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Westover JB, Jung KH, Mao S, Kolykhalov AA, Bluemling GR, Natchus MG, Painter GR, Gowen BB. Oral 4'-fluorouridine rescues mice from advanced lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Antiviral Res 2025; 237:106122. [PMID: 39993450 PMCID: PMC12009201 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025]
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can cause severe, life-threatening infection and disease in organ transplant recipients and other immunocompromised individuals. Additionally, significant developmental and neurological disabilities, vision impairments, and miscarriages can occur as a direct result of LCMV infection during pregnancy. Currently, there are no approved antiviral drugs to protect at-risk populations. Here, we report on the potent in vitro activity of the 4'-fluorouridine (4'-FlU) ribonucleoside analog against several strains of LCMV, with EC90 values in the low micromolar range. In vivo, oral once-daily 4'-FlU treatments provided robust efficacy in mice challenged with LCMV when administered as late as 5 days post-infection. Our findings extend the broad-spectrum antiviral capacity of 4'-FlU and support the compound's further development for treating LCMV and other severe arenavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna B Westover
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Kie Hoon Jung
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Shuli Mao
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael G Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - George R Painter
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory (DRIVE), Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian B Gowen
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
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2
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Cooper L, Xu H, Polmear J, Kealy L, Szeto C, Pang ES, Gupta M, Kirn A, Taylor JJ, Jackson KJL, Broomfield BJ, Nguyen A, Gago da Graça C, La Gruta N, Utzschneider DT, Groom JR, Martelotto L, Parish IA, O'Keeffe M, Scharer CD, Gras S, Good-Jacobson KL. Type I interferons induce an epigenetically distinct memory B cell subset in chronic viral infection. Immunity 2024; 57:1037-1055.e6. [PMID: 38593796 PMCID: PMC11096045 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are key providers of long-lived immunity against infectious disease, yet in chronic viral infection, they do not produce effective protection. How chronic viral infection disrupts MBC development and whether such changes are reversible remain unknown. Through single-cell (sc)ATAC-seq and scRNA-seq during acute versus chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis viral infection, we identified a memory subset enriched for interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) during chronic infection that was distinct from the T-bet+ subset normally associated with chronic infection. Blockade of IFNAR-1 early in infection transformed the chromatin landscape of chronic MBCs, decreasing accessibility at ISG-inducing transcription factor binding motifs and inducing phenotypic changes in the dominating MBC subset, with a decrease in the ISG subset and an increase in CD11c+CD80+ cells. However, timing was critical, with MBCs resistant to intervention at 4 weeks post-infection. Together, our research identifies a key mechanism to instruct MBC identity during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack Polmear
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Liam Kealy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Szeto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ee Shan Pang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mansi Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alana Kirn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin J Broomfield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Angela Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Catarina Gago da Graça
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole La Gruta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel T Utzschneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Luciano Martelotto
- Adelaide Centre for Epigenetics and the South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victoria Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian A Parish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Meredith O'Keeffe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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3
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Shi X, Liu X, Sun Y. The Pathogenesis of Cytomegalovirus and Other Viruses Associated with Hearing Loss: Recent Updates. Viruses 2023; 15:1385. [PMID: 37376684 DOI: 10.3390/v15061385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infection is one of the most common etiologies of hearing loss. Hearing loss associated with viral infection can be unilateral or bilateral, mild or severe, sudden or progressive, and permanent or recoverable. Many viruses cause hearing loss in adults and children; however, the pathogenesis of hearing loss caused by viral infection is not fully understood. This review describes cytomegalovirus, the most common virus causing hearing loss, and other reported hearing loss-related viruses. We hope to provide a detailed description of pathogenic characteristics and research progress on pathology, hearing phenotypes, possible associated mechanisms, treatment, and prevention measures. This review aims to provide diagnostic and treatment assistance to clinical workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaozhou Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Tevaearai F, Moser L, Pomar L. Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection: A Case Report. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112586. [PMID: 36423195 PMCID: PMC9695091 DOI: 10.3390/v14112586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is an emerging neuroteratogen which can infect humans via contact with urine, feces, saliva, or blood of infected rodents. When the infection occurs during pregnancy, there is a risk of transplacental infection with subsequent neurological or visual impairment in the fetus. In this article, we describe a case report of congenital LCMV infection, including fetal imaging, confirmed by positive LCMV IgM in fetal blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Tevaearai
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laureline Moser
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Léo Pomar
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Pencole L, Sibiude J, Weingertner AS, Mandelbrot L, Vauloup-Fellous C, Picone O. Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: A review. Prenat Diagn 2022; 42:1059-1069. [PMID: 35695127 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) uses rodents such as mice and hamsters as its principal reservoir. When women acquire LCMV during pregnancy because of contact with rodents, it can lead to congenital LCMV infection, which is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Although the number of cases reported in the literature is increasing, LCMV is rarely mentioned because a history of exposure to rodents is uncommon and mostly unknown. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this article was to summarize all morphological, antenatal, and postnatal abnormalities that may suggest a congenital LCMV infection. METHODS We reviewed PubMed case reports and case series where an antenatal and/or a postnatal description of at least one case of congenital LCMV infection was documented. RESULTS We found 70 cases of congenital LCMV infection, 68 of which had antenatal or postnatal brain abnormalities, which were mainly chorioretinitis (59/70), hydrocephaly (37/70), microcephaly (22/70), ventriculomegaly (11/70) and periventricular calcifications (11/70). Antenatal and postnatal extracerebral abnormalities were mainly small for gestational age, ascites, cardiomegaly or anemia. Other organ damage was rare, but could include skin abnormalities, hydrops or hepatosplenomegaly. Seventy percent (49/70) of cases had major cerebral abnormalities that could have been detected by antenatal ultrasound examination. Congenital LCMV infection is associated with a significant mortality rate (30%) and survivors often have severe neurologic sequelae. CONCLUSION LCMV is a rare congenital infection, but awareness of the various prenatal ultrasound morphological abnormalities should be improved, and LCMV should be considered when first-line etiological explorations are negative, especially when the mother's medical history indicates exposure to rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Pencole
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, APHP, Université de Paris, Colombes, France
| | - Jeanne Sibiude
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, APHP, Université de Paris, Colombes, France.,INSERM IAME-U1137, Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections Pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), Vélizy, France
| | - A S Weingertner
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Mandelbrot
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, APHP, Université de Paris, Colombes, France.,INSERM IAME-U1137, Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections Pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), Vélizy, France
| | - Christelle Vauloup-Fellous
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections Pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), Vélizy, France.,Division of Virology, Department of Biology Genetics and PUI, Paris Saclay University Hospital, APHP, Villejuif, France.,INSERM U1193, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Picone
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, APHP, Université de Paris, Colombes, France.,INSERM IAME-U1137, Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections Pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), Vélizy, France
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Vilibic-Cavlek T, Savic V, Ferenc T, Mrzljak A, Barbic L, Bogdanic M, Stevanovic V, Tabain I, Ferencak I, Zidovec-Lepej S. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis-Emerging Trends of a Neglected Virus: A Narrative Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:88. [PMID: 34070581 PMCID: PMC8163193 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a neglected rodent-borne zoonotic virus distributed worldwide. Since serologic assays are limited to several laboratories, the disease has been underreported, often making it difficult to determine incidence and seroprevalence rates. Although human clinical cases are rarely recorded, LCMV remains an important cause of meningitis in humans. In addition, a fatal donor-derived LCMV infection in several clusters of solid organ transplant recipients further highlighted a pathogenic potential and clinical significance of this virus. In the transplant populations, abnormalities of the central nervous system were also found, but were overshadowed by the systemic illness resembling the Lassa hemorrhagic fever. LCMV is also an emerging fetal teratogen. Hydrocephalus, periventricular calcifications and chorioretinitis are the predominant characteristics of congenital LCMV infection, occurring in 87.5% of cases. Mortality in congenitally infected children is about 35%, while 70% of them show long-term neurologic sequelae. Clinicians should be aware of the risks posed by LCMV and should consider the virus in the differential diagnosis of aseptic meningitis, especially in patients who reported contact with rodents. Furthermore, LCMV should be considered in infants and children with unexplained hydrocephalus, intracerebral calcifications and chorioretinitis. Despite intensive interdisciplinary research efforts, efficient antiviral therapy for LCMV infection is still not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (I.F.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Laboratory for Virology and Serology, Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Thomas Ferenc
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Anna Mrzljak
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljubo Barbic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Maja Bogdanic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Vladimir Stevanovic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Irena Tabain
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Ivana Ferencak
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Snjezana Zidovec-Lepej
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Anesi JA, Silveira FP. Arenaviruses and West Nile Virus in solid organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13576. [PMID: 31022306 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
These updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management of infection due to Arenaviruses and West Nile Virus (WNV) in the pre- and post-transplant period. Arenaviruses and WNV have been identified as causes of both donor-derived and post-transplant infection. Most data related to these infections have been published in case reports and case series. Transplant recipients may become infected with Arenaviruses if they, or their donors, are exposed to wild rodents or infected pet rodents. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is the most commonly recognized Arenavirus among transplant recipients and should be considered when transplant recipients present with fever, hepatitis, meningitis/encephalitis, and/or multisystem organ failure. WNV is a mosquito-borne virus, and as such, its incidence varies yearly depending on environmental conditions. WNV in transplant recipients typically presents with fever, myalgias, and rash; approximately one in 40 develop neuroinvasive disease. Due to its morbidity, the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network recently mandated that transplant centers screen living donors for WNV infection in endemic areas. Little is known about the optimal treatment of Arenaviruses or WNV; reduction in immunosuppression and supportive care are the mainstays of management at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Anesi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fernanda P Silveira
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Zapata JC, Medina-Moreno S, Guzmán-Cardozo C, Salvato MS. Improving the Breadth of the Host's Immune Response to Lassa Virus. Pathogens 2018; 7:E84. [PMID: 30373278 PMCID: PMC6313495 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017, the global Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness (CEPI) declared Lassa virus disease to be one of the world's foremost biothreats. In January 2018, World Health Organization experts met to address the Lassa biothreat. It was commonly recognized that the diversity of Lassa virus (LASV) isolated from West African patient samples was far greater than that of the Ebola isolates from the West African epidemic of 2013⁻2016. Thus, vaccines produced against Lassa virus disease face the added challenge that they must be broadly-protective against a wide variety of LASV. In this review, we discuss what is known about the immune response to Lassa infection. We also discuss the approaches used to make broadly-protective influenza vaccines and how they could be applied to developing broad vaccine coverage against LASV disease. Recent advances in AIDS research are also potentially applicable to the design of broadly-protective medical countermeasures against LASV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Sandra Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Camila Guzmán-Cardozo
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Maria S Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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