1
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Kurioka A, Klenerman P. Aging unconventionally: γδ T cells, iNKT cells, and MAIT cells in aging. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101816. [PMID: 37536148 PMCID: PMC10804939 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional T cells include γδ T cells, invariant Natural Killer T cells (iNKT) cells and Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are distinguished from conventional T cells by their recognition of non-peptide ligands presented by non-polymorphic antigen presenting molecules and rapid effector functions that are pre-programmed during their development. Here we review current knowledge of the effect of age on unconventional T cells, from early life to old age, in both mice and humans. We then discuss the role of unconventional T cells in age-associated diseases and infections, highlighting the similarities between members of the unconventional T cell family in the context of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kurioka
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Konduri V, Joseph SK, Byrd TT, Nawas Z, Vazquez-Perez J, Hofferek CJ, Halpert MM, Liu D, Liang Z, Baig Y, Salsman VS, Oyewole-Said D, Tsimelzon A, Burns BA, Chen C, Levitt JM, Yao Q, Ahmed NM, Hegde M, Decker WK. A subset of cytotoxic effector memory T cells enhances CAR T cell efficacy in a model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/592/eabc3196. [PMID: 33952672 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the natural killer (NK) cell marker CD161 identifies several subsets of T cells, including a polyclonal CD8 αβ T cell receptor-expressing subset with characteristic specificity for tissue-localized viruses. This subset also displays enhanced cytotoxic and memory phenotypes. Here, we characterized this unique T cell subset and determined its potential suitability for use in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. In mice, gene expression profiling among the CD161-equivalent CD8+ T cell populations (CD8+NK1.1+) revealed substantial up-regulation of granzymes, perforin, killer lectin-like receptors, and innate signaling molecules in comparison to CD8+NK1.1- T cells. Adoptive transfer of CD8+NK1.1+ cells from previously exposed animals offered substantially enhanced protection and improved survival against melanoma tumors and influenza infection compared to CD8+NK1.1- cells. Freshly isolated human CD8+CD61+ T cells exhibited heightened allogeneic killing activity in comparison to CD8+CD61- T cells or total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To determine whether this subset might improve the antitumor efficacy of CAR T cell therapy against solid tumors, we compared bulk PBMCs, CD8+CD161-, and CD8+CD161+ T cells transduced with a human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-specific CAR construct. In vitro, CD8+CD161+ CAR-transduced T cells killed HER2+ targets faster and with greater efficiency. Similarly, these cells mediated enhanced in vivo antitumor efficacy in xenograft models of HER2+ pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, exhibiting elevated expression of granzymes and reduced expression of exhaustion markers. These data suggest that this T cell subset presents an opportunity to improve CAR T cell therapy for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanaja Konduri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sujith K Joseph
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tiara T Byrd
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zeid Nawas
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan Vazquez-Perez
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Colby J Hofferek
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew M Halpert
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dongliang Liu
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhengdong Liang
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yunyu Baig
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vita S Salsman
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Damilola Oyewole-Said
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anna Tsimelzon
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Briana A Burns
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Changyi Chen
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan M Levitt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qizhi Yao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nabil M Ahmed
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meenakshi Hegde
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William K Decker
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. .,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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3
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Harms RZ, Ostlund KR, Cabrera M, Edwards E, Smith VB, Smith LM, Sarvetnick N. Frequencies of CD8 and DN MAIT Cells Among Children Diagnosed With Type 1 Diabetes Are Similar to Age-Matched Controls. Front Immunol 2021; 12:604157. [PMID: 33708202 PMCID: PMC7940386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.604157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been implicated in various forms of autoimmunity, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Here, we tested the hypothesis that CD8 and double negative (DN) MAIT cell frequencies were altered among diagnosed T1D subjects compared to controls. To do this, we analyzed cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from age-matched T1D and control children using flow cytometry. We observed that CD8 and DN MAIT cell frequencies were similarly abundant between the two groups. We tested for associations between MAIT cell frequency and T1D-associated parameters, which could reveal a pathogenic role for MAIT cells in the absence of changes in frequency. We found no significant associations between CD8 and DN MAIT cell frequency and levels of islet cell autoantibodies (ICA), glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) autoantibodies, zinc transporter 8 (ZNT8) autoantibodies, and insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2) autoantibodies. Furthermore, CD8 and DN MAIT cell frequencies were not significantly associated with time since diagnosis, c-peptide levels, HbA1c, and BMI. As we have examined this cohort for multiple soluble factors previously, we tested for associations between relevant factors and MAIT cell frequency. These could help to explain the broad range of MAIT frequencies we observed and/or indicate disease-associated processes. Although we found nothing disease-specific, we observed that levels of IL-7, IL-18, 25 (OH) vitamin D, and the ratio of vitamin D binding protein to 25 (OH) vitamin D were all associated with MAIT cell frequency. Finally, previous cytomegalovirus infection was associated with reduced CD8 and DN MAIT cells. From this evaluation, we found no connections between CD8 and DN MAIT cells and children with T1D. However, we did observe several intrinsic and extrinsic factors that could influence peripheral MAIT cell abundance among all children. These factors may be worth consideration in future experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Z Harms
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Katie R Ostlund
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Monina Cabrera
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Nebraska Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Children's Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Earline Edwards
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Nebraska Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Children's Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Victoria B Smith
- Office of the Vice Chancellor of Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Lynette M Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Nora Sarvetnick
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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4
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La Manna MP, Orlando V, Tamburini B, Badami GD, Dieli F, Caccamo N. Harnessing Unconventional T Cells for Immunotherapy of Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2107. [PMID: 33013888 PMCID: PMC7497315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Even if the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has been decreasing over the last years, the number of patients with TB is increasing worldwide. The emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB is making control of TB more difficult. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine fails to prevent pulmonary TB in adults, and there is an urgent need for a vaccine that is also effective in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. Therefore, TB control may benefit on novel therapeutic options beyond antimicrobial treatment. Host-directed immunotherapies could offer therapeutic strategies for patients with drug-resistant TB or with HIV and TB coinfection. In the last years, the use of donor lymphocytes after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has emerged as a new strategy in the cure of hematologic malignancies in order to induce graft-versus leukemia and graft-versus-infection effects. Moreover, adoptive therapy has proven to be effective in controlling cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in immunocompromised patients with ex vivo expanded viral antigen-specific T cells. Unconventional T cells are a heterogeneous group of T lymphocytes with limited diversity. One of their characteristics is that antigen recognition is not restricted by the classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC). They include CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1)–restricted T cells, MHC-related protein-1–restricted mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, MHC class Ib–reactive T cells, and γδ T cells. Because these T cells are genotype-independent, they are also termed “donor unrestricted” T cells. The combined features of low donor diversity and the lack of genetic restriction make these cells suitable candidates for T cell–based immunotherapy of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco P La Manna
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Orlando
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bartolo Tamburini
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusto D Badami
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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5
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Zhang Y, Kong D, Wang H. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T cell in liver diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:460-470. [PMID: 32015682 PMCID: PMC6990906 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.39016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) are a new population of innate immune cells, which are abundant in the liver and play complex roles in various liver diseases. In this review, we summarize MAIT cells in the liver diseases in recent studies, figure out the role of MAIT cells in various liver disease, including Alcoholic liver disease, Non-alcoholic liver disease, Autoimmune liver diseases, Viral hepatitis and Liver Cancer. Briefly, MAIT cells are involved in anti-bacteria responses in the alcoholic liver diseases. Besides, the activated MAIT cells promote the liver inflammation by secreting inflammatory cytokines and produce regulatory cytokines, which induces anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization. MAIT cells participate in the liver fibrosis via enhancing hepatic stellate cell activation. In viral hepatitis, MAIT cells exhibit a flawed and exhausted phenotype, which results in little effect on controlling the virus and bacteria. In liver cancer, MAIT cells indicate the disease progression and the outcome of therapy. In summary, MAIT cells are attractive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Derun Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, Anhui 236000, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
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6
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Godfrey DI, Koay HF, McCluskey J, Gherardin NA. The biology and functional importance of MAIT cells. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1110-1128. [PMID: 31406380 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a population of unconventional T cells called 'mucosal-associated invariant T cells' (MAIT cells) has captured the attention of immunologists and clinicians due to their abundance in humans, their involvement in a broad range of infectious and non-infectious diseases and their unusual specificity for microbial riboflavin-derivative antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like protein MR1. MAIT cells use a limited T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire with public antigen specificities that are conserved across species. They can be activated by TCR-dependent and TCR-independent mechanisms and exhibit rapid, innate-like effector responses. Here we review evidence showing that MAIT cells are a key component of the immune system and discuss their basic biology, development, role in disease and immunotherapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Lamichhane R, Schneider M, de la Harpe SM, Harrop TW, Hannaway RF, Dearden PK, Kirman JR, Tyndall JD, Vernall AJ, Ussher JE. TCR- or Cytokine-Activated CD8+ Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Are Rapid Polyfunctional Effectors That Can Coordinate Immune Responses. Cell Rep 2019; 28:3061-3076.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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8
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Garner LC, Klenerman P, Provine NM. Insights Into Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Biology From Studies of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1478. [PMID: 30013556 PMCID: PMC6036249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that function at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. They express semi-invariant T cell receptors (TCRs) and recognize unconventional non-peptide ligands bound to the MHC Class I-like molecules MR1 and CD1d, respectively. MAIT cells and iNKT cells exhibit an effector-memory phenotype and are enriched within the liver and at mucosal sites. In humans, MAIT cell frequencies dwarf those of iNKT cells, while in laboratory mouse strains the opposite is true. Upon activation via TCR- or cytokine-dependent pathways, MAIT cells and iNKT cells rapidly produce cytokines and show direct cytotoxic activity. Consequently, they are essential for effective immunity, and alterations in their frequency and function are associated with numerous infectious, inflammatory, and malignant diseases. Due to their abundance in mice and the earlier development of reagents, iNKT cells have been more extensively studied than MAIT cells. This has led to the routine use of iNKT cells as a reference population for the study of MAIT cells, and such an approach has proven very fruitful. However, MAIT cells and iNKT cells show important phenotypic, functional, and developmental differences that are often overlooked. With the recent availability of new tools, most importantly MR1 tetramers, it is now possible to directly study MAIT cells to understand their biology. Therefore, it is timely to compare the phenotype, development, and function of MAIT cells and iNKT cells. In this review, we highlight key areas where MAIT cells show similarity or difference to iNKT cells. In addition, we discuss important avenues for future research within the MAIT cell field, especially where comparison to iNKT cells has proven less informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C. Garner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M. Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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van der Geest KSM, Kroesen BJ, Horst G, Abdulahad WH, Brouwer E, Boots AMH. Impact of Aging on the Frequency, Phenotype, and Function of CD161-Expressing T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:752. [PMID: 29725326 PMCID: PMC5917671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-aging is associated with perturbed immune responses in the elderly. CD161-expressing T cells, i.e., the previously described subsets of CD161+ CD4+ T cells, CD161high CD8+ T cells, and CD161int CD8+ T cells, are highly functional, pro-inflammatory T cells. These CD161-expressing T cells are critical in immunity against microbes, while possibly contributing to autoimmune diseases. So far, little is known about the impact of aging on the frequency, phenotype, and function of these CD161-expressing T cells. In the current study, we investigated the impact of aging on CD161+ CD4+ T cells, CD161high CD8+ T cells, and CD161int CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood samples of 96 healthy subjects (age 20–84). Frequencies of CD161+ CD4+ T cells and CD161int CD8+ T cells were stable with aging, whereas frequencies of CD161high CD8+ T cells declined. Although CD161high CD8+ T cells were mostly T cell receptor-Vα7.2+ mucosal-associated invariant T cells, CD161 expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed a limited expression of markers for gamma–delta T cells or invariant natural killer (NK) T cells, in both young and old subjects. In essence, CD161-expressing T cells showed a similar memory phenotype in young and old subjects. The expression of the inhibitory NK receptor KLRG1 was decreased on CD161+ CD4+ T cells of old subjects, whereas the expression of other NK receptors by CD161-expressing T cells was unaltered with age. The expression of cytotoxic effector molecules was similar in CD161high and CD161int CD8+ T cells of young and old subjects. The ability to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines was preserved in CD161high and CD161int CD8+ T cells of old subjects. However, the percentages of IFN-γ+ and interleukin-17+ cells were significantly lower in CD161+ CD4+ T cells of old individuals than those of young individuals. In addition, aging was associated with a decrease of nonclassic T helper 1 cells, as indicated by decreased percentages of CD161-expressing cells within the IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cell compartment of old subjects. Taken together, aging is associated with a numerical decline of circulating CD161high CD8+ T cells, as well as a decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by CD161+ CD4+ T cells. These aging-associated changes could contribute to perturbed immunity in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelis S M van der Geest
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart-Jan Kroesen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerda Horst
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wayel H Abdulahad
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Brouwer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M H Boots
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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10
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Rudak PT, Choi J, Haeryfar SMM. MAIT cell-mediated cytotoxicity: Roles in host defense and therapeutic potentials in infectious diseases and cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:473-486. [PMID: 29668066 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri0118-023r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional, innate-like T lymphocytes that sense the presence of MHC-related protein 1 (MR1)-restricted ligands and select inflammatory cues. Consequently, they release potent immunomodulatory mediators, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and/or IL-17. MAIT cells can also be viewed as killer cells. They display several NK cell-associated receptors, carry granules containing cytotoxic effector molecules, and swiftly upregulate perforin and granzymes upon activation. Accordingly, MAIT cells are capable of lysing MR1-expressing cells infected with a variety of pathogenic bacteria in in vitro settings and may also mount cytotoxic responses during microbial infections in vivo. Of note, MAIT cell hyperactivation during certain infections may impede their ability to elicit inflammatory and/or cytotoxic responses to secondary stimuli. In addition, MAIT cells isolated from within and from the margin of tumor masses exhibit diminished functions. We propose that MAIT cell-mediated cytotoxicity can be induced, bolstered, or restored to assist in clearing infections and potentially in reducing tumor loads. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of MAIT cells' lytic functions and highlight the pressing questions that need to be addressed in future investigations. We also offer a picture, however hypothetical at this point, of how harnessing the full cytotoxic potentials of MAIT cells may be a valuable approach in the immunotherapy of infectious and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Rudak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Valentini D, Rao M, Meng Q, von Landenberg A, Bartek J, Sinclair G, Paraschoudi G, Jäger E, Harvey-Peredo I, Dodoo E, Maeurer M. Identification of neoepitopes recognized by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from patients with glioma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19469-19480. [PMID: 29731959 PMCID: PMC5929402 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoepitope-specific T-cell responses have been shown to induce durable clinical responses in patients with advanced cancers. We explored the recognition patterns of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) from patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most fatal form of tumors of the central nervous system. Whole-genome sequencing was used for generating DNA sequences representing the entire spectrum of ‘private’ somatic mutations in GBM tumors from five patients, followed by 15-mer peptide prediction and subsequent peptide synthesis. For each mutated peptide sequence, the wildtype sequence was also synthesized and individually co-cultured with autologous GBM TILs, which had been expanded in vitro with a combination of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15 and IL-21. After seven days of culture, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and/or IL-17A production was measured by ELISA in culture supernatants, and used as an epitope-specific immune response readout. Mutated peptides that induced a strong cytokine response were considered to contain legitimate neoepitopes. TILs from 5/5 patients with GBM exhibited specific immune reactivity profiles to the nominal target peptides, defined by IFN-γ and/or TNF-α production, as well as IL-17A. Neoepitopes, defined by mutated peptides inducing IFN-γ and/or TNF-α production without or only minimal reactivity to the wildtype sequences, were found for each individual patient. CD8+ TILs dominated the patients’ responses to private neoepitopes. The present study shows that neoepitope-specific TIL reactivity constitutes an important arm of anti-tumor immune responses in patients with GBM, and thus a powerful tool for developing next-generation personalized immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Valentini
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Rao
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qingda Meng
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna von Landenberg
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georges Sinclair
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgia Paraschoudi
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elke Jäger
- Krankenhaus Nordwest, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Inti Harvey-Peredo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Therapeutic Immunology Unit (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Krankenhaus Nordwest, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Frankfurt, Germany
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12
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Ussher JE, Willberg CB, Klenerman P. MAIT cells and viruses. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:630-641. [PMID: 29350807 PMCID: PMC6055725 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) bear a T cell receptor (TCR) that specifically targets microbially derived metabolites. Functionally, they respond to bacteria and yeasts, which possess the riboflavin pathway, essential for production of such metabolites and which are presented on MR1. Viruses cannot generate these ligands, so a priori, they should not be recognized by MAIT cells and indeed this is true when considering recognition through the TCR. However, MAIT cells are distinctive in another respect, since they respond quite sensitively to non‐TCR signals, especially in the form of inflammatory cytokines. Thus, a number of groups have shown that virus infection can be “sensed” by MAIT cells and a functional response invoked. Since MAIT cells are abundant in humans, especially in tissues such as the liver, the question has arisen as to whether this TCR‐independent MAIT cell triggering by viruses plays any role in vivo. In this review, we will discuss the evidence for this phenomenon and some common features which emerge across different recent studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Ussher
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
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13
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Kumar V, Ahmad A. Role of MAIT cells in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory diseases: New players in old game. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 37:90-110. [PMID: 29106304 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1380199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Current advances in immunology have led to the identification of a population of novel innate immune T cells, called mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The cells in humans express an invariant TCRα chain (Vα7.2-Jα33) paired with a limited subset of TCRβ chains (Vβ2, 13 and 22), are restricted by the MHC class I (MH1)-related (MR)-1, and recognize molecules that are produced in the bacterial riboflavin (vitamin B2) biosynthetic pathway. They are present in the circulation, liver and at various mucosal sites (i.e. intestine, lungs and female reproductive tract, etc.). They kill host cells infected with bacteria and yeast, and secrete soluble mediators such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, etc. The cells regulate immune responses and inflammation associated with a wide spectrum of acute and chronic diseases in humans. Since their discovery in 1993, significant advances have been made in understanding biology of MAIT cells and the potential role of these cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune, inflammatory and infectious diseases as well as cancer in humans. The purpose of this review is to provide a current state of our knowledge about MAIT cell biology and delineate their role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (sterile or caused by infectious agents) and cancer in humans. A better understanding of the role of MAIT cells in human diseases may lead to novel ways of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- a Department of Paediatrics and Child Care , Children's Health Queensland Clinical unit School of Medicine, Mater Research, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , ST Lucia, Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Ali Ahmad
- b Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU Ste-Justine/Department of Microbiology , Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Montreal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
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14
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Graft-Derived Reconstitution of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 24:242-251. [PMID: 29024803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells express a semi-invariant Vα7.2+ T cell receptor (TCR) that recognizes ligands from distinct bacterial and fungal species. In neonates, MAIT cells proliferate coincident with gastrointestinal (GI) bacterial colonization. In contrast, under noninflammatory conditions adult MAIT cells remain quiescent because of acquired regulation of TCR signaling. Effects of inflammation and the altered GI microbiota after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) on MAIT cell reconstitution have not been described. We conducted an observational study of MAIT cell reconstitution in myeloablative (n = 41) and nonmyeloablative (n = 66) allogeneic HCT recipients and found that despite a rapid and early increase to a plateau at day 30 after HCT, MAIT cell numbers failed to normalize for at least 1 year. Cord blood transplant recipients and those who received post-HCT cyclophosphamide for graft versus host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis had profoundly impaired MAIT cell reconstitution. Sharing of TCRβ gene sequences between MAIT cells isolated from HCT grafts and blood of recipients after HCT showed early MAIT cell reconstitution was due at least in part to proliferation of MAIT cells transferred in the HCT graft. Inflammatory cytokines were required for TCR-dependent MAIT cell proliferation, suggesting that bacterial Vα7.2+ TCR ligands might promote MAIT cell reconstitution after HCT. Robust MAIT cell reconstitution was associated with an increased GI abundance of Blautia spp. MAIT cells suppressed proliferation of conventional T cells consistent with a possible regulatory role. Our data identify modifiable factors impacting MAIT cell reconstitution that could influence the risk of GVHD after HCT.
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15
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Salou M, Franciszkiewicz K, Lantz O. MAIT cells in infectious diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 48:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Fu SH, Yeh LT, Chu CC, Yen BLJ, Sytwu HK. New insights into Blimp-1 in T lymphocytes: a divergent regulator of cell destiny and effector function. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:49. [PMID: 28732506 PMCID: PMC5520377 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) serves as a master regulator of the development and function of antibody-producing B cells. Given that its function in T lymphocytes has been identified within the past decade, we review recent findings with emphasis on its role in coordinated control of gene expression during the development, differentiation, and function of T cells. Expression of Blimp-1 is mainly confined to activated T cells and is essential for the production of interleukin (IL)-10 by a subset of forkhead box (Fox)p3+ regulatory T cells with an effector phenotype. Blimp-1 is also required to induce cell elimination in the thymus and critically modulates peripheral T cell activation and proliferation. In addition, Blimp-1 promotes T helper (Th) 2 lineage commitment and limits Th1, Th17 and follicular helper T cell differentiation. Furthermore, Blimp-1 coordinates with other transcription factors to regulate expression of IL-2, IL-21 and IL-10 in effector T lymphocytes. In CD8+ T cells, Blimp-1 expression is distinct in heterogeneous populations at the stages of clonal expansion, differentiation, contraction and memory formation when they encounter antigens. Moreover, Blimp-1 plays a fundamental role in coordinating cytokine receptor signaling networks and transcriptional programs to regulate diverse aspects of the formation and function of effector and memory CD8+ T cells and their exhaustion. Blimp-1 also functions as a gatekeeper of T cell activation and suppression to prevent or dampen autoimmune disease, antiviral responses and antitumor immunity. In this review, we discuss the emerging roles of Blimp-1 in the complex regulation of gene networks that regulate the destiny and effector function of T cells and provide a Blimp-1-dominated transcriptional framework for T lymphocyte homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Huei Fu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, 161, Section 6, Min-Chuan East Road, Neihu District, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzu Yeh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, 161, Section 6, Min-Chuan East Road, Neihu District, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 71104, Taiwan. .,Department of Recreation and Health-Care Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71104, Taiwan.
| | - B Lin-Ju Yen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, 161, Section 6, Min-Chuan East Road, Neihu District, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan.
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17
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Franciszkiewicz K, Salou M, Legoux F, Zhou Q, Cui Y, Bessoles S, Lantz O. MHC class I-related molecule, MR1, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:120-38. [PMID: 27319347 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The MHC-related 1, MR1, molecule presents a new class of microbial antigens (derivatives of the riboflavin [Vitamin B2] biosynthesis pathway) to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. This raises many questions regarding antigens loading and intracellular trafficking of the MR1/ligand complexes. The MR1/MAIT field is also important because MAIT cells are very abundant in humans and their frequency is modified in many infectious and non-infectious diseases. Both MR1 and the invariant TCRα chain expressed by MAIT cells are strikingly conserved among species, indicating important functions. Riboflavin is synthesized by plants and most bacteria and yeasts but not animals, and its precursor derivatives activating MAIT cells are short-lived unless bound to MR1. The recognition of MR1 loaded with these compounds is therefore an exquisite manner to detect invasive bacteria. Herein, we provide an historical perspective of the field before describing the main characteristics of MR1, its ligands, and the few available data regarding its cellular biology. We then summarize the current knowledge of MAIT cell differentiation and discuss the definition of MAIT cells in comparison to related subsets. Finally, we describe the phenotype and effector activities of MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qian Zhou
- Institut curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France
| | - Yue Cui
- Institut curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations, CICBT1428 IGR/Curie, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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18
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Murata K, Tsukahara T, Emori M, Shibayama Y, Mizushima E, Matsumiya H, Yamashita K, Kaya M, Hirohashi Y, Kanaseki T, Kubo T, Himi T, Ichimiya S, Yamashita T, Sato N, Torigoe T. Identification of a novel human memory T-cell population with the characteristics of stem-like chemo-resistance. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1165376. [PMID: 27471640 PMCID: PMC4938359 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1165376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High-dose chemotherapy may kill not only tumor cells but also immunocytes, and frequently induces severe lymphocytopenia. On the other hand, patients who recover from the nadir maintain immunity against infection, suggesting the existence of an unknown memory T-cell population with stress resistance, long-living capacity, proliferation and differentiation. Recently, the differentiation system of T-cell memory has been clarified using mouse models. However, the human T-cell memory system has great diversity induced by natural antigens derived from many pathogens and tumor cells throughout life, and profoundly differs from the mouse memory system constructed using artificial antigens and transgenic T cells. Here we report a novel human T-cell memory population, “young memory” T (TYM) cells. TYM cells are defined by positive expression of CD73, which represents high aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) activity and CXCR3 among CD8+CD45RA+CD62L+ T cells. TYM proliferate upon TCR stimulation, with differentiation capacity into TCM and TEM and drug resistance. Moreover, TYM are involved in memory function for viral and tumor-associated antigens in healthy donors and cancer patients, respectively. Regulation of TYM might be very attractive for peptide vaccination, adoptive cell-transfer therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Murata
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohide Tsukahara
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Emori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Shibayama
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Emi Mizushima
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsumiya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keiji Yamashita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Kaya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirohashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanaseki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Terufumi Kubo
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Himi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shingo Ichimiya
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute of Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yamashita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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19
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Saeidi A, Ellegård R, Yong YK, Tan HY, Velu V, Ussher JE, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Functional role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in HIV infection. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:305-14. [PMID: 27256572 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ru0216-084r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MAIT cells represent an evolutionarily conserved, MR1-restricted, innate-like cell subset that express high levels of CD161; have a canonical semi-invariant TCR iVα7.2; and may have an important role in mucosal immunity against various bacterial and fungal pathogens. Mature MAIT cells are CD161(hi)PLZF(hi)IL-18Rα(+)iVα7.2(+)γδ-CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells and occur in the peripheral blood, liver, and mucosa of humans. MAIT cells are activated by a metabolic precursor of riboflavin synthesis presented by MR1 and, therefore, respond to many bacteria and some fungi. Despite their broad antibacterial properties, their functional role in persistent viral infections is poorly understood. Although there is an increasing line of evidence portraying the depletion of MAIT cells in HIV disease, the magnitude and the potential mechanisms underlying such depletion remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that MAIT cells are vulnerable to immune exhaustion as a consequence of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections and HIV/tuberculosis coinfections. HIV infection also appears to cause functional depletion of MAIT cells resulting from abnormal expression of T-bet and EOMES, and effective ART is unable to completely salvage functional MAIT cell loss. Depletion and exhaustion of peripheral MAIT cells may affect mucosal immunity and could increase susceptibility to opportunistic infections during HIV infection. Here, we review some of the important mechanisms associated with depletion and functional loss of MAIT cells and also suggest potential immunotherapeutic strategies to restore MAIT cell functions, including the use of IL-7 to restore effector functions in HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Saeidi
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rada Ellegård
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yean K Yong
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong Y Tan
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Georgia, Atlanta, USA; and
| | - James E Ussher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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20
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Salou M, Nicol B, Garcia A, Baron D, Michel L, Elong-Ngono A, Hulin P, Nedellec S, Jacq-Foucher M, Le Frère F, Jousset N, Bourreille A, Wiertlewski S, Soulillou JP, Brouard S, Nicot AB, Degauque N, Laplaud DA. Neuropathologic, phenotypic and functional analyses of Mucosal Associated Invariant T cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2016; 166-167:1-11. [PMID: 27050759 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are anti-microbial semi-invariant T cells, remains elusive in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE Deciphering the potential involvement of MAIT cells in the MS inflammatory process. METHODS By flow cytometry, blood MAIT cells from similar cohorts of MS patients and healthy volunteers (HV) were compared for frequency, phenotype, activation potential after in vitro TCR engagement by bacterial ligands and transmigration abilities through an in vitro model of blood-brain barrier. MS CNS samples were also studied by immunofluorescent staining and quantitative PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Blood MAIT cells from relapsing-remitting MS patients and HV presented similar frequency, ex vivo effector phenotype and activation abilities. MAIT cells represented 0.5% of the total infiltrating T cells on 39 MS CNS lesions. This is low as compared to blood frequency (p<0.001), but consistent with their low transmigration rate. Finally, transcriptional over-expression of MR1 - which presents cognate antigens to MAIT cells - and of the activating cytokines IL-18 and IL-23 was evidenced in MS lesions, suggesting that the CNS microenvironment is suited to activate the few infiltrating MAIT cells. Taken together, these data place MAIT cells from MS patients as minor components of the inflammatory pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Salou
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Bryan Nicol
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Alexandra Garcia
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Daniel Baron
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Laure Michel
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nantes, France
| | - Annie Elong-Ngono
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Philippe Hulin
- SFR François Bonamy, Cellular and Tissue Imaging Core Facility (MicroPICell), Nantes, France
| | - Steven Nedellec
- SFR François Bonamy, Cellular and Tissue Imaging Core Facility (MicroPICell), Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Arnaud Bourreille
- Nantes Hospital, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CIC-04 Inserm, Nantes, France
| | - Sandrine Wiertlewski
- Nantes Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nantes, France; INSERM 015, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Nantes, France
| | | | - Sophie Brouard
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Arnaud B Nicot
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Nicolas Degauque
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nantes, France; INSERM 015, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Nantes, France.
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21
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Acquisition of innate-like microbial reactivity in mucosal tissues during human fetal MAIT-cell development. Nat Commun 2016; 5:3143. [PMID: 24452018 PMCID: PMC3916833 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate-like, evolutionarily conserved MR1-restricted mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells represent a large antimicrobial T-cell subset in humans. Here, we investigate the development of these cells in second trimester human fetal tissues. MAIT cells are rare and immature in the fetal thymus, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. In contrast, mature IL-18Rα+ CD8αα MAIT cells are enriched in the fetal small intestine, liver and lung. Independently of localization, MAIT cells express CD127 and Ki67 in vivo and readily proliferate in response to Escherichia coli in vitro. Maturation is accompanied by the gradual post-thymic acquisition of the PLZF transcription factor and the ability to produce IFNγ and IL-22 in response to bacteria in mucosa. Thus, MAIT cells acquire innate-like antimicrobial responsiveness in mucosa before exposure to environmental microbes and the commensal microflora. Establishment of this arm of immunity before birth may help protect the newborn from a range of pathogenic microbes. Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a recently described subset of unconventional, innate-like T cells and their development is not well understood. Here, the authors analyse MAIT cells in fetal human tissues and show that, unlike in mice, the commensal microflora is not necessary for their maturation in humans.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific and MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T-cells exhibit a stem cell precursor-like phenotype in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 32:13-22. [PMID: 25809750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature and longevity of the T-cell response directed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) are important for effective pathogen containment. We analyzed ex vivo the nature of MTB antigen-specific T-cell responses directed against the MTB secreted antigens Rv0288, Rv1886c, Rv3875, the antigens Rv2958c, Rv2957, and Rv0447c (intracellular, non-secreted enzymes) in blood from Korean patients with active tuberculosis (TB). MTB-specific T-cell function was defined by intracellular cytokine production (interleukin (IL)-2, interferon gamma, tumour necrosis factor alpha, and IL-17) and by multimer-guided (HLA-A*02:01 and HLA-A*24:02) analysis of epitope-specific CD8+ T-cells, along with phenotypic markers (CD45RA and CCR7), CD107a, a marker for degranulation, and CD127 co-staining for T-cell differentiation and homing. Cytokine production analysis underestimated the frequencies of MTB antigen-specific T-cells defined by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-peptide multimer analysis. We showed that MTB antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells exhibit a distinct marker profile associated with the nature of the MTB antigens, i.e., Rv0288, Rv1886c, and Rv3875-reactive T-cells clustered in the precursor T-cell compartment, whereas Rv2958c, Rv2957, and Rv0447c-reactive T-cells were associated with the terminally differentiated T-cell phenotype, in the patient cohort. Rv0288, Rv1886c, and Rv3875-specific CD8+ T-cells were significantly enriched for CD107a+ T-cells in HLA-A*02:01 (p<0.0001) and HLA-A*24:02 (p=0.0018) positive individuals, as compared to Rv2958c, Rv2957, and Rv0447c antigens. CD127 (IL-7 receptor)-expressing T-cells were enriched in HLA-A*02:01-positive individuals for the Rv0288, Rv1886c, and Rv3875 specificities (p=0.03). A high proportion of antigen-specific T-cells showed a precursor-like phenotype (CD45RA+CCR7+) and expressed the stem cell-associated markers CD95 and c-kit. These data show that MTB-specific T-cells can express stem cell-like features; this is associated with the nature of the MTB antigen and the genetic background of the individual.
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23
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Fuertes Marraco SA, Soneson C, Cagnon L, Gannon PO, Allard M, Abed Maillard S, Montandon N, Rufer N, Waldvogel S, Delorenzi M, Speiser DE. Long-lasting stem cell-like memory CD8+ T cells with a naïve-like profile upon yellow fever vaccination. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:282ra48. [PMID: 25855494 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and persisting immune memory is essential for long-term protection from infectious and malignant diseases. The yellow fever (YF) vaccine is a live attenuated virus that mediates lifelong protection, with recent studies showing that the CD8(+) T cell response is particularly robust. Yet, limited data exist regarding the long-term CD8(+) T cell response, with no studies beyond 5 years after vaccination. We investigated 41 vaccinees, spanning 0.27 to 35 years after vaccination. YF-specific CD8(+) T cells were readily detected in almost all donors (38 of 41), with frequencies decreasing with time. As previously described, effector cells dominated the response early after vaccination. We detected a population of naïve-like YF-specific CD8(+) T cells that was stably maintained for more than 25 years and was capable of self-renewal ex vivo. In-depth analyses of markers and genome-wide mRNA profiling showed that naïve-like YF-specific CD8(+) T cells in vaccinees (i) were distinct from genuine naïve cells in unvaccinated donors, (ii) resembled the recently described stem cell-like memory subset (Tscm), and (iii) among all differentiated subsets, had profiles closest to naïve cells. Our findings reveal that CD8(+) Tscm are efficiently induced by a vaccine in humans, persist for decades, and preserve a naïveness-like profile. These data support YF vaccination as an optimal mechanistic model for the study of long-lasting memory CD8(+) T cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Fuertes Marraco
- Ludwig Cancer Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland. Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Soneson
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Cagnon
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Philippe O Gannon
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Allard
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Samia Abed Maillard
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Montandon
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Waldvogel
- Service Vaudois de Transfusion Sanguine de la Croix Rouge, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Ludwig Cancer Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland. Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland. Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Ludwig Cancer Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland. Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.
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24
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Cui Y, Franciszkiewicz K, Mburu YK, Mondot S, Le Bourhis L, Premel V, Martin E, Kachaner A, Duban L, Ingersoll MA, Rabot S, Jaubert J, De Villartay JP, Soudais C, Lantz O. Mucosal-associated invariant T cell-rich congenic mouse strain allows functional evaluation. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4171-85. [PMID: 26524590 DOI: 10.1172/jci82424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs) have potent antimicrobial activity and are abundant in humans (5%-10% in blood). Despite strong evolutionary conservation of the invariant TCR-α chain and restricting molecule MR1, this population is rare in laboratory mouse strains (≈0.1% in lymphoid organs), and lack of an appropriate mouse model has hampered the study of MAIT biology. Herein, we show that MAITs are 20 times more frequent in clean wild-derived inbred CAST/EiJ mice than in C57BL/6J mice. Increased MAIT frequency was linked to one CAST genetic trait that mapped to the TCR-α locus and led to higher usage of the distal Vα segments, including Vα19. We generated a MAIThi congenic strain that was then crossed to a transgenic Rorcgt-GFP reporter strain. Using this tool, we characterized polyclonal mouse MAITs as memory (CD44+) CD4-CD8lo/neg T cells with tissue-homing properties (CCR6+CCR7-). Similar to human MAITs, mouse MAITs expressed the cytokine receptors IL-7R, IL-18Rα, and IL-12Rβ and the transcription factors promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) and RAR-related orphan receptor γ (RORγt). Mouse MAITs produced Th1/2/17 cytokines upon TCR stimulation and recognized a bacterial compound in an MR1-dependent manner. During experimental urinary tract infection, MAITs migrated to the bladder and decreased bacterial load. Our study demonstrates that the MAIThi congenic strain allows phenotypic and functional characterization of naturally occurring mouse MAITs in health and disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Germ-Free Life
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/analysis
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic/genetics
- Mice, Congenic/immunology
- Mice, Congenic/microbiology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microbiota
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/analysis
- Phenotype
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger Protein
- Radiation Chimera
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/analysis
- Urinary Tract Infections/immunology
- Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology
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25
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Kronenberg M, Lantz O. Mucosal-Resident T Lymphocytes with Invariant Antigen Receptors. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Teunissen MBM, Yeremenko NG, Baeten DLP, Chielie S, Spuls PI, de Rie MA, Lantz O, Res PCM. The IL-17A-producing CD8+ T-cell population in psoriatic lesional skin comprises mucosa-associated invariant T cells and conventional T cells. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2898-2907. [PMID: 24945094 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IL-17A is pivotal in the etiology of psoriasis, and CD8(+) T cells with the ability to produce this cytokine (Tc17 cells) are over-represented in psoriatic lesions. Here we demonstrate that the frequency of Tc17 cells in peripheral blood of psoriasis patients correlated with the clinical severity of the disease. Analysis of cutaneous-associated lymphocyte antigen expression showed that the blood Tc17 population contains a significantly higher proportion of cells with skin-homing potential compared with the CD8(+) T-cell population lacking IL-17A/IL-22 expression. IL-17A-producing CD8(+) T cells in blood have previously been reported to belong mainly to the mucosa-associated invariant T-cell (MAIT cell) lineage characterized by TCR Vα7.2 chain, CD161, IL-18Rα, and multidrug transporter ABCB1 expression. We demonstrate the presence of CD8(+) MAIT cells in the dermis and epidermis of psoriatic plaques, as well as healthy skin; however, IL-17A-producing CD8(+) MAIT cells were predominantly found in psoriatic skin. Notably, we observed IL-17A production in a large proportion of psoriatic plaque-derived CD8(+) T cells devoid of MAIT cell characteristics, likely representing conventional CD8(+) T cells. In conclusion, we provide supporting evidence that implicates Tc17 cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and describe the presence of innate CD8(+) MAIT cells in psoriatic lesions as an alternative source of IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel B M Teunissen
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nataliya G Yeremenko
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique L P Baeten
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Chielie
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Phyllis I Spuls
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno A de Rie
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut Curie, Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Paris, France
| | - Pieter C M Res
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Willing A, Leach OA, Ufer F, Attfield KE, Steinbach K, Kursawe N, Piedavent M, Friese MA. CD8⁺ MAIT cells infiltrate into the CNS and alterations in their blood frequencies correlate with IL-18 serum levels in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3119-28. [PMID: 25043505 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate a pathogenic involvement of IL-17-producing CD8(+) T cells in multiple sclerosis (MS). IL-17 production has been attributed to a subset of CD8(+) T cells that belong to the mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell population. Here, we report a reduction of CD8(+) MAIT cells in the blood of MS patients compared with healthy individuals, which significantly correlated with IL-18 serum levels in MS patients. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals and MS patients with IL-18 specifically activated CD8(+) MAIT cells. Moreover, IL-18 together with T-cell receptor stimulation induced, specifically on CD8(+) MAIT cells, an upregulation of the integrin very late antigen-4 that is essential for the infiltration of CD8(+) T cells into the CNS. Notably, we were able to identify CD8(+) MAIT cells in MS brain lesions by immunohistochemistry while they were almost absent in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In summary, our findings indicate that an IL-18-driven activation of CD8(+) MAIT cells contributes to their CNS infiltration in MS, in turn leading to reduced CD8(+) MAIT-cell frequencies in the blood. Therefore, CD8(+) MAIT cells seem to play a role in the innate arm of immunopathology in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Willing
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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28
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Mahnke YD, Brodie TM, Sallusto F, Roederer M, Lugli E. The who's who of T-cell differentiation: human memory T-cell subsets. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2797-809. [PMID: 24258910 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Following antigen encounter and subsequent resolution of the immune response, a single naïve T cell is able to generate multiple subsets of memory T cells with different phenotypic and functional properties and gene expression profiles. Single-cell technologies, first and foremost flow cytometry, have revealed the complex heterogeneity of the memory T-cell compartment and its organization into subsets. However, a consensus has still to be reached, both at the semantic (nomenclature) and phenotypic level, regarding the identification of these subsets. Here, we review recent developments in the characterization of the heterogeneity of the memory T-cell compartment, and propose a unified classification of both human and nonhuman primate T cells on the basis of phenotypic traits and in vivo properties. Given that vaccine studies and adoptive cell transfer immunotherapy protocols are influenced by these recent findings, it is important to use uniform methods for identifying and discussing functionally distinct subsets of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda D Mahnke
- Translational and Correlative Studies Laboratory, Abramson Family Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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29
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Le Bourhis L, Mburu YK, Lantz O. MAIT cells, surveyors of a new class of antigen: development and functions. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:174-80. [PMID: 23422835 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are evolutionarily conserved T cells that are restricted by the non-classical MHC-1b molecule, MR1. MAIT cells are selected on hematopoietic cells, and exit the thymus with a naïve phenotype before expanding in the periphery and attaining a memory phenotype. MAIT cells represent an abundant oligoclonal population in human blood and liver. MAIT cells react against a newly identified class of antigens: vitamin B metabolites, which are found in most bacteria and yeasts. MAIT cells secrete IFN-γ and IL-17 and their frequencies are modified in several diseases. The specificity, evolutionary conservation and unique features of MAIT cells indicate important functions, either against a ubiquitous pathogen or in gut immune/epithelial homeostasis.
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30
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Buchholz VR, Gräf P, Busch DH. The smallest unit: effector and memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation on the single cell level. Front Immunol 2013; 4:31. [PMID: 23424063 PMCID: PMC3573211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell immune responses provide immediate protection against primary infection and durable memory capable of rapidly fighting off re-infection. Immediate protection and lasting memory are implemented by phenotypically and functionally distinct T cell subsets. While it is now widely accepted that these diverge from a common source of naïve T cells (Tn), the developmental relation and succession of effector and memory T cell subsets is still under intense debate. Recently, a distinct memory T cell subset has been suggested to possess stem cell-like features, sparking the hope to harness its capacity for self-renewal and diversification for successful therapy of chronic infections or malignant diseases. In this review we highlight current developmental models of memory generation, T cell subset diversification and T cell stemness. We discuss the importance of single cell monitoring techniques for adequately mapping these developmental processes and take a brief look at signaling components active in the putative stem cell-like memory T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany
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