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Selvavinayagam ST, Sankar S, Yong YK, Murugesan A, Suvaithenamudhan S, Hemashree K, Rajeshkumar M, Kumaresan A, Pandey RP, Shanmugam S, Arthydevi P, Kumar MS, Gopalan N, Kannan M, Cheedarla N, Tan HY, Zhang Y, Larsson M, Balakrishnan P, Velu V, Byrareddy SN, Shankar EM, Raju S. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant JN.1 in Tamil Nadu, India - Clinical Characteristics and Novel Mutations. medRxiv 2024:2024.04.16.24305882. [PMID: 38699322 PMCID: PMC11065016 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.16.24305882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
In December 2023, we observed a notable shift in the COVID-19 landscape, when the JN.1 emerged as a predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant with a 95% incidence. We characterized the clinical profile, and genetic changes in JN.1, an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant of interest. Whole genome sequencing was performed on SARS-CoV-2 positive samples, followed by sequence analysis. Mutations within the spike protein sequences were analyzed and compared with the previous lineages and sublineages of SARS-CoV-2, to identify the potential impact of these unique mutations on protein structure and possible functionality. Several unique and dynamic mutations were identified herein. Our data provides key insights into the emergence of newer variants of SARS-CoV-2 in our region and highlights the need for robust and sustained genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2.
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Saravanan S, Shankar EM, Vignesh R, Ganesh PS, Sankar S, Velu V, Smith DM, Balakrishnan P, Viswanathan D, Govindasamy R, Venkateswaran AR. Occult hepatitis B virus infection and current perspectives on global WHO 2030 eradication. J Viral Hepat 2024. [PMID: 38578122 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The current World Health Organization (WHO) Hepatitis Elimination Strategy suffers from lack of a target for diagnosing or expunging occult HBV infection. A sizable segment of the global population has an undetected HBV infection, particularly the high-risk populations and those residing in countries like India with intermediate endemicity. There is growing proof that people with hidden HBV infection can infect others, and that these infections are linked to serious chronic hepatic complications, especially hepatocellular carcinoma. Given the current diagnostic infrastructure in low-resource settings, the WHO 2030 objective of obliterating hepatitis B appears to be undeniably challenging to accomplish. Given the molecular basis of occult HBV infection strongly linked to intrahepatic persistence, patients may inexplicably harbour HBV genomes for a prolonged duration without displaying any pronounced clinical or biochemical signs of liver disease, and present histological signs of moderate degree necro-inflammation, diffuse fibrosis, and hence the international strategy to eradicate viral hepatitis warrants inclusion of occult HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Saravanan
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramachandran Vignesh
- Pre-Clinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Pitchaipillai Sankar Ganesh
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathish Sankar
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhivya Viswanathan
- Centre for Nanobioscience, Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajakumar Govindasamy
- Centre for Nanobioscience, Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arcot R Venkateswaran
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals (SMCH), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Vimali J, Yong YK, Murugesan A, Tan HY, Zhang Y, Ashwin R, Raju S, Balakrishnan P, Larsson M, Velu V, Shankar EM. Chronic Viral Infection Compromises the Quality of Circulating Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells and Follicular T Helper Cells via Expression of Inhibitory Receptors. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2024; 29:128. [PMID: 38538288 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2903128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic viral infection results in impaired immune responses rendering viral persistence. Here, we compared the quality of T-cell responses among chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals by examining the levels of expression of selected immune activation and exhaustion molecules on circulating MAIT cells and Tfh cells. METHODS Cytokines were measured using a commercial Bio-plex Pro Human Cytokine Grp I Panel 17-plex kit (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA). Inflammation was assessed by measuring an array of plasma cytokines, and phenotypic alterations in CD4+ T cells including circulating Tfh cells, CD8+ T cells, and TCR iVα7.2+ MAIT cells in chronic HBV, HCV, and HIV-infected patients and healthy controls. The cells were characterized based on markers pertaining to immune activation (CD69, ICOS, and CD27) proliferation (Ki67), cytokine production (TNF-α, IFN-γ) and exhaustion (PD-1). The cytokine levels and T cell phenotypes together with cell markers were correlated with surrogate markers of disease progression. RESULTS The activation marker CD69 was significantly increased in CD4+hi T cells, while CD8+ MAIT cells producing IFN-γ were significantly increased in chronic HBV, HCV and HIV infections. Six cell phenotypes, viz., TNF-α+CD4+lo T cells, CD69+CD8+ T cells, CD69+CD4+ MAIT cells, PD-1+CD4+hi T cells, PD-1+CD8+ T cells, and Ki67+CD4+ MAIT cells, were independently associated with decelerating the plasma viral load (PVL). TNF-α levels showed a positive correlation with increase in cytokine levels and decrease in PVL. CONCLUSION Chronic viral infection negatively impacts the quality of peripheral MAIT cells and Tfh cells via differential expression of both activating and inhibitory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisheela Vimali
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, 610005 Thiruvarur, India
| | - Yean K Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Kelip-kelip! Center of Excellence for Light Enabling Technologies, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, 625512 Theni, India
| | - Hong Y Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ying Zhang
- Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rajeev Ashwin
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, 610005 Thiruvarur, India
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, 600018 Teynampet, Chennai, India
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, 602105 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, 610005 Thiruvarur, India
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Selvavinayagam ST, Suvaithenamudhan S, Yong YK, Hemashree K, Rajeshkumar M, Kumaresan A, Arthydevi P, Kannan M, Gopalan N, Vignesh R, Murugesan A, Sivasankaran MP, Sankar S, Cheedarla N, Anshad AR, Govindaraj S, Zhang Y, Tan HY, Larsson M, Saravanan S, Balakrishnan P, Kulanthaivel L, Singh K, Joseph N, Velu V, Byrareddy SN, Shankar EM, Raju S. Genomic surveillance of omicron B.1.1.529 SARS-CoV-2 and its variants between December 2021 and March 2023 in Tamil Nadu, India-A state-wide prospective longitudinal study. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29456. [PMID: 38329187 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A state-wide prospective longitudinal investigation of the genomic surveillance of the omicron B.1.1.529 SARS-CoV-2 variant and its sublineages in Tamil Nadu, India, was conducted between December 2021 and March 2023. The study aimed to elucidate their mutational patterns and their genetic interrelationship in the Indian population. The study identified several unique mutations at different time-points, which likely could attribute to the changing disease characteristics, transmission, and pathogenicity attributes of omicron variants. The study found that the omicron variant is highly competent in its mutating potentials, and that it continues to evolve in the general population, likely escaping from natural as well as vaccine-induced immune responses. Our findings suggest that continuous surveillance of viral variants at the global scenario is warranted to undertake intervention measures against potentially precarious SARS-CoV-2 variants and their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakasam T Selvavinayagam
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suvaiyarasan Suvaithenamudhan
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, (Deemed to be University), Pondicherry, India
| | - Yean K Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Kelip-kelip! Center of Excellence for Light Enabling Technologies, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kannan Hemashree
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manivannan Rajeshkumar
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anandhazhvar Kumaresan
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parthiban Arthydevi
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meganathan Kannan
- Blood and Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natarajan Gopalan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramachandran Vignesh
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, The Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sathish Sankar
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Abdul R Anshad
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Kelip-kelip! Center of Excellence for Light Enabling Technologies, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Hong Y Tan
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Shanmugam Saravanan
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Langeswaran Kulanthaivel
- Department of Biomedical Science, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamalendra Singh
- Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Narcisse Joseph
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Selvavinayagam ST, Karishma SJ, Hemashree K, Yong YK, Suvaithenamudhan S, Rajeshkumar M, Aswathy B, Kalaivani V, Priyanka J, Kumaresan A, Kannan M, Gopalan N, Chandramathi S, Vignesh R, Murugesan A, Anshad AR, Ganesh B, Joseph N, Babu H, Govindaraj S, Larsson M, Kandasamy SL, Palani S, Singh K, Byrareddy SN, Velu V, Shankar EM, Raju S. Clinical characteristics and novel mutations of omicron subvariant XBB in Tamil Nadu, India - a cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia 2023; 19:100272. [PMID: 38076717 PMCID: PMC10709680 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the continued vaccination efforts, there had been a surge in breakthrough infections, and the emergence of the B.1.1.529 omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in India. There is a paucity of information globally on the role of newer XBB variants in community transmission. Here, we investigated the mutational patterns among hospitalised patients infected with the XBB omicron sub-variant, and checked if there was any association between the rise in the number of COVID-19 cases and the observed novel mutations in Tamil Nadu, India. METHODS Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs, collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients were subjected to real-time PCR followed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to rule out the ambiguity of mutations in viruses isolated from the patients (n = 98). Using the phylogenetic association, the mutational patterns were used to corroborate clinico-demographic characteristics and disease severity among the patients. FINDINGS Overall, we identified 43 mutations in the S gene across 98 sequences, of which two were novel mutations (A27S and T747I) that have not been reported previously with XBB sub-variants in the available literature. Additionally, the XBB sequences from our cohort had more mutations than omicron B.1.1.529. The phylogenetic analysis comprising six major branches clearly showed convergent evolution of XBB. Our data suggests that age, and underlying conditions (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease) or secondary complications confers increased susceptibility to infection rather than vaccination status or prior exposure. Many vaccinated individuals showed evidence of a breakthrough infection, with XBB.3 being the predominant variant identified in the study population. INTERPRETATION Our study indicates that the XBB variant is highly evasive from available vaccines and may be more transmissible, and potentially could emerge as the 'next' predominant variant, which likely could overwhelm the existing variants of SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants. FUNDING National Health Mission (India), SIDASARC, VINNMER (Sweden), ORIP/NIH (USA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakasam T. Selvavinayagam
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 006, India
| | - Sree J. Karishma
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Kannan Hemashree
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 006, India
| | - Yean K. Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor 43 900, Malaysia
| | - Suvaiyarasan Suvaithenamudhan
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
- Department of Bioinformatics, Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 017, India
| | - Manivannan Rajeshkumar
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 006, India
| | - Bijulal Aswathy
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Vasudevan Kalaivani
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 006, India
| | - Jayapal Priyanka
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 006, India
| | - Anandhazhvar Kumaresan
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 006, India
| | - Meganathan Kannan
- Blood and Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Natarajan Gopalan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Samudi Chandramathi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Ramachandran Vignesh
- Faculty of Medicine, Preclinical Department, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Perak 30450, Malaysia
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, The Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, India
| | - Abdul R. Anshad
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Balasubramanian Ganesh
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ayappakkam, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - Narcisse Joseph
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hemalatha Babu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Shree L. Kandasamy
- Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sampath Palani
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 006, India
| | - Kamalendra Singh
- Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 006, India
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6
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Selvavinayagam ST, Aswathy B, Yong YK, Frederick A, Murali L, Kalaivani V, Karishma SJ, Rajeshkumar M, Anusree A, Kannan M, Gopalan N, Vignesh R, Murugesan A, Tan HY, Zhang Y, Chandramathi S, Sivasankaran MP, Balakrishnan P, Govindaraj S, Byrareddy SN, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM, Raju S. Plasma CXCL8 and MCP-1 as surrogate plasma biomarkers of latent tuberculosis infection among household contacts-A cross-sectional study. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0002327. [PMID: 37992019 PMCID: PMC10664947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is critical to TB elimination in the current WHO vision of End Tuberculosis Strategy. The study investigates whether detecting plasma cytokines could aid in diagnosing LTBI across household contacts (HHCs) positive for IGRA, HHCs negative for IGRA, and healthy controls. The plasma cytokines were measured using a commercial Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 17-plex assay. Increased plasma CXCL8 and decreased MCP-1, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were associated with LTBI. Regression analysis showed that a combination of CXCL8 and MCP-1 increased the risk of LTBI among HHCs to 14-fold. Our study suggests that CXCL-8 and MCP-1 could serve as the surrogate biomarkers of LTBI, particularly in resource-limited settings. Further laboratory investigations are warranted before extrapolating CXCL8 and MCP-1 for their usefulness as surrogate biomarkers of LTBI in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakasam T. Selvavinayagam
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bijulal Aswathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Infection and Inflammation, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Yean K. Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Asha Frederick
- National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmi Murali
- National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasudevan Kalaivani
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sree J. Karishma
- Department of Biotechnology, Infection and Inflammation, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Manivannan Rajeshkumar
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Adukkadukkam Anusree
- Department of Life Sciences, Blood and Vascular Biology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Meganathan Kannan
- Department of Life Sciences, Blood and Vascular Biology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Natarajan Gopalan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Ramachandran Vignesh
- Pre-clinical Department, Royal College of Medicine, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, The Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, India
| | - Hong Yien Tan
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Samudi Chandramathi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Centre for Infectious Diseases, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, India
| | - Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Marie Larsson
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linkoping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Infection and Inflammation, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Selvavinayagam ST, Aswathy B, Yong YK, Frederick A, Murali L, Kalaivani V, Jith KS, Rajeshkumar M, Anusree A, Kannan M, Gopalan N, Vignesh R, Murugesan A, Tan HY, Zhang Y, Chandramathi S, Sivasankaran MP, Govindaraj S, Byrareddy SN, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM, Raju S. Plasma CXCL8 and MCP-1 as biomarkers of latent tuberculosis infection. medRxiv 2023:2023.08.07.23293767. [PMID: 37609153 PMCID: PMC10441491 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.07.23293767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Early detection of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is critical to TB elimination in the current WHO vision of End Tuberculosis Strategy. Methods We investigated whether detecting plasma cytokines could aid in diagnosing LTBI across household contacts (HHCs) positive for IGRA, HHCs negative for IGRA, and healthy controls. We also measured the plasma cytokines using a commercial Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 17-plex assay. Results Increased plasma CXCL8 and decreased MCP-1, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were associated with LTBI. Regression analysis showed that a combination of CXCL8 and MCP-1 increased the risk of LTBI among HHCs to 14-fold. Conclusions We postulated that CXCL8 and MCP-1 could be the surrogate biomarkers of LTBI, especially in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakasam T Selvavinayagam
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet 600 018, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bijulal Aswathy
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Yean K Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43 900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Asha Frederick
- National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmi Murali
- National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasudevan Kalaivani
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet 600 018, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karishma S Jith
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Manivannan Rajeshkumar
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet 600 018, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Adukkadukkam Anusree
- Blood and Vascular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Meganathan Kannan
- Blood and Vascular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Natarajan Gopalan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Ramachandran Vignesh
- Pre-clinical Department, Royal College of Medicine, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, The Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, India
| | - Hong Yien Tan
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43 900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43 900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Samudi Chandramathi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Marie Larsson
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linkoping University, 58 185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Teynampet 600 018, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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8
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Bollimpelli VS, Reddy PBJ, Gangadhara S, Charles TP, Burton SL, Tharp GK, Styles TM, Labranche CC, Smith JC, Upadhyay AA, Sahoo A, Legere T, Shiferaw A, Velu V, Yu T, Tomai M, Vasilakos J, Kasturi SP, Shaw GM, Montefiori D, Bosinger SE, Kozlowski PA, Pulendran B, Derdeyn CA, Hunter E, Amara RR. Intradermal but not intramuscular modified vaccinia Ankara immunizations protect against intravaginal tier2 simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenges in female macaques. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4789. [PMID: 37553348 PMCID: PMC10409804 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Route of immunization can markedly influence the quality of immune response. Here, we show that intradermal (ID) but not intramuscular (IM) modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccinations provide protection from acquisition of intravaginal tier2 simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenges in female macaques. Both routes of vaccination induce comparable levels of serum IgG with neutralizing and non-neutralizing activities. The protection in MVA-ID group correlates positively with serum neutralizing and antibody-dependent phagocytic activities, and envelope-specific vaginal IgA; while the limited protection in MVA-IM group correlates only with serum neutralizing activity. MVA-ID immunizations induce greater germinal center Tfh and B cell responses, reduced the ratio of Th1 to Tfh cells in blood and showed lower activation of intermediate monocytes and inflammasome compared to MVA-IM immunizations. This lower innate activation correlates negatively with induction of Tfh responses. These data demonstrate that the MVA-ID vaccinations protect against intravaginal SHIV challenges by modulating the innate and T helper responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata S Bollimpelli
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Pradeep B J Reddy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Tysheena P Charles
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Samantha L Burton
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Tiffany M Styles
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Celia C Labranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin C Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Amit A Upadhyay
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Anusmita Sahoo
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Traci Legere
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Ayalnesh Shiferaw
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tianwei Yu
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mark Tomai
- 3M Corporate Research and Materials Lab, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Sudhir P Kasturi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia A Derdeyn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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9
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Govindaraj S, Babu H, Kannanganat S, Vaccari M, Petrovas C, Velu V. Editorial: CD4+ T cells in HIV: A Friend or a Foe? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203531. [PMID: 37497218 PMCID: PMC10367341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hemalatha Babu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sunil Kannanganat
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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10
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Govindaraj S, Cheedarla N, Cheedarla S, Irby LS, Neish AS, Roback JD, Smith AK, Velu V. COVID-19 vaccine induced poor neutralization titers for SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants in maternal and cord blood. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1211558. [PMID: 37465682 PMCID: PMC10350671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1211558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maternally derived antibodies are crucial for neonatal immunity. Understanding the binding and cross-neutralization capacity of maternal and cord antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants following COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy can inform neonatal immunity. Methods Here we characterized the binding and neutralizing antibody profile at delivery in 24 pregnant individuals following two doses of Moderna mRNA-1273 or Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccination. We analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 multivariant cross-neutralizing antibody levels for wildtype Wuhan, Delta, Omicron BA1, BA2, and BA4/BA5 variants. In addition, we evaluated the transplacental antibody transfer by profiling maternal and umbilical cord blood. Results Our results reveal that the current COVID-19 vaccination induced significantly higher RBD-specific binding IgG titers in cord blood compared to maternal blood for both the Wuhan and Omicron BA1 strain. Interestingly, the binding IgG antibody levels for the Omicron BA1 strain were significantly lower when compared to the Wuhan strain in both maternal and cord blood. In contrast to the binding, the Omicron BA1, BA2, and BA4/5 specific neutralizing antibody levels were significantly lower compared to the Wuhan and Delta variants. It is interesting to note that the BA4/5 neutralizing capacity was not detected in either maternal or cord blood. Discussion Our data suggest that the initial series of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were immunogenic in pregnant women, and vaccine-elicited binding antibodies were detectable in cord blood at significantly higher levels for the Wuhan and Delta variants but not for the Omicron variants. Interestingly, the vaccination did not induce neutralizing antibodies for Omicron variants. These results provide novel insight into the impact of vaccination on maternal humoral immune response and transplacental antibody transfer for SARS-CoV-2 variants and support the need for bivalent boosters as new variants emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Suneethamma Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - LesShon S. Irby
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrew S. Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alicia K. Smith
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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11
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Vimali J, Yong YK, Murugesan A, Tan HY, Zhang Y, Ashwin R, Raju S, Balakrishnan P, Larsson M, Velu V, Shankar EM. Chronic viral infection compromises the quality of circulating mucosal-invariant T cells and follicular T helper cells via expression of both activating and inhibitory receptors. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2862719. [PMID: 37163092 PMCID: PMC10168456 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2862719/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic viral infection results in impaired immune responses rendering viral persistence. Here, we investigated the role of immune activation and compared the quality of T-cell responses in chronic HBV, HCV, and HIV infections. Cytokines were measured using a commercial Bio-plex Pro Human Cytokine Grp I Panel 17-plex kit (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA). Inflammation was assessed by measuring an array of plasma cytokines, and peripheral CD4+ T cells including circulating Tfh cells, CD8+ T cells, and TCR iVα7.2+ MAIT cells in chronic HBV, HCV, and HIV-infected patients and healthy controls. The cells were characterized based markers pertaining to immune activation (CD69, ICOS, and CD27) proliferation (Ki67), cytokine production (TNF-α, IFN-γ) and exhaustion (PD-1). The cytokine levels and T cell phenotypes together with cell markers were correlated with surrogate markers of disease progression. The activation marker CD69 was significantly increased in CD4+ hi T cells, while CD8+ MAIT cells expressing IFN-γ were significantly increased in chronic HBV, HCV and HIV infections. Six cell phenotypes, viz., TNF-α+CD4+ lo T cells, CD69+CD8+ T cells, CD69+CD4+ MAIT cells, PD-1+CD4+ hi T cells, PD-1+CD8+ T cells, Ki67+CD4+ MAIT cells were independently associated with decelerating the plasma viral load (PVL). TNF-α levels showed a positive correlation with increase in cytokine levels and decrease in PVL. Chronic viral infection negatively impacts the quality of peripheral MAIT cells and TFH cells via expression of both activating and inhibitory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisheela Vimali
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | | | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, India
| | | | | | - Rajeev Ashwin
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Chennai, India
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA, United States
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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12
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Chaubey I, Vijay H, Govindaraj S, Babu H, Cheedarla N, Shankar EM, Vignesh R, Velu V. Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Pregnant Women. Pathogens 2023; 12:431. [PMID: 36986353 PMCID: PMC10056326 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers across the world hastened to develop vaccines that would aid in bolstering herd immunity. Utilizing mRNA coding and viral vector technology, the currently approved vaccines were required to undergo extensive testing to confirm their safety for mass usage in the general population. However, clinical trials failed to test the safety and efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines in groups with weakened immune systems, especially pregnant women. Lack of information on the effects of vaccinations in pregnancy and the safety of fetuses are among the topmost reasons preventing pregnant women from receiving immunization. Thus, the lack of data examining the effects of COVID-19 vaccinations on pregnant women must be addressed. This review focused on the safety and efficacy of the approved COVID-19 vaccinations in pregnancy and their impact on both maternal and fetal immune responses. For that, we took the approach of combined systematic review/meta-analysis and compiled the available data from the original literature from PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and Medline databases. All articles analyzed presented no adverse effects of vaccination in pregnancy, with varying conclusions on the degree of effectiveness. The majority of the findings described robust immune responses in vaccinated pregnant women, successful transplacental antibody transfer, and implications for neonatal immunity. Hence, findings from the cumulative data available can be helpful in achieving COVID-19 herd immunization, including pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishaan Chaubey
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Harini Vijay
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hemalatha Babu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Ramachandran Vignesh
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30405, Malaysia
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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13
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Dude CM, Joseph NT, Forrest AD, Verkerke HP, Cheedarla N, Govindaraj S, Irby LS, Easley KA, Smith AK, Stowell SR, Neish A, Amara RR, Jamieson DJ, Dunlop AL, Badell ML, Velu V. Antibody response, neutralizing potency, and transplacental antibody transfer following SARS-CoV-2 infection versus mRNA-1273, BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2023. [PMID: 36598270 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To improve our understanding of the immune response, including the neutralization antibody response, following COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study comprising patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and patients who received both doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA-1273, BNT162b2) in pregnancy recruited from two hospitals in Atlanta, GA, USA. Maternal blood and cord blood at delivery were assayed for anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG, IgA and IgM, and neutralizing antibody. The detection of antibodies, titers, and maternal to fetal transfer ratios were compared. RESULTS Nearly all patients had detectable RBD-binding IgG in maternal and cord samples. The vaccinated versus infected cohort had a significantly greater proportion of cord samples with detectable neutralizing antibody (94% vs. 28%, P < 0.001) and significantly higher transfer ratios for RBD-specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies with a transfer efficiency of 105% (vs. 80%, P < 0.001) and 110% (vs. 90%, P < 0.001), respectively. There was a significant linear decline in maternal and cord blood RBD-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody titers as time from vaccination to delivery increased. CONCLUSIONS Those who receive the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine mount an immune response that is equivalent to-if not greater than-those naturally infected by SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolynn M Dude
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Naima T Joseph
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra D Forrest
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hans P Verkerke
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Les'Shon S Irby
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kirk A Easley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Denise J Jamieson
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anne L Dunlop
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Martina L Badell
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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14
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Vimali J, Yong YK, Murugesan A, Ashwin R, Balakrishnan P, Raju S, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Surrogate Biomarkers of Disease Progression in Human Pegivirus Seropositive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:55-62. [PMID: 36355180 PMCID: PMC10024059 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific observations indicate that an actively prevailing systemic condition could alleviate the pathology of another disease. Human pegivirus (HPgV), a highly ubiquitous flavivirus is believed to be associated with slow human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression, and has seldom been linked to hepatic pathology. In this study, we investigated whether HPgV seropositivity had any impact on surrogate markers of HIV disease progression in a cohort of HIV-infected HPgV seropositive (n = 28) and seronegative (n = 12) individuals who were prospectively evaluated for absolute CD4+ T cell counts, plasma viral load (PVL), liver enzymes, and plasma cytokine levels. The HIV PVL was relatively lower in HPgV seropositive than in HPgV seronegative HIV-infected subjects. Clinical markers of hepatic injury were significantly low among HPgV seropositive HIV-infected participants. HPgV seropositive individuals showed significantly higher levels of interleukin-7 (IL-7), and although not significant, the levels of IL-6 were lower among HPgV seropositive subjects. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the absolute CD4+T cell count was inversely correlated with HIV PVL. Exposure to HPgV appears to have a positive prognostic impact on the levels of surrogate biomarkers of HIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisheela Vimali
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Yean K. Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Virus Research Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, India
| | - Rajeev Ashwin
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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15
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Haddad LB, Herring GB, Mehta CC, Staple T, Young MR, Govindaraj S, Velu V, Smith AK. Evaluating the impact of three progestin-based hormonal contraceptive methods on immunologic changes in the female genital tract and systemically (CHIME Study): a prospective cohort study protocol. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:456. [PMID: 36401326 PMCID: PMC9673204 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-02053-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gonadal hormones can modify immune function, which may impact susceptibility to infectious diseases, including Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). There is limited knowledge about how hormonal contraceptives (HC) influence the immune response during the course of use. The CHIME study aims to evaluate the effect of long-acting progestin-based hormonal contraceptives (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, etonogestrel implant, and levonorgestrel intrauterine device) on immunologic changes in the female genital tract (FGT) and systemic compartment. Methods CHIME is an observational cohort study where participants attend 2 visits prior to initiating the HC method of their choice, and then attend 6 visits over 12 months with biological sampling (vaginal swabs, cervicovaginal lavage, cytobrush and blood) for immunological, bacteriological, and virological analyses at each visit. Immune profiling will be evaluated by multi-color flow cytometry to determine how different T-cell subsets, in particular the CD4 T-cell subsets, change during the course of contraceptive use and whether they have different profiles in the FGT compared to the systemic compartment. The study aims are (1) to characterize the alterations in FGT and systemic immune profiles associated with three long-acting progestin-only HC and (2) to evaluate the vaginal microenvironment, determined by 16 s rRNA sequencing, as an individual-level risk factor and moderator of genital and systemic immune profile changes following exposure to three commonly used HC. Data collection started in March 2019 and is scheduled to be completed in October 2024. Discussion The CHIME study aims to contribute to the body of research designed to evaluate the comparative impact of three long-acting progestin-only HC on innate and adaptive immune functions to understand how immunologic effects alter STI and HIV susceptibility.
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16
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Vimali J, Yong YK, Murugesan A, Vishnupriya K, Ashwin R, Daniel EA, Balakrishnan P, Raju S, Rosmawati M, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Plasma interleukin-7 correlation with human immunodeficiency virus RNA and CD4+ T cell counts, and interleukin-5 with circulating hepatitis B virus DNA may have implications in viral control. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1019230. [PMID: 36405584 PMCID: PMC9668853 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1019230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections represent a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Chronic HBV, HCV, and HIV infections result in cytokine perturbations that may hold key implications in understanding the complex disease mechanisms driving virus persistence and/or resolution. Here, we determined the levels of various plasma cytokines using a commercial Bio-Plex Luminex cytokine array in chronic HBV (n = 30), HCV (n = 15), and HIV (n = 40) infections and correlated with corresponding plasma viral loads (PVLs) and liver parameters. We observed differential perturbations in cytokine profiles among the study groups. The cytokines levels positively correlated with PVL and liver transaminases. The monocyte-derived cytokines viz., MIP-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α, and Th2 cytokines like IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 showed a better correlation with liver enzymes as compared to their corresponding PVLs. Our investigation also identified two cytokines viz., IL-5 and IL-7 that inversely correlated with HBV DNA and HIV PVLs, respectively. Regression analysis adjusted for age showed that every increase of IL-5 by one unit was associated with a reduction in HBV PVL by log10 0.4, whereas, every elevation by a unit of IL-7 was associated with decreased HIV PVL by log10 2.5. We also found that IL-7 levels correlated positively with absolute CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-infected patients. We concluded that plasma IL-5 and IL-7 may likely have a key role on viral control in HBV and HIV infections, respectively. A noteworthy increase in cytokines appears to bear protective and pathological significance, and indeed is reflective of the host's versatile immune armory against viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisheela Vimali
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Yean Kong Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, India
| | | | - Rajeev Ashwin
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Evangeline Ann Daniel
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Chennai, India
| | - Mohamed Rosmawati
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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17
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Styles TM, Gangadhara S, Reddy PBJ, Sahoo A, Shiferaw A, Welbourn S, Kozlowski PA, Derdeyn CA, Velu V, Amara RR. V2 hotspot optimized MVA vaccine expressing stabilized HIV-1 Clade C envelope Gp140 delays acquisition of heterologous Clade C Tier 2 challenges in Mamu-A*01 negative Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914969. [PMID: 35935987 PMCID: PMC9353326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stabilized HIV envelope (Env) trimeric protein immunogens have been shown to induce strong autologous neutralizing antibody response. However, there is limited data on the immunogenicity and efficacy of stabilized Env expressed by a viral vector-based immunogen. Here, we compared the immunogenicity and efficacy of two modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccines based on variable loop 2 hotspot (V2 HS) optimized C.1086 envelope (Env) sequences, one expressing the membrane anchored gp150 (MVA-150) and the other expressing soluble uncleaved pre-fusion optimized (UFO) gp140 trimer (MVA-UFO) in a DNA prime/MVA boost approach against heterologous tier 2 SHIV1157ipd3N4 intrarectal challenges in rhesus macaques (RMs). Both MVA vaccines also expressed SIVmac239 Gag and form virus-like particles. The DNA vaccine expressed SIVmac239 Gag, C.1086 gp160 Env and rhesus CD40L as a built-in adjuvant. Additionally, all immunizations were administered intradermally (ID) to reduce induction of vaccine-specific IFNγ+ CD4 T cell responses. Our results showed that both MVA-150 and MVA-UFO vaccines induce comparable Env specific IgG responses in serum and rectal secretions. The vaccine-induced serum antibody showed ADCC and ADCVI activities against the challenge virus. Comparison with a previous study that used similar immunogens via intramuscular route (IM) showed that ID immunizations induced markedly lower SHIV specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses compared to IM immunizations. Following challenge, MVA-UFO vaccinated animals showed a significant delay in acquisition of SHIV1157ipd3N4 infection but only in Mamu-A*01 negative macaques with an estimated vaccine efficacy of 64% per exposure. The MVA-150 group also showed a trend (p=0.1) for delay in acquisition of SHIV infection with an estimated vaccine efficacy of 57%. The vaccine-induced IFNγ secreting CD8 T cell responses showed a direct association and CD4 T cells showed an inverse association with delay in acquisition of SHIV infection. These results demonstrated that both MVA-150 and MVA-UFO immunogens induce comparable humoral and cellular immunity and the latter provides marginally better protection against heterologous tier 2 SHIV infection. They also demonstrate that DNA/MVA vaccinations delivered by ID route induce better antibody and lower CD4 and CD8 T cell responses compared to IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M. Styles
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pradeep B. J. Reddy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anusmita Sahoo
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ayalensh Shiferaw
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sarah Welbourn
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rama Rao Amara,
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18
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Yong YK, Wong WF, Vignesh R, Chattopadhyay I, Velu V, Tan HY, Zhang Y, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Dengue Infection - Recent Advances in Disease Pathogenesis in the Era of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:889196. [PMID: 35874775 PMCID: PMC9299105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of host-virus interactions, and impairment of the host’s immune surveillance by dengue virus (DENV) serotypes largely remain ambiguous. Several experimental and preclinical studies have demonstrated how the virus brings about severe disease by activating immune cells and other key elements of the inflammatory cascade. Plasmablasts are activated during primary and secondary infections, and play a determinative role in severe dengue. The cross-reactivity of DENV immune responses with other flaviviruses can have implications both for cross-protection and severity of disease. The consequences of a cross-reactivity between DENV and anti-SARS-CoV-2 responses are highly relevant in endemic areas. Here, we review the latest progress in the understanding of dengue immunopathogenesis and provide suggestions to the development of target strategies against dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Kong Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Esaki M. Shankar, ; Yean Kong Yong,
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ramachandran Vignesh
- Preclinical Department, Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL RCMP), Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Indranil Chattopadhyay
- Cancer and Microbiome Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA, United States
| | - Hong Yien Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Ying Zhang
- Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Marie Larsson
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
- *Correspondence: Esaki M. Shankar, ; Yean Kong Yong,
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19
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Babu H, Govindaraj S, wagoner I, Ali SA, Ibebgu C, Amara RR, Villinger F, Velu V. IL-15 synergizes with IL-12 to enhance NK cell function in vivo during chronic SIV infection. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.126.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in viral immunity. During early HIV/SIV infection, they are known to protect/limit viremia at the very early stage of infection. However, during chronic HIV infection NK cells are less functional, thus elicitation of highly functional NK cells are important for HIV cure strategy. It has been shown that cytokines IL-15 and IL-12 individually can activate NK cells during SIV infection. However, the synergistic effect of these cytokines to induce NK cell function has not been studied.
We performed in vivo experiment to evaluate the effect of cytokines IL-15 (20ug/Kg)/IL-15R(100ug/kg) and IL-12 (10ug/kg) and its combination in inducing functional NK cells during chronic infection (6 weeks PI) and with no cytokine treatment as a control. Lymphocytes from blood and lymph nodes were analyzed for NK cell functions using multicolor flow cytometry.
Our in vivo data clearly indicates that IL-15/IL-15R synergistically act with IL-12 to induce proliferation (Ki-67) and cytotoxicity (Granzyme-B+) of NK cells both in blood and lymph node. Interestingly, the cytotoxic NK cells CD16+ (FCgRIII) expanded significantly in the combination group. In addition, the degranulation capacity of NK cells (IFN-gamma+ CD107a+) significantly enhanced in the combination group when compared to either cytokine group alone, suggesting that combined cytokine treatment enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity during chronic SIV infection.
Our data clearly showed that the combination of IL-15 plus IL-12 cytokine treatment increased NK cell function in vivo with proliferative and cytotoxic capacity, which is important for HIV cure strategy considering directing functional NK cells to immune privileged sites such as lymph nodes.
This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grants CFAR R03, R01 HD095741-01, 1R01AI148377-01A1 (to VV), U19 AI109633 (to R.R.A.), Emory University CFAR grant P30 AI050409, NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP) grants P51 OD011132 and U42 OD011023 (to YNPRC) and R24 OD010947 to the Resource for NHP Immune Reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemalatha Babu
- 1Department of Pathology & Laboratory Med, Emory University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vijayakumar Velu
- 5Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine
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20
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Rahman SA, Billingsley JM, Sharma AA, Styles TM, Govindaraj S, Shanmugasundaram U, Babu H, Riberio SP, Ali SA, Tharp GK, Ibegbu C, Waggoner SN, Johnson RP, Sekaly RP, Villinger F, Bosinger SE, Amara RR, Velu V. Lymph node CXCR5+ NK cells associate with control of chronic SHIV infection. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155601. [PMID: 35271506 PMCID: PMC9089783 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of virally infected cells as reservoirs despite effective antiretroviral therapy is a major barrier to an HIV/SIV cure. These reservoirs are predominately contained within cells present in the B cell follicles (BCFs) of secondary lymphoid tissues, a site that is characteristically difficult for most cytolytic antiviral effector cells to penetrate. Here, we identified a population of NK cells in macaque lymph nodes that expressed BCF-homing receptor CXCR5 and accumulated within BCFs during chronic SHIV infection. These CXCR5+ follicular NK cells exhibited an activated phenotype coupled with heightened effector functions and a unique transcriptome characterized by elevated expression of cytolytic mediators (e.g., perforin and granzymes, LAMP-1). CXCR5+ NK cells exhibited high expression of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa, suggesting a potential for elevated antibody-dependent effector functionality. Consistently, accumulation of CXCR5+ NK cells showed a strong inverse association with plasma viral load and the frequency of germinal center follicular Th cells that comprise a significant fraction of the viral reservoir. Moreover, CXCR5+ NK cells showed increased expression of transcripts associated with IL-12 and IL-15 signaling compared with the CXCR5- subset. Indeed, in vitro treatment with IL-12 and IL-15 enhanced the proliferation of CXCR5+ granzyme B+ NK cells. Our findings suggest that follicular homing NK cells might be important in immune control of chronic SHIV infection, and this may have important implications for HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Abdul Rahman
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - James M Billingsley
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashish Arunkumar Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tiffany M Styles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Uma Shanmugasundaram
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hemalatha Babu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan Pereira Riberio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Syed A Ali
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - R Paul Johnson
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and.,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steve E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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21
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Chaubey I, Vignesh R, Babu H, Wagoner I, Govindaraj S, Velu V. SARS-CoV-2 in Pregnant Women: Consequences of Vertical Transmission. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:717104. [PMID: 34568094 PMCID: PMC8458876 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.717104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ishaan Chaubey
- The Center for Advanced Studies in Science, Math, and Technology at Wheeler High School, Marietta, GA, United States
| | - Ramachandran Vignesh
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Hemalatha Babu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Isabelle Wagoner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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22
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Lakshmanappa YS, Roh JW, Rane NN, Dinasarapu AR, Tran DD, Velu V, Sheth AN, Ofotokun I, Amara RR, Kelley CF, Waetjen E, Iyer SS. Circulating integrin α 4 β 7 + CD4 T cells are enriched for proliferative transcriptional programs in HIV infection. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2257-2270. [PMID: 34278574 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV preferentially infects α4 β7 + CD4 T cells, forming latent reservoirs that contribute to HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy. However, the properties of α4 β7 + CD4 T cells in blood and mucosal compartments remain understudied. Employing two distinct models of HIV infection, HIV-infected humans and simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected rhesus macaques, we show that α4 β7 + CD4 T cells in blood are enriched for genes regulating cell cycle progression and cellular metabolism. Unlike their circulating counterparts, rectal α4 β7 + CD4 T cells exhibited a core tissue-residency gene expression program. These features were conserved across primate species, indicating that the environment influences memory T-cell transcriptional networks. Our findings provide an important molecular foundation for understanding the role of α4 β7 in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamin W Roh
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, UC Davis, CA, USA.,Graduate Group in Immunology, UC Davis, CA, USA
| | - Niharika N Rane
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, UC Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Daphne D Tran
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, UC Davis, CA, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anandi N Sheth
- Grady Infectious Diseases Program, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Igho Ofotokun
- Grady Infectious Diseases Program, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colleen F Kelley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Elaine Waetjen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UC Davis School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Smita S Iyer
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, UC Davis, CA, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, CA, USA
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23
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Lee MYH, Upadhyay AA, Walum H, Chan CN, Dawoud RA, Grech C, Harper JL, Karunakaran KA, Nelson SA, Mahar EA, Goss KL, Carnathan DG, Cervasi B, Gill K, Tharp GK, Wonderlich ER, Velu V, Barratt-Boyes SM, Paiardini M, Silvestri G, Estes JD, Bosinger SE. Tissue-specific transcriptional profiling of plasmacytoid dendritic cells reveals a hyperactivated state in chronic SIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009674. [PMID: 34181694 PMCID: PMC8270445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV associated immune activation (IA) is associated with increased morbidity in people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy, and remains a barrier for strategies aimed at reducing the HIV reservoir. The underlying mechanisms of IA have not been definitively elucidated, however, persistent production of Type I IFNs and expression of ISGs is considered to be one of the primary factors. Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are a major producer of Type I IFN during viral infections, and are highly immunomodulatory in acute HIV and SIV infection, however their role in chronic HIV/SIV infection has not been firmly established. Here, we performed a detailed transcriptomic characterization of pDCs in chronic SIV infection in rhesus macaques, and in sooty mangabeys, a natural host non-human primate (NHP) species that undergoes non-pathogenic SIV infection. We also investigated the immunostimulatory capacity of lymph node homing pDCs in chronic SIV infection by contrasting gene expression of pDCs isolated from lymph nodes with those from blood. We observed that pDCs in LNs, but not blood, produced high levels of IFNα transcripts, and upregulated gene expression programs consistent with T cell activation and exhaustion. We apply a novel strategy to catalogue uncharacterized surface molecules on pDCs, and identified the lymphoid exhaustion markers TIGIT and LAIR1 as highly expressed in SIV infection. pDCs from SIV-infected sooty mangabeys lacked the activation profile of ISG signatures observed in infected macaques. These data demonstrate that pDCs are a primary producer of Type I IFN in chronic SIV infection. Further, this study demonstrated that pDCs trafficking to LNs persist in a highly activated state well into chronic infection. Collectively, these data identify pDCs as a highly immunomodulatory cell population in chronic SIV infection, and a putative therapeutic target to reduce immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y.-H. Lee
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amit A. Upadhyay
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hasse Walum
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chi N. Chan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Reem A. Dawoud
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christine Grech
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Justin L. Harper
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kirti A. Karunakaran
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sydney A. Nelson
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ernestine A. Mahar
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kyndal L. Goss
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Diane G. Carnathan
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Barbara Cervasi
- Flow Cytometry Core, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kiran Gill
- Flow Cytometry Core, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gregory K. Tharp
- Yerkes NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Simon M. Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Murugesan A, Anbalagan AM, Sathappan UP, manickan E, Larsson M, Yong YK, Shankar EM, Velu V. Activated peripheral TFH cells and MAIT cells together with increased plasma TNF-α levels mark the pathogenesis of acute dengue virus infection. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.103.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection has become an increasingly common public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions. Dengue infection appears to cause immune activation in a wide array of immune cells. Here, we estimated Th1 and Th2 cytokines and correlated their levels with primary and secondary dengue. We also investigated the signatures of immune activation of circulating Tfh cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in adults with confirmed acute clinical dengue virus infection. We found that IL-2, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 levels were significantly elevated in patients with secondary DENV infection, whereas the level of IL-13 remained unaltered during both primary and secondary infections. No statistically significant difference was noticed with IL-12p70, IL-5, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF between the healthy controls and the primary and secondary dengue. Increase of 1 unit of TNF-α was associated with a decrease of 160 units of blood platelets. We found a higher frequency of activated Tfh cells and pTfh cells in clinical DENV infection. We also found similar activated and expanding phenotypes of MAIT cells. Our study suggests that TNF-α could play a key role in the pathogenesis of dengue along with activated pTfh cells and circulating MAIT cells in acute DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amudhan Murugesan
- 1Government Theni Medical College, India
- 2Dr ALM PGIBMS, University of Madras, India
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25
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Govindaraj S, Babu H, Endress D, Rahman SJ, Ibegbu C, Kozlowski DS, Doraivelu K, Herring GB, Mehta C, Smith AK, Haddad L, Velu V. Accumulation of Tissue Resident NK cells in Female Genital Tract during follicular phase of HIV seronegative women. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.55.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Female sex hormones are known to regulate the immune functions of the female genital tract (FGT). While the majority of immune cells found in the FGT are T cells and Natural Killer cells (NK cells), very few studies have focused on NK cells in the FGT in contrast to numerous studies focusing on T-cells. Here, we characterized the distribution, phenotype and function of NK cells in FGT of HIV seronegative women using different mucosal sampling methods; cervicovaginal lavage (CVL), endocervical cytobrush (CB), and cervicovaginal biopsy and compared them to blood. We isolated cells from blood and FGT and performed multi-color flow cytometry to identify cellular phenotypes. First, we looked at the distribution of CD56brightand CD56dimpopulations of NK cells across the samples and found that CD56brightNK cells were lower in the FGT tissues compared to blood. Between the CD56brightand CD56dimpopulations, the CD56dimpopulation was significantly reduced in the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase in tissues. The NK cells within the FGT samples express higher levels of tissue resident markers CD69 and CD103. The co-expression of CD69+CD103+ markers seem to be significantly higher in follicular phase compared to luteal phase in tissues. These cells have high proliferative capacity with high levels of HLADR expression, suggesting that these cells are highly functional and activated. The gut tissue homing marker alpha4beta7 expression significantly reduced in the follicular phase, however other homing markers CCR5 and CCR7 expression were elevated in the follicular phase. Altogether, these data demonstrate that FGT is enriched with tissue resident NK cells with high activation and proliferation profile with distinct homing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hemalatha Babu
- 1Emory University
- 2Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center
| | - Daniel Endress
- 1Emory University
- 2Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center
| | | | | | | | - Kamini Doraivelu
- 3Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, School of Medicine
| | - Gina Bailey Herring
- 3Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, School of Medicine
| | - Christina Mehta
- 3Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, School of Medicine
| | - Alicia K Smith
- 3Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, School of Medicine
| | - Lisa Haddad
- 3Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, School of Medicine
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- 1Emory University
- 2Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center
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26
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Vignesh R, Velu V, Sureban SM. Could Nutraceutical Approaches Possibly Attenuate the Cytokine Storm in COVID-19 Patients? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:667733. [PMID: 33968808 PMCID: PMC8102864 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.667733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Vignesh
- Preclinical Department, Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL RCMP), Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Malaysia.,Infectious Diseases Laboratory, YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sripathi M Sureban
- Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Section, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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27
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Munusamy Ponnan S, Thiruvengadam K, Kathirvel S, Shankar J, Rajaraman A, Mathaiyan M, Dinesha TR, Poongulali S, Saravanan S, Murugavel KG, Swaminathan S, Tripathy SP, Neogi U, Velu V, Hanna LE. Elevated Numbers of HIV-Specific Poly-Functional CD8 + T Cells With Stem Cell-Like and Follicular Homing Phenotypes in HIV-Exposed Seronegative Individuals. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638144. [PMID: 33889151 PMCID: PMC8056154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-specific CD8+ T cells are known to play a key role in viral control during acute and chronic HIV infection. Although many studies have demonstrated the importance of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in viral control, its correlation with protection against HIV infection remains incompletely understood. To better understand the nature of the immune response that contributes to the early control of HIV infection, we analyzed the phenotype, distribution and function of anti-viral CD8+ T cells in a cohort of HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) women, and compared them with healthy controls and HIV-infected individuals. Further, we evaluated the in vitro viral inhibition activity of CD8+ T cells against diverse HIV-1 strains. We found that the HESN group had significantly higher levels of CD8+ T cells that express T-stem cell-like (TSCM) and follicular homing (CXCR5+) phenotype with more effector like characteristics as compared to healthy controls. Further, we observed that the HESN population had a higher frequency of HIV-specific poly-functional CD8+ T cells with robust in vitro virus inhibiting capacity against different clades of HIV. Overall, our results demonstrate that the HESN population has elevated levels of HIV-specific poly-functional CD8+ T cells with robust virus inhibiting ability and express elevated levels of markers pertaining to TSCM and follicular homing phenotype. These results demonstrate that future vaccine and therapeutic strategies should focus on eliciting these critical CD8+ T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankaran Munusamy Ponnan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Kannan Thiruvengadam
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sujitha Kathirvel
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Janani Shankar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Akshaya Rajaraman
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Manikannan Mathaiyan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | | | - Selvamuthu Poongulali
- Chennai Antiviral Research and Treatment Centre and Clinical Research Site (CART CRS), Infectious Diseases Medical Center, Voluntary Health Services (VHS), Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Srikanth Prasad Tripathy
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
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28
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Wong SW, Ting YW, Yong YK, Tan HY, Barathan M, Riazalhosseini B, Bee CJ, Tee KK, Larsson M, Velu V, Shankar EM, Mohamed R. Chronic inflammation involves CCL11 and IL-13 to facilitate the development of liver cirrhosis and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2021; 81:147-159. [PMID: 33528280 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2021.1876245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis involving non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the context of chronic HBV (CHB) virus infection requires to be understood for developing improved modalities of diagnosis and treatment. We retrospectively investigated the association between NAFLD and CHB virus infection in the context of liver fibrosis. Among the 522 consecutive CHB patients who underwent transient elastography between years 2013 and 2016, we studied 455 subjects in the current investigation. Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) scores were generally higher in patients with steatosis and fibrosis or cirrhosis. Antiviral treatment had significantly reduced the hepatitis B virus (HBV) viral load. Other liver function markers showed a significant positive correlation with both CAP and LSM scores. Plasma IL-13 was independently associated with increased CAP score where every increase of 1 unit of IL-13 was associated with an increase in CAP score by 0.98 unit. CCL11 was independently associated with LSM with every increase of CCL11 by a unit that, in turn, was associated with an increase of LSM score. We found that there was a high concurrence of NAFLD among patients with CHB virus infection. The presence of metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammation in CHB virus-infected patients were two independent factors that led to the progression of liver cirrhosis, with IL-13 playing the key role in linking the metabolic with the inflammatory components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui-Weng Wong
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yi-Wen Ting
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yean-Kong Yong
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Hong-Yien Tan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Muttiah Barathan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Behnaz Riazalhosseini
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Science, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chook Jack Bee
- School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Keng Tee
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Rosmawati Mohamed
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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29
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Shankar EM, Che KF, Yong YK, Girija ASS, Velu V, Ansari AW, Larsson M. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: is it all about being refractile to innate immune sensing of viral spare-parts?-Clues from exotic animal reservoirs. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:ftaa076. [PMID: 33289808 PMCID: PMC7799061 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A vast proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) individuals remain asymptomatic and can shed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) type 2 virus to transmit the infection, which also explains the exponential increase in the number of COVID-19 cases globally. Furthermore, the rate of recovery from clinical COVID-19 in certain pockets of the globe is surprisingly high. Based on published reports and available literature, here, we speculated a few immunovirological mechanisms as to why a vast majority of individuals remain asymptomatic similar to exotic animal (bats and pangolins) reservoirs that remain refractile to disease development despite carrying a huge load of diverse insidious viral species, and whether such evolutionary advantage would unveil therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 infection in humans. Understanding the unique mechanisms that exotic animal species employ to achieve viral control, as well as inflammatory regulation, appears to hold key clues to the development of therapeutic versatility against COVID-19.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Exotic/virology
- Asymptomatic Diseases
- COVID-19/genetics
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/transmission
- COVID-19/virology
- Chiroptera/virology
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/genetics
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/prevention & control
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/virology
- Disease Reservoirs
- Eutheria/virology
- Gene Expression
- Host Specificity
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-beta/deficiency
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Interferon-beta/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/virology
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/deficiency
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/immunology
- Receptors, KIR/deficiency
- Receptors, KIR/genetics
- Receptors, KIR/immunology
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like/deficiency
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like/genetics
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Zoonoses/genetics
- Zoonoses/immunology
- Zoonoses/transmission
- Zoonoses/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Esaki M Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Karlhans F Che
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yean K Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - A S Smiline Girija
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Abdul W Ansari
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marie Larsson
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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30
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Hong Yien T, Yean Kong Y, Ng CS, Vimali J, Mohamed R, Velu V, Larsson M, Esaki Muthu S. MAIT cells in hepatitis B virus infection – Diplomatic front-runners in the fight against HBV disease. Crit Rev Immunol 2021; 41:1-16. [DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2021041408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Murugesan A, Ibegbu C, Styles T, Hicks S, Reddy P, Sabula M, Jones A, Shankar E, Amara R, Velu V. MAIT cells (TCR7.2+CD161++CD8+) are functionally impaired during chronic SHIV infection. Int J Infect Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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32
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Ganatra SR, Bucşan AN, Alvarez X, Kumar S, Chatterjee A, Quezada M, Fish A, Singh DK, Singh B, Sharan R, Lee TH, Shanmugasundaram U, Velu V, Khader SA, Mehra S, Rengarajan J, Kaushal D. Antiretroviral therapy does not reduce tuberculosis reactivation in a tuberculosis-HIV coinfection model. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:5171-5179. [PMID: 32544085 PMCID: PMC7524506 DOI: 10.1172/jci136502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly improved survival, tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death in the HIV-infected population. We used Mycobacterium tuberculosis/simian immunodeficiency virus-coinfected (M. tuberculosis/SIV-coinfected) macaques to model M. tuberculosis/HIV coinfection and study the impact of ART on TB reactivation due to HIV infection. Although ART significantly reduced viral loads and increased CD4+ T cell counts in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples, it did not reduce the relative risk of SIV-induced TB reactivation in ART-treated macaques in the early phase of treatment. CD4+ T cells were poorly restored specifically in the lung interstitium, despite their significant restoration in the alveolar compartment of the lung as well as in the periphery. IDO1 induction in myeloid cells in the inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) likely contributed to dysregulated T cell homing and impaired lung immunity. Thus, although ART was indispensable for controlling viral replication, restoring CD4+ T cells, and preventing opportunistic infection, it appeared inadequate in reversing the clinical signs of TB reactivation during the relatively short duration of ART administered in this study. This finding warrants the modeling of concurrent treatment of TB and HIV to potentially reduce the risk of reactivation of TB due to HIV to inform treatment strategies in patients with M. tuberculosis/HIV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank R. Ganatra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Allison N. Bucşan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shyamesh Kumar
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ayan Chatterjee
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Melanie Quezada
- Emory Vaccine Center and
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Abigail Fish
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dhiraj K. Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Bindu Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Riti Sharan
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Tae-Hyung Lee
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Uma Shanmugasundaram
- Emory Vaccine Center and
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center and
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center and
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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33
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Preeyaa SU, Murugesan A, Sopnajothi S, Yong YK, Tan HY, Larsson M, Velu V, Shankar EM. Peripheral Follicular T Helper Cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Represent Activated Phenotypes During the Febrile Phase of Acute Dengue Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:610-615. [PMID: 32996843 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral follicular helper T (pTfh) cells represent specialized CD4+ T cells that help B cells to secrete antibodies. Dengue infection appears to cause immune activation in a wide array of immune cells. Herein, we investigated the signatures of immune activation of circulating Tfh cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in adult subjects with confirmed acute clinical dengue virus (DENV) infection by multiparametric flow cytometry. The acute DENV infection induced a significant expansion of highly activated pTfh cells and circulating MAIT cells during acute febrile infection. We found a higher frequency of activated PD-1+ Tfh cells and CD38+ pTfh cells in clinical DENV infection. We also found similar activated and expanding phenotypes of MAIT cells in the patients tested. The total counts of activated pTfh cells and circulating MAIT cells were higher in dengue patients relative to healthy controls. We concluded that pTfh cells and circulating MAIT cells represent activated phenotypes in acute DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathappan U Preeyaa
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, India
| | | | - Yean K Yong
- Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Hong Y Tan
- Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Marie Larsson
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Vignesh
- Preclinical Department, Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL RCMP), Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Malaysia
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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35
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Chamcha V, Reddy PBJ, Kannanganat S, Wilkins C, Gangadhara S, Velu V, Green R, Law GL, Chang J, Bowen JR, Kozlowski PA, Lifton M, Santra S, Legere T, Chea LS, Chennareddi L, Yu T, Suthar MS, Silvestri G, Derdeyn CA, Gale M, Villinger F, Hunter E, Amara RR. Strong T H1-biased CD4 T cell responses are associated with diminished SIV vaccine efficacy. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/519/eaav1800. [PMID: 31748228 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activated CD4 T cells are a major target of HIV infection. Results from the STEP HIV vaccine trial highlighted a potential role for total activated CD4 T cells in promoting HIV acquisition. However, the influence of vaccine insert-specific CD4 T cell responses on HIV acquisition is not known. Here, using the data obtained from four macaque studies, we show that the DNA prime/modified vaccinia Ankara boost vaccine induced interferon γ (IFNγ+) CD4 T cells [T helper 1 (TH1) cells] rapidly migrate to multiple tissues including colon, cervix, and vaginal mucosa. These mucosal TH1 cells persisted at higher frequencies and expressed higher density of CCR5, a viral coreceptor, compared to cells in blood. After intravaginal or intrarectal simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenges, strong vaccine protection was evident only in animals that had lower frequencies of vaccine-specific TH1 cells but not in animals that had higher frequencies of TH1 cells, despite comparable vaccine-induced humoral and CD8 T cell immunity in both groups. An RNA transcriptome signature in blood at 7 days after priming immunization from one study was associated with induction of fewer TH1-type CD4 cells and enhanced protection. These results demonstrate that high and persisting frequencies of HIV vaccine-induced TH1-biased CD4 T cells in the intestinal and genital mucosa can mitigate beneficial effects of protective antibodies and CD8 T cells, highlighting a critical role of priming immunization and vaccine adjuvants in modulating HIV vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswarlu Chamcha
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Pradeep B J Reddy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sunil Kannanganat
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Courtney Wilkins
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 981909, USA
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 981909, USA
| | - G Lynn Law
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 981909, USA
| | - Jean Chang
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 981909, USA
| | - James R Bowen
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Michelle Lifton
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Traci Legere
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Lynette S Chea
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lakshmi Chennareddi
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tianwei Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cynthia A Derdeyn
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 981909, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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36
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Shanmugasundaram U, Bucsan AN, Ganatra SR, Ibegbu C, Quezada M, Blair RV, Alvarez X, Velu V, Kaushal D, Rengarajan J. Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis control associates with CXCR3- and CCR6-expressing antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 cell recruitment. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137858. [PMID: 32554933 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific (M. tuberculosis-specific) T cell responses associated with immune control during asymptomatic latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remain poorly understood. Using a nonhuman primate aerosol model, we studied the kinetics, phenotypes, and functions of M. tuberculosis antigen-specific T cells in peripheral and lung compartments of M. tuberculosis-infected asymptomatic rhesus macaques by longitudinally sampling blood and bronchoalveolar lavage, for up to 24 weeks postinfection. We found substantially higher frequencies of M. tuberculosis-specific effector and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ in the airways compared with peripheral blood, and these frequencies were maintained throughout the study period. Moreover, M. tuberculosis-specific IL-17+ and IL-17+IFN-γ+ double-positive T cells were present in the airways but were largely absent in the periphery, suggesting that balanced mucosal Th1/Th17 responses are associated with LTBI. The majority of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T cells that homed to the airways expressed the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and coexpressed CCR6. Notably, CXCR3+CD4+ cells were found in granulomatous and nongranulomatous regions of the lung and inversely correlated with M. tuberculosis burden. Our findings provide insights into antigen-specific T cell responses associated with asymptomatic M. tuberculosis infection that are relevant for developing better strategies to control TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison N Bucsan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shashank R Ganatra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melanie Quezada
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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37
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Velu V, Murugesan A, Ibegbu C, Turner T, Jones A, Shanmugasundaram U, Reddy P, Rahman SJ, Saha PI, Matam VK, Muthu SE, Amara RR. Functional MAIT cells are associated with reduced simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.249.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T-cells (MAITs) are recently characterized novel subset of innate-like T-cells that recognize microbial metabolites presented by MHC-1b-related protein MR1. The significance of MAIT cells in anti-bacterial defense is well understood but not clearly in viral infections such as SIV/HIV infection. Here, we studied the phenotype, distribution, function of MAITs and their association with viral levels during chronic SHIV infection in rhesus macaques (RM). Two groups of healthy and chronic SHIV-infected RM were characterized for MAITs in blood and tissues. Similar to human, we found a significant fraction of RM CD8+ T cells express markers CD161, TCRVα□7.2 with high levels of IL-18R, CCR6, CD28 and CD95 that correlates with MR1 tetramer. During chronic SHIV, the frequency of MAITs are enriched in blood but unaltered in rectum, which displayed higher proliferative and cytotoxic capacity. Blood and rectal MAITs correlated inversely with plasma viral RNA and correlated directly with CD4 T cells. They respond to LPS and correlates with serum flagellin levels. Tissue analysis of MAITs during chronic SHIV showed significant enrichment in non-lymphoid tissues (lung, rectum and liver) with higher levels of tissue resident markers CD69 and CD103 unlike spleen/LN. In vitro treatment with cytokines during SHIV infection revealed that IL-7 is key for their proliferation and IL-12, IL-18 are important for their cytotoxicity. Thus our results demonstrates that functional MAITs are enriched in blood and rectum during chronic SHIV infection that inversely correlates with plasma viral levels. Therapies such combined cytokines could be beneficial for enhancing functional MAIT cells during chronic HIV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Velu
- 1Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center
- 2Emory Univ. Sch. of Med
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Jones
- 1Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center
| | | | - Pradeep Reddy
- 1Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center
| | | | | | | | | | - Rama Rao Amara
- 1Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center
- 2Emory Univ. Sch. of Med
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38
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Murugesan A, Ibegbu C, Styles TM, Jones AT, Shanmugasundaram U, Reddy PBJ, Rahman SJ, Saha P, Vijay-Kumar M, Shankar EM, Amara RR, Velu V. Functional MAIT Cells Are Associated With Reduced Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3053. [PMID: 32010135 PMCID: PMC6978843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are recently characterized as a novel subset of innate-like T cells that recognize microbial metabolites as presented by the MHC-1b-related protein MR1. The significance of MAIT cells in anti-bacterial defense is well-understood but not clear in viral infections such as SIV/HIV infection. Here we studied the phenotype, distribution, and function of MAIT cells and their association with plasma viral levels during chronic SHIV infection in rhesus macaques (RM). Two groups of healthy and chronic SHIV-infected macaques were characterized for MAIT cells in blood and mucosal tissues. Similar to human, we found a significant fraction of macaque T cells co-expressing MAIT cell markers CD161 and TCRVα-7.2 that correlated directly with macaque MR1 tetramer. These cells displayed memory phenotype and expressed high levels of IL-18R, CCR6, CD28, and CD95. During chronic infection, the frequency of MAIT cells are enriched in the blood but unaltered in the rectum; both blood and rectal MAIT cells displayed higher proliferative and cytotoxic phenotype post-SHIV infection. The frequency of MAIT cells in blood and rectum correlated inversely with plasma viral RNA levels and correlated directly with total CD4 T cells. MAIT cells respond to microbial products during chronic SHIV infection and correlated positively with serum immunoreactivity to flagellin levels. Tissue distribution analysis of MAIT cells during chronic infection showed significant enrichment in the non-lymphoid tissues (lung, rectum, and liver) compared to lymphoid tissues (spleen and LN), with higher levels of tissue-resident markers CD69 and CD103. Exogenous in vitro cytokine treatments during chronic SHIV infection revealed that IL-7 is important for the proliferation of MAIT cells, but IL-12 and IL-18 are important for their cytolytic function. Overall our results demonstrated that MAIT cells are enriched in blood but unaltered in the rectum during chronic SHIV infection, which displayed proliferative and functional phenotype that inversely correlated with SHIV plasma viral RNA levels. Treatment such as combined cytokine treatments could be beneficial for enhancing functional MAIT cells during chronic HIV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amudhan Murugesan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tiffany M Styles
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrew T Jones
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Pradeep B J Reddy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sadia J Rahman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Piu Saha
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Esaki Muthu Shankar
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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39
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Yong YK, Tan HY, Saeidi A, Wong WF, Vignesh R, Velu V, Eri R, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Immune Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring of Tuberculosis: Current Developments and Future Prospects. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2789. [PMID: 31921004 PMCID: PMC6930807 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) treatment monitoring is paramount to clinical decision-making and the host biomarkers appears to play a significant role. The currently available diagnostic technology for TB detection is inadequate. Although GeneXpert detects total DNA present in the sample regardless live or dead bacilli present in clinical samples, all the commercial tests available thus far have low sensitivity. Humoral responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens are generally low, which precludes the use of serological tests for TB diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring. Mtb-specific CD4+ T cells correlate with Mtb antigen/bacilli burden and hence might serve as good biomarkers for monitoring treatment progress. Omics-based techniques are capable of providing a more holistic picture for disease mechanisms and are more accurate in predicting TB disease outcomes. The current review aims to discuss some of the recent advances on TB biomarkers, particularly host biomarkers that have the potential to diagnose and differentiate active TB and LTBI as well as their use in disease prognosis and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean K Yong
- Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Hong Y Tan
- Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Alireza Saeidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Won F Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Division of Infection Biology and Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur, India
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40
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Velu V, Rahman SA, Billingsley JM, Ibegbu CC, Shiferaw A, Villinger FJ, Bosinger S, Johnson P, Amara RR, Velu V. Accumulation of CXCR5+ NK cells during chronic SHIV infection is associated with enhanced viral control. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.76.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells play an essential role in antiviral immunity, however knowledge pertaining to their function in lymphoid organs during chronic HIV infection is not clearly elucidated. Lymph node (LN) follicles constitute major reservoir sites for HIV persistence. Cure strategies could benefit from the LN CXCR5+ NK cells able to access/eliminate viral reservoirs. Here we studied the phenotype, distribution and function of CXCR5+ NK cells in the LN of SHIV naive and chronic SHIV-infected (>14 weeks PI) rhesus macaques (RM) and its association with plasma viral RNA levels. We found that prior to infection, a significant proportion of NK cells (~15%) expressed CXCR5. Following infection, the frequency of CXCR5+ NK cells was significantly higher in chronic SHIV-infected RM. Phenotypically CXCR5+ NK cells express higher levels of CD32a and CD16 compared to CXCR5− cells, which might be important for ADCC function. RNA expression profiling of sorted CXCR5+ and CXCR5− NK cells from LNs of chronic SHIV-infected RM revealed that CXCR5+ cells are activated and express increased levels of cytolytic markers (perforin, granzyme-B, granulysin and CD107a), suggesting that these cells have a higher capacity to kill. Gene set enrichment analysis showed elevated expression in CXCR5+ cells of transcripts associated with cell activation, TNF-alpha, Interferon signaling and apoptosis. Importantly, the higher frequency of CXCR5+ NK cells was associated with lower SHIV plasma viral RNA levels and lower germinal center Tfh cells. Thus these data suggest that CXCR5+ NK cells could play an important role in controlling chronic SHIV infection. HIV cure strategies should focus on inducing CXCR5+ NK cells that may contribute to sustained viral remission.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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42
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Mylvaganam GH, Chea LS, Tharp GK, Hicks S, Velu V, Iyer SS, Deleage C, Estes JD, Bosinger SE, Freeman GJ, Ahmed R, Amara RR. Combination anti-PD-1 and antiretroviral therapy provides therapeutic benefit against SIV. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122940. [PMID: 30232277 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies that augment antiviral immunity and reduce the viral reservoir are critical to achieving durable remission of HIV. The coinhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) regulates CD8+ T cell dysfunction during chronic HIV and SIV infections. We previously demonstrated that in vivo blockade of PD-1 during chronic SIV infection improves the function of antiviral CD8+ T cells and B cells. Here, we tested the immunological and virological effects of PD-1 blockade combined with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in rhesus macaques. Administration of anti-PD-1 antibody 10 days prior to ART initiation rapidly enhanced antiviral CD8+ T cell function and diminished IFN-stimulated genes. This resulted in faster viral suppression in plasma and better Th17 cell reconstitution in the rectal mucosa following ART initiation. PD-1 blockade during ART resulted in lower levels of cell-associated replication-competent virus. Following ART interruption, PD-1 antibody-treated animals showed markedly higher expansion of proliferating CXCR5+perforin+granzyme B+ effector CD8+ T cells and lower regulatory T cells that resulted in better control of viremia. Our results show that PD-1 blockade can be administered safely with ART to augment antiviral CD8+ T cell function and reduce the viral reservoir, leading to improved control of viral rebound after ART interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha H Mylvaganam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lynette S Chea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sakeenah Hicks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Smita S Iyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Abstract
T follicular helper CD4 cells (Tfh) are essential for the development and maintenance of germinal center (GC) reactions, a critical process that promotes the generation of long-lived high affinity humoral immunity. It is becoming increasingly evident that GC-Tfh cells are heterogeneous in nature with some cellular characteristics associated with a Th1, Th2, and Th17 phenotype. Emerging studies suggest that GC-Tfh cells are directed to differentiate into distinct phenotypes during chronic HIV/SIV infection and these changes in GC-Tfh cells can greatly impact the B cell response and subclass of antibodies generated. Studies in HIV-infected humans have shown that certain Tfh phenotypes are associated with the generation of broadly neutralizing antibody responses. Moreover, the susceptibility of particular GC-Tfh subsets to HIV infection within the secondary lymphoid sites can also impact GC-Tfh/B cell interactions. In this review, we discuss the recent advances that show Tfh heterogeneity during chronic HIV/SIV infection. In particular, we will discuss the dynamics of GC-Tfh cells, their altered differentiation state and function, and their impact on B cell responses during HIV/SIV infection. In addition, we will also discuss the potential role of a recently described novel subset of follicular homing CXCR5+ CD8 T cells (Tfc) and their importance in contributing to control of chronic HIV/SIV infection. A better understanding of the mechanistic role of follicular homing CD4 and CD8 T cells during HIV/SIV infection will aid in the design of vaccines and therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Geetha Mylvaganam
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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44
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Yong YK, Saeidi A, Tan HY, Rosmawati M, Enström PF, Batran RA, Vasuki V, Chattopadhyay I, Murugesan A, Vignesh R, Kamarulzaman A, Rajarajeswaran J, Ansari AW, Vadivelu J, Ussher JE, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Hyper-Expression of PD-1 Is Associated with the Levels of Exhausted and Dysfunctional Phenotypes of Circulating CD161 ++TCR iVα7.2 + Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:472. [PMID: 29616020 PMCID: PMC5868455 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, defined as CD161++TCR iVα7.2+ T cells, play an important role in the innate defense against bacterial infections, and their functionality is impaired in chronic viral infections. Here, we investigated the frequency and functional role of MAIT cells in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The peripheral CD3+CD161++TCR iVα7.2+ MAIT cells in chronic HBV-infected patients and healthy controls were phenotypically characterized based on CD57, PD-1, TIM-3, and CTLA-4, as well as HLA-DR and CD38 expression. The frequency of MAIT cells was significantly decreased among chronic HBV-infected individuals as compared to controls. Expression of CD57, PD-1, CTLA-4, as well as HLA-DR and CD38 on MAIT cells was significantly elevated in chronic HBV-infected individuals relative to controls. The percentage of T cell receptor (TCR) iVα7.2+ CD161+ MAIT cells did not correlate with HBV viral load but inversely with HLA-DR on CD4+ T cells and MAIT cells and with CD57 on CD8+ T cells suggesting that decrease of MAIT cells may not be attributed to direct infection by HBV but driven by HBV-induced chronic immune activation. The percentage and expression levels of PD-1 as well as CTLA-4 on MAIT cells inversely correlated with plasma HBV-DNA levels, which may suggest either a role for MAIT cells in the control of HBV infection or the effect of HBV replication in the liver on MAIT cell phenotype. We report that decrease of TCR iVα7.2+ MAIT cells in the peripheral blood and their functions were seemingly impaired in chronic HBV-infected patients likely because of the increased expression of PD-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean K Yong
- Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,China-ASEAN Institute of Marine Science (CAMS), Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Alireza Saeidi
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong Y Tan
- Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,China-ASEAN Institute of Marine Science (CAMS), Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Rosmawati
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Philip F Enström
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rami Al Batran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - V Vasuki
- Department of Microbiology, The Government Thiruvarur Medical College and Hospital, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Indranil Chattopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | | | | | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jayakumar Rajarajeswaran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdul W Ansari
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - James E Ussher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Division of Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India.,Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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45
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Yong YK, Tan HY, Saeidi A, Rosmawati M, Atiya N, Ansari AW, Rajarajeswaran J, Vadivelu J, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Decrease of CD69 levels on TCR Vα7.2 +CD4 + innate-like lymphocytes is associated with impaired cytotoxic functions in chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients. Innate Immun 2017; 23:459-467. [PMID: 28606013 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917714854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease that may progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Host immune responses represent the key determinants of HBV clearance or persistence. Here, we investigated the role of the early activation marker, CD69 and effector cytokines, granzyme B (GrB) and IFN-γ in the exhaustion of innate-like TCR Vα7.2+CD4+T cells, in 15 individuals with chronic HBV (CHB) infection where six were HBV DNA+ and nine were HBV DNA-. The percentage of cytokine-producing T cells and MAIT cells were significantly perturbed in HBV patients relative to healthy controls (HCs). The intracellular expression of GrB and IFN-γ was significantly reduced in MAIT cells derived from HBV-infected patients as compared to HCs, and the levels correlated with the percentage and levels [mean fluorescence intensity (MFI)] of CD69 expression. The total expression of CD69 (iMFI) was lower in CHB patients as compared to HCs. The frequency of CD69+ cells correlated with the levels of cytokine expression (MFI), particularly in CHB patients as compared to HCs. In summary, the polyfunctionality of peripheral T cells was significantly reduced among CHB patients, especially in the TCR Vα7.2+CD4+T cells, and the levels of cytokine expression correlated with functional cytokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean K Yong
- 1 Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong Y Tan
- 1 Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,2 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alireza Saeidi
- 1 Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Rosmawati
- 3 Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nadia Atiya
- 2 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdul W Ansari
- 1 Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jayakumar Rajarajeswaran
- 4 Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- 2 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- 5 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marie Larsson
- 6 Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- 1 Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,2 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,7 Division of Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
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46
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Velu V, Styles T, Reddy PBJ, Hicks S, Gangadhara S, Amara RR. Induction of CXCR5+ follicular CD8 T cells by CD40L adjuvanted DNA/MVA vaccination is associated with enhanced control of pathogenic SHIV infection. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.73.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A significant challenge to HIV eradication is the elimination of viral reservoirs in germinal center (GC) resident T follicular helper cells. Therapeutic interventions that target viral reservoirs should induce anti-viral CD8 T cells that home to GC. We and others recently described a unique population of CD8 T cells that express the chemokine receptor CXCR5 (required for homing to GC) during chronic HIV/SIV infections. A critical question that remains to be addressed is if follicular homing CD8 T cells can be induced by vaccination and if so how will they impact control of HIV. Here we show that vaccination of rhesus macaques (RM) with DNA/MVA (modified vaccinia Ankara) SHIV vaccine induces low levels of vaccine-specific CXCR5+ CD8 T cells in blood. However, adjuvanting the DNA vaccine with CD40L dramatically enhanced the induction of CXCR5+ SHIV-specific CD8 T cells up to 10-fold with a frequency of about 5% of total CD8. These CXCR5+ CD8 T cells expressed higher levels of cytolytic molecules perforin and granzyme-B with higher proliferative capacity (ki-67) compared to CXCR5-subset. Following a pathogenic SHIV infection, the CXCR5+ CD8 subset expanded rapidly. Importantly, the frequency of SHIV-specific CXCR5+ CD8 T cells post vaccination and post infection showed a significant inverse correlation with viral load (p=0.003, R=−0.66), these associations were not observed with CXCR5-CD8 T cells. These data demonstrate that CXCR5+ CD8 T cells can be induced by vaccination, their induction can be augmented by CD40L, and the vaccine-induced CXCR5+ CD8 T cells contribute to control of pathogenic immunodeficiency virus infection. These findings have important implications for developing HIV cure strategies.
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47
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Murugesan A, Ibegbu C, Styles T, Hicks S, Sabula M, Reddy PBJ, Jones A, Shankar EM, Amara RR, Velu V. MAIT cells (CD8+CD161++TCR7.2++) are functionally impaired during chronic SHIV infection. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.78.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T-cells (MAIT) are abundant in humans and recognize bacterial ligands. Here, we have studied the distribution and function of MAIT cells during chronic SHIV infection using rhesus macaques (RM). Two groups of RM, healthy and SHIV infected were studied. lymphocytes from various tissues were analysed for MAIT (TCR7.2++ CD161++) cells using multicolor flow cytometry and characterized for their distribution, phenotype and function during chronic SHIV infection. Similar to human, we found significant fraction of (~2%) RM CD8 T cells co-express MAIT cell markers TCR7.2, CD161, IL-18R, CCR6 and display central memory (CCR7+CD45RA−) phenotype. The frequency of MAIT cells were decreased during chronic SHIV infection and tissue analysis showed a significant enrichment of MAIT cells in liver (~8%) and BAL (3%) than in blood (1%), spleen(0.5%), lymph node(0.13%) and gut (0.2%). Importantly, during chronic SHIV infection more than 80% of MAIT cells expressed T cell exhaustion marker PD-1 in blood and the level of expression was higher (>95%) in tissue resident CD69+MAIT cells. These cells lack proliferating capacity (Ki-67) and cytokine production (IFN- g and IL-17) in the blood, suggesting their functional impairment. The preserved blood and gut MAIT cells correlate inversely with plasma viral RNA levels and associate directly with gut CD4 T cell levels, suggesting that CD4 help maintains MAIT cell frequencies in the gut. These data demonstrate that MAIT cells are decreased in blood and are functionally exhausted during chronic SHIV infection. Future studies focused on blocking the PD-1 pathway to retrive MAIT cell exhaustion during chronic SHIV/HIV infection may yield therapeutic benefit to HIV/SHIV infection.
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48
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Velu V, Mylvaganam GH, Gangadhara S, Hong JJ, Iyer SS, Gumber S, Ibegbu CC, Villinger F, Amara RR. Induction of Th1-Biased T Follicular Helper (Tfh) Cells in Lymphoid Tissues during Chronic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Defines Functionally Distinct Germinal Center Tfh Cells. J Immunol 2016; 197:1832-42. [PMID: 27481845 PMCID: PMC4992610 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic HIV infection is associated with accumulation of germinal center (GC) T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in the lymphoid tissue. The GC Tfh cells can be heterogeneous based on the expression of chemokine receptors associated with T helper lineages, such as CXCR3 (Th1), CCR4 (Th2), and CCR6 (Th17). However, the heterogeneous nature of GC Tfh cells in the lymphoid tissue and its association with viral persistence and Ab production during chronic SIV/HIV infection are not known. To address this, we characterized the expression of CXCR3, CCR4, and CCR6 on GC Tfh cells in lymph nodes following SIVmac251 infection in rhesus macaques. In SIV-naive rhesus macaques, only a small fraction of GC Tfh cells expressed CXCR3, CCR4, and CCR6. However, during chronic SIV infection, the majority of GC Tfh cells expressed CXCR3, whereas the proportion of CCR4(+) cells did not change, and CCR6(+) cells decreased. CXCR3(+), but not CXCR3(-), GC Tfh cells produced IFN-γ (Th1 cytokine) and IL-21 (Tfh cytokine), whereas both subsets expressed CD40L following stimulation. Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated an accumulation of CD4(+)IFN-γ(+) T cells within the hyperplastic follicles during chronic SIV infection. CXCR3(+) GC Tfh cells also expressed higher levels of ICOS, CCR5, and α4β7 and contained more copies of SIV DNA compared with CXCR3(-) GC Tfh cells. However, CXCR3(+) and CXCR3(-) GC Tfh cells delivered help to B cells in vitro for production of IgG. These data demonstrate that chronic SIV infection promotes expansion of Th1-biased GC Tfh cells, which are phenotypically and functionally distinct from conventional GC Tfh cells and contribute to hypergammaglobulinemia and viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Geetha Hanna Mylvaganam
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Korea 363-883
| | - Smita S Iyer
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Chris C Ibegbu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Francois Villinger
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
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49
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Mylvaganam G, Hicks S, Lawson B, Nega M, Velu V, Ahmed R, Freeman G, Amara R. OA4-3 PD-1 blockade combined with ART improves SIV-specific CD8 T cell function and enhances control of pathogenic SIV after ART interruption. J Virus Erad 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)31020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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50
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Saeidi A, Ellegård R, Yong YK, Tan HY, Velu V, Ussher JE, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Functional role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in HIV infection. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:305-14. [PMID: 27256572 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ru0216-084r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MAIT cells represent an evolutionarily conserved, MR1-restricted, innate-like cell subset that express high levels of CD161; have a canonical semi-invariant TCR iVα7.2; and may have an important role in mucosal immunity against various bacterial and fungal pathogens. Mature MAIT cells are CD161(hi)PLZF(hi)IL-18Rα(+)iVα7.2(+)γδ-CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells and occur in the peripheral blood, liver, and mucosa of humans. MAIT cells are activated by a metabolic precursor of riboflavin synthesis presented by MR1 and, therefore, respond to many bacteria and some fungi. Despite their broad antibacterial properties, their functional role in persistent viral infections is poorly understood. Although there is an increasing line of evidence portraying the depletion of MAIT cells in HIV disease, the magnitude and the potential mechanisms underlying such depletion remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that MAIT cells are vulnerable to immune exhaustion as a consequence of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections and HIV/tuberculosis coinfections. HIV infection also appears to cause functional depletion of MAIT cells resulting from abnormal expression of T-bet and EOMES, and effective ART is unable to completely salvage functional MAIT cell loss. Depletion and exhaustion of peripheral MAIT cells may affect mucosal immunity and could increase susceptibility to opportunistic infections during HIV infection. Here, we review some of the important mechanisms associated with depletion and functional loss of MAIT cells and also suggest potential immunotherapeutic strategies to restore MAIT cell functions, including the use of IL-7 to restore effector functions in HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Saeidi
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rada Ellegård
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yean K Yong
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong Y Tan
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Georgia, Atlanta, USA; and
| | - James E Ussher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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