1
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Subburayalu J. Immune surveillance and humoral immune responses in kidney transplantation - A look back at T follicular helper cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114842. [PMID: 37503334 PMCID: PMC10368994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cells comprise a specialized, heterogeneous subset of immune-competent T helper cells capable of influencing B cell responses in lymphoid tissues. In physiology, for example in response to microbial challenges or vaccination, this interaction chiefly results in the production of protecting antibodies and humoral memory. In the context of kidney transplantation, however, immune surveillance provided by T follicular helper cells can take a life of its own despite matching of human leukocyte antigens and employing the latest immunosuppressive regiments. This puts kidney transplant recipients at risk of subclinical and clinical rejection episodes with a potential risk for allograft loss. In this review, the current understanding of immune surveillance provided by T follicular helper cells is briefly described in physiological responses to contrast those pathological responses observed after kidney transplantation. Sensitization of T follicular helper cells with the subsequent emergence of detectable donor-specific human leukocyte antigen antibodies, non-human leukocyte antigen antibodies their implication for kidney transplantation and lessons learnt from other transplantation "settings" with special attention to antibody-mediated rejection will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Subburayalu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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2
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Yu X, Zhang Q, Ding H, Wang P, Feng J. Plasma Non-transferrin-Bound Iron Could Enter into Mice Duodenum and Negatively Affect Duodenal Defense Response to Virus and Immune Responses. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:786-799. [PMID: 35294743 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasma non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) exists when the plasma iron content exceeds the carrying capacity of transferrin and can be quickly cleared by the liver, pancreas, and other organs. However, whether it could enter the small intestine and its effects still remain unclear. Herein, these issues were explored. Mice were intravenously administrated of ferric citrate (treatment) or citrate acid (control) 10 min after the saturation of the transferrin. Two hours later, hepatic, duodenal, and jejunal iron content and distribution were measured and duodenal transcriptome sequencing was performed. Significant increase of duodenal and hepatic iron content was detected, indicating that plasma NTBI could be absorbed by the duodenum as well as the liver. A total of 103 differentially expressed genes were identified in the duodenum of mice in the treatment group compared to the control group. Gene Ontology (GO) functional analysis of these genes showed that they were mainly involved in defense response to virus and immune response. The results of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (KEGG) analysis revealed that there were major changes in the hematopoietic cell lineage and some virus infection pathways between the two groups. Determination of 7 cytokines in the duodenum were further conducted, which demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory factors interferon (IL)-4 and IL-10 in the duodenum were significantly decreased after NTBI uptake. Our findings revealed that NTBI in plasma can enter the duodenum, which would change the duodenal hematopoietic cell lineage and have a negative impact on defense response to the virus and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoxuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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3
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Jordan-Paiz A, Martrus G, Steinert FL, Kaufmann M, Sagebiel AF, Schreurs RRCE, Rechtien A, Baumdick ME, Jung JM, Möller KJ, Wegner L, Grüttner C, Richert L, Thünauer R, Schroeder-Schwarz J, van Goudoever JB, Geijtenbeek TBH, Altfeld M, Pals ST, Perez D, Klarenbeek PL, Tomuschat C, Sauter G, Königs I, Schumacher U, Friese MA, Melling N, Reinshagen K, Bunders MJ. CXCR5 +PD-1 ++ CD4 + T cells colonize infant intestines early in life and promote B cell maturation. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:201-213. [PMID: 36600048 PMCID: PMC9886971 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00944-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infections are a major cause for serious clinical complications in infants. The induction of antibody responses by B cells is critical for protective immunity against infections and requires CXCR5+PD-1++ CD4+ T cells (TFH cells). We investigated the ontogeny of CXCR5+PD-1++ CD4+ T cells in human intestines. While CXCR5+PD-1++ CD4+ T cells were absent in fetal intestines, CXCR5+PD-1++ CD4+ T cells increased after birth and were abundant in infant intestines, resulting in significant higher numbers compared to adults. These findings were supported by scRNAseq analyses, showing increased frequencies of CD4+ T cells with a TFH gene signature in infant intestines compared to blood. Co-cultures of autologous infant intestinal CXCR5+PD-1+/-CD4+ T cells with B cells further demonstrated that infant intestinal TFH cells were able to effectively promote class switching and antibody production by B cells. Taken together, we demonstrate that functional TFH cells are numerous in infant intestines, making them a promising target for oral pediatric vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jordan-Paiz
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Glòria Martrus
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Fenja L Steinert
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Max Kaufmann
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Adrian F Sagebiel
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Renée R C E Schreurs
- Department of Experimental Immunology; Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Rechtien
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
- Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Martin E Baumdick
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Johannes M Jung
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Kimberly J Möller
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Lucy Wegner
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Cordula Grüttner
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Laura Richert
- University of Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center UMR1219 and INRIA SISTM Team, Bordeaux, 33000, France
| | - Roland Thünauer
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schroeder-Schwarz
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Johannes B van Goudoever
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology; Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Steven T Pals
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Perez
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Paul L Klarenbeek
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1007 MB, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Tomuschat
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Ingo Königs
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Altona Children's Hospital, Hamburg, 22763, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Melling
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Konrad Reinshagen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Madeleine J Bunders
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany.
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.
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4
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Dysregulation of circulating follicular helper T cells in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy. Immunol Res 2021; 69:153-161. [PMID: 33625683 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is known to be involved in the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) play critical roles in the differentiation of long-live plasma cells and production of antibodies, whereas circulating CD4+CXCR5+ T cells may act as a counterpart to measure Tfh cell disorders. In this study, we investigated whether Tfh could be involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) by assessing circulating Tfh cells in peripheral blood. Data showed that serum levels of total IgG and IgA were both significantly increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) than with non-PDR. Also, B cell activation and differentiation were both enhanced in T2DM patients with PDR. Little changes were detected in levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. As indicated by elevated serum levels and supernatant from cultured PBMC of IL-21, we found increased circulating Tfh cells in PDR patients with dysregulated subsets. This study suggests the involvement of circulating Tfh cells in DR and, in particular, the pathogenesis of PDR.
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5
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Subburayalu J, Dolff S, Xu S, Sun M, Lindemann M, Heinold A, Heinemann FM, Tervaert JWC, Eisenberger U, Korth J, Brinkhoff A, Kribben A, Witzke O, Wilde B. Characterization of follicular T helper cells and donor-specific T helper cells in renal transplant patients with de novo donor-specific HLA-antibodies. Clin Immunol 2021; 226:108698. [PMID: 33639275 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are a heterogeneous subset of immunocompetent T helper (TH) cells capable of augmenting B cell responses in lymphoid tissues. In transplantation, exposure to allogeneic tissue activates TFH cells increasing the risk of the emergence of de novo donor-specific HLA-antibodies (dnDSA). These can cause antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and allograft loss. Follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells counteract TFH cell activity. Here, we investigated the implications of TFH and TFR cells on dnDSA formation after renal transplantation (RTX). Considering TFH cells to be CXCR5+ and IL-21+, we found by flow cytometry that patients with dnDSA produced IL-21 more abundantly compared to healthy volunteers. In in vitro alloreactivity assays, patients with dnDSA featured an enhanced alloreactive TH cell pool in response to donor-specific HLA antigens. Besides, longitudinal investigations suggested enhanced alloreactivity shortly after transplantation increasing the risk of dnDSA development. Taken together, in spite of continuous immunosuppression we report a strong IL-21 response in TFH cells and an expanded reservoir of donor-specific memory TH cells in patients with dnDSA. This warrants further investigations if aberrant TFH cell activation may precede the formation of dnDSA promoting AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Subburayalu
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dolff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Shilei Xu
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany; Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinold
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Falko M Heinemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Jan Willem Cohen Tervaert
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Ute Eisenberger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Johannes Korth
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Alexandra Brinkhoff
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Andreas Kribben
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wilde
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany.
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6
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Xue Q, Ma Y, Wang L, Shao H. T follicular helper cells are elevated in a rat model of autoimmune myocarditis. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1304-1315. [PMID: 32416035 PMCID: PMC7327924 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium that is associated with immune dysfunction. Earlier studies have suggested that T helper 1/2 cell imbalance plays an important role in the development of myocarditis, but the role of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in the development of autoimmune myocarditis has not previously been reported. Here, we investigated this involvement by using a rat model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). Inflammatory cell infiltration, myocardial structure destruction and tissue necrosis were observed in EAM myocardial tissues, and the percentages of CD4+ CXCR5+ Tfh cells and CD19+ B cells were both significantly higher in spleen and myocardial tissues of the EAM model as compared with the control group. Furthermore, the expression levels of interleukin-21, CXCL13 and myosin antibody were significantly higher in the serum of rats with EAM compared with the control group on days 14 and 35 after immunization. Fourteen or 35 days after immunization, the expression levels of interleukin-21 and CXCL13 were both significantly higher in myocardial tissues of rats with EAM as compared with the control group. Our findings suggest that Tfh cell balance is disrupted during the pathological process of autoimmune myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xue
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shao
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Tripathi T, Yin W, Xue Y, Zurawski S, Fujita H, Hanabuchi S, Liu YJ, Oh S, Joo H. Central Roles of OX40L-OX40 Interaction in the Induction and Progression of Human T Cell-Driven Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. Immunohorizons 2019; 3:110-120. [PMID: 31240276 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is one of the major obstacles for the success of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Here, we report that the interaction between OX40L and OX40 is of critical importance for both induction and progression of acute GVHD (aGVHD) driven by human T cells. Anti-human OX40L monoclonal antibody (hOX40L) treatment could thus effectively reduce the disease severity in a xenogeneic-aGVHD (x-aGVHD) model in both preventative and therapeutic modes. Mechanistically, blocking OX40L-OX40 interaction with an anti-hOX40L antibody reduces infiltration of human T cells in target organs, including liver, gut, lung, and skin. It also decreases IL-21- and TNF-producing T cell responses, while promoting regulatory T cell (Treg) responses without compromising the cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells. Single blockade of hOX40L was thus more effective than dual blockade of IL-21 and TNF in reducing the severity of aGVHD as well as mortality. Data from this study indicate that OX40L-OX40 interactions play a central role in the pathogenesis of aGVHD induced by human T cells. Therapeutic strategies that can efficiently interrupt OX40L-OX40 interaction in patients might have potential to provide patients with an improved clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trivendra Tripathi
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259.,Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; and
| | - Wenjie Yin
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; and
| | - Yaming Xue
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; and
| | - Sandra Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; and
| | - Haruyuki Fujita
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; and
| | - Shino Hanabuchi
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; and
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; and.,Sanofi, Cambridge, MA 01701
| | - SangKon Oh
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259.,Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; and
| | - HyeMee Joo
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259; .,Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; and
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8
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van Besouw NM, Mendoza Rojas A, Baan CC. The role of follicular T helper cells in the humoral alloimmune response after clinical organ transplantation. HLA 2019; 94:407-414. [PMID: 31423738 PMCID: PMC6852567 DOI: 10.1111/tan.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, antibody‐mediated or humoral rejection in combination with development of de novo donor‐specific antibodies (DSA) has been recognized as a distinct and common cause of transplant dysfunction and is responsible for one‐third of the failed allografts. Detailed knowledge of the mechanisms that initiate and maintain B‐cell driven antidonor reactivity is required to prevent and better treat this antidonor response in organ transplant patients. Over the past few years, it became evident that this response largely depends on the actions of both T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and the controlling counterparts, the T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells. In this overview paper, we review the latest insights on the functions of circulating (c)Tfh cells, their subsets Tfh1, Tfh2 and Tfh17 cells, IL‐21 and Tfr cells in antibody mediated rejection (ABMR). This may offer new insights in the process to reduce de novo DSA secretion resulting in a decline in the incidence of ABMR. In addition, monitoring these cell populations could be helpful for the development of biomarkers identifying patients at risk for ABMR and provide novel therapeutic drug targets to treat ABMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M van Besouw
- Department of Internal Medicine - Nephrology & Transplantation, The Rotterdam Transplant Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aleixandra Mendoza Rojas
- Department of Internal Medicine - Nephrology & Transplantation, The Rotterdam Transplant Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carla C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine - Nephrology & Transplantation, The Rotterdam Transplant Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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9
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Moysi E, Pallikkuth S, De Armas LR, Gonzalez LE, Ambrozak D, George V, Huddleston D, Pahwa R, Koup RA, Petrovas C, Pahwa S. Altered immune cell follicular dynamics in HIV infection following influenza vaccination. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3171-3185. [PMID: 29911996 DOI: 10.1172/jci99884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection changes the lymph node (LN) tissue architecture, potentially impairing the immunologic response to antigenic challenge. The tissue-resident immune cell dynamics in virologically suppressed HIV+ patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) are not clear. We obtained LN biopsies before and 10 to 14 days after trivalent seasonal influenza immunization from healthy controls (HCs) and HIV+ volunteers on cART to investigate CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) and B cell dynamics by flow cytometry and quantitative imaging analysis. Prior to vaccination, compared with those in HCs, HIV+ LNs exhibited an altered follicular architecture, but harbored higher numbers of Tfh cells and increased IgG+ follicular memory B cells. Moreover, Tfh cell numbers were dependent upon preservation of the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) network and were predictive of the magnitude of the vaccine-induced IgG responses. Interestingly, postvaccination LN samples in HIV+ participants had significantly (P = 0.0179) reduced Tfh cell numbers compared with prevaccination samples, without evidence for peripheral Tfh (pTfh) cell reduction. We conclude that influenza vaccination alters the cellularity of draining LNs of HIV+ persons in conjunction with development of antigen-specific humoral responses. The underlying mechanism of Tfh cell decline warrants further investigation, as it could bear implications for the rational design of HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Moysi
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lesley R De Armas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Louis E Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - David Ambrozak
- Immunology Laboratory, VRC, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Varghese George
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - David Huddleston
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, VRC, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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10
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Frasca D, Diaz A, Romero M, Thaller S, Blomberg BB. Secretion of autoimmune antibodies in the human subcutaneous adipose tissue. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197472. [PMID: 29768501 PMCID: PMC5955545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipose tissue (AT) contributes to systemic and B cell intrinsic inflammation, reduced B cell responses and secretion of autoimmune antibodies. In this study we show that adipocytes in the human obese subcutaneous AT (SAT) secrete several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which contribute to the establishment and maintenance of local and systemic inflammation, and consequent suboptimal immune responses in obese individuals, as we have previously shown. We also show that pro-inflammatory chemokines recruit immune cells expressing the corresponding receptors to the SAT, where they also contribute to local and systemic inflammation, secreting additional pro-inflammatory mediators. Moreover, we show that the SAT generates autoimmune antibodies. During the development of obesity, reduced oxygen and consequent hypoxia and cell death lead to further release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, “self” protein antigens, cell-free DNA and lipids. All these stimulate class switch and the production of autoimmune IgG antibodies which have been described to be pathogenic. In addition to hypoxia, we have measured cell cytotoxicity and DNA damage mechanisms, which may also contribute to the release of “self” antigens in the SAT. All these processes are significantly elevated in the SAT as compared to the blood. We definitively found that fat-specific IgG antibodies are secreted by B cells in the SAT and that B cells express mRNA for the transcription factor T-bet and the membrane marker CD11c, both involved in the production of autoimmune IgG antibodies. Finally, the SAT also expresses RNA for cytokines known to promote Germinal Center formation, isotype class switch, and plasma cell differentiation. Our results show novel mechanisms for the generation of autoimmune antibody responses in the human SAT and allow the identification of new pathways to possibly manipulate in order to reduce systemic inflammation and autoantibody production in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alain Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Maria Romero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Seth Thaller
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Bonnie B. Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
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11
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Carpenter DJ, Granot T, Matsuoka N, Senda T, Kumar BV, Thome JJC, Gordon CL, Miron M, Weiner J, Connors T, Lerner H, Friedman A, Kato T, Griesemer AD, Farber DL. Human immunology studies using organ donors: Impact of clinical variations on immune parameters in tissues and circulation. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:74-88. [PMID: 28719147 PMCID: PMC5740015 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Organ donors are sources of physiologically healthy organs and tissues for life-saving transplantation, and have been recently used for human immunology studies which are typically confined to the sampling of peripheral blood. Donors comprise a diverse population with different causes of death and clinical outcomes during hospitalization, and the effects of such variations on immune parameters in blood and tissues are not known. We present here a coordinate analysis of innate and adaptive immune components in blood, lymphoid (bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes), and mucosal (lungs, intestines) sites from a population of brain-dead organ donors (2 months-93 years; n = 291) across eight clinical parameters. Overall, the blood of donors exhibited similar monocyte and lymphocyte content and low serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines as healthy controls; however, donor blood had increased neutrophils and serum levels of IL-8, IL-6, and MCP-1 which varied with cause of death. In tissues, the frequency and composition of monocytes, neutrophils, B lymphocytes and T cell subsets in lymphoid or mucosal sites did not vary with clinical state, and was similar in donors independent of the extent of clinical complications. Our results reveal that organ donors maintain tissue homeostasis, and are a valuable resource for fundamental studies in human immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Carpenter
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - T Granot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Matsuoka
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - T Senda
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - B V Kumar
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J J C Thome
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - C L Gordon
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Miron
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Weiner
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - T Connors
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - T Kato
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A D Griesemer
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Perdomo-Celis F, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT. Follicular CD8 + T Cells: Origin, Function and Importance during HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1241. [PMID: 29085360 PMCID: PMC5649150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphoid follicle is critical for the development of humoral immune responses. Cell circulation to this site is highly regulated by the differential expression of chemokine receptors. This feature contributes to the establishment of viral reservoirs in lymphoid follicles and the development of some types of malignancies that are able to evade immune surveillance, especially conventional CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, a subtype of CD8+ T cells located within the lymphoid follicle (follicular CD8+ T cells) was recently described; these cells have been proposed to play an important role in viral and tumor control, as well as to modulate humoral and T follicular helper cell responses. In this review, we summarize the knowledge on this novel CD8+ T cell population, its origin, function, and potential role in health and disease, in particular, in the context of the infection by the human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia Andrea Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Teresa Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
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13
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Dedeoglu B, de Weerd AE, Huang L, Langerak AW, Dor FJ, Klepper M, Verschoor W, Reijerkerk D, Baan CC, Litjens NHR, Betjes MGH. Lymph node and circulating T cell characteristics are strongly correlated in end-stage renal disease patients, but highly differentiated T cells reside within the circulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 188:299-310. [PMID: 28142201 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is associated with changes in the peripheral T cell immune system, which can be influenced significantly by latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. To what extent changes in circulating T cell populations correlate with T cell composition of the lymph node (LN) is unclear, but is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the T cell system. T cells from peripheral blood (PB) and LN of end-stage renal disease patients were analysed for frequency of recent thymic emigrants using CD31 expression and T cell receptor excision circle content, relative telomere length and expression of differentiation markers. Compared with PB, LN contained relatively more CD4+ than CD8+ T cells (P < 0·001). The percentage of naive and central memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and thymic output parameters showed a strong linear correlation between PB and LN. Highly differentiated CD28null T cells, being CD27- , CD57+ or programmed death 1 (PD-1+ ), were found almost exclusively in the circulation but not in LN. An age-related decline in naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequency was observed (P = 0·035 and P = 0·002, respectively) within LN, concomitant with an increase in central memory CD8+ T cells (P = 0·033). Latent CMV infection increased dramatically the frequency of circulating terminally differentiated T cells, but did not alter T cell composition and ageing parameters of LN significantly. Overall T cell composition and measures of thymic function in PB and LN are correlated strongly. However, highly differentiated CD28null T cells, which may comprise a large part of circulating T cells in CMV-seropositive individuals, are found almost exclusively within the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dedeoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A E de Weerd
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A W Langerak
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F J Dor
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Klepper
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Verschoor
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Reijerkerk
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N H R Litjens
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M G H Betjes
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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14
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Ramwadhdoebe TH, Hähnlein J, Maijer KI, van Boven LJ, Gerlag DM, Tak PP, van Baarsen LGM. Lymph node biopsy analysis reveals an altered immunoregulatory balance already during the at-risk phase of autoantibody positive rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2812-2821. [PMID: 27645315 PMCID: PMC5157721 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The balance between proinflammatory and regulatory CD4+ T cells is tightly controlled in lymphoid organs. In autoimmune diseases this balance is altered in the periphery and target tissue of patients. However, not much is known about the balance initiated in lymphoid organs during the development of disease. Since systemic autoimmunity is present years before the clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), it is possible to study the immunoregulatory balance during the earliest (preclinical) phases of disease. Here, we report for the first time the frequency and phenotype of proinflammatory and regulatory CD4+ T cells in lymph node biopsies obtained from autoantibody positive individuals at risk for developing RA, patients with established disease and healthy controls. The frequency of proinflammatory LN Th1 cells was increased in RA patients compared with HCs, while the frequency of regulatory T cells was lower in LN biopsies of RA‐risk individuals. Upon in vitro stimulation LN CD4+ T cells produced lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines, IFN‐γ and IL‐17A, in both RA‐risk individuals and early RA patients. This study shows that already during the earliest phases of systemic autoimmunity the immunoregulatory balance between proinflammatory and regulatory CD4+ T cells is altered in LN tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara H Ramwadhdoebe
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Hähnlein
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karen I Maijer
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard J van Boven
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle M Gerlag
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul P Tak
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Lisa G M van Baarsen
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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16
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Kong FY, Feng B, Zhang HH, Rao HY, Wang JH, Cong X, Wei L. CD4+CXCR5+ T cells activate CD27+IgG+ B cells via IL-21 in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2016; 15:55-64. [PMID: 26818544 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(16)60054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes the skewing and activation of B cell subsets, but the characteristics of IgG+ B cells in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection have not been thoroughly elucidated. CD4+CXCR5+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, via interleukin (IL)-21 secretion, activate B cells. However, the role of CD4+CXCR5+ T cells in the activation of IgG+ B cells in CHC patients is not clear. METHODS The frequency of IgG+ B cells, including CD27-IgG+ B and CD27+IgG+ B cells, the expression of the activation markers (CD86 and CD95) in IgG+ B cells, and the percentage of circulating CD4+CXCR5+ T cells were detected by flow cytometry in CHC patients (n=70) and healthy controls (n=25). The concentrations of serum IL-21 were analyzed using ELISA. The role of CD4+CXCR5+ T cells in the activation of IgG+ B cells was investigated using a co-culture system. RESULTS A significantly lower proportion of CD27+IgG+ B cells with increased expression of CD86 and CD95 was observed in CHC patients. The expression of CD95 was negatively correlated with the percentage of CD27+IgG+ B cells, and it contributed to CD27+IgG+ B cell apoptosis. Circulating CD4+CXCR5+ T cells and serum IL-21 were significantly increased in CHC patients. Moreover, circulating CD4+CXCR5+ T cells from CHC patients induced higher expressions of CD86 and CD95 in CD27+IgG+ B cells in a co-culture system; the blockade of the IL-21 decreased the expression levels of CD86 and CD95 in CD27+IgG+ B cells. CONCLUSIONS HCV infection increased the frequency of CD4+CXCR5+ T cells and decreased the frequency of CD27+IgG+ B cells. CD4+CXCR5+ T cells activated CD27+IgG+ B cells via the secretion of IL-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Yun Kong
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing 100044, China.
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17
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Early preservation of CXCR5+ PD-1+ helper T cells and B cell activation predict the breadth of neutralizing antibody responses in chronic HIV-1 infection. J Virol 2014; 88:13310-21. [PMID: 25210168 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02186-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Much is known about the characteristics of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) generated during HIV-1 infection, but little is known about immunological mechanisms responsible for their development in only a minority of those infected by HIV-1. By monitoring longitudinally a cohort of HIV-1-infected subjects, we observed that the preservation of CXCR5(+) CD4(+) T helper cell frequencies and activation status of B cells during the first year of infection correlates with the maximum breadth of plasma neutralizing antibody responses during chronic infection independently of viral load. Although, during the first year of infection, no differences were observed in the abilities of peripheral CXCR5(+) CD4(+) T helper cells to induce antibody secretion by autologous naive B cells, higher frequencies of class-switched antibodies were detected in cocultures of CXCR5(+) CD4(+) T and B cells from the subjects who later developed broadly neutralizing antibody responses than those who did not. Furthermore, B cells from the former subjects had higher expression of AICDA than B cells from the latter subjects, and transcript levels correlated with the frequency of CXCR5(+) CD4(+) T cells. Thus, the early preservation of CXCR5(+) CD4(+) T cells and B cell function are central to the development of bNAbs. Our study provides a possible explanation for their infrequent generation during HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE Broadly neutralizing antibodies are developed by HIV-1-infected subjects, but so far (and despite intensive efforts over the past 3 decades) they have not been elicited by immunization. Understanding how bNAbs are generated during natural HIV-1 infection and why only some HIV-1-infected subjects generate such antibodies will assist our efforts to elicit bNAbs by immunization. CXCR5(+) PD-1(+) CD4(+) T cells are critical for the development of high-affinity antigen-specific antibody responses. In our study, we found that the HIV-1-infected subjects who develop bNAbs have a higher frequency of peripheral CXCR5(+) PD-1(+) CD4(+) T cells in early infection and also that this frequency mirrored what was observed in uninfected subjects and correlated with the level of B cell activation across subjects. Our study highlights the critical role helper T cell function has in the elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibody responses in the context of HIV infection.
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18
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McCarron MJ, Marie JC. TGF-β prevents T follicular helper cell accumulation and B cell autoreactivity. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4375-86. [PMID: 25157822 DOI: 10.1172/jci76179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells contribute to the establishment of humoral immunity by controlling the delivery of helper signals to activated B cells; however, Tfh development must be restrained, as aberrant accumulation of these cells is associated with positive selection of self-reactive germinal center B cells and autoimmunity in both humans and mice. Here, we show that TGF-β signaling in T cells prevented Tfh cell accumulation, self-reactive B cell activation, and autoantibody production. Using mice with either T cell-specific loss or constitutive activation of TGF-β signaling, we demonstrated that TGF-β signaling is required for the thymic maturation of CD44⁺CD122⁺Ly49⁺CD8⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which induce Tfh apoptosis and thus regulate this cell population. Moreover, peripheral Tfh cells escaping TGF-β control were resistant to apoptosis, exhibited high levels of the antiapoptotic protein BCL2, and remained refractory to regulation by CD8+ Tregs. The unrestrained accumulation of Tfh cells in the absence of TGF-β was dependent on T cell receptor engagement and required B cells. Together, these data indicate that TGF-β signaling restrains Tfh cell accumulation and B cell-associated autoimmunity and thereby controls self-tolerance.
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19
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Diao Y, Qian X, Zhu N, Dong W. Circulating follicular helper T cells in Crohn's disease (CD) and CD-associated colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9355-9. [PMID: 24943684 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) represent a distinct subset of CD4+ T cells specialized in providing help to B lymphocytes. Studies have indicated that Tfh in circulating blood can act as a prognostic marker for diseases. In the current study, we investigated the percentages of circulating Tfh (CTfh) in Crohn's disease (CD) and CD-associated colorectal cancer (CRC). CTfh and it subtypes were determined by measuring CD3, CD4, CXCR5, CXCR3, and CCR6 using flow cytometry in 32 healthy controls and 78 CD patients, which included 16 CD-associated CRC. Data showed that proportion of CTfh in CD4+ T cells was significantly increased in CD patients (9.8 %) than in controls (5.1 %) (p < 0.01). Further analysis revealed that the upregulation of CTfh was contributed by CTfh-Th1 subtype and CTfh-Th17 subtype. Investigating the behavior of the patients demonstrated that prevalence of CTfh was significantly elevated in penetrating CD (20.9 %) than inflammatory CD (8.2 %) or stricturing CD (7.5 %). In addition, we analyzed CTfh in CD-associated CRC, and identified that patients with CRC had 1.59-fold higher percentage of CTfh than patients without CRC (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the distribution of CTfh subsets was significantly altered in patients with the cancer. This study suggests the involvement of CTfh in CD and CD-associated CRC, in which the effect of CTfh is partially different between these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 Zhong Shan Road East, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China
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20
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Baan CC, de Graav GN, Boer K. T Follicular Helper Cells in Transplantation: The Target to Attenuate Antibody-Mediated Allogeneic Responses? CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2014; 1:166-172. [PMID: 25927019 PMCID: PMC4405228 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-014-0019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated, humoral rejection has been recognized as a common cause of transplant dysfunction and is responsible for 30-50 % of failed allografts. The production of antibody is dependent on instructions from memory CD4+ T helper cells that interact with antigen-specific B cells. Recently, a specialized T-cell subset has been identified-T follicular helper (Tfh) cells-which support activated B cells via interleukin (IL)-21 after binding to the IL-21 receptor expressed by these B cells. Therefore, neutralizing the IL-21 pathway will selectively inhibit the allogeneic IL-21-driven Tfh- and B-cell functions. However, little is known of the role of Tfh cells in alloreactivity. In this review, we debate the role of Tfh cells in B-cell-mediated allogeneic responses by discussing their mechanisms of actions. In addition, we speculate about the use of agents that intervene in Tfh-B-cell interaction and consequently prevent or treat antibody-mediated rejection in patients after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C. Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, Room Nc508, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gretchen N. de Graav
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, Room Nc508, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, Room Nc508, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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