-fold (95% CI, 2.6–5.4-fold). Frozen storage did not substantially alter infectious units per million values (−18%; 95% CI, −52% to 39%). Conclusions The data offer cautious support for use of next-generation QVOAs as proxies for more laborious QVOA, while providing greater sensitivities and dynamic ranges. Measurement of latent reservoirs in eradication strategies would benefit from high throughput and scalable assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Daniel Rosenbloom
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | | | - Sheila Keating
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Sonia Bakkour
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Douglas Richman
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego CA and Center for AIDS Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jun Lai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Subul Beg
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janet Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amélie Pagliuzza
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael P Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine
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13
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Schwarzer R, Gramatica A, Greene WC. Reduce and Control: A Combinatorial Strategy for Achieving Sustained HIV Remissions in the Absence of Antiretroviral Therapy. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020188. [PMID: 32046251 PMCID: PMC7077203 DOI: 10.3390/v12020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) indefinitely persists, despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), within a small pool of latently infected cells. These cells often display markers of immunologic memory and harbor both replication-competent and -incompetent proviruses at approximately a 1:100 ratio. Although complete HIV eradication is a highly desirable goal, this likely represents a bridge too far for our current and foreseeable technologies. A more tractable goal involves engineering a sustained viral remission in the absence of ART––a “functional cure.” In this setting, HIV remains detectable during remission, but the size of the reservoir is small and the residual virus is effectively controlled by an engineered immune response or other intervention. Biological precedence for such an approach is found in the post-treatment controllers (PTCs), a rare group of HIV-infected individuals who, following ART withdrawal, do not experience viral rebound. PTCs are characterized by a small reservoir, greatly reduced inflammation, and the presence of a poorly understood immune response that limits viral rebound. Our goal is to devise a safe and effective means for replicating durable post-treatment control on a global scale. This requires devising methods to reduce the size of the reservoir and to control replication of this residual virus. In the following sections, we will review many of the approaches and tools that likely will be important for implementing such a “reduce and control” strategy and for achieving a PTC-like sustained HIV remission in the absence of ART.
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14
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Falcinelli SD, Ceriani C, Margolis DM, Archin NM. New Frontiers in Measuring and Characterizing the HIV Reservoir. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2878. [PMID: 31921056 PMCID: PMC6930150 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A cure for HIV infection remains elusive due to the persistence of replication-competent HIV proviral DNA during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). With the exception of rare elite or post-treatment controllers of viremia, withdrawal of ART invariably results in the rebound of viremia and progression of HIV disease. A thorough understanding of the reservoir is necessary to develop new strategies in order to reduce or eliminate the reservoir. However, there is significant heterogeneity in the sequence composition, genomic location, stability, and expression of the HIV reservoir both within and across individuals, and a majority of proviral sequences are replication-defective. These factors, and the low frequency of persistently infected cells in individuals on suppressive ART, make understanding the reservoir and its response to experimental reservoir reduction interventions challenging. Here, we review the characteristics of the HIV reservoir, state-of-the-art assays to measure and characterize the reservoir, and how these assays can be applied to accurately detect reductions in reservoir during efforts to develop a cure for HIV infection. In particular, we highlight recent advances in the development of direct measures of provirus, including intact proviral DNA assays and full-length HIV DNA sequencing with integration site analysis. We also focus on novel techniques to quantitate persistent and inducible HIV, including RNA sequencing and RNA/gag protein staining techniques, as well as modified viral outgrowth methods that seek to improve upon throughput, sensitivity and dynamic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane D Falcinelli
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Cristina Ceriani
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nancie M Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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15
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Hsu DC, Silsorn D, Inthawong D, Kuncharin Y, Sopanaporn J, Im-Erbsin R, Chumpolkulwong K, O'connell RJ, Michael NL, Ege CA, Vasan S. Impact of analytical treatment interruption on the central nervous system in a simian-HIV model. AIDS 2019; 33 Suppl 2:S189-96. [PMID: 31789818 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Analytical treatment interruption (ATI) studies are often used to evaluate potential HIV cure strategies. This study was conducted to determine the impact of ATI on simian-HIV (SHIV) infection in the central nervous system. DESIGN Animal study. METHODS Nine rhesus macaques were inoculated with SHIV-1157ipd3N4. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was administered from week 2 to 18. At week 18, four animals were euthanized (no-ATI-group) and five underwent ATI (ATI-group) and were euthanized at 12 weeks post viral rebound. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) SHIV-RNA, markers of inflammation and brain CD3+, CD68+/CD163+ and RNA+ cells were measured. RESULTS All nine animals were SHIV-infected, with median pre-ART plasma and CSF SHIV-RNA of 6.2 and 3.6 log10copies/ml. Plasma and CSF IL-15, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IFN-γ-induced protein-10 and neopterin increased postinfection. ART initiation was associated with rapid and complete suppression of plasma viremia and reductions in plasma and CSF IL-15, IFN-γ-induced protein-10, neopterin and CSF monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Median time to plasma viral rebound was 21 days post-ATI. At 12 weeks postrebound, CSF SHIV-RNA was undetectable and no increases in plasma and CSF markers of inflammation were found. Higher numbers of CD3+ and CD68+/CD163+ cells were seen in the brains of 3/5 and 1/5 animals, respectively, in the ATI-group when compared with no-ATI-group. SHIV-RNA+ cells were not identified in the brain in either group post-ATI. CONCLUSION ATI in macaques that initiated ART during early SHIV-1157ipd3N4 infection was associated with mild, localized T-cell infiltrate in the brain without detectable SHIV-RNA in the brain or CSF, or elevation in CSF soluble markers of inflammation.
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16
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Frank I, Acharya A, Routhu NK, Aravantinou M, Harper JL, Maldonado S, Sole Cigoli M, Semova S, Mazel S, Paiardini M, Derby N, Byrareddy SN, Martinelli E. A Tat/Rev Induced Limiting Dilution Assay to Measure Viral Reservoirs in Non-Human Primate Models of HIV Infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12078. [PMID: 31427605 PMCID: PMC6700126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of latent infection and poorly characterized viral reservoirs in tissues represent major obstacles to a definitive cure for HIV. Non-human primate (NHP) models of HIV infection are critical to elucidate pathogenic processes and an essential tool to test novel therapeutic strategies. Thus, the availability of novel assays to measure residual viral replication and reservoirs in NHP models may increase their utility in the search for an HIV cure. We developed a tat/rev induced limiting dilution assay to measure the frequency of CD4+ T cells that express multiply-spliced(ms)_SIV RNA in presence and absence of stimulation. We validated the assay using cell lines and cells from blood and lymph nodes of SIV infected macaques. In vitro, SIV/SHIV TILDA detects only cells expressing viral proteins. In SIV/SHIV-infected macaques, CD4+ T cells that express msSIV/SHIV RNA (TILDA data) were detected also in the setting of very low/undetectable viremia. TILDA data were significantly higher after stimulation and correlated with plasma viral load (pVL). Interestingly, TILDA data from early cART initiation correlated with peak and AUC pVL post-cART interruption. In summary, we developed an assay that may be useful in characterizing viral reservoirs and determining the effect of HIV interventions in NHP models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Nanda K Routhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | | | - Justin L Harper
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Maria Sole Cigoli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanka Semova
- Flow Cytometry Resource Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Svetlana Mazel
- Flow Cytometry Resource Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nina Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Balcom EF, Roda WC, Cohen EA, Li MY, Power C. HIV-1 persistence in the central nervous system: viral and host determinants during antiretroviral therapy. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 38:54-62. [PMID: 31390580 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite remarkable therapeutic advances in the past two decades, the elimination of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from latent reservoirs constitutes a major barrier to eradication and preventing neurological disease associated with HIV/AIDS. Invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by HIV-1 occurs early in infection, leading to viral infection and productive persistence in brain macrophage-like cells (BMCs) including resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages. HIV-1 persistence in the brain and chronic neuroinflammation occur despite effective treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART). This review examines the evidence from clinical studies, in vivo and in vitro models for HIV-1 CNS persistence, as well as therapeutic considerations in targeting latent CNS reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Balcom
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - W C Roda
- Department of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - E A Cohen
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Y Li
- Department of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - C Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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18
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Gaebler C, Lorenzi JCC, Oliveira TY, Nogueira L, Ramos V, Lu CL, Pai JA, Mendoza P, Jankovic M, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC. Combination of quadruplex qPCR and next-generation sequencing for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the HIV-1 latent reservoir. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2253-2264. [PMID: 31350309 PMCID: PMC6781006 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 cure research seeks to decrease or eliminate the latent reservoir. The evaluation of such curative strategies requires accurate measures of the reservoir. Gaebler et al. describe a combined multicolor qPCR and next-generation sequencing method that enables the sensitive and specific characterization of the HIV-1 latent reservoir. HIV-1 infection requires lifelong therapy with antiretroviral drugs due to the existence of a latent reservoir of transcriptionally inactive integrated proviruses. The goal of HIV-1 cure research is to eliminate or functionally silence this reservoir. To this end, there are numerous ongoing studies to evaluate immunological approaches, including monoclonal antibody therapies. Evaluating the results of these studies requires sensitive and specific measures of the reservoir. Here, we describe a relatively high-throughput combined quantitative PCR (qPCR) and next-generation sequencing method. Four different qPCR probes covering the packaging signal (PS), group-specific antigen (gag), polymerase (pol), and envelope (env) are combined in a single multiplex reaction to detect the HIV-1 genome in limiting dilution samples followed by sequence verification of individual reactions that are positive for combinations of any two of the four probes (Q4PCR). This sensitive and specific approach allows for an unbiased characterization of the HIV-1 latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Julio C C Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Lilian Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Ching-Lan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Joy A Pai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Pilar Mendoza
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Mila Jankovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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Abreu CM, Veenhuis RT, Avalos CR, Graham S, Queen SE, Shirk EN, Bullock BT, Li M, Metcalf Pate KA, Beck SE, Mangus LM, Mankowski JL, Clements JE, Gama L. Infectious Virus Persists in CD4 + T Cells and Macrophages in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques. J Virol 2019; 93:e00065-19. [PMID: 31118264 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00065-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study suggests that CD4+ T cells found throughout tissues in the body can contain replication-competent SIV and contribute to rebound of the virus after treatment interruption. In addition, this study demonstrates that macrophages in tissues are another cellular reservoir for SIV and may contribute to viral rebound after treatment interruption. This new insight into the size and location of the SIV reservoir could have great implications for HIV-infected individuals and should be taken into consideration for the development of future HIV cure strategies. Understanding the cellular and anatomical sites of latent virus that contribute to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rebound is essential for eradication. In HIV-positive patients, CD4+ T lymphocytes comprise a well-defined functional latent reservoir, defined as cells containing transcriptionally silent genomes able to produce infectious virus once reactivated. However, the persistence of infectious latent virus in CD4+ T cells in compartments other than blood and lymph nodes is unclear. Macrophages (Mϕ) are infected by HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and are likely to carry latent viral genomes during antiretroviral therapy (ART), contributing to the reservoir. Currently, the gold standard assay used to measure reservoirs containing replication-competent virus is the quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA). Using an SIV-macaque model, the CD4+ T cell and Mϕ functional latent reservoirs were measured in various tissues using cell-specific QVOAs. Our results showed that blood, spleen, and lung in the majority of suppressed animals contain latently infected Mϕs. Surprisingly, the numbers of CD4+ T cells, monocytes, and Mϕs carrying infectious genomes in blood and spleen were at comparable frequencies (∼1 infected cell per million). We also demonstrate that ex vivo viruses produced in the Mϕ QVOA are capable of infecting activated CD4+ T cells. These results strongly suggest that latently infected tissue Mϕs can reestablish productive infection upon treatment interruption. This study provides the first comparison of CD4+ T cell and Mϕ functional reservoirs in a macaque model. It is the first confirmation of the persistence of latent genomes in monocytes in blood and Mϕs in the spleen and lung of SIV-infected ART-suppressed macaques. Our results demonstrate that transcriptionally silent genomes in Mϕs can contribute to viral rebound after ART interruption and should be considered in future HIV cure strategies. IMPORTANCE This study suggests that CD4+ T cells found throughout tissues in the body can contain replication-competent SIV and contribute to rebound of the virus after treatment interruption. In addition, this study demonstrates that macrophages in tissues are another cellular reservoir for SIV and may contribute to viral rebound after treatment interruption. This new insight into the size and location of the SIV reservoir could have great implications for HIV-infected individuals and should be taken into consideration for the development of future HIV cure strategies.
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20
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Lee GQ, Reddy K, Einkauf KB, Gounder K, Chevalier JM, Dong KL, Walker BD, Yu XG, Ndung'u T, Lichterfeld M. HIV-1 DNA sequence diversity and evolution during acute subtype C infection. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2737. [PMID: 31227699 PMCID: PMC6588551 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the genotypic make-up of HIV-1 DNA genomes during the earliest stages of HIV-1 infection. Here, we use near-full-length, single genome next-generation sequencing to longitudinally genotype and quantify subtype C HIV-1 DNA in four women identified during acute HIV-1 infection in Durban, South Africa, through twice-weekly screening of high-risk participants. In contrast to chronically HIV-1-infected patients, we found that at the earliest phases of infection in these four participants, the majority of viral DNA genomes are intact, lack APOBEC-3G/F-associated hypermutations, have limited genome truncations, and over one year show little indication of cytotoxic T cell-driven immune selections. Viral sequence divergence during acute infection is predominantly fueled by single-base substitutions and is limited by treatment initiation during the earliest stages of disease. Our observations provide rare longitudinal insights of HIV-1 DNA sequence profiles during the first year of infection to inform future HIV cure research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guinevere Q Lee
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kavidha Reddy
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Kevin B Einkauf
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Kamini Gounder
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | | | - Krista L Dong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A number studies are currently underway to develop new drugs aimed at reducing the HIV reservoir or achieving ART-free control of HIV infection. Many markers of HIV reservoirs have been proposed, each one having a different meaning. Total HIV DNA dynamics during the course of HIV infection and its predictive value are now well known. This marker allowed to estimate the size of HIV reservoir at different stages of HIV infection in blood, cell subsets and tissues. Therefore, the purpose of this review is timely and relevant, with the objective to discuss how total HIV DNA might be helpful in the clinical settings. RECENT FINDINGS Among the markers, it appears that HIV DNA is the most well studied, and recent articles confirmed that this marker is easy to use and is precise, specific, practical, robust and reproducible. All these characteristics correspond to what is expected from a helpful clinical marker. SUMMARY HIV DNA level could be considered as a global marker, and it is usually included in current clinical studies to describe the persistence and dynamics of the HIV reservoir, mainly in treated patients. HIV DNA might be helpful in designing clinical trials and personalized medication for HIV patients in the future.
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the recent landscape of HIV therapeutic vaccine research, emphasizing the results of randomized controlled trials that included analytical treatment interruption (ATI) to assess efficacy. RECENT FINDINGS Therapeutic vaccines for HIV are designed to re-educate the host immune response in HIV-infected individuals to better control viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. No therapeutic vaccine has yet to induce long-term HIV remission following ATI in a randomized controlled trial. This is likely because the vaccines have not elicited a broad enough immune response to suppress the diverse escape variants that emerge during viral rebound, and have not been used with effective agents to reduce the HIV reservoir. Recent studies in nonhuman primates using combination approaches are showing significant successes, with several candidates eliciting significant antiviral activity following ATI. Future studies pairing these vaccines with effective reservoir reduction hold great promise. SUMMARY Therapeutic vaccines aim to modulate the immune system of HIV-infected individuals to elicit sustained virologic control in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Therapeutic vaccines that elicit broad immune responses have recently shown promise in randomized controlled trials and nonhuman primate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.,Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Huiting ED, Gittens K, Justement JS, Shi V, Blazkova J, Benko E, Kovacs C, Wender PA, Moir S, Sneller MC, Fauci AS, Chun TW. Impact of Treatment Interruption on HIV Reservoirs and Lymphocyte Subsets in Individuals Who Initiated Antiretroviral Therapy During the Early Phase of Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:270-274. [PMID: 30840763 PMCID: PMC6941494 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies for achieving sustained virologic remission are being explored in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals who began antiretroviral therapy (ART) during the early phase of infection. In the evaluation of such therapies, clinical protocols should include analytical treatment interruption (ATI); however, the immunologic and virologic impact of ATI in individuals who initiated ART early has not been fully delineated. We demonstrate that ATI causes neither expansion of HIV reservoirs nor immunologic abnormalities following reinitiation of ART. Our findings support the use of ATI to determine whether sustained virologic remission has been achieved in clinical trials of individuals who initiated ART early during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Huiting
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Kathleen Gittens
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J Shawn Justement
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Victoria Shi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Jana Blazkova
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | | | | | | | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Michael C Sneller
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
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24
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Swanstrom AE, Jacques A, Del Prete GQ, Bieniasz P, Hatziioannou T, Gorelick R, Lifson JD. Short Communication: Ultrasensitive Immunoassay for Assessing Residual Simian-Tropic HIV in Nonhuman Primate Models of AIDS. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:473-476. [PMID: 30632394 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of replication-competent viral reservoirs during infection remains a barrier to HIV cure, despite the ability of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) to effectively suppress viral replication. Simian-tropic HIV (stHIV) is a minimally chimeric HIV-1 that is comprised of 94% HIV-1 sequence, contains HIV-1 drug and immunologic targets, and is capable of replicating to high levels and causing authentic HIV-like pathogenesis leading to clinical AIDS in pigtail macaques. Suppression of stHIV replication by cART provides a model for study of viral reservoirs and HIV-specific intervention strategies targeting them. Accurate measurement of reservoir size is crucial for evaluating the effect of any such intervention strategies. Although there are a variety of assays that allow for indirect monitoring of viral reservoir size ex vivo, they each quantify a different aspect of viral reservoirs, and are characterized by conceptual and/or technical limitations. Measurement of viral protein in ex vivo cell culture assays captures the immunologically relevant viral-antigen producing component of the reservoir. This study demonstrates the utility of an ultrasensitive digital HIV Gag p24 immunoassay, which enabled earlier, and more sensitive detection of viral protein in culture supernatants from stimulated CD4+ T cells from stHIV-infected pigtail macaques receiving cART compared with conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Protein measurements were highly correlated with cell-free stHIV RNA, as measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. This ultrasensitive p24 assay can be used to complement other reservoir measurement tools to assess ongoing replication and reactivation of infectious virus from reservoirs in stHIV-infected pigtail macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne E. Swanstrom
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Alison Jacques
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Gregory Q. Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Paul Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | | | - Robert Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
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25
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Bertrand L, Méroth F, Tournebize M, Leda AR, Sun E, Toborek M. Targeting the HIV-infected brain to improve ischemic stroke outcome. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2009. [PMID: 31043599 PMCID: PMC6494822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated cerebrovascular events remain highly prevalent even in the current era of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We hypothesize that low-level HIV replication and associated inflammation endure despite antiretroviral treatment and affect ischemic stroke severity and outcomes. Using the EcoHIV infection model and the middle cerebral artery occlusion as the ischemic stroke model in mice, we present in vivo analysis of the relationship between HIV and stroke outcome. EcoHIV infection increases infarct size and negatively impacts tissue and functional recovery. Ischemic stroke also results in an increase in EcoHIV presence in the affected regions, suggesting post-stroke reactivation that magnifies pro-inflammatory status. Importantly, ART with a high CNS penetration effectiveness (CPE) is more beneficial than low CPE treatment in limiting tissue injury and accelerating post-stroke recovery. These results provide potential insight for treatment of HIV-infected patients that are at risk of developing cerebrovascular disease, such as ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bertrand
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Fannie Méroth
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Marie Tournebize
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ana Rachel Leda
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Enze Sun
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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26
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Rosenbloom DIS, Bacchetti P, Stone M, Deng X, Bosch RJ, Richman DD, Siliciano JD, Mellors JW, Deeks SG, Ptak RG, Hoh R, Keating SM, Dimapasoc M, Massanella M, Lai J, Sobolewski MD, Kulpa DA, Busch MP. Assessing intra-lab precision and inter-lab repeatability of outgrowth assays of HIV-1 latent reservoir size. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006849. [PMID: 30978183 PMCID: PMC6481870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative viral outgrowth assays (QVOA) use limiting dilutions of CD4+ T cells to measure the size of the latent HIV-1 reservoir, a major obstacle to curing HIV-1. Efforts to reduce the reservoir require assays that can reliably quantify its size in blood and tissues. Although QVOA is regarded as a "gold standard" for reservoir measurement, little is known about its accuracy and precision or about how cell storage conditions or laboratory-specific practices affect results. Owing to this lack of knowledge, confidence intervals around reservoir size estimates-as well as judgments of the ability of therapeutic interventions to alter the size of the replication-competent but transcriptionally inactive latent reservoir-rely on theoretical statistical assumptions about dilution assays. To address this gap, we have carried out a Bayesian statistical analysis of QVOA reliability on 75 split samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 5 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed participants, measured using four different QVOAs at separate labs, estimating assay precision and the effect of frozen cell storage on estimated reservoir size. We found that typical assay results are expected to differ from the true value by a factor of 1.6 to 1.9 up or down. Systematic assay differences comprised a 24-fold range between the assays with highest and lowest scales, likely reflecting differences in viral outgrowth readout and input cell stimulation protocols. We also found that controlled-rate freezing and storage of samples did not cause substantial differences in QVOA compared to use of fresh cells (95% probability of < 2-fold change), supporting continued use of frozen storage to allow transport and batched analysis of samples. Finally, we simulated an early-phase clinical trial to demonstrate that batched analysis of pre- and post-therapy samples may increase power to detect a three-fold reservoir reduction by 15 to 24 percentage points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I S Rosenbloom
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mars Stone
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald J Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Douglas D Richman
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John W Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Roger G Ptak
- Southern Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sheila M Keating
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Melanie Dimapasoc
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marta Massanella
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jun Lai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michele D Sobolewski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deanna A Kulpa
- Southern Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael P Busch
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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27
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Graziano F, Aimola G, Forlani G, Turrini F, Accolla RS, Vicenzi E, Poli G. Reversible Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Latency in Primary Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Induced by Sustained M1 Polarization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14249. [PMID: 30250078 PMCID: PMC6155284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32451-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported that short-term stimulation of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), i.e. M1 polarization, leads to a significant containment of virus replication. Here we show that M1-MDM restimulation with these cytokines 7 days after infection (M12 MDM) promoted an increased restriction of HIV-1 replication characterized by very low levels of virus production near to undetectable levels. In comparison to control and M1-MDM that were not restimulated, M12 MDM showed a stronger reduction of both total and integrated HIV DNA as well as of viral mRNA expression. M12 MDM were characterized by an upregulated expression of restriction factors acting at the level of reverse transcription (RT), including apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3A (APOBEC3A) and APOBEC3G, but not SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1). M12 MDM also showed an increased expression of Class II Transactivator (CIITA) and Tripartite Motif22 (TRIM22), two negative regulators of proviral transcription, whereas expression and phosphorylation of transcriptional inducers of HIV-1, such as nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), were not impaired in these cells. The almost quiescent state of the infection in M12 MDM was promptly reversed by coculture with mitogen-stimulated leukocytes or cell incubation with their filtered culture supernatant. M12 MDM harbored replication-competent HIV-1 as virus spreading following cell stimulation was fully prevented by the RT inhibitor lamivudine/3TC. Selective reactivation of proviral expression in M12 MDM, but not in control or in M1-MDM that were not restimulated, was confirmed in cells infected with single round Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-G-pseudotyped HIV-1. Thus, M12 MDM represent an in vitro model of reversible, almost quiescent HIV-1 infection of primary human macrophages that could be further exploited for “Cure” related investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Graziano
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Institute Curie Laboratoire Immunité et Cancer - INSERM U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris cedex 05, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Aimola
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Greta Forlani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Filippo Turrini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto S Accolla
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy. .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, Milano, Italy.
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28
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Cohn LB, da Silva IT, Valieris R, Huang AS, Lorenzi JCC, Cohen YZ, Pai JA, Butler AL, Caskey M, Jankovic M, Nussenzweig MC. Clonal CD4 + T cells in the HIV-1 latent reservoir display a distinct gene profile upon reactivation. Nat Med 2018; 24:604-9. [PMID: 29686423 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Abstract
In the current quest for a complete cure for HIV/AIDS, highly sensitive HIV-1 latency detection methods are critical to verify full viral eradication. Until now, the in vitro quantitative viral outgrowth assays (qVOA) have been the gold standard for assessing latent HIV-1 viral burden. However, these assays have been inadequate in detecting the presence of ultralow levels of latent virus in a number of patients who were initially thought to have been cured, but eventually showed viral rebound. In this context, new approaches utilizing in vivo mouse-based VOAs are promising. In the murine VOA (mVOA), large numbers of CD4+ T cells or PBMC from aviremic subjects are xenografted into immunodeficient NSG mice, whereas in the humanized mouse-based VOA (hmVOA) patient CD4+ T cell samples are injected into BLT or hu-hematopoetic stem cells (hu-HSC) humanized mice. While latent virus could be recovered in both of these systems, the hmVOA provides higher sensitivity than the mVOA using a fewer number of input cells. In contrast to the mVOA, the hmVOA provides a broader spectrum of highly susceptible HIV-1 target cells and enables newly engrafted cells to home into preformed human lymphoid organs where they can infect cells in situ after viral activation. Hu-mice also allow for both xenograft- and allograft-driven cell expansions with less severe GvH providing a longer time frame for potential viral outgrowth from cells with a delayed latent viral activation. Based on these advantages, the hmVOA has great potential in playing an important role in HIV-1 latency and cure research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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30
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Baxter AE, O'Doherty U, Kaufmann DE. Beyond the replication-competent HIV reservoir: transcription and translation-competent reservoirs. Retrovirology 2018; 15:18. [PMID: 29394935 PMCID: PMC5797386 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a substantial increase in the number of tools available to monitor and study HIV reservoirs. Here, we discuss recent technological advances that enable an understanding of reservoir dynamics beyond classical assays to measure the frequency of cells containing provirus able to propagate a spreading infection (replication-competent reservoir). Specifically, we focus on the characterization of cellular reservoirs containing proviruses able to transcribe viral mRNAs (so called transcription-competent) and translate viral proteins (translation-competent). We suggest that the study of these alternative reservoirs provides complementary information to classical approaches, crucially at a single-cell level. This enables an in-depth characterization of the cellular reservoir, both following reactivation from latency and, importantly, directly ex vivo at baseline. Furthermore, we propose that the study of cellular reservoirs that may not contain fully replication-competent virus, but are able to produce HIV mRNAs and proteins, is of biological importance. Lastly, we detail some of the key contributions that the study of these transcription and translation-competent reservoirs has made thus far to investigations into HIV persistence, and outline where these approaches may take the field next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Baxter
- CR-CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Scripps CHAVI-ID, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Una O'Doherty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Transfusion Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- CR-CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Scripps CHAVI-ID, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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31
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Rose R, Nolan DJ, Maidji E, Stoddart CA, Singer EJ, Lamers SL, McGrath MS. Eradication of HIV from Tissue Reservoirs: Challenges for the Cure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:3-8. [PMID: 28691499 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of HIV infection, even after lengthy and successful combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), has precluded an effective cure. The anatomical locations and biological mechanisms through which the viral population is maintained remain unknown. Much research has focused nearly exclusively on circulating resting T cells as the predominant source of persistent HIV, a strategy with limited success in developing an effective cure strategy. In this study, we review research supporting the importance of anatomical tissues and other immune cells for HIV maintenance and expansion, including the central nervous system, lymph nodes, and macrophages. We present accumulated research that clearly demonstrates the limitations of using blood-derived cells as a proxy for tissue reservoirs and sanctuaries throughout the body. We cite recent studies that have successfully used deep-sequencing strategies to uncover the complexity of HIV infection and the ability of the virus to evolve despite undetectable plasma viral loads. Finally, we suggest new strategies and highlight the importance of tissue banks for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ekaterina Maidji
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Cheryl A. Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Elyse J. Singer
- The National Neurological AIDS Bank at David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine and Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Michael S. McGrath
- The AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource, San Francisco, California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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32
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Gelman BB, Endsley J, Kolson D. When do models of NeuroAIDS faithfully imitate "the real thing"? J Neurovirol 2017; 24:146-155. [PMID: 29256039 PMCID: PMC5910470 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral medicines (ART) still face neurological challenges. HIV-associated neurocognitive disturbances (HAND) can occur, and latent viral DNA persisting in the central nervous system (CNS) prevents eradication of HIV. This communication focuses on how to develop experimental models of HAND and CNS HIV latency that best imitate the CNS pathophysiology in diseased humans, which we take to be “the real thing.” Models of HIV encephalitis (HIVE) with active CNS viral replication were developed in the early years of the AIDS pandemic. The clinical relevancy of such models is in sharp decline because HIVE seldom occurs in virally suppressed patients, while HAND remains common. The search for improved models of HAND should incorporate the neurochemical, neuroimmunological and neuropathological features of virally suppressed patients. Common anomalies in these patients as established in autopsy brain specimens include brain endothelial cell activation and neurochemical imbalances of synaptic transmission; classical neurodegeneration may not be as crucial. With regard to latent HIV with viral suppression, human brain specimens show that the pool of latent proviral HIV DNA in the CNS is relatively small relative to the total body pool and does not change substantially over years. The CNS pool of latent virus probably differs from lymphoid tissues, because the mononuclear phagocyte system sustains productive infection (versus lymphocytes). These and yet-to-be discovered aspects of the human CNS of virally suppressed patients need to be better defined and addressed in experimental models. To maintain clinical relevancy, models of HAND and viral latency should faithfully emulate “the real thing.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Gelman
- Department of Pathology, Route 0419, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-0419, USA.
| | - Janice Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Dennis Kolson
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6140, USA
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33
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Abstract
Cells of the myeloid lineage, particularly macrophages, serve as primary hosts for HIV in vivo, along with CD4 T lymphocytes. Macrophages are present in virtually every tissue of the organism, including locations with negligible T cell colonization, such as the brain, where HIV-mediated inflammation may lead to pathological sequelae. Moreover, infected macrophages are present in multiple other tissues. Recent evidence obtained in humanized mice and macaque models highlighted the capacity of macrophages to sustain HIV replication in vivo in the absence of T cells. Combined with the known resistance of the macrophage to the cytopathic effects of HIV infection, such data bring a renewed interest in this cell type both as a vehicle for viral spread as well as a viral reservoir. While our understanding of key processes of HIV infection of macrophages is far from complete, recent years have nevertheless brought important insight into the uniqueness of the macrophage infection. Productive infection of macrophages by HIV can occur by different routes including from phagocytosis of infected T cells. In macrophages, HIV assembles and buds into a peculiar plasma membrane-connected compartment that preexists to the infection. While the function of such compartment remains elusive, it supposedly allows for the persistence of infectious viral particles over extended periods of time and may play a role on viral transmission. As cells of the innate immune system, macrophages have the capacity to detect and respond to viral components. Recent data suggest that such sensing may occur at multiple steps of the viral cycle and impact subsequent viral spread. We aim to provide an overview of the HIV-macrophage interaction along the multiple stages of the viral life cycle, extending when pertinent such observations to additional myeloid cell types such as dendritic cells or blood monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Rodrigues
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Mabel San-Roman
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR3216, Paris, France
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34
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Jakobsdottir GM, Iliopoulou M, Nolan R, Alvarez L, Compton AA, Padilla-Parra S. On the Whereabouts of HIV-1 Cellular Entry and Its Fusion Ports. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:932-944. [PMID: 28899754 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 disseminates to diverse tissues through different cell types and establishes long-lived reservoirs. The exact cellular compartment where fusion occurs differs depending on the cell type and mode of viral transmission. This implies that HIV-1 may modulate a number of common host cell factors in different cell types. In this review, we evaluate recent advances on the host cell factors that play an important role in HIV-1 entry and fusion. New insights from restriction factors inhibiting virus-cell fusion in vitro may contribute to the development of future therapeutic interventions. Collectively, novel findings underline the need for potent, host-directed therapies that disrupt the earliest stages of the virus life cycle and preclude the emergence of resistant viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maria Jakobsdottir
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maro Iliopoulou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rory Nolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex A Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford,The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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35
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Wu G, Swanson M, Talla A, Graham D, Strizki J, Gorman D, Barnard RJ, Blair W, Søgaard OS, Tolstrup M, Østergaard L, Rasmussen TA, Sekaly RP, Archin NM, Margolis DM, Hazuda DJ, Howell BJ. HDAC inhibition induces HIV-1 protein and enables immune-based clearance following latency reversal. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92901. [PMID: 28814661 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Promising therapeutic approaches for eradicating HIV include transcriptional activation of provirus from latently infected cells using latency-reversing agents (LRAs) and immune-mediated clearance to purge reservoirs. Accurate detection of cells capable of producing viral antigens and virions, and the measurement of clearance of infected cells, is essential to assessing therapeutic efficacy. Here, we apply enhanced methodology extending the sensitivity limits for the rapid detection of subfemtomolar HIV gag p24 capsid protein in CD4+ T cells from ART-suppressed HIV+ individuals, and we show viral protein induction following treatment with LRAs. Importantly, we demonstrate that clinical administration of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis; vorinostat and panobinostat) induced HIV gag p24, and ex vivo stimulation produced sufficient viral antigen to elicit immune-mediated cell killing using anti-gp120/CD3 bispecific antibody. These findings extend beyond classical nucleic acid endpoints, which are confounded by the predominance of mutated, defective proviruses and, of paramount importance, enable assessment of cells making HIV protein that can now be targeted by immunological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease and
| | - Michael Swanson
- Department of Biologics and Vaccine Formulations, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Aarthi Talla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Gorman
- Department of Biologics, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Ole S Søgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Rasmussen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | - Nancie M Archin
- University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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36
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 uses the CD4 molecule as its principal receptor to infect T cells. HIV-1 integrates its viral genome into the host cell, leading to persistent infection wherein HIV-1 can remain transcriptionally silent in latently infected CD4+ T cells. On reactivation of replication-competent provirus, HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) are expressed and accumulate on the cell surface, allowing infected cells to be detected and targeted by endogenous immune responses or immune interventions. HIV-1 Env-specific antibodies have the potential to bind HIV-1 cell surface Env and promote elimination of infected CD4+ T cells by recruiting cytotoxic effector cells, such as natural killer cells, monocytes, and polymorphonuclear cells. Harnessing humoral and innate cellular responses has become one focus of research to develop innovative strategies to recruit and redirect cytotoxic effector cells to eliminate the HIV-1 latently infected CD4+ T-cell reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Ferrari
- Departments of Surgery.,Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Justin Pollara
- Departments of Surgery.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Departments of Surgery.,Immunology, and.,Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Medicine.,Immunology, and.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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