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Cook DC, Gardiner PS, Broughton S. Cost effectiveness of spread mitigation strategies for polyphagous shot hole borer Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1279547. [PMID: 38469534 PMCID: PMC10926439 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1279547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Polyphagous shot hole borer Euwallacea fornicatus Eichhoff was detected in Western Australia in September 2021, and an eradication campaign funded by the Commonwealth government is underway. As part of contingency planning, we examined the cost effectiveness of alternative control strategies that could be used to mitigate urban forest impacts and maintain the benefits of trees to the local communities if eradication was not feasible. At the time this work was undertaken, decision-makers were concerned about the potential need to replace all urban trees susceptible to attack. We considered this strategy alongside less destructive strategies and assessed their cost effectiveness in terms of material and labor costs and the loss of ecosystem services resulting from reduced tree foliage. Using a stochastic simulation model, we found that a strategy that involved pruning necrotic limbs and treating trees biennially with systemic insecticide was almost always more cost effective than removing infested trees and replanting to resistant varieties. We estimated this strategy would cost A$55-110 million over 50 years, while tree removal would cost $105-195 million. A third strategy using a mix of chemical suppression and tree removal was also considered in light of new information about the pest's host preferences. With an estimated cost of $60-110 million, this strategy was only slightly more expensive than using chemical suppression alone and could actually lead to eradication if the host range is as narrow as recent survey data suggests.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Cook
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Bunbury, WA, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Peter S. Gardiner
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Bunbury, WA, Australia
| | - Sonya Broughton
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
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Kendra PE, Montgomery WS, Tabanca N, Schnell EQ, Vázquez A, Menocal O, Carrillo D, Cloonan KR. Piperitone ( p-Menth-1-En-3-One): A New Repellent for Tea Shot Hole Borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Florida Avocado Groves. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040656. [PMID: 37189403 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The tea shot hole borer, Euwallacea perbrevis, has been recently established in Florida, USA, where it vectors fungal pathogens that cause Fusarium dieback in avocado. Pest monitoring uses a two-component lure containing quercivorol and α-copaene. Incorporation of a repellent into IPM programs may reduce the incidence of dieback in avocado groves, particularly if combined with lures in a push-pull system. This study evaluated piperitone and α-farnesene as potential repellents for E. perbrevis, comparing their efficacy to that of verbenone. Replicate 12-week field tests were conducted in commercial avocado groves. Each test compared beetle captures in traps baited with two-component lures versus captures in traps containing lures plus repellent. To complement field trials, Super-Q collections followed by GC analyses were performed to quantify emissions from repellent dispensers field-aged for 12 weeks. Electroantennography (EAG) was also used to measure beetle olfactory response to each repellent. Results indicated that α-farnesene was ineffective; however, piperitone and verbenone were comparable in repellency, achieving 50-70% reduction in captures, with longevity of 10-12 weeks. EAG responses to piperitone and verbenone were equivalent, and significantly greater than response to α-farnesene. Since piperitone is less expensive than verbenone, this study identifies a potential new E. perbrevis repellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Kendra
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158, USA
| | - Wayne S Montgomery
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158, USA
| | - Nurhayat Tabanca
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158, USA
| | - Elena Q Schnell
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158, USA
| | - Aimé Vázquez
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158, USA
| | - Octavio Menocal
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280 ST, Homestead, FL 33031, USA
| | - Daniel Carrillo
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280 ST, Homestead, FL 33031, USA
| | - Kevin R Cloonan
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158, USA
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de Wit MP, Crookes DJ, Blignaut JN, de Beer ZW, Paap T, Roets F, van der Merwe C, van Wilgen BW, Richardson DM. An Assessment of the Potential Economic Impacts of the Invasive Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in South Africa. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1076-1086. [PMID: 35604375 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies addressing the economic impacts of invasive alien species are biased towards ex-post assessments of the costs and benefits of control options, but ex-ante assessments are also required to deal with potentially damaging invaders. The polyphagous shot hole borer Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a recent and potentially damaging introduction to South Africa. We assessed the potential impact of this beetle by working across economic and biological disciplines and developing a simulation model that included dynamic mutualistic relations between the beetle and its symbiotic fungus. We modeled the potential growth in beetle populations and their effect on the net present cost of damage to natural forests, urban trees, commercial forestry, and the avocado industry over 10 yr. We modeled high, baseline, and low scenarios using discount rates of 8, 6, and 4%, and a plausible range of costs and mortality rates. Models predicted steady growth in the beetle and fungus populations, leading to average declines in tree populations of between 3.5 and 15.5% over 10 yr. The predicted net present cost was 18.45 billion international dollars (Int. $), or about 0.66% of the country's GDP for our baseline scenario ($2.7 billion to $164 billion for low and high scenarios). Most of the costs are for the removal of urban trees that die as a result of the beetle and its fungal symbiont, as has been found in other regions. We conclude that an ex-ante economic assessment system dynamics model can be useful for informing national strategies on invasive alien species management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P de Wit
- School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - D J Crookes
- School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - J N Blignaut
- School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Z W de Beer
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - T Paap
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - F Roets
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - C van der Merwe
- Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - B W van Wilgen
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - D M Richardson
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Neupane K, Ojha VK, Oliver JB, Addesso KM, Baysal-Gurel F. Integration of Control Strategies to Optimize Management of Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) and Phytophthora Root Rot (Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae) in Flowering Dogwoods (Cornalaes: Cornaceae) After Simulated Flooding. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1213-1230. [PMID: 35766626 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) and Phytophthora root rot (Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae) cause significant damage to the ornamental industry in the United States. In this study, mefenoxam (fungicide), permethrin (insecticide), and charcoal + kaolin were used in different combinations with Phytophthora cinnamomi (Rands: Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae) inoculated and noninoculated plants to optimize the management of ambrosia beetles and Phytophthora root rot. Treatment applications were performed in two trials on 1 (mefenoxam, drench), 18 (P. cinnamomi inoculation), or 19 (permethrin, spray) days before instigating flood stress or 2 d after flood stress (charcoal + kaolin, spray), respectively. Flooding was maintained for 21 d. Ambrosia beetle attacks and plant growth data were recorded. Tree roots were rated at study end for disease severity and root samples were plated on PARPH-V8 medium to determine the percentage of pathogen recovery. In both trials, the combination of mefenoxam + permethrin treatment had reduced disease severity and ambrosia beetle attacks compared to the inoculated controls. Permethrin-treated trees had shorter galleries compared to controls in trial 1 and no gallery formation in trial 2. In both trials, no differences were observed among the treatments in numbers of galleries with eggs and adults, but mefenoxam + charcoal + kaolin had significantly fewer galleries with larvae among the noninoculated trees compared with the respective control in trial 1. Overall, treatments containing combinations of mefenoxam + permethrin had reduced disease severity and ambrosia beetle attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Neupane
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN, USA
| | - Vivek K Ojha
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN, USA
| | - Jason B Oliver
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN, USA
| | - Karla M Addesso
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN, USA
| | - Fulya Baysal-Gurel
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN, USA
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Bennett SK, Lambert AM, Carey SP, Braman CA. Evaluating pole cutting survival and growth for riparian forest restoration during invasion by polyphagous shot hole borer. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley K. Bennett
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater MD 21037 U.S.A
| | - Adam M. Lambert
- Marine Science Institute University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106‐6150 U.S.A
- Cheadle Center for Biodiversity and Ecological Restoration University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106‐9615 U.S.A
| | - Sean P. Carey
- Marine Science Institute University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106‐6150 U.S.A
| | - Charles A. Braman
- Marine Science Institute University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106‐6150 U.S.A
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van Rooyen E, Paap T, de Beer W, Townsend G, Fell S, Nel WJ, Morgan S, Hill M, Roets F. The polyphagous shot hole borer beetle: Current status of a perfect invader in South Africa. S AFR J SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2021/9736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) beetle is a recent invader in South Africa. Together with its fungal symbiont, Fusarium euwallaceae, it can rapidly kill highly susceptible host plants. Its impact is most profound in urban areas, but it has also been found infesting important forestry, agricultural crop and native species. Since its first detection in 2012, PSHB has spread to all but one province in the country. The beetle–fungus complex has several biological traits that enhance its anthropogenically mediated dispersal, establishment and survival in novel environments – factors that have likely facilitated its rapid spread across the country. We review the history of the PSHB invasion in South Africa, its taxonomic status and the reasons for its rapid spread. We highlight its potential impact and challenges for its management. Finally, we provide an updated distribution map and list of confirmed host plants in South Africa. Of the 130 plant species identified as hosts, 48 of these (19 indigenous and 29 introduced) are reproductive hosts able to maintain breeding PSHB populations. These reproductive hosts may succumb to beetle infestations and act as ‘pest-amplifiers’. The economic impact on urban forests, plantation forestry and agricultural crops may be severe, but the ecological impact of PSHB invasion in native ecosystems should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar van Rooyen
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Trudy Paap
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Garyn Townsend
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Shawn Fell
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wilma J. Nel
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Seamus Morgan
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Martin Hill
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Francois Roets
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Paap T, Wingfield MJ, de Beer ZW, Roets F. Lessons from a major pest invasion: The polyphagous shot hole borer in South Africa. S AFR J SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2020/8757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Trudy Paap
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Z. Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Francois Roets
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Castrejón-Antonio JE, Tamez-Guerra P, Montesinos-Matías R, Ek-Ramos MJ, Garza-López PM, Arredondo-Bernal HC. Selection of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strains to control Xyleborus affinis (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) females. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9472. [PMID: 32685289 PMCID: PMC7337030 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an ambrosia beetle reported to affect avocado trees (Persea americana Mill.). The use of the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. for ambrosia beetle control represents an alternative to insecticides. METHODS This study was designed in two stages to select B. bassiana strains with potential to control X. affinis females. In the first stage, 19 B. bassiana Mexican strains from EPF collection, isolated from Coleoptera (CHE-CNRCB, http://www.gob.mx/senasica/documentos/coleccion-de-hongos-entomopatogenos), were tested. Analyses included radial growth rate, conidial yield, spore germination, and germ tube length. Results were analysed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify clusters within favourable growth phenotypes. For the second stage, 10 selected strains were re-analysed for virulence-related metabolic characteristic, including cell wall-bound cuticle-degrading enzymes-Pr1-like proteases and β-N-acetyl glucosaminidases (NAGase) chitinases, conidial hydrophobicity and monopolar germination parameters. A second PCA analysis was run for those virulence parameters analysed, and upon results strains CHE-CNRCB 44, 171, 431 and 485 were selected and tested against X. affinis females. Females were treated with a 1 × 108 conidia mL-1 suspension (recommended rate), using a Potter Tower. RESULTS All strains showed insecticidal activity, inducing up to 58% mortality; about 30% dead beetles developed aerial mycelia (CHE-CNRCB 485) and the fastest mortality rate was t0 = 1.95 (CHE-CNRCB 44). CONCLUSION Since all selected strains showed virulence against X. affinis females, results indicated the possibility of selecting B. bassiana strains based on multiple metabolic attributes, as a preliminary test to perform bioassays against order-related target insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús E. Castrejón-Antonio
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Patricia Tamez-Guerra
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | | | - Maria J. Ek-Ramos
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Paul M. Garza-López
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México
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Fungal symbionts of the polyphagous and Kuroshio shot hole borers (Coleoptera: Scolytinae, Euwallacea spp.) in California can support both ambrosia beetle systems on artificial media. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-019-00652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Using biased sampling data to model the distribution of invasive shot-hole borers in California. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Grosman DM, Eskalen A, Brownie C. Evaluation of Emamectin Benzoate and Propiconazole for Management of a New Invasive Shot Hole Borer (Euwallacea nr. fornicatus, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Symbiotic Fungi in California Sycamores. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:1267-1273. [PMID: 30649416 PMCID: PMC6529917 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The polyphagous shot hole borer (Euwallacea nr. fornicatus, Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), an exotic and invasive ambrosia beetle, was recently found attacking a number of tree species in Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, and San Diego Counties in southern California. Their colonization and subsequent inoculation of a suite of symbiotic fungi that cause Fusarium Dieback, has resulted in extensive mortality of some tree species, including, California sycamore (Platanus racemose Nutt.). There are no sustainable control options for polyphagous shot hole borer other than maintaining tree vigor and removal of severely infested host material. The effectiveness of therapeutic treatments of an injected systemic insecticide containing emamectin benzoate (EB) alone and in combination with a systemic fungicide, propiconazole (P), was evaluated over a 4-yr period for maintaining the health of individual sycamore trees infested by polyphagous shot hole borer. All treatments containing EB reduced levels of polyphagous shot hole borer colonization and associated sap flow at attack sites compared to untreated controls. A second trial evaluated preventative treatments of EB and P alone or combined to protect individual sycamore from colonization by polyphagous shot hole borer. After 45 mo posttreatment, all treatments significantly reduced polyphagous shot hole borer attack levels and successful attacks compared to untreated controls (EB + P > EB alone > P alone). We concluded that EB alone or combined with P are acceptable therapeutic and preventative treatments for management of polyphagous shot hole borer in California sycamore in southern California.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akif Eskalen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis
| | - Cavell Brownie
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
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12
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Mayorquin JS, Carrillo JD, Twizeyimana M, Peacock BB, Sugino KY, Na F, Wang DH, Kabashima JN, Eskalen A. Chemical Management of Invasive Shot Hole Borer and Fusarium Dieback in California Sycamore (Platanus racemosa) in Southern California. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1307-1315. [PMID: 30673581 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-17-1569-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium dieback (FD) is a new vascular disease of hardwood trees caused by Fusarium spp. and other associated fungal species which are vectored by two recently introduced and highly invasive species of ambrosia beetle (Euwallacea spp. nr. fornicatus). One of these ambrosia beetles is known as the polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) and the other as the Kuroshio shot hole borer (KSHB). Together with the fungi that they vector, this pest-disease complex is known as the shot hole borer-Fusarium dieback (SHB-FD) complex. Mitigation of this pest-disease complex currently relies on tree removal; however, this practice is expensive and impractical given the wide host range and rapid advancement of the beetles throughout hardwoods in southern California. This study reports on the assessment of various pesticides for use in the management of SHB-FD. In vitro screening of 13 fungicides revealed that pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, and azoxystrobin generally have lower effective concentration that reduces 50% of mycelial growth (EC50) values across all fungal symbionts of PSHB and KSHB; metconazole was found to have lower EC50 values for Fusarium spp. and Paracremonium pembeum. Triadimefon and fluxapyroxad were not capable of inhibiting any fungal symbiont at the concentrations tested. A 1-year field study showed that two insecticides, emamectin benzoate alone and in combination with propiconazole, and bifenthrin, could significantly reduce SHB attacks. Two injected fungicides (tebuconazole and a combination of carbendazim and debacarb) and one spray fungicide (metconazole) could also significantly reduce SHB attacks. Bioassays designed to assess fungicide retention 1 year postapplication revealed that six of the seven fungicides exhibited some level of inhibition in vitro and all thiabendazole-treated trees sampled exhibiting inhibition. This study has identified several pesticides which can be implemented as part of an integrated pest management strategy to reduce SHB infestation in low to moderately infested landscape California sycamore trees and potentially other landscape trees currently affected by SHB-FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey S Mayorquin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Joseph D Carrillo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Mathias Twizeyimana
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Beth B Peacock
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Kameron Y Sugino
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Francis Na
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Danny H Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - John N Kabashima
- University of California Cooperative Extension (Orange County), Irvine 92618
| | - Akif Eskalen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis
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