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Pottier I, Lewis RJ, Vernoux JP. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean: Reconciling the Multiplicity of Ciguatoxins and Analytical Chemistry Approach for Public Health Safety. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:453. [PMID: 37505722 PMCID: PMC10467118 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera is a major circumtropical poisoning caused by the consumption of marine fish and invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs): neurotoxins produced by endemic and benthic dinoflagellates which are biotransformed in the fish food-web. We provide a history of ciguatera research conducted over the past 70 years on ciguatoxins from the Pacific Ocean (P-CTXs) and Caribbean Sea (C-CTXs) and describe their main chemical, biochemical, and toxicological properties. Currently, there is no official method for the extraction and quantification of ciguatoxins, regardless their origin, mainly due to limited CTX-certified reference materials. In this review, the extraction and purification procedures of C-CTXs are investigated, considering specific objectives such as isolating reference materials, analysing fish toxin profiles, or ensuring food safety control. Certain in vitro assays may provide sufficient sensitivity to detect C-CTXs at sub-ppb levels in fish, but they do not allow for individual identification of CTXs. Recent advances in analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with low- or high-resolution mass spectrometry provide new opportunities to identify known C-CTXs, to gain structural insights into new analogues, and to quantify C-CTXs. Together, these methods reveal that ciguatera arises from a multiplicity of CTXs, although one major form (C-CTX-1) seems to dominate. However, questions arise regarding the abundance and instability of certain C-CTXs, which are further complicated by the wide array of CTX-producing dinoflagellates and fish vectors. Further research is needed to assess the toxic potential of the new C-CTX and their role in ciguatera fish poisoning. With the identification of C-CTXs in the coastal USA and Eastern Atlantic Ocean, the investigation of ciguatera fish poisoning is now a truly global effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivannah Pottier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, France;
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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Reverté J, Alkassar M, Diogène J, Campàs M. Detection of Ciguatoxins and Tetrodotoxins in Seafood with Biosensors and Other Smart Bioanalytical Systems. Foods 2023; 12:foods12102043. [PMID: 37238861 DOI: 10.3390/foods12102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of marine toxins such as ciguatoxins (CTXs) and tetrodotoxins (TTXs) in non-endemic regions may pose a serious food safety threat and public health concern if proper control measures are not applied. This article provides an overview of the main biorecognition molecules used for the detection of CTXs and TTXs and the different assay configurations and transduction strategies explored in the development of biosensors and other biotechnological tools for these marine toxins. The advantages and limitations of the systems based on cells, receptors, antibodies, and aptamers are described, and new challenges in marine toxin detection are identified. The validation of these smart bioanalytical systems through analysis of samples and comparison with other techniques is also rationally discussed. These tools have already been demonstrated to be useful in the detection and quantification of CTXs and TTXs, and are, therefore, highly promising for their implementation in research activities and monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Reverté
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Mounira Alkassar
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Mònica Campàs
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
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Leynse AK, Mudge EM, Turner AD, Maskrey BH, Robertson A. Gambierone and Sodium Channel Specific Bioactivity Are Associated with the Extracellular Metabolite Pool of the Marine Dinoflagellate Coolia palmyrensis. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040244. [PMID: 37103383 PMCID: PMC10143066 DOI: 10.3390/md21040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical epibenthic dinoflagellate communities produce a plethora of bioactive secondary metabolites, including the toxins ciguatoxins (CTXs) and potentially gambierones, that can contaminate fishes, leading to ciguatera poisoning (CP) when consumed by humans. Many studies have assessed the cellular toxicity of causative dinoflagellate species to better understand the dynamics of CP outbreaks. However, few studies have explored extracellular toxin pools which may also enter the food web, including through alternative and unanticipated routes of exposure. Additionally, the extracellular exhibition of toxins would suggest an ecological function and may prove important to the ecology of the CP-associated dinoflagellate species. In this study, semi-purified extracts obtained from the media of a Coolia palmyrensis strain (DISL57) isolated from the U.S. Virgin Islands were assessed for bioactivity via a sodium channel specific mouse neuroblastoma cell viability assay and associated metabolites evaluated by targeted and non-targeted liquid chromatography tandem and high-resolution mass spectrometry. We found that extracts of C. palmyrensis media exhibit both veratrine enhancing bioactivity and non-specific bioactivity. LC-HR-MS analysis of the same extract fractions identified gambierone and multiple undescribed peaks with mass spectral characteristics suggestive of structural similarities to polyether compounds. These findings implicate C. palmyrensis as a potential contributor to CP and highlight extracellular toxin pools as a potentially significant source of toxins that may enter the food web through multiple exposure pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Leynse
- School of Marine & Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 600 Clinic Drive, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Mudge
- National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3M3Z1, Canada
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Center for the Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Center for the Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Alison Robertson
- School of Marine & Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 600 Clinic Drive, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
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4
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Alkassar M, Leonardo S, Diogène J, Campàs M. Immobilisation of Neuro-2a cells on electrodes and electrochemical detection of MTT formazan crystals to assess their viability. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 148:108274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Watanabe R, Takayanagi Y, Chiba O, Itoda S, Ishizuka H, Odagi M, Ozawa M, Uchida H, Matsushima R, Konoki K, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Nagasawa K, Suzuki T. Nontoxic Enantiomeric Reference Materials for Saxitoxins. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11144-11150. [PMID: 35938415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent neurotoxin that is biosynthesized by toxic dinoflagellates and accumulated in shellfish via the food chain. STX and its various analogues are now monitored in shellfish by the hygiene authorities in many countries with instrumental analytical methods, which require calibration with standards. Unfortunately, STX is registered as a chemical warfare agent in Schedule 1 of the Chemical Weapons Convention, and this has made it difficult to import calibration standards into some countries. We aimed to avoid violation of the Chemical Weapons Convention and facilitate analyses by preparing calibration standards based on unnatural nontoxic antipodal STXs (ent-STXs) with the same physicochemical properties as natural STXs. Our findings demonstrate that the nontoxic ent-STXs can be safely utilized as alternative reference materials of STXs in the routine monitoring program by the local authorities and consequently can lead to reduced usage of STX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Watanabe
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Yuka Takayanagi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Osamu Chiba
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Shota Itoda
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.,Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Konan-ku, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Hayate Ishizuka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Minami Odagi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Mayu Ozawa
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Hajime Uchida
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Ryoji Matsushima
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
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Reductive Amination for LC-MS Signal Enhancement and Confirmation of the Presence of Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 in Fish. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060399. [PMID: 35737060 PMCID: PMC9245599 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning is a global health concern caused by the consumption of seafood containing ciguatoxins (CTXs). Detection of CTXs poses significant analytical challenges due to their low abundance even in highly toxic fish, the diverse and in-part unclarified structures of many CTX congeners, and the lack of reference standards. Selective detection of CTXs requires methods such as liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or high-resolution MS (LC-HRMS). While HRMS data can provide greatly improved resolution, it is typically less sensitive than targeted LC-MS/MS and does not reliably comply with the FDA guidance level of 0.1 µg/kg CTXs in fish tissue that was established for Caribbean CTX-1 (C-CTX-1). In this study, we provide a new chemical derivatization approach employing a fast and simple one-pot derivatization with Girard's reagent T (GRT) that tags the C-56-ketone intermediate of the two equilibrating C-56 epimers of C-CTX-1 with a quaternary ammonium moiety. This derivatization improved the LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS responses to C-CTX-1 by approximately 40- and 17-fold on average, respectively. These improvements in sensitivity to the GRT-derivative of C-CTX-1 are attributable to: the improved ionization efficiency caused by insertion of a quaternary ammonium ion; the absence of adduct-ions and water-loss peaks for the GRT derivative in the mass spectrometer, and; the prevention of on-column epimerization (at C-56 of C-CTX-1) by GRT derivatization, leading to much better chromatographic peak shapes. This C-CTX-1-GRT derivatization strategy mitigates many of the shortcomings of current LC-MS analyses for C-CTX-1 by improving instrument sensitivity, while at the same time adding selectivity due to the reactivity of GRT with ketones and aldehydes.
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Loeffler CR, Abraham A, Stopa JE, Flores Quintana HA, Jester ELE, La Pinta J, Deeds J, Benner RA, Adolf J. Ciguatoxin in Hawai'i: Fisheries forecasting using geospatial and environmental analyses for the invasive Cephalopholis argus (Epinephelidae). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112164. [PMID: 34627798 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species can precede far-reaching environmental and economic consequences. In the Hawai'ian Archipelago Cephalopholis argus (family Serranidae) is an established invasive species, now recognized as the dominant local reef predator, negatively impacting the native ecosystem and local fishery. In this region, no official C. argus fishery exists, due to its association with Ciguatera seafood poisoning (CP); a severe intoxication in humans occurring after eating (primarily) fish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Pre-harvest prediction of CP is currently not possible; partly due to the ubiquitous nature of the microalgae producing CTXs and the diverse bioaccumulation pathways of the toxins. This study investigated the perceived risk of CP in two geographically discrete regions (Leeward and Windward) around the main island of Hawai'i, guided by local fishers. C. argus was collected and investigated for CTXs using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) CTX testing protocol (in vitro neuroblastoma N2a-assay and LC-MS/MS). Overall, 76% of fish (87/113) exceeded the FDA guidance value for CTX1B (0.01 ng g-1 tissue equivalents); determined by the N2a-assay. Maximum CTX levels were ≅2× higher at the Leeward vs Windward location and, respectively, 95% (64/67) and 54% (25/46) of fish were positive for CTX-like activity. Fisher persons and environmental understandings, regarding the existence of a geographic predictor (Leeward vs Windward) for harvest, were found to be (mostly) accurate as CTXs were detected in both locations and the local designation of C. argus as a risk for CP was confirmed. This study provides additional evidence that supports the previous conclusions that this species is a severe CP risk in the coastal food web of Hawai'i, and that ocean exposure (wave power) may be a prominent factor influencing the CTX content in fish within a hyperendemic region for CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Loeffler
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA.
| | - Ann Abraham
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA
| | - Justin E Stopa
- Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering, University of Hawaii Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Harold A Flores Quintana
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA
| | - Edward L E Jester
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA
| | - Joshua La Pinta
- Marine Science Department, University of Hawaii Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Jonathan Deeds
- Office of Regulatory Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Ronald A Benner
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA
| | - Jason Adolf
- Marine Science Department, University of Hawaii Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
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Jiang X, Zhao Y, Tang C, Appelbaum M, Rao Q. Aquatic food animals in the United States: Status quo and challenges. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1336-1382. [PMID: 35150203 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes (1) the U.S. status quo for aquatic food animal production and marketing; (2) major food safety and quality issues/concerns for aquatic food animals in the United States, including fish misbranding, finfish/shellfish allergies, pathogens, toxins and harmful residues, microplastics, and genetically engineered salmon; and (3) various U.S. regulations, guidances, and detection methods for the surveillance of fishery products. Overall, fish misbranding is the biggest challenge in the United States due to the relatively low inspection rate. In addition, due to the regulatory differences among countries, illegal animal drugs and/or pesticide residues might also be identified in imported aquatic food animals. Future regulatory and research directions could focus on further strengthening international cooperation, enhancing aquatic food animal inspection, and developing reliable, sensitive, and highly efficient detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Chunya Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Megan Appelbaum
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Qinchun Rao
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Huang IS, Pietrasiak N, Gobler CJ, Johansen JR, Burkholder JM, D'Antonio S, Zimba PV. Diversity of bioactive compound content across 71 genera of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial cyanobacteria. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 109:102116. [PMID: 34815023 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms have increased in frequency, distribution, and intensity due to climate change and anthropogenic nutrient input. The release of bioactive compounds accumulated in these blooms can affect the health of humans and the environment. The co-occurrence of bioactive metabolites is well-documented in bloom samples from marine and freshwater ecosystems, with fewer reports from unialgal isolates. Cyanobacteria also are important terrestrial ecosystem components, especially in drylands, but reports on bioactive molecules from terrestrial cyanobacteria are sparse. This study determined bioactive metabolite profiles for 71 genera of cyanobacteria from seven orders isolated from freshwater (12 genera), marine (15 genera), and terrestrial (44 genera) habitats originally. Cultures were harvested for bioactive metabolites when entering the late-exponential phase for all 157 strains, and 33 were sampled at both early and late exponential phases. Bioactive metabolites were analyzed using an ultra high performance/pressure liquid chromatography in-line with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Overall, 12 bioactive classes of the 28 identified were ubiquitous in all samples. On average, each freshwater genus produced ∼12 bioactive classes, whereas each marine genus contained > 4 bioactive classes, and each terrestrial genus contained ∼6 bioactive classes. While 10 of 12 freshwater genera produced at least 10 bioactive classes, only a single genus each from marine and terrestrial habitats had the same number of bioactive classed accumulated. Aeruginosin was found in 58 of 71 total genera, carmabin in 51 of 71 genera, and anabaenopeptin in 48 of 71 genera. Chemotaxonomic use of these secondary metabolites may help resolve higher-level genetic classification(s). An additional growth curve experiment showed that bioactive metabolites were produced at both early and late exponential growth phases. The bioactive metabolite accumulation pattern between early and late exponential phases differed by bioactive classes, genera, and habitats. This survey of 55 bioactive classes in cyanobacteria isolated from freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats (71 genera) provides as one of the first systematic bioactive metabolite profiles for cyanobacteria, which should be useful in environmental and drinking water management. Further, it offers novel insights about the toxin potential of selected terrestrial cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Shuo Huang
- Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus Christi, TX 78412,USA; United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740,USA.
| | - Nicole Pietrasiak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, 1780 E University Ave, Las Cruces, NM 88003,USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY 11794,USA
| | - Jeffrey R Johansen
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, 1 John Carroll Blvd, University Heights, OH 44118,USA; Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 37005, Czechia,USA
| | - JoAnn M Burkholder
- Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695,USA
| | - Sue D'Antonio
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 1834 TX-71 W, Cedar Creek, TX 78612,USA
| | - Paul V Zimba
- Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus Christi, TX 78412,USA; PVZimba, Inc., 12241 Percival St, Chester, VA 23831, USA
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Ahari H, Nowruzi B, Anvar AA, Porzani SJ. The Toxicity Testing of Cyanobacterial Toxins In Vivo and In Vitro by Mouse Bioassay: A Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:1131-1151. [PMID: 34720080 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666211101162030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different biological methods based on bioactivity are available to detect cyanotoxins, including neurotoxicity, immunological interactions, hepatotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and enzymatic activity. The mouse bioassay is the first test employed in laboratory cultures, cell extracts, and water bloom materials to detect toxins. It is also used as a traditional method to estimate the LD50. Concerning the ease of access and low cost, it is the most common method for this purpose. In this method, a sample is injected intraperitoneally into adult mice, and accordingly, they are assayed and monitored for about 24 hours for toxic symptoms. The toxin can be detected using this method from minutes to a few hours; its type, e.g., hepatotoxin, neurotoxin, etc., can also be determined. However, this method is nonspecific, fails to detect low amounts, and cannot distinguish between homologues. Although the mouse bioassay is gradually replaced with new chemical and immunological methods, it is still the main technique to detect the bioactivity and efficacy of cyanotoxins using LD50 determined based on the survival time of animals exposed to the toxin. In addition, some countries oppose animal use in toxicity studies. However, high cost, ethical considerations, low-sensitivity, non-specificity, and prolonged processes persuade researchers to employ chemical and functional analysis techniques. The qualitative and quantitative analyses, as well as high specificity and sensitivity, are among the advantages of cytotoxicity tests to investigate cyanotoxins. The present study aimed at reviewing the results obtained from in-vitro and in-vivo investigations of the mouse bioassay to detect cyanotoxins, including microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ahari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Amir Ali Anvar
- Department of Food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Samaneh Jafari Porzani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
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Extraction and LC-MS/MS Analysis of Ciguatoxins: A Semi-Targeted Approach Designed for Fish of Unknown Origin. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090630. [PMID: 34564634 PMCID: PMC8473320 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are polyether marine biotoxins that can cause ciguatera poisoning (CP) after the consumption of fish or invertebrates containing sub ppb levels; concentrations that present a challenge for current extraction and analysis methods. Here, a newly developed and (partly) validated single-day extraction protocol is presented. First, the fish sample is broken-down by enzymatic digestion, followed by extraction and extract clean-up by defatting and two solid-phase extractions. Final extracts were investigated using two different CTX-analysis methods; an in vitro cytotoxicity assay (N2a-assay) and by LC-MS/MS. Validation was performed for both fillet and freeze-dried samples of snapper, parrotfish, and grouper spiked with CTX1B, 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B, 54-deoxyCTX1B, and CTX3C. Based on recovery rates (35–88%) and matrix effects (66–116%) determined by LC-MS/MS, the enzyme protocol is applicable to various matrices. The protocol was applied to naturally contaminated fish tissue (Lutjanus bohar) obtained during a CP incident in Germany. Several potential CTX congeners were identified by a two-tier LC-MS/MS approach (screening of sodium adducts, high-resolution or low-resolution confirmation via ammonium adducts). Inclusion of >30 known CTX congeners into the LC-MS/MS methods and single-day sample preparation make the method suitable for analysis of ciguatera suspect samples at sub ppb levels also with undisclosed CTX profiles.
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Estevez P, Castro D, Leão-Martins JM, Sibat M, Tudó A, Dickey R, Diogene J, Hess P, Gago-Martinez A. Toxicity Screening of a Gambierdiscus australes Strain from the Western Mediterranean Sea and Identification of a Novel Maitotoxin Analogue. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080460. [PMID: 34436299 PMCID: PMC8400318 DOI: 10.3390/md19080460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellate species of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa are known to produce ciguatera poisoning-associated toxic compounds, such as ciguatoxins, or other toxins, such as maitotoxins. However, many species and strains remain poorly characterized in areas where they were recently identified, such as the western Mediterranean Sea. In previous studies carried out by our research group, a G. australes strain from the Balearic Islands (Mediterranean Sea) presenting MTX-like activity was characterized by LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS detecting 44-methyl gambierone and gambieric acids C and D. However, MTX1, which is typically found in some G. australes strains from the Pacific Ocean, was not detected. Therefore, this study focuses on the identification of the compound responsible for the MTX-like toxicity in this strain. The G. australes strain was characterized not only using LC-MS instruments but also N2a-guided HPLC fractionation. Following this approach, several toxic compounds were identified in three fractions by LC-MS/MS and HRMS. A novel MTX analogue, named MTX5, was identified in the most toxic fraction, and 44-methyl gambierone and gambieric acids C and D contributed to the toxicity observed in other fractions of this strain. Thus, G. australes from the Mediterranean Sea produces MTX5 instead of MTX1 in contrast to some strains of the same species from the Pacific Ocean. No CTX precursors were detected, reinforcing the complexity of the identification of CTXs precursors in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Estevez
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.L.-M.)
| | - David Castro
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.L.-M.)
| | - José Manuel Leão-Martins
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.L.-M.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Ifremer, Rue de l’Île d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Angels Tudó
- Marine and Continental Waters Programme, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; (A.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Robert Dickey
- Department of Marine Science, Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA;
| | - Jorge Diogene
- Marine and Continental Waters Programme, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; (A.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Ifremer, Rue de l’Île d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Ana Gago-Martinez
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.E.); (D.C.); (J.M.L.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-64-734-3417
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Asynchrony of Gambierdiscus spp. Abundance and Toxicity in the U.S. Virgin Islands: Implications for Monitoring and Management of Ciguatera. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060413. [PMID: 34200870 PMCID: PMC8230442 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) poses a significant threat to ecosystem services and fishery resources in coastal communities. The CP-causative ciguatoxins (CTXs) are produced by benthic dinoflagellates including Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa spp., and enter reef food webs via grazing on macroalgal substrates. In this study, we report on a 3-year monthly time series in St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands where Gambierdiscus spp. abundance and Caribbean-CTX toxicity in benthic samples were compared to key environmental factors, including temperature, salinity, nutrients, benthic cover, and physical data. We found that peak Gambierdiscus abundance occurred in summer while CTX-specific toxicity peaked in cooler months (February-May) when the mean water temperatures were approximately 26-28 °C. These trends were most evident at deeper offshore sites where macroalgal cover was highest year-round. Other environmental parameters were not correlated with the CTX variability observed over time. The asynchrony between Gambierdiscus spp. abundance and toxicity reflects potential differences in toxin cell quotas among Gambierdiscus species with concomitant variability in their abundances throughout the year. These results have significant implications for monitoring and management of benthic harmful algal blooms and highlights potential seasonal and highly-localized pulses in reef toxin loads that may be transferred to higher trophic levels.
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High Levels of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) in Trumpet Shell Charonia lampas from the Portuguese Coast. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040250. [PMID: 33807311 PMCID: PMC8066793 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin, considered an emerging toxin in Europe where recently a safety limit of 44 µg TTX kg−1 was recommended by authorities. In this study, three specimens of the large gastropod trumpet shell Charonia lampas bought in a market in south Portugal were analyzed using a neuroblastoma cell (N2a) based assay and by LC-MS/MS. N2a toxicity was observed in the viscera of two individuals analyzed and LC-MS/MS showed very high concentrations of TTX (42.1 mg kg−1) and 4,9-anhydroTTX (56.3 mg kg−1). A third compound with m/z 318 and structurally related with TTX was observed. In the edible portion, i.e., the muscle, toxin levels were below the EFSA recommended limit. This study shows that trumpet shell marine snails are seafood species that may reach the markets containing low TTX levels in the edible portion but containing very high levels of TTX in non-edible portion raising concerns regarding food safety if a proper evisceration is not carried out by consumers. These results highlight the need for better understanding TTX variability in this gastropod species, which is critical to developing a proper legal framework for resources management ensuring seafood safety, and the introduction of these gastropods in the markets.
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Loeffler CR, Tartaglione L, Friedemann M, Spielmeyer A, Kappenstein O, Bodi D. Ciguatera Mini Review: 21st Century Environmental Challenges and the Interdisciplinary Research Efforts Rising to Meet Them. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3027. [PMID: 33804281 PMCID: PMC7999458 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the livelihoods of over a billion people are affected by changes to marine ecosystems, both structurally and systematically. Resources and ecosystem services, provided by the marine environment, contribute nutrition, income, and health benefits for communities. One threat to these securities is ciguatera poisoning; worldwide, the most commonly reported non-bacterial seafood-related illness. Ciguatera is caused by the consumption of (primarily) finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins, potent neurotoxins produced by benthic single-cell microalgae. When consumed, ciguatoxins are biotransformed and can bioaccumulate throughout the food-web via complex pathways. Ciguatera-derived food insecurity is particularly extreme for small island-nations, where fear of intoxication can lead to fishing restrictions by region, species, or size. Exacerbating these complexities are anthropogenic or natural changes occurring in global marine habitats, e.g., climate change, greenhouse-gas induced physical oceanic changes, overfishing, invasive species, and even the international seafood trade. Here we provide an overview of the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century regarding the many facets of ciguatera, including the complex nature of this illness, the biological/environmental factors affecting the causative organisms, their toxins, vectors, detection methods, human-health oriented responses, and ultimately an outlook towards the future. Ciguatera research efforts face many social and environmental challenges this century. However, several future-oriented goals are within reach, including digital solutions for seafood supply chains, identifying novel compounds and methods with the potential for advanced diagnostics, treatments, and prediction capabilities. The advances described herein provide confidence that the tools are now available to answer many of the remaining questions surrounding ciguatera and therefore protection measures can become more accurate and routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Loeffler
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
- CoNISMa—National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Friedemann
- Department Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Astrid Spielmeyer
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Dorina Bodi
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
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Loeffler CR, Bodi D, Tartaglione L, Dell'Aversano C, Preiss-Weigert A. Improving in vitro ciguatoxin and brevetoxin detection: selecting neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cells with lower sensitivity to ouabain and veratridine (OV-LS). HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:101994. [PMID: 33980434 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine biotoxins accumulating in seafood products pose a risk to human health. These toxins are often potent in minute amounts and contained within complex matrices; requiring sensitive, reliable, and robust methods for their detection. The mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cytotoxicity assay (N2a-assay) is a sensitive, high-throughput, in vitro method effective for detecting sodium channel-specific marine biotoxins. The N2a-assay can be conducted to distinguish between specific effects on voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels, caused by toxins that activate (e.g., ciguatoxins (CTXs), brevetoxins (PbTxs)) or block (e.g., tetrodotoxins, saxitoxins) the target NaV. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay to compounds activating the NaV are achieved through the addition of the pharmaceuticals ouabain (O) and veratridine (V). However, these compounds can be toxic to Neuro-2a cells and their application at insufficient or excessive concentrations can reduce the effectiveness of this assay for marine toxin detection. Therefore, during growth incubation, Neuro-2a cells were exposed to O and V, and surviving cells exhibiting a lower sensitivity to O and V (OV-LS) were propagated. OV-LS Neuro-2a cells were selected for 60-80% survival when exposed to 0.22/0.022 mM O/V during the cytotoxicity assay. At these conditions, OV-LS N2a cells demonstrated a 3.5-fold higher survival rate 71% ± 7.9 SD (n = 232), and lower sensitivity to O/V, compared to the original Neuro-2a cells 20% ± 9.0 SD (n = 16). Additionally, OV-LS N2a cells were 1.3-2.6-fold more sensitive for detecting CTX3C 1.35 pg/ml, CTX1B 2.06 pg/ml, and PbTx-3 3.04 ng/ml compared to Neuro-2a cells using 0.1/0.01 mM O/V. Detection of CTX3C in a complex fish matrix using OV-LS cells was 0.0048 pg CTX3C/mg fish tissue equivalent. This work shows the potential for a significant improvement in sensitivity for CTX3C, CTX1B, and PbTx-3 using the OV-LS N2a-assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Loeffler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany - www.bfr.bund.de; Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Dorina Bodi
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany - www.bfr.bund.de
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CoNISMa - Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CoNISMa - Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelika Preiss-Weigert
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany - www.bfr.bund.de
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López Cabo M, Romalde JL, Simal-Gandara J, Gago Martínez A, Giráldez Fernández J, Bernárdez Costas M, Pascual del Hierro S, Pousa Ortega Á, Manaia CM, Abreu Silva J, Rodríguez Herrera J. Identification of Emerging Hazards in Mussels by the Galician Emerging Food Safety Risks Network (RISEGAL). A First Approach. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111641. [PMID: 33182842 PMCID: PMC7697966 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging risk identification is a priority for the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The goal of the Galician Emerging Food Safety Risks Network (RISEGAL) is the identification of emerging risks in foods produced and commercialized in Galicia (northwest Spain) in order to propose prevention plans and mitigation strategies. In this work, RISEGAL applied a systematic approach for the identification of emerging food safety risks potentially affecting bivalve shellfish. First, a comprehensive review of scientific databases was carried out to identify hazards most quoted as emerging in bivalves in the period 2016–2018. Then, identified hazards were semiquantitatively assessed by a panel of food safety experts, who scored them accordingly with the five evaluation criteria proposed by EFSA: novelty, soundness, imminence, scale, and severity. Scores determined that perfluorinated compounds, antimicrobial resistance, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, hepatitis E virus (HEV), and antimicrobial residues are the emerging hazards that are considered most imminent and severe and that could cause safety problems of the highest scale in the bivalve value chain by the majority of the experts consulted (75%). Finally, in a preliminary way, an exploratory study carried out in the Galician Rías highlighted the presence of HEV in mussels cultivated in class B production areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta López Cabo
- Seafood Microbiology and Technology Section, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.B.C.); (S.P.d.H.); (J.R.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986231930-860261
| | - Jesús L. Romalde
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, CIBUS-Faculty of Biology & Institute CRETUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo–Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Ana Gago Martínez
- Department Analytical and Food Chemistry, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (A.G.M.); (J.G.F.)
| | - Jorge Giráldez Fernández
- Department Analytical and Food Chemistry, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (A.G.M.); (J.G.F.)
| | - Marta Bernárdez Costas
- Seafood Microbiology and Technology Section, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.B.C.); (S.P.d.H.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Santiago Pascual del Hierro
- Seafood Microbiology and Technology Section, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.B.C.); (S.P.d.H.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Ánxela Pousa Ortega
- Direccion Xeral de Innovación e Xestión da Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, 15781 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Célia M. Manaia
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Joana Abreu Silva
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Juan Rodríguez Herrera
- Seafood Microbiology and Technology Section, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.B.C.); (S.P.d.H.); (J.R.H.)
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18
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Tudó À, Toldrà A, Rey M, Todolí I, Andree KB, Fernández-Tejedor M, Campàs M, Sureda FX, Diogène J. Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa as potential indicators of ciguatera risk in the Balearic Islands. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 99:101913. [PMID: 33218439 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa are genera of toxic dinoflagellates which were mainly considered as endemic to marine intertropical areas, and that are well known as producers of ciguatoxins (CTXs) and maitotoxins (MTXs). Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a human poisoning occurring after the consumption of fish or more rarely, shellfish containing CTXs. The presence of these microalgae in a coastal area is an indication of potential risk of CP. This study assesses the risk of CP in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean Sea) according to the distribution of both microalgae genera, and the presence of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity in microalgal cultures as determined by neuro-2a cell based-assay (neuro-2a CBA). Genetic identification of forty-three cultured microalgal strains isolated from 2016 to 2019 revealed that all of them belong to the species G. australes and F. paulensis. Both species were widely distributed in Formentera, Majorca and Minorca. Additionally, all strains of G. australes and two of F. paulensis exhibited signals of CTX-like toxicity ranging respectively between 1 and 380 and 8-16 fg CTX1B equivalents (equiv.) • cell-1. Four extracts of F. paulensis exhibited a novel toxicity response in neuro-2a cells consisting of the recovery of the cell viability in the presence of ouabain and veratridine. In addition, G. australes showed MTX-like toxicity while F. paulensis strains did not. Overall, the low CTX-like toxicities detected indicate that the potential risk of CP in the Balearic Islands is low, although, the presence of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity in those strains reveal the necessity to monitor these genera in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Tudó
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain; Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/St. Llorenç 21, E-43201, Reus (Tarragona), Spain
| | - Anna Toldrà
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Maria Rey
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Irene Todolí
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Karl B Andree
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc X Sureda
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/St. Llorenç 21, E-43201, Reus (Tarragona), Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain.
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Advances in Detecting Ciguatoxins in Fish. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080494. [PMID: 32752046 PMCID: PMC7472146 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is currently the most common marine biotoxin food poisoning worldwide, associated with human consumption of circumtropical fish and marine invertebrates that are contaminated with ciguatoxins. Ciguatoxins are very potent sodium-channel activator neurotoxins, that pose risks to human health at very low concentrations (>0.01 ng per g of fish flesh in the case of the most potent Pacific ciguatoxin). Symptoms of CFP are nonspecific and intoxication in humans is often misdiagnosed. Presently, there is no medically approved treatment of ciguatera. Therefore, to mitigate the risks of CFP, reliable detection of ciguatoxins prior to consumption of fish tissue is acutely needed, which requires application of highly sensitive and quantitative analytical tests. During the last century a number of methods have been developed to identify and quantify the concentration of ciguatoxins, including in vivo animal assays, cell-based assays, receptor binding assays, antibody-based immunoassays, electrochemical methods, and analytical techniques based on coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Development of these methods, their various advantages and limitations, as well as future challenges are discussed in this review.
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Assessment of the Chemical Diversity and Potential Toxicity of Benthic Cyanobacterial Blooms in the Lagoon of Moorea Island (French Polynesia). JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8060406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, an apparent increase in the frequency of benthic cyanobacterial blooms has occurred in coral reefs and tropical lagoons, possibly in part because of global change and anthropogenic activities. In the frame of the survey of marine benthic cyanobacteria proliferating in the lagoon of Moorea Island (French Polynesia), 15 blooms were collected, mainly involving three species—Anabaena sp.1, Lyngbya majuscula and Hydrocoleum majus-B. Their chemical fingerprints, obtained through high performance liquid chromatography combined with UV detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-MS) analyses, revealed a high extent of species-specificity. The chemical profile of Anabaena sp.1 was characterized by three major cyclic lipopeptides of the laxaphycin family, whereas the one of L. majuscula was characterized by a complex mixture including tiahuramides, trungapeptins and serinol-derived malyngamides. Toxicity screening analyses conducted on these cyanobacterial samples using Artemia salina and mouse neuroblastoma cell-based (CBA-N2a) cytotoxic assays failed to show any toxicity to a degree that would merit risk assessment with regard to public health. However, the apparently increasing presence of blooms of Lyngbya, Hydrocoleum, Anabaena or other benthic cyanobacteria on coral reefs in French Polynesia encourages the implementation of ad hoc monitoring programs for the surveillance of their proliferation and potential assessment of associated hazards.
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21
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Neves RAF, Pardal MA, Nascimento SM, Silva A, Oliveira PJ, Rodrigues ET. High sensitivity of rat cardiomyoblast H9c2(2-1) cells to Gambierdiscus toxic compounds. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 223:105475. [PMID: 32325308 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a frequently reported non-bacterial food-borne illness related to the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins, and possibly maitotoxins. These toxins are synthesized by marine dinoflagellate species of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa genera, and their abundance is a matter of great concern due to their adverse effects to aquatic life and human health. The present study aims to assess the sensitivity of rat cardiomyoblast H9c2(2-1) cells to Gambierdiscus toxic compounds using concentration- and time-dependent sulforhodamine B (SRB) colorimetric assays. Low concentrations of Gambierdiscus extracts (corresponding to 1.3-2.3 cells mL-1) induced a concentration-dependent response. Specificity in time-dependent response of H9c2(2-1) cells was demonstrated for G. excentricus after a 180 min exposure compared to both G. cf. belizeanus and G. silvae species, with EC50s obtained after 720 and 360 min, respectively. The sensitivity of H9c2(2-1) cells to dinoflagellate toxic compounds was also tested with other genera from benthic (Coolia malayensis, Ostreopsis cf. ovata, Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and P. lima) and planktonic (Amphidinium carterae and Lingulodinium polyedrum) habitats. Amphidinium, Coolia and Lingulodinium data did not present any concentration-response relationships, and EC50 values could only be obtained after 720 and 1440 min of exposure to both Prorocentrum species and O. cf. ovata, respectively. This study demonstrated that the H9c2(2-1) SRB assay represents a promising and sensitive tool for the detection of Gambierdiscus toxic compounds present in water samples, particularly of G. excentricus at very low cell abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A F Neves
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av Pasteur 458-307, 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Miguel A Pardal
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Silvia M Nascimento
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av Pasteur 458-307, 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Alexandra Silva
- Phytoplankton Laboratory, Division of Oceanography and Environment, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Biotech Building, Lot 8A, Biocant Park, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal.
| | - Elsa T Rodrigues
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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22
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Wu Z, Luo H, Yu L, Lee WH, Li L, Mak YL, Lin S, Lam PKS. Characterizing ciguatoxin (CTX)- and Non-CTX-producing strains of Gambierdiscus balechii using comparative transcriptomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137184. [PMID: 32084685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gambierdiscus spp. can produce the polyketide compound, ciguatoxin (CTX), and are hence responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). Studying the molecular mechanism that regulates CTX production is crucial for understanding the environmental trigger of CTX as well as for better informing fishery management. Commonly, polyketide synthases are important for polyketide synthesis; however, no gene has been confirmatively assigned to CTX production. Here, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) were used to compare a CTX-producing strain with a non-CTX-producing strain. Using both methods, a total of 52 polyketide synthase (PKS) genes were identified to be up-regulated in the CTX-producing G. balechii, including transcripts encoding single-domain PKSs as well as transcripts encoding multi-domain PKSs. Using reverse transcription quantitative PCR, the expression of these genes in the CTX-producing strain and in nitrogen-limited cultures of the strain was further documented. These data suggest that PKSs are likely involved in polyketide synthesis and potentially in CTX synthesis in this dinoflagellate species. Our study provides the candidate biomarkers for the detection of CTXs or CFP in waters or any other organisms as well as a valuable genomic resource for the research on Gambierdiscus and other dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wai Hin Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yim Ling Mak
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA.
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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Castro D, Manger R, Vilariño O, Gago-Martínez A. Evaluation of Matrix Issues in the Applicability of the Neuro-2a Cell Based Assay on the Detection of CTX in Fish Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050308. [PMID: 32397386 PMCID: PMC7290336 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are a group of neurotoxins responsible for the syndrome ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) as a result of the consumption of contaminated fish. The presence of these toxins has been detected around the Pacific, Caribbean and Indian coasts. Recent reports indicate the emergence of CFP in other geographic areas, in particular in European coasts, of the Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal). A neuroblastoma cell line of murine origin (N2a) has been applied to assay different groups of neurotoxins, acting on voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) of excitable cells, N2a-MTT. The great potential of N2a-MTT as a sensitive tool for the CTXs screening is clearly recognized, notably because it allows the detection of these toxins at levels below recommended as security levels. However, the complexity of the matrix is a critical point on the application of N2a-MTT, which needs to be evaluated. The aim of this work is to provide recommendations for an implemented N2a-MTT method for CTXs determination in fish that avoids matrix effects, particularly those related to high lipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Castro
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (O.V.)
| | - Ronald Manger
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (retired), Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Oscar Vilariño
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (O.V.)
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (O.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-647-343-417
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Viallon J, Chinain M, Darius HT. Revisiting the Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Assay (CBA-N2a) for the Improved Detection of Marine Toxins Active on Voltage Gated Sodium Channels (VGSCs). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E281. [PMID: 32349302 PMCID: PMC7290318 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) is widely used for the detection of marine biotoxins in seafood products, yet a consensus protocol is still lacking. In this study, six key parameters of CBA-N2a were revisited: cell seeding densities, cell layer viability after 26 h growth, MTT incubation time, Ouabain and Veratridine treatment and solvent and matrix effects. A step-by-step protocol was defined identifying five viability controls for the validation of CBA-N2a results. Specific detection of two voltage gated sodium channel activators, pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX3C) and brevetoxin (PbTx3) and two inhibitors, saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dc-STX) was achieved, with EC50 values of 1.7 ± 0.35 pg/mL, 5.8 ± 0.9 ng/mL, 3 ± 0.5 ng/mL and 15.8 ± 3 ng/mL, respectively. When applied to the detection of ciguatoxin (CTX)-like toxicity in fish samples, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.031 ± 0.008 and 0.064 ± 0.016 ng P-CTX3C eq/g of flesh, respectively. Intra and inter-assays comparisons of viability controls, LOD, LOQ and toxicity in fish samples gave coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 3% to 29%. This improved test adaptable to either high throughput screening or composite toxicity estimation is a useful starting point for a standardization of the CBA-N2a in the field of marine toxin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins-UMR 241-EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (M.C.)
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Adachi K, Yamada T, Ishizuka H, Oki M, Tsunogae S, Shimada N, Chiba O, Orihara T, Hidaka M, Hirokawa T, Odagi M, Konoki K, Yotsu‐Yamashita M, Nagasawa K. Synthesis of C12‐Keto Saxitoxin Derivatives with Unusual Inhibitory Activity Against Voltage‐Gated Sodium Channels. Chemistry 2020; 26:2025-2033. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanna Adachi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science Faculty of Technology Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Tomoshi Yamada
- Graduate School of Agriculture Science Tohoku University 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8572 Japan
| | - Hayate Ishizuka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science Faculty of Technology Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Mana Oki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science Faculty of Technology Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tsunogae
- Graduate School of Agriculture Science Tohoku University 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8572 Japan
| | - Noriko Shimada
- Graduate School of Agriculture Science Tohoku University 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8572 Japan
| | - Osamu Chiba
- Graduate School of Agriculture Science Tohoku University 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8572 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Orihara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science Faculty of Technology Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Masafumi Hidaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture Science Tohoku University 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8572 Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Transborder Medical Research Center University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba 305-8575 Japan
- Division of Biomedical Science University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba 305-8575 Japan
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ward Tokyo 135-0064 Japan
| | - Minami Odagi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science Faculty of Technology Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agriculture Science Tohoku University 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8572 Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu‐Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agriculture Science Tohoku University 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8572 Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science Faculty of Technology Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
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Qiang L, Zhang Y, Guo X, Gao Y, Han Y, Sun J, Han L. A rapid and ultrasensitive colorimetric biosensor based on aptamer functionalized Au nanoparticles for detection of saxitoxin. RSC Adv 2020; 10:15293-15298. [PMID: 35495459 PMCID: PMC9052278 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01231a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a facile and ultrasensitive colorimetric sensor based on gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and aptamer (Au NPs-aptamer biosensor) for specific and quantitative detection of STX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Qiang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
| | - Xin Guo
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
| | - Yakun Gao
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
| | - Yingkuan Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
- School of Microelectronics
| | - Jun Sun
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
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27
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Tsumuraya T, Hirama M. Rationally Designed Synthetic Haptens to Generate Anti-Ciguatoxin Monoclonal Antibodies, and Development of a Practical Sandwich ELISA to Detect Ciguatoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E533. [PMID: 31540301 PMCID: PMC6784113 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
"Ciguatera" fish poisoning (CFP) is one of the well-known food poisoning caused by the ingestion of fish that have accumulated trace amounts of ciguatoxins (CTXs). CFP affects more than 50,000 individuals annually. The difficulty in preventing CFP comes from the lack of reliable methods for analysis of CTXs in contaminated fish, together with the normal appearance, taste, and smell of CTX-contaminated fish. Thus, a sensitive, accurate, routine, and portable analytical method to detect CTXs is urgently required. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific against either wing of major CTX congeners (CTX1B, 54-deoxyCTX1B, CTX3C, and 51-hydroxyCTX3C) were generated by immunizing mice with rationally designed synthetic haptens-KLH conjugates instead of the CTXs. Haptenic groups with a surface area greater than 400 Å2 are required to produce mAbs that can strongly bind to CTXs. Furthermore, a highly sensitive fluorescence-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. This protocol can detect and quantify four major CTX congeners (CTX1B, 54-deoxyCTX1B, CTX3C, and 51-hydroxyCTX3C) with a limit of detection (LOD) of less than 1 pg/mL. The LOD determined for this sandwich ELISA is sufficient to detect CTX1B-contaminated fish at the FDA guidance level of 0.01 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Hirama
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan.
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Estevez P, Castro D, Pequeño-Valtierra A, Giraldez J, Gago-Martinez A. Emerging Marine Biotoxins in Seafood from European Coasts: Incidence and Analytical Challenges. Foods 2019; 8:E149. [PMID: 31052406 PMCID: PMC6560407 DOI: 10.3390/foods8050149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of emerging contaminants in food and the sources of the contamination are relevant issues in food safety. The impact of climate change on these contaminations is a topic widely debated; however, the consequences of climate change for the food system is not as deeply studied as other human and animal health and welfare issues. Projections of climate change in Europe have been evaluated through the EU Commission, and the impact on the marine environment is considered a priority issue. Marine biotoxins are produced by toxic microalgae and are natural contaminants of the marine environment. They are considered to be an important contaminant that needs to be evaluated. Their source is affected by oceanographic and environmental conditions; water temperature, sunlight, salinity, competing microorganisms, nutrients, and wind and current directions affect the growth and proliferation of microalgae. Although climate change should not be the only reason for this increase and other factors such as eutrophication, tourism, fishery activities, etc. could be considered, the influence of climate change has been observed through increased growth of dinoflagellates in areas where they have not been previously detected. An example of this is the recent emergence of ciguatera fish poisoning toxins, typically found in tropical or subtropical areas from the Pacific and Caribbean and in certain areas of the Atlantic Sea such as the Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal). In addition, the recent findings of the presence of tetrodotoxins, typically found in certain areas of the Pacific, are emerging in the EU and contaminating not only the fish species where these toxins had been found before but also bivalve mollusks. The emergence of these marine biotoxins in the EU is a reason for concern in the EU, and for this reason, the risk evaluation and characterization of these toxins are considered a priority for the European Food Safety Authorities (EFSA), which also emphasize the search for occurrence data using reliable and efficient analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Estevez
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - David Castro
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ana Pequeño-Valtierra
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Jorge Giraldez
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ana Gago-Martinez
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- EU Reference Laboratory for marine biotoxins, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Implementation of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of ciguatera fish poisoning in contaminated fish samples from Atlantic coasts. Food Chem 2019; 280:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Fish Hybridization Leads to Uncertainty Regarding Ciguatera Fish Poisoning Risk; Confirmation of Hybridization and Ciguatoxin Accumulation with Implications for Stakeholders. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse7040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Globally, ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) avoidance efforts rely primarily on local knowledge of the fish being consumed, its collection location, and association with illnesses. In 2016, several fish that appeared to be hybrids between a local commercially prized species, Ocyurus chrysurus, and a regionally prohibited species Lutjanus apodus (due to CFP concerns), were caught nearshore in United States Virgin Islands waters, leading to confusion regarding the safety of consuming the fish. The hybrid status of the fish was verified as O. chrysurus (male) × L. apodus (female) by comparing two sets of gene sequences (mitochondrial CO1 and nuclear S7). Using an in vitro mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) assay, one of the hybrid fish exhibited a composite cytotoxicity of 0.038 ppb Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX-1) equivalents (Eq.); a concentration below the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance level for safety in fish products for CFP (0.1 ppb C-CTX-1 Eq.) but approximately 2× above the maximum described in the commercially prized parent species (0.019 ppb C-CTX-1 Eq./g). C-CTX-1 was confirmed in the hybrid sample by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The second hybrid fish tested negative for CTXs. This research confirms hybridization between two species with contrasting commercial statuses, discusses CTX accumulation implications for hybridization, and provides a methodology for future studies into novel CFP vectors, with the goal of providing critical information for fishermen and consumers regarding CFP risk management.
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Estevez P, Castro D, Pequeño-Valtierra A, Leao JM, Vilariño O, Diogène J, Gago-Martínez A. An Attempt to Characterize the Ciguatoxin Profile in Seriola fasciata Causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in Macaronesia. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040221. [PMID: 31013948 PMCID: PMC6521267 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning is a worldwide concern caused by the consumption of fish contaminated with ciguatoxins not only in endemic regions in the Pacific Ocean or the Caribbean Sea but also in emerging areas of Macaronesia on the eastern Atlantic. The recent emergence of these toxins in other coastal areas worldwide, prompted the need for the characterization of the risk in these areas. This Ciguatera Fish Poisoning risk has been recently identified as a potential threat in subtropical areas of the Atlantic coast and scientific efforts are being focused in the identification and confirmation of the toxins involved in this potential risk. Neuroblastoma cell assay has been widely used for the evaluation of the toxicity in several marine biotoxin groups, and found to be a very useful tool for toxicity screening. LC-MS/MS has been also used for confirmatory purposes although the main limitation of the advances on LC-MS/MS development is due to commercial unavailability of reference materials and hampers method implementation and validation or even confirmation of the ciguatoxins (CTXs) responsible for the toxic profiles. While neuroblastoma cell assay (N2a) is typically used for toxicity screening as mentioned above, being necessary to confirm this N2a toxicity by LC-MS/MS, this study is designed using N2a as a tool to confirm the toxicity of the fractions obtained corresponding to potential CTXs analogues according to the analysis by LC-MS/MS. With this aim, an amberjack sample (Seriola fasciata) from Selvagen Islads (Portugal) and implicated in Ciguatera Fish Poisoning was analyzed by LC-MS/MS and Caribbean Ciguatoxins were found to be mainly responsible for the toxicity. N2a was used in this work as a tool to help in the confirmation of the toxicity of fractions obtained by HPLC. Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 was found as the main analogue responsible for the N2a toxicity while three Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX1) metabolites which contribute to the total toxicity were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Estevez
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - David Castro
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ana Pequeño-Valtierra
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - José M Leao
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, CITEXVI, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Oscar Vilariño
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, CITEXVI, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Marine and Continental Waters, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, E-43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, CITEXVI, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Tamele IJ, Silva M, Vasconcelos V. The Incidence of Marine Toxins and the Associated Seafood Poisoning Episodes in the African Countries of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E58. [PMID: 30669603 PMCID: PMC6357038 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and bacteria can be one of the great threats to public health due to their ability to produce marine toxins (MTs). The most reported MTs include paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), amnesic shellfish toxins (ASTs), diarrheic shellfish toxins (DSTs), cyclic imines (CIs), ciguatoxins (CTXs), azaspiracids (AZTs), palytoxin (PlTXs), tetrodotoxins (TTXs) and their analogs, some of them leading to fatal outcomes. MTs have been reported in several marine organisms causing human poisoning incidents since these organisms constitute the food basis of coastal human populations. In African countries of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, to date, only South Africa has a specific monitoring program for MTs and some other countries count only with respect to centers of seafood poisoning control. Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the occurrence of MTs and associated poisoning episodes as a contribution to public health and monitoring programs as an MT risk assessment tool for this geographic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro José Tamele
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Institute of Biomedical Science Abel Salazar, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere, n 3453, Campus Principal, Maputo 257, Mozambique.
| | - Marisa Silva
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
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A Strategy to Replace the Mouse Bioassay for Detecting and Identifying Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins by Combining the Neuro-2a Bioassay and LC-MS/MS Analysis. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16120501. [PMID: 30545061 PMCID: PMC6315780 DOI: 10.3390/md16120501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine biotoxins in fish and shellfish can cause several symptoms in consumers, such as diarrhea, amnesia, or even death by paralysis. Monitoring programs are in place for testing shellfish on a regular basis. In some countries testing is performed using the so-called mouse bioassay, an assay that faces ethical concerns not only because of animal distress, but also because it lacks specificity and results in high amounts of false positives. In Europe, for lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMBs), a chemical analytical method using LC-MS/MS was developed as an alternative and is now the reference method. However, safety is often questioned when relying solely on such a method, and as a result, the mouse bioassay might still be used. In this study the use of a cell-based assay for screening, i.e., the neuro-2a assay, in combination with the official LC-MS/MS method was investigated as a new alternative strategy for the detection and quantification of LMBs. To this end, samples that had been tested previously with the mouse bioassay were analyzed in the neuro-2a bioassay and the LC-MS/MS method. The neuro-2a bioassay was able to detect all LMBs at the regulatory levels and all samples that tested positive in the mouse bioassay were also suspect in the neuro-2a bioassay. In most cases, these samples contained toxin levels (yessotoxins) that explain the outcome of the bioassay but did not exceed the established maximum permitted levels.
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Loeffler CR, Robertson A, Flores Quintana HA, Silander MC, Smith TB, Olsen D. Ciguatoxin prevalence in 4 commercial fish species along an oceanic exposure gradient in the US Virgin Islands. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1852-1863. [PMID: 29710376 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a seafood-toxin illness resulting from consumption of fish contaminated with ciguatoxins. Managing ciguatera fish poisoning is complex. It is made easier, however, by local fishers from endemic areas reporting regional predictability for local fish species' ciguatera fish poisoning risk, which the present study then tested. We investigated the prevalence of ciguatoxins in 4 commonly marketed and consumed species (Balistes vetula, Haemulon plumierii, Ocyurus chrysurus, and Epinephelus guttatus) across an oceanic gradient (north, south, east, and west) from the US Virgin Islands. Fish muscle extracts were analyzed for Caribbean ciguatoxins using an in vitro mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cytotoxicity assay and confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Fish collected from the north location had 0 fish with detectable ciguatoxins; this site also had the greatest wave energy. Caribbean ciguatoxins in fish ranged from 0.01 to 0.11, 0.004 to 0.10, and 0.005 to 0.18 ng Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 eq/g, from the west, east, and south respectively. Ciguatoxin-like activity was detectable by the N2a assay in 40, 41, 50, and 70% of H. plumierii, O. chrysurus, B. vetula, and E. guttatus, respectively. Of the fish collected, 4% had Caribbean ciguatoxin levels exceeding the US Food and Drug Administration guidance of 0.1 ng Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 eq/g fish. These findings concurred with spatial ciguatera fish poisoning prevalence information provided by local fishers in the US Virgin Islands and demonstrate how partnerships between researchers and fishers can aid the improvement of science-based ciguatera fish poisoning management. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;39:1852-1863. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Loeffler
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, US Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, Alabama
| | - Alison Robertson
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, US Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, Alabama
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama and Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
| | - Harold A Flores Quintana
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, US Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, Alabama
| | - Miguel C Silander
- University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Center for Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Materials, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - Tyler B Smith
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas Virgin, Islands of the United States
| | - David Olsen
- St. Thomas Fishermen's Association, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands of the United States
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Tsumuraya T, Sato T, Hirama M, Fujii I. Highly Sensitive and Practical Fluorescent Sandwich ELISA for Ciguatoxins. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7318-7324. [PMID: 29770692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) caused by the consumption of fish that have accumulated ciguatoxins (CTXs) affects more than 50000 people annually. The spread of CFP causes enormous damage to public health, fishery resources, and the economies of tropical and subtropical endemic regions. The difficulty in avoiding CFP arises from the lack of sensitive and reliable analytical methods for the detection and quantification of CTXs in contaminated fish, along with the normal appearance, smell, and taste of fish contaminated with the causative toxins. Thus, an accurate, sensitive, routine, and portable detection method for CTXs is urgently required. We have successfully developed a highly sensitive fluorescent sandwich ELISA, which can detect, differentiate, and quantify four major CTX congeners (CTX1B, CTX3C, 51-hydroxyCTX3C, and 54-deoxyCTX1B) with a detection limit of less than 1 pg/mL. The ELISA protocol, using one microtiter plate coated with two mAbs (10C9 and 3G8), and ALP-linked 8H4, can detect any of the four CTX congeners in a single operation. CTX1B spiked into fish at the FDA guidance level of 0.01 ppb CTX1B equivalent toxicity in fish from Pacific regions was also proven to be reliably detected by this ELISA. Furthermore, the efficiency of extraction/purification procedures and the matrix effect of contaminants in fish were evaluated in detail, since pretreatment and matrix effects are critical for ELISA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science , Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka 599-8570 , Japan
| | - Takeshi Sato
- Cell Science Inc. , Aoba-ku, Sendai , Miyagi 989-3212 , Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirama
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science , Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka 599-8570 , Japan
| | - Ikuo Fujii
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science , Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka 599-8570 , Japan
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Leão JM, Lozano-Leon A, Giráldez J, Vilariño Ó, Gago-Martínez A. Preliminary Results on the Evaluation of the Occurrence of Tetrodotoxin Associated to Marine Vibrio spp. in Bivalves from the Galician Rias (Northwest of Spain). Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E81. [PMID: 29509715 PMCID: PMC5867625 DOI: 10.3390/md16030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxins (TTX) are a potent group of natural neurotoxins putatively produced by symbiotic microorganisms and affecting the aquatic environment. These neurotoxins have been recently found in some species of bivalves and gastropods along the European Coasts (Greece, UK, and The Netherlands) linked to the presence of high concentrations of Vibrio, in particular Vibrio parahaemolyticus. This study is focused on the evaluation of the presence of Vibrio species and TTX in bivalves (mussels, oysters, cockles, clams, scallops, and razor clams) from Galician Rias (northwest of Spain). The detection and isolation of the major Vibrio spp. and other enterobacterial populations have been carried out with the aim of screening for the presence of the pathways genes, poliketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) possibly involved in the biosynthesis of these toxins. Samples containing Vibrio spp. were analyzed by biochemical (API20E-galery) and genetic tests (PCR-RT). These samples were then screened for TTX toxicity by a neuroblastoma cell-based assay (N2a) and the presence of TTX was further confirmed by LC-MS/MS. TTX was detected in two infaunal samples. This is the first confirmation of the presence of TTX in bivalve molluscs from the Galician Rias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Leão
- Department Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- EU Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Antonio Lozano-Leon
- Department Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- Laboratory ASMECRUZ, 36939 Bueu, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Jorge Giráldez
- Department Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Óscar Vilariño
- Department Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- EU Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- Department Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- EU Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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38
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Bodero M, Bovee TFH, Wang S, Hoogenboom RLAP, Klijnstra MD, Portier L, Hendriksen PJM, Gerssen A. Screening for the presence of lipophilic marine biotoxins in shellfish samples using the neuro-2a bioassay. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:351-365. [PMID: 28884655 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1368720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The neuro-2a bioassay is considered as one of the most promising cell-based in vitro bioassays for the broad screening of seafood products for the presence of marine biotoxins. The neuro-2a assay has been shown to detect a wide array of toxins like paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs), ciguatoxins, and also lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMBs). However, the neuro-2a assay is rarely used for routine testing of samples due to matrix effects that, for example, lead to false positives when testing for LMBs. As a result there are only limited data on validation and evaluation of its performance on real samples. In the present study, the standard extraction procedure for LMBs was adjusted by introducing an additional clean-up step with n-hexane. Recovery losses due to this extra step were less than 10%. This wash step was a crucial addition in order to eliminate false-positive outcomes due to matrix effects. Next, the applicability of this assay was assessed by testing a broad range of shellfish samples contaminated with various LMBs, including diarrhetic shellfish toxins/poisons (DSPs). For comparison, the samples were also analysed by LC-MS/MS. Standards of all regulated LMBs were tested, including analogues of some of these toxins. The neuro-2a cells showed good sensitivity towards all compounds. Extracts of 87 samples, both blank and contaminated with various toxins, were tested. The neuro-2a outcomes were in line with those of LC-MS/MS analysis and support the applicability of this assay for the screening of samples for LMBs. However, for use in a daily routine setting, the test might be further improved and we discuss several recommended modifications which should be considered before a full validation is carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Bodero
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands.,b Division of Toxicology , Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Si Wang
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Ron L A P Hoogenboom
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam D Klijnstra
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Liza Portier
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Peter J M Hendriksen
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Arjen Gerssen
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
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An Updated Review of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Clinical, Epidemiological, Environmental, and Public Health Management. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15030072. [PMID: 28335428 PMCID: PMC5367029 DOI: 10.3390/md15030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is the most frequently reported seafood-toxin illness in the world. It causes substantial human health, social, and economic impacts. The illness produces a complex array of gastrointestinal, neurological and neuropsychological, and cardiovascular symptoms, which may last days, weeks, or months. This paper is a general review of CFP including the human health effects of exposure to ciguatoxins (CTXs), diagnosis, human pathophysiology of CFP, treatment, detection of CTXs in fish, epidemiology of the illness, global dimensions, prevention, future directions, and recommendations for clinicians and patients. It updates and expands upon the previous review of CFP published by Friedman et al. (2008) and addresses new insights and relevant emerging global themes such as climate and environmental change, international market issues, and socioeconomic impacts of CFP. It also provides a proposed universal case definition for CFP designed to account for the variability in symptom presentation across different geographic regions. Information that is important but unchanged since the previous review has been reiterated. This article is intended for a broad audience, including resource and fishery managers, commercial and recreational fishers, public health officials, medical professionals, and other interested parties.
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Sabry OMM, Goeger DE, Valeriote FA, Gerwick WH. Cytotoxic halogenated monoterpenes from Plocamium cartilagineum. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:261-267. [PMID: 27627578 PMCID: PMC5748142 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1230115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As a result of our efforts to identify bioactive agents from marine algae, we have isolated and identified one new halogenated monoterpene 1 [(-)-(5E,7Z)-348-trichloro-7-dichloromethyl-3-methyl-157-octatriene] in addition to three known compounds (2, 3 and 4) from the red alga Plocamium cartilagineum collected by hand from the eastern coast of South Africa. Compound 1 was found to be active as a cytotoxic agent in human lung cancer (NCI-H460) and mouse neuro-2a cell lines (IC50 4 μg/mL). Two of these compounds (3 and 4) were found to have cytotoxic activity in other cell line assays, especially against human leukaemia and human colon cancers (IC50 1.3 μg/mL). None of these metabolites were active as sodium channel blockers or activators. All structures were determined by spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, LRMS, HRMS, 1D NMR and 2D NMR). 1D and 2D NOE experiments were carried out on these compounds to confirm the geometry of the double bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M. M. Sabry
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Douglas E. Goeger
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Frederick A. Valeriote
- Division of Hematology and Oncology Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - William H. Gerwick
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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41
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Marine Toxins Analysis for Consumer Protection. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE ANALYSIS OF MARINE TOXINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sabry OMM, Goeger DE, Gerwick WH. Bioactive new metabolites from the green alga Udotea orientalis growing on the Gorgonian coral Pseudopterogorgia rigida. Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:1245-1250. [PMID: 27653761 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1236096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As part of our continued search for bioactive secondary metabolites from marine sources using a bioassay-guided fractionation technique (Cytotoxic and anti-trypanosome activities), we have examined the organic extract of Papua New Guinean collection of the green alga Udotea orientalis growing on the Gorgonian coral Pseudopterogorgia rigida. Successive HPLC investigations resulted in isolation of three new compounds, (+) curcuepoxide A, (+) curcuepoxide B and (+)-10α-hydroxycurcudiol. Analysis of different spectroscopic data e.g. UV, IR, LRMS, HRMS, 1D NMR and 2D NMR on the isolated compounds allowed for construction of the planar structures. Stereochemistry assignment at C-7 and C-10 in the new compounds was discussed. Isolated compounds were found to be active in an in vitro assay of antitrypanosome activity. The isolated compounds were found to have variable cytotoxic activity in human lung cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M M Sabry
- a College of Pharmacy , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR , USA.,b Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Douglas E Goeger
- a College of Pharmacy , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR , USA
| | - William H Gerwick
- a College of Pharmacy , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR , USA.,c Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
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Saruhashi S, Konoki K, Yotsu-Yamashita M. The voltage-gated sodium ion channel inhibitory activities of a new tetrodotoxin analogue, 4,4a-anhydrotetrodotoxin, and three other analogues evaluated by colorimetric cell-based assay. Toxicon 2016; 119:72-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wang C, Oki M, Nishikawa T, Harada D, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Nagasawa K. Total Synthesis of 11-Saxitoxinethanoic Acid and Evaluation of its Inhibitory Activity on Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Mana Oki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Toru Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Daisuke Harada
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiya Aoba-ku Sendai 981-8555 Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
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Wang C, Oki M, Nishikawa T, Harada D, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Nagasawa K. Total Synthesis of 11-Saxitoxinethanoic Acid and Evaluation of its Inhibitory Activity on Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11600-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Mana Oki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Toru Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Daisuke Harada
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiya Aoba-ku Sendai 981-8555 Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
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Lewis RJ, Inserra M, Vetter I, Holland WC, Hardison DR, Tester PA, Litaker RW. Rapid Extraction and Identification of Maitotoxin and Ciguatoxin-Like Toxins from Caribbean and Pacific Gambierdiscus Using a New Functional Bioassay. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160006. [PMID: 27467390 PMCID: PMC4965106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ciguatera is a circumtropical disease produced by polyether sodium channel toxins (ciguatoxins) that enter the marine food chain and accumulate in otherwise edible fish. Ciguatoxins, as well as potent water-soluble polyethers known as maitotoxins, are produced by certain dinoflagellate species in the genus Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa spp. in the Pacific but little is known of the potential of related Caribbean species to produce these toxins. Methods We established a simplified procedure for extracting polyether toxins from Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa spp. based on the ciguatoxin rapid extraction method (CREM). Fractionated extracts from identified Pacific and Caribbean isolates were analysed using a functional bioassay that recorded intracellular calcium changes (Ca2+) in response to sample addition in SH-SY5Y cells. Maitotoxin directly elevated Ca2+i, while low levels of ciguatoxin-like toxins were detected using veratridine to enhance responses. Results We identified significant maitotoxin production in 11 of 12 isolates analysed, with 6 of 12 producing at least two forms of maitotoxin. In contrast, only 2 Caribbean isolates produced detectable levels of ciguatoxin-like activity despite a detection limit of >30 pM. Significant strain-dependent differences in the levels and types of ciguatoxins and maitotoxins produced by the same Gambierdiscus spp. were also identified. Conclusions The ability to rapidly identify polyether toxins produced by Gambierdiscus spp. in culture has the potential to distinguish ciguatoxin-producing species prior to large-scale culture and in naturally occurring blooms of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa spp. Our results have implications for the evaluation of ciguatera risk associated with Gambierdiscus and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Marco Inserra
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States of America
| | - D. Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Tester
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States of America
| | - R. Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States of America
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47
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Sabry OM, Goeger DE, Gerwick WH. Biologically active new metabolites from a Florida collection of Moorea producens. Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:555-561. [PMID: 27426414 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1207074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A bioassay-guided investigation (cancer cell cytotoxicity) of a Moorea producens collection from Key West, Florida, led to the discovery of two new bioactive natural products [(+)-malyngamide Y and a cyclic depsipeptide, (+)-floridamide]. Their planar structures were deduced through extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data and supported by HRFAB mass spectrometry. The new cyclic depsipeptide contains four amino acids units, including N-methyl phenylalanine, proline, valine and alanine, beside the unique unit, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-octanoic acid. In addition to the discovery of these two new compounds, two previously reported metabolites were also isolated and identified from this cyanobacterial collection; (-)-C-12 lyngbic acid and the antibacterial agent (-)-malyngolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M Sabry
- a College of Pharmacy , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR , USA.,b Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Douglas E Goeger
- a College of Pharmacy , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR , USA
| | - William H Gerwick
- a College of Pharmacy , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR , USA.,c Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
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Nicolas J, Bovee TF, Kamelia L, Rietjens IM, Hendriksen PJ. Exploration of new functional endpoints in neuro-2a cells for the detection of the marine biotoxins saxitoxin, palytoxin and tetrodotoxin. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:341-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hossen V, Soliño L, Leroy P, David E, Velge P, Dragacci S, Krys S, Flores Quintana H, Diogène J. Contribution to the risk characterization of ciguatoxins: LOAEL estimated from eight ciguatera fish poisoning events in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:100-108. [PMID: 26409497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
From 2010 to 2012, 35 ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) events involving 87 individuals who consumed locally-caught fish were reported in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). For 12 of these events, the presence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) was indicated in meal remnants and in uncooked fish by the mouse bioassay (MBA). Caribbean ciguatoxins (C-CTXs) were confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Using a cell-based assay (CBA), and the only available standard Pacific ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1), the lowest toxins level detected in fish samples causing CFP was 0.022 µg P-CTX-1 equivalent (eq.)·kg(-1) fish. Epidemiological and consumption data were compiled for most of the individuals afflicted, and complete data for establishing the lowest observable adverse effects level (LOAEL) were obtained from 8 CFP events involving 21 individuals. Based on toxin intakes, the LOAEL was estimated at 4.2 ng P-CTX-1 eq./individual corresponding to 48. 4 pg P-CTX-1 eq.kg(-1) body weight (bw). Although based on limited data, these results are consistent with the conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) opinion which indicates that a level of 0.01 µg P-CTX-1 eq.kg(-1) fish, regardless of source, should not exert effects in sensitive individuals when consuming a single meal. The calculated LOAEL is also consistent with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidance levels for CTXs (0.1 µg C-CTX-1 eq.kg(-1) and 0.01 µg P-CTX-1 eq.kg(-1) fish).
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Hossen
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES-Laboratory for Food Safety, National Reference Laboratory for the Control of Marine biotoxins, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lucia Soliño
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Rapita, Spain
| | - Patricia Leroy
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES-Laboratory for Food Safety, National Reference Laboratory for the Control of Marine biotoxins, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric David
- Ministry of Agriculture, Direction de l'Alimentation de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt de Guadeloupe, Abymes, France
| | - Pierre Velge
- Ministry of Agriculture, General Directorate for Food, Paris, France
| | - Sylviane Dragacci
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES-Laboratory for Food Safety, National Reference Laboratory for the Control of Marine biotoxins, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Sophie Krys
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES-Laboratory for Food Safety, National Reference Laboratory for the Control of Marine biotoxins, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Harold Flores Quintana
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, 1 Iberville Drive, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Rapita, Spain
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50
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An improved functional assay for rapid detection of marine toxins, saxitoxin and brevetoxin using a portable cardiomyocyte-based potential biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 72:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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