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Moustafa BH, Rabie MM, El Hakim IZ, Badr A, El Balshy M, Kamal NM, Ali RM, Moustafa BH, Rabie MM, El Hakim IZ, Badr A, El Balshy M, Ali RM. Egyptian pediatric clinical practice guidelines for urinary tract infections in infants and children (evidence based). EGYPTIAN PEDIATRIC ASSOCIATION GAZETTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43054-021-00073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
National evidence-based recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, imaging, and follow-up in urinary tract infection are crucial being a major health problem in pediatrics. Every region should follow international recommendations with respect to the disease local profile and available facilities for that area.
Methods
Based on AGREE II (the assessment tool of practice guidelines), Egyptian CGLs used *American Academy Pediatrics, *European Association Urology, European Society Pediatric Urology, and *Asian Association Urinary tract infections as its evidence-based references. Health questions were listed for evidence base answers adopted from selected CGLs after their permission. Key statements were approved by all members and further approved by the Egyptian Pediatric Guidelines Committee after local and international external peer reviewing.
Results
(1) Diagnosis recommendations: Urine culture with diagnostic colony counts is essential for diagnosis. Catheter samples are important for critical cases and non-toilet-trained cases especially when they show significant bacteriuria and pyuria. (2) Treatment plan included areas of debate as choice of antibiotic, oral versus intravenous, duration, antibiotic prophylaxis considering age, disease severity, recurrence, + risk factors, and imaging reports. (3) Imaging recommendations were tailored to suit our community. Renal bladder ultrasound is important for children with febrile UTI, due to the high prevalence of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, paucity of prenatal ultrasound, and lack of medical documentation to reflect previously diagnosed UTI or US reports. We recommend renal isotopic scan and voiding cystography for serious presentation, high-risk factors, recurrence, and abnormal US. (4) Urological consultation is recommended: in urosepsis or obstruction, male infants < 6 months. Acute basal DMSA is recommended in congenital renal hypodysplasia. Six months post-infection, US and DMSA are recommended in severe pyelonephritis and vesico-ureteric reflux, where those with abnormal US or DMSA or both should have voiding cystography. (5) Follow-up recommendations include family orientation with hazards of noncompliance and monitoring at pregnancy.
Conclusion
Diagnosis and treatment show strong recommendations. Imaging depends on patient assessment. Referral to a pediatric nephrologist and urologist in complicated cases is crucial. Follow-up after the age of 16 years in adult clinics is important.
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Diviney J, Jaswon MS. Urine collection methods and dipstick testing in non-toilet-trained children. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:1697-1708. [PMID: 32918601 PMCID: PMC8172492 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04742-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection is a commonly occurring paediatric infection associated with significant morbidity. Diagnosis is challenging as symptoms are non-specific and definitive diagnosis requires an uncontaminated urine sample to be obtained. Common techniques for sampling in non-toilet-trained children include clean catch, bag, pad, in-out catheterisation and suprapubic aspiration. The pros and cons of each method are examined in detail in this review. They differ significantly in frequency of use, contamination rates and acceptability to parents and clinicians. National guidance of which to use differs significantly internationally. No method is clearly superior. For non-invasive testing, clean catch sampling has a lower likelihood of contamination and can be made more efficient through stimulation of voiding in younger children. In invasive testing, suprapubic aspiration gives a lower likelihood of contamination, a high success rate and a low complication rate, but is considered painful and is not preferred by parents. Urine dipstick testing is validated for ruling in or out UTI provided that leucocyte esterase (LE) and nitrite testing are used in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Diviney
- Department of Paediatrics, Whittington Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Mervyn S. Jaswon
- grid.417095.e0000 0004 4687 3624Department of Paediatrics, Whittington Hospital, London, UK ,grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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Anmerkungen zur Therapie und Prävention von Harnwegsinfektionen bei Kindern. Urologe A 2017; 56:1327-1330. [DOI: 10.1007/s00120-017-0430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Personal History and Physical Examination in Judgment of Urinary Tract Infection in Children Aged 3 Months to 2 Years. Pediatr Neonatol 2016; 57:274-9. [PMID: 26934828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatricians ubiquitously rely on urine analysis for diagnosing urinary tract infection (UTI) in young febrile children due to discrepancies in symptom presentation. This study aimed to identify the determinants of physical examination and personal history for diagnosing UTI. METHODS Four hundred and ten patients aged between 3 months and 2 years presenting with a tympanic temperature of >38°C for >24 hours were requested to undergo urinary tests. Pediatricians completed patient record charts before the test results were generated, examined the final results of the tests, and compared the results with those reported in the medical records. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to detect potential confounding factors. RESULTS An age of <1 year [odds ratio (OR): 5.05; p < 0.01], female sex (OR: 2.117; p < 0.05), and the absence of throat redness (OR: 1.907; p < 0.05) were risk factors for UTI. Patients defecating ≤3 times/day (OR: 8.80; p < 0.05) were more likely to have pyuria than those who defecated >3 times/day. CONCLUSION For febrile patients in the age group examined, the absence of throat redness and female sex were independent predictors of UTI. Moreover, the risk of UTI was higher in younger patients.
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Bryce A, Hay AD, Lane IF, Thornton HV, Wootton M, Costelloe C. Global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in paediatric urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli and association with routine use of antibiotics in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2016; 352:i939. [PMID: 26980184 PMCID: PMC4793155 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically review studies investigating the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli in children and, when appropriate, to meta-analyse the relation between previous antibiotics prescribed in primary care and resistance. DESIGN AND DATA ANALYSIS Systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled percentage prevalence of resistance to the most commonly used antibiotics in children in primary care, stratified by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) status of the study country. Random effects meta-analysis was used to quantify the association between previous exposure to antibiotics in primary care and resistance. DATA SOURCES Observational and experimental studies identified through Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and ISI Web of Knowledge databases, searched for articles published up to October 2015. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Studies were eligible if they investigated and reported resistance in community acquired urinary tract infection in children and young people aged 0-17. Electronic searches with MeSH terms and text words identified 3115 papers. Two independent reviewers assessed study quality and performed data extraction. RESULTS 58 observational studies investigated 77,783 E coli isolates in urine. In studies from OECD countries, the pooled prevalence of resistance was 53.4% (95% confidence interval 46.0% to 60.8%) for ampicillin, 23.6% (13.9% to 32.3%) for trimethoprim, 8.2% (7.9% to 9.6%) for co-amoxiclav, and 2.1% (0.8 to 4.4%) for ciprofloxacin; nitrofurantoin was the lowest at 1.3% (0.8% to 1.7%). Resistance in studies in countries outside the OECD was significantly higher: 79.8% (73.0% to 87.7%) for ampicillin, 60.3% (40.9% to 79.0%) for co-amoxiclav, 26.8% (11.1% to 43.0%) for ciprofloxacin, and 17.0% (9.8% to 24.2%) for nitrofurantoin. There was evidence that bacterial isolates from the urinary tract from individual children who had received previous prescriptions for antibiotics in primary care were more likely to be resistant to antibiotics, and this increased risk could persist for up to six months (odds ratio 13.23, 95% confidence interval 7.84 to 22.31). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics in primary care in children with urinary tract infections caused by E coli is high, particularly in countries outside the OECD, where one possible explanation is the availability of antibiotics over the counter. This could render some antibiotics ineffective as first line treatments for urinary tract infection. Routine use of antibiotics in primary care contributes to antimicrobial resistance in children, which can persist for up to six months after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Bryce
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Alastair D Hay
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Isabel F Lane
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Hannah V Thornton
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Mandy Wootton
- Specialist Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Céire Costelloe
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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Spyridis N, Syridou G, Goossens H, Versporten A, Kopsidas J, Kourlaba G, Bielicki J, Drapier N, Zaoutis T, Tsolia M, Sharland M. Variation in paediatric hospital antibiotic guidelines in Europe. Arch Dis Child 2016; 101:72-6. [PMID: 26416900 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-308255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the availability and source of guidelines for common infections in European paediatric hospitals and determine their content and characteristics. DESIGN Participating hospitals completed an online questionnaire on the availability and characteristics of antibiotic prescribing guidelines and on empirical antibiotic treatment including duration of therapy for 5 common infection syndromes: respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin and soft tissue, osteoarticular and sepsis in neonates and children. RESULTS 84 hospitals from 19 European countries participated in the survey of which 74 confirmed the existence of guidelines. Complete guidelines (existing guidelines for all requested infection syndromes) were reported by 20% of hospitals and the majority (71%) used a range of different sources. Guidelines most commonly available were those for urinary tract infection (UTI) (74%), neonatal sepsis (71%) and sepsis in children (65%). Penicillin and amoxicillin were the antibiotics most commonly recommended for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) (up to 76%), cephalosporin for UTI (up to 50%) and for skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) and bone infection (20% and 30%, respectively). Antistaphylococcal penicillins were recommended for SSTIs and bone infections in 43% and 36%, respectively. Recommendations for neonatal sepsis included 20 different antibiotic combinations. Duration of therapy guidelines was mostly available for RTI and UTI (82%). A third of hospitals with guidelines for sepsis provided recommendations for length of therapy. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive antibiotic guideline recommendations are generally lacking from European paediatric hospitals. We documented multiple antibiotics and combinations for most infections. Considerable improvement in the quality of guidelines and their evidence base is required, linking empirical therapy to resistance rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Spyridis
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Syridou
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - H Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Versporten
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Kopsidas
- Stavros Niarchos Foundation-Collaborative Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Outcomes Research and Division of Infectious Diseases (CLEO), University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - G Kourlaba
- Stavros Niarchos Foundation-Collaborative Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Outcomes Research and Division of Infectious Diseases (CLEO), University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - J Bielicki
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - N Drapier
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - T Zaoutis
- Stavros Niarchos Foundation-Collaborative Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Outcomes Research and Division of Infectious Diseases (CLEO), University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - M Tsolia
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Sharland
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's University of London, London, UK
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Wu JH, Chiou YH, Chang JT, Wang HP, Chen YY, Hsieh KS. Urinary tract infection in infants: a single-center clinical analysis in southern Taiwan. Pediatr Neonatol 2012; 53:283-8. [PMID: 23084719 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study summarized the epidemiology, etiology, and susceptibility of pathogens to antibiotics, and specific characteristics in infants aged less than 4 months diagnosed with urinary tract infection in the past decade in Taiwan. METHODS The medical charts of patients aged less than 4 months admitted for urinary tract infection to Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital between January 2001 and December 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS A total of 132 patients, with male predominance (68.9%), were enrolled. The top three pathogens were similar to those identified in previous studies in Taiwan. The most common pathogen, Escherichia coli (85.3%), was resistant to ampicillin (75.9%), followed by sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (31.7%), and cefazolin (28.5%). Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scan revealed 34.5% positive findings, while the vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) rate was 37.8% by direct radionuclide voiding cystography and/or voiding cysto-urethrography. Positive DMSA findings significantly correlated with VUR (p<0.001) and higher C-reactive protein level (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS E coli was the most common pathogen in the present cohort, and the top three pathogens were similar to those found in general pediatric population in Taiwan. VUR was the most common genitourinary tract anomaly in this age group. Positive DMSA was well correlated with VUR and higher C-reactive protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Su-Ao Branch of Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yi-lan, Taiwan
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Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children are commonly seen in the emergency department and pose several challenges to establishing the proper diagnosis and determining management. This article reviews pediatric UTI and addresses epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and imaging, and their importance to the practicing emergency medicine provider. Accurate and timely diagnosis of pediatric UTI can prevent short-term complications, such as severe pyelonephritis or sepsis, and long-term sequelae including scarring of the kidneys, hypertension, and ultimately chronic renal insufficiency and need for transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G Bhat
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Pitarch A, Nombela C, Gil C. La proteómica, un nuevo reto para la microbiología clínica. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2010; 28:489-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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