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Maternal high-fat diet consumption during pregnancy and lactation predisposes offspring to renal and metabolic injury later in life: comparative study of diets with different lipid contents. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:33-41. [PMID: 35481551 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that maternal overnutrition can result in a higher development risk of obesity and renal disease in the offspring's adulthood. The present study tested different lipid levels in the maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation and its repercussions on the offspring of Wistar rats. Offspring of 1, 7, 30 and 90-d-old were divided into the following groups: Control (CNT) - offspring of dams that consumed a standard chow diet (3.5% of lipids); Experimental 1 (EXP1) - offspring of dams exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD) (28% of lipids); and Experimental 2 (EXP2) - offspring of dams exposed to a HFD (40% of lipids). Regarding maternal data, there was a decrease in the amount of diet ingested by EXP2. Daily caloric intake was higher in EXP1, while protein and carbohydrate intakes were lower in EXP2. While lipid intake was higher in the experimental groups, EXP1 consumed more lipids than EXP2, despite the body weight gain being higher in EXP2. Adult offspring from EXP1 presented higher blood glucose. Regarding morphometric analysis, in both experimental groups, there was an increase in the glomerular tuft and renal corpuscle areas, but an increase in the capsular space area only in EXP1. There was a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in EXP1, in contrast to an increase in GFR of EXP2, along with an increase in urinary protein excretion. In conclusion, the maternal HFDs caused significant kidney damage in offspring, but had different repercussions on the type and magnitude of recorded change.
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de Melo MFFT, Pereira DE, Moura RDL, da Silva EB, de Melo FALT, Dias CDCQ, Silva MDCA, de Oliveira MEG, Viera VB, Pintado MME, Dos Santos SG, Soares JKB. Maternal Supplementation With Avocado ( Persea americana Mill.) Pulp and Oil Alters Reflex Maturation, Physical Development, and Offspring Memory in Rats. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:9. [PMID: 30728763 PMCID: PMC6351466 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is an oleaginous fruit source of fatty acids with high levels of neuroprotective phytocomplexes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of reflex and somatic maturation, fatty acid profiles in the brain, and memory in different stages of life in the offspring of dams supplemented with avocado pulp and oil during gestation and lactation. The dams were randomly divided into three groups (n = 15 pups/group), and recieved by gavage supplementation: control group (CG)-distilled water; Avocado Oil (AO)-3,000 mg avocado oil/kg animal weight, and Avocado Pulp (AP)-3,000 mg avocado pulp/kg animal weight. We performed the following tests: Analysis of Somatic Development and Ontogeny of Postnatal Reflex (T0 to T21), the Open Field Habituation Test and the Object Recognition Test (ORT) in the adolescent (T45) and adult (T90) phases. The cerebral fatty acids content was evaluated at times T0, T21, T45, and T90. The results were analyzed using the statistical program GraphPad Prism and significant statistics were considered when p < 0.05. Acceleration of reflex maturation and reflex ontogeny was observed in the offspring of AO and AP fed dams, with the results being more pronounced in the pulp fed group (p < 0.05). All groups presented a decrease in the ambulation parameter in the second exposure to the Open Field Habituation Test, at T45 and T90 (p < 0.05). In the ORT, the AO and AP offspring presented memory improvements in the short and long term in the adult and adolescent phases (p < 0.05). The results of the brain fatty acid profiles presented higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content in the AO and AP groups at T21, T45, and T90. The docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA) content was higher at T21 (AO and AP), at T45 (AO and AP), and at T90 (AP) (p < 0.05). The arachidonic acid (ARA) content was higher at T45 (AO and AP), and at T90 (AO) (p < 0.05). Maternal supplementation with avocado oil and pulp anticipates reflex maturation and somatic postnatal development, and improves memory during the adolescent and adult phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Ferreira Frazão Tavares de Melo
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Diego Elias Pereira
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Renally de Lima Moura
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Elisiane Beatriz da Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | | | - Celina de Castro Querino Dias
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Maciel da Costa Alves Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Maria Elieidy Gomes de Oliveira
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Bromatology, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Bordin Viera
- Laboratory of Bromatology, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Késsia Barbosa Soares
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
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Cadena-Burbano EV, Cavalcanti CCL, Lago AB, Benjamim RDAC, Oliveira TRDP, Silva JM, Manhães-De-Castro R, Da Silva Aragão R. A maternal high-fat/high-caloric diet delays reflex ontogeny during lactation but enhances locomotor performance during late adolescence in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:98-109. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1354958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vanesa Cadena-Burbano
- Post-graduate Program of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Braz Lago
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jacqueline Maria Silva
- Post-graduate Program of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Raul Manhães-De-Castro
- Post-graduate Program of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Raquel Da Silva Aragão
- Post-graduate Program of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Ramírez-López MT, Vázquez M, Bindila L, Lomazzo E, Hofmann C, Blanco RN, Alén F, Antón M, Decara J, Ouro D, Orio L, Suarez J, Lutz B, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Gómez de Heras R. Exposure to a Highly Caloric Palatable Diet During Pregestational and Gestational Periods Affects Hypothalamic and Hippocampal Endocannabinoid Levels at Birth and Induces Adiposity and Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Male Rat Offspring. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 9:339. [PMID: 26778987 PMCID: PMC4701936 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to unbalanced diets during pre-gestational and gestational periods may result in long-term alterations in metabolism and behavior. The contribution of the endocannabinoid system to these long-term adaptive responses is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the impact of female rat exposure to a hypercaloric-hypoproteic palatable diet during pre-gestational, gestational and lactational periods on the development of male offspring. In addition, the hypothalamic and hippocampal endocannabinoid contents at birth and the behavioral performance in adulthood were investigated. Exposure to a palatable diet resulted in low weight offspring who exhibited low hypothalamic contents of arachidonic acid and the two major endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) at birth. Palmitoylethanolamide, but not oleoylethanolamide, also decreased. Additionally, pups from palatable diet-fed dams displayed lower levels of anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide in the hippocampus. The low-weight male offspring, born from palatable diet exposed mothers, gained less weight during lactation and although they recovered weight during the post-weaning period, they developed abdominal adiposity in adulthood. These animals exhibited anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze and open field test and a low preference for a chocolate diet in a food preference test, indicating that maternal exposure to a hypercaloric diet induces long-term behavioral alterations in male offspring. These results suggest that maternal diet alterations in the function of the endogenous cannabinoid system can mediate the observed phenotype of the offspring, since both hypothalamic and hippocampal endocannabinoids regulate feeding, metabolic adaptions to caloric diets, learning, memory, and emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariam Vázquez
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Laura Bindila
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Ermelinda Lomazzo
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Clementine Hofmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Rosario Noemí Blanco
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Alén
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - María Antón
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel Ouro
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Suarez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Raquel Gómez de Heras
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Da Costa TB, De Morais NG, De Lira JMB, De Almeida TM, Gonçalves-De-Albuquerque SDC, Pereira VRA, De Paiva Cavalcanti M, De Castro CMMB. Relation between neonatal malnutrition and gene expression: inflammasome function in infections caused by Candida Albicans. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:693-704. [PMID: 26658898 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of neonatal malnutrition followed by nutritional replacement on the signaling mechanisms developed by the inflammasome complex by analyzing the expression of the targeted TLR2, TLR4, NLRP3, caspase-1 and release of IL-1β and IL-18 by alveolar macrophages infected in vitro with Candida albicans. METHODS Male Wistar rats (n = 24), 90-120 days, were suckled by mothers whose diet during lactation contained 17 % protein in the nourish group and 8 % protein in the malnourished group. After weaning, both groups were fed a normal protein diet. Macrophages were obtained after tracheostomy, through the collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The quantification of the expression levels of targets (TLR2, TLR4, NLRP3 and caspase-1) was performed by real-time RT-PCR. Production of cytokines was performed by ELISA. RESULTS The malnourished animals during lactation showed reduced body weight from the fifth day of life, remaining until adulthood. Further, the model applied malnutrition induced a lower expression of TLR4 and caspase-1. The quantification of the TLR2 and NLRP3, as well as the release of IL-1β and IL-18, was not different between groups of animals nourished and malnourished. The system challenged with Candida albicans showed high expression levels of all targets in the study. CONCLUSIONS The tests demonstrate nutritional restriction during critical periods of development, although nutritional supplementation may compromise defense patterns in adulthood in a timely manner, preserving distinct signaling mechanism, so that the individual does not become widely vulnerable to infections by opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thacianna Barreto Da Costa
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. .,Keizo Asami Laboratory of Immunopathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - Natália Gomes De Morais
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Keizo Asami Laboratory of Immunopathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Joana Maria Bezerra De Lira
- Keizo Asami Laboratory of Immunopathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Thays Miranda De Almeida
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campus Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Rêgo Alves Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campus Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Milena De Paiva Cavalcanti
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campus Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria Machado Barbosa De Castro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Keizo Asami Laboratory of Immunopathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
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Undernutrition during early life alters neuropeptide Y distribution along the arcuate/paraventricular pathway. Neuroscience 2014; 256:379-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Beck B, Richy S, Archer ZA, Mercer JG. Ingestion of Carbohydrate-Rich Supplements during Gestation Programs Insulin and Leptin Resistance but not Body Weight Gain in Adult Rat Offspring. Front Physiol 2012; 3:224. [PMID: 22737135 PMCID: PMC3382418 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal nutritional conditions can predispose to development of obesity and metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Gestation with its important modifications in hormonal status is a period of changes in normal feeding habits with pulses of consumption or avoidance of certain categories of food. We tried to mimic in an animal model some changes in food consumption patterns observed in pregnant women. For this purpose, Long–Evans female rats were fed during the dark period, their usual pre-gestational food quantity, and were allowed to complete their daily intake with either a restricted control (Cr), high-fat (HF), or high-carbohydrate (HC) diet available ad libitum during the light period. Dams fed a control diet ad libitum (Ca) served as controls. Body weight and composition, food intake, and metabolic hormones (insulin, leptin) were recorded in male offspring until 20 weeks after birth. Cr and HC females ate less than Ca females (−16%; p < 0.001) and their offspring presented a weight deficit from birth until 6 (HC group) and 10 (Cr group) weeks of age (p < 0.05 or less). Plasma leptin corresponded to low body weight in Cr offspring, but was increased in HC offspring that in addition, had increased plasma insulin, blood glucose, and subcutaneous adipose tissue mass. HF dams ate more than Ca dams (+13%; p < 0.001), but plasma leptin and insulin were similar in their offspring. Hypothalamic Ob-Rb expression was increased in Cr, HC, and HF offspring (+33–100% vs Ca; p < 0.05 or less). HC supplement ingestion during gestation therefore leads to insulin and leptin resistance in adult offspring independently of lower birth weight. These hormonal changes characterize obesity-prone animals. We therefore suggest that attention should be paid to the carbohydrate snacking and overall carbohydrate content in the diet during the last weeks (or months) preceding delivery to limit development of later metabolic disorders in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Beck
- EA 3453, Systèmes Neuromodulateurs des Comportements Ingestifs, Génétique et Développement, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy, France
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Mutoh E, Senba K, Akieda-Asai S, Miyashita A, Poleni P, Date Y. Sex differences in energy metabolism in pre-pubescent, early pubescent and adult rats. Obes Res Clin Pract 2011; 5:e79-e156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Howie GJ, Sloboda DM, Kamal T, Vickers MH. Maternal nutritional history predicts obesity in adult offspring independent of postnatal diet. J Physiol 2008; 587:905-15. [PMID: 19103681 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.163477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant alterations in maternal nutrition may induce long-term metabolic consequences in offspring, in particular obesity and leptin and insulin resistance. Although maternal nutrient deprivation has been well characterized in this context, there is a relative paucity of data on how high fat (HF) nutrition impacts on the subsequent generation. The present study investigated the effects of maternal HF nutrition either throughout the mother's life up to and including pregnancy and lactation or HF nutrition restricted to pregnancy and lactation, on growth and metabolic parameters in male and female offspring. Virgin Wistar rats were assigned to one of three experimental groups: (1) controls (Cont): dams fed a standard chow diet throughout their life and throughout pregnancy and lactation; (2) maternal high fat (MHF) group: dams fed a HF diet from weaning up to and throughout pregnancy and lactation; and (3) pregnancy and lactation high fat (PLHF): dams fed a chow diet through their life until conception and then fed a HF diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. At weaning, all offspring were fed either a chow or HF diet for the remainder of the study (160 days). Litter size and sex ratios were not significantly different between the groups. MHF and PLHF offspring had significantly lower body weights and were hypoleptinaemic and hypoinsulinaemic at birth compared to Cont offspring. As adults however, chow-fed MHF and PLHF offspring were significantly more obese than Cont offspring (DEXA scanning at day 150, P < 0.001 for maternal HF diet). As expected a postweaning HF diet resulted in increased adiposity in all groups; MHF and PLHF offspring, however, always remained significantly more obese than Cont offspring. Increased adiposity in MHF and PLHF offspring was paralleled by hyperinsulinaemia and hyperleptinaemia (P < 0.001; MHF and PLHF versus Cont). It is of interest that a lifetime of HF nutrition produced a similar offspring phenotype to HF nutrition restricted to pregnancy and lactation alone, thus suggesting that the postnatal sequelae of maternal HF nutrition occurs independent of preconceptional diet. These data further reinforce the importance of maternal nutrition during these critical windows of development and show that maternal HF feeding can induce a markedly obese phenotype in male and female offspring completely independent of postnatal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Howie
- Liggins Institute and National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
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Helland IB, Smith L, Blomén B, Saarem K, Saugstad OD, Drevon CA. Effect of supplementing pregnant and lactating mothers with n-3 very-long-chain fatty acids on children's IQ and body mass index at 7 years of age. Pediatrics 2008; 122:e472-9. [PMID: 18676533 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) are essential for brain growth and cognitive development. We have reported that supplementing pregnant and lactating women with n-3 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids promotes higher IQ scores at 4 years of age as compared with maternal supplementation with n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. In our present study, the children were examined at 7 years of age with the same cognitive tests as at 4 years of age. We also examined the relation between plasma fatty acid pattern and BMI in children, because an association between arachidonic acid and adipose tissue size has been suggested. METHODS The study was randomized and double-blinded. The mothers took 10 mL of cod liver oil or corn oil from week 18 of pregnancy until 3 months after delivery. Their children were tested with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children at 7 years of age, and their height and weight were measured. RESULTS We did not find any significant differences in scores on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children test at 7 years of age between children whose mothers had taken cod liver oil (n = 82) or corn oil (n = 61). We observed, however, that maternal plasma phospholipid concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy were correlated to sequential processing at 7 years of age. We observed no correlation between fatty acid status at birth or during the first 3 months of life and BMI at 7 years of age. CONCLUSION This study suggests that maternal concentration of n-3 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy might be of importance for later cognitive function, such as sequential processing, although we observed no significant effect of n-3 fatty acid intervention on global IQs. Neonatal fatty acid status had no influence on BMI at 7 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid B Helland
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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Macé K, Shahkhalili Y, Aprikian O, Stan S. Dietary fat and fat types as early determinants of childhood obesity: a reappraisal. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30 Suppl 4:S50-7. [PMID: 17133236 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has renewed interest in determining the influence of the maternal and infant diet on the risk of developing excess fat mass later in life. APPROACH Review of available human and animal data reporting the effects of dietary fat and fat types early in life on adipose development. RESULTS Rodent studies tend to show that maternal high-fat feeding during pregnancy and lactation results in increased adiposity of the offspring. Nevertheless, today there is a lack of population-based studies investigating this potential detrimental effect of maternal high-fat intake. Most epidemiological studies, performed so far, do not find any association between the level of dietary fat intake of infants and children and body weight and/or fatness. Regarding fat types exposure to high levels of dietary n-6 fatty acids during gestation and post-natal life, has been shown to promote obesity in mice. Nevertheless, other rodent studies do not demonstrate such an effect. CONCLUSION There is no evidence supporting a restriction of fat intake during the first two post-natal years but the potential detrimental effects of maternal high-fat intake during gestation should be further investigated. The role of dietary fat types as early determinants of childhood obesity has so far been poorly studied. Robust evidence to support the adipogenic effects of n-6 fatty acids enriched-diets is currently lacking but this hypothesis is of importance and should be further evaluated in different animal models as well as in longitudinal human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Macé
- Department of Nutrition & Health, Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc CP 44, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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Rees WD, Hay SM, Cruickshank M. An imbalance in the methionine content of the maternal diet reduces postnatal growth in the rat. Metabolism 2006; 55:763-70. [PMID: 16713436 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pregnant rat fed a low-protein diet has become widely used as a model system in the study of the prenatal programming of adult metabolism and disease. When pregnant rats of the hooded Lister strain were fed semisynthetic diets containing 18% or 9% casein supplemented with 0.5% dl-methionine, there was significant postnatal mortality in the group fed the low-protein diet. In a second experiment, dams were fed diets containing 9% casein supplemented with varying concentrations of dl-methionine up to 0.4% (w/w) and compared with a group fed a diet containing 18% casein supplemented with 0.5% dl-methionine. At birth, the pups from dams fed the low-protein diets supplemented with 0.2% dl-methionine or greater were significantly smaller than those of the dams fed the diet containing 18% protein. By 25 weeks of age, the body weight of the offspring of dams fed the low-protein diet supplemented with 0.2% or 0.3% dl-methionine were approximately 10% lower than those in the control group of offspring from dams fed 18% protein supplemented with 0.5% dl-methionine. There were corresponding changes in the weights of the major organs. These data suggest that increasing the dl-methionine supplement in the low-protein diet retards the growth of the fetus and affects the mature adult body weight. In contrast to the findings of other studies that used different formulas of the low-protein diet, the glucose tolerance in the offspring was unaffected by the protein content of the maternal diet at all levels of dl-methionine supplementation. These results suggest that the changes in metabolism of the offspring result from interactions between protein, lipids, and carbohydrates in the maternal diet, rather than a consequence of postnatal growth retardation per se and highlight the importance of considering all components of the maternal diet in the programming mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Rees
- The Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB Scotland, UK.
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Beck B, Kozak R, Moar KM, Mercer JG. Hypothalamic orexigenic peptides are overexpressed in young Long–Evans rats after early life exposure to fat-rich diets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:452-8. [PMID: 16487482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional factors have a critical influence during prenatal life on the development and regulation of networks involved in body weight and feeding regulation. To establish the influence of the macronutrient type on feeding regulatory mechanisms and more particularly on stimulatory pathways (galanin and orexins), we fed female rats on either a high-carbohydrate (HC), a high-fat (HF), or a well-balanced control diet during gestation and lactation, and measured peptide expression in the hypothalamus and important hormones (leptin, insulin) in their pups at weaning. HF weanlings were 30% lighter than control and HC pups (P<0.001). They were characterized by reduced plasma glucose and insulin levels (P<0.01 or less). Their galanin and orexin systems were upregulated as shown by the significant augmentation of mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus and lateral hypothalamus, respectively. Inhibitory peptides like corticotropin-releasing hormone and neurotensin were not affected by this dietary treatment during early life. There was, therefore, a more intense drive to eat in HF pups, perhaps to compensate for the lower body weight at weaning. HF diets during early life had meanwhile some positive consequences: the lower metabolic profile might be beneficial in precluding the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome later in life. This is however valid only if the orexigenic drive is normalized after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Beck
- UHP/EA 3453 Systèmes Neuromodulateurs des Comportements Ingestifs, Nancy, France.
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Buckley AJ, Keserü B, Briody J, Thompson M, Ozanne SE, Thompson CH. Altered body composition and metabolism in the male offspring of high fat-fed rats. Metabolism 2005; 54:500-7. [PMID: 15798958 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An intrauterine environment may play a role in predisposing a developing fetus to metabolic diseases during adulthood. We investigated the hypothesis that a maternal diet high in omega-6 polyunsaturated fat can modify the programming of an offspring's glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, body composition, lipid metabolism, and insulin signaling. High omega-6 polyunsaturated fat diets were fed to female rats 4 weeks before mating and throughout the gestation period. The offspring were maintained on chow diet. At 3 months of age, indirect calorimetry, oral glucose tolerance tests, and dual x-ray absorptiometry measurements were performed. Triglyceride content and beta-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity were determined in the liver and quadriceps muscle. Expression levels of key insulin signaling pathway proteins were measured in the liver and quadriceps muscle of the 3-month-old offspring. Offspring from the fat-fed dams had significantly increased proportions of both total body fat and abdominal fat. All offspring displayed normal insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, although the offspring from the fat-fed dams were significantly more hyperinsulinemic 15 minutes after an oral glucose challenge. Whole body fuel oxidation was not altered. The offspring of fat-fed dams had significantly elevated liver triglyceride content. Insulin signaling protein expression levels in the offspring of fat-fed dams were consistent with reduced hepatic insulin sensitivity but increased quadriceps insulin sensitivity. A maternal diet high in omega-6 polyunsaturated fat evokes programming within the metabolic processes of the offspring that may predispose the offspring to the development of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Buckley
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Kozak R, Burlet A, Burlet C, Beck B. Dietary composition during fetal and neonatal life affects neuropeptide Y functioning in adult offspring. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 125:75-82. [PMID: 11154763 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(00)00120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the impact of maternal diet during the gestation and lactation periods on the neuropeptide Y (NPY) system in adult offspring. Male Long-Evans rats were obtained from dams fed either on a well-balanced diet (C), a high carbohydrate diet (HC) or a high-fat diet (HF) and fed themselves on the well-balanced diet for their whole life. At 6 months of age, their feeding response to various doses of NPY injected in the lateral brain ventricle was measured in one group and NPY concentrations in microdissected nuclei of the hypothalamic were measured in a second group. The HF rats were lighter than the two other groups (P<0.001). The control rats showed a typical dose-dependent feeding response to NPY. The HC rats showed a continuous increase in the response, starting at the intermediate dose (1.0 microg) only while the HF rats had a maximal response at the lowest dose (0.5 microg). The HF rats ate twice as much as the HC rats at the lowest dose tested 1 h after injection (4.4+/-0.6 vs. 2.7+/-0.4 g; P<0.05), showing therefore the greatest sensitivity to NPY. This change in the sensitivity was not related to hypothalamic NPY concentration as it was not modified in the arcuate and paraventricular nuclei. The diet imposed on the mother could have long-lasting effects on body weight regulation of the offsprings and alter the NPY system likely through modifications at the receptor level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kozak
- INSERM U.308, Mécanismes de Régulation du Comportement Alimentaire, 38 Rue Lionnois, 54000, Nancy, France
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Zhou G, Hernandez NS, Randerath E, Randerath K. Effects of different diets and dietary restriction on perinatal endogenous DNA adducts. Time dependence of oxidative and presumptive nonoxidative lesions. Mutat Res 2000; 447:137-47. [PMID: 10751597 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Type II I-compounds (indigenous DNA adducts) denote a class of bulky oxidative DNA lesions that are detectable by 32P-postlabeling and represent useful biomarkers of DNA damage induced by oxidative stress. Their levels are increased in tissue DNA under pro-oxidant conditions, for example, as previously shown, in newborn rat organs. Here we have investigated whether the maternal diet affects perinatal type II I-compound levels. Pregnant F344 rats were fed Purina-5001 natural-ingredient or AIN-93G purified diet from day 11 of gestation. Type II I-compounds were measured in liver DNA at three different developmental stages, i.e., fetus, and 24 h and 9 days postnatally. Higher adduct levels were detected in the Purina-5001 group at each stage. In a second experiment, pregnant F344 rats were subjected to dietary restriction (DR) (by 40%; Purina-5001) from day 12 of gestation. At 24 h postpartum hepatic type II I-compound levels were decreased compared to parallel ad libitum (AL) fed controls. As an unrelated observation, fetal lung, but not liver, kidney, and skin DNA contained a different pattern of nonpolar, apparently nonoxidative adducts, which were not diet-dependent. These spots were not detectable 24 h after birth and were observed at much reduced levels and only in a few samples at 9 days. The main results show for the first time that the maternal nutrition modulated levels of oxidative lesions in fetal and neonatal DNA, but the underlying mechanisms (e.g., differences in metal or caloric content of the diets) still need to be determined. The dietary effects were apparently transmitted through both placenta and the mother's milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zhou
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Buison A, Lu H, Guo F, Catherine Jen KL. High-fat feeding of different fats during pregnancy and lactation in rats: Effects on maternal metabolism, pregnancy outcome, milk and tissue fatty acid profiles. Nutr Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(97)00150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
This study was designed to examine the interaction of pregnancy and dietary fat on pregnancy outcome and offspring metabolism in rats. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: HF (40% fat by weight) feeding and pregnant (HFP, n = 15); HF nonpregnant control (HFNP, n = 10); control diet (4.5% fat) and pregnant (CHP, n = 12); and control diet nonpregnant (CHNP, n = 10). Rats were fed the same diets throughout gestation and lactation and were sacrificed at weaning. Litter size was kept at six pups with extra pups killed at birth. HF-fed dams had significantly less caloric intake than control counterparts. HFP had similar body weight changes as CHP during gestation and lactation, whereas HFNP had significantly higher weight and fat content than CHNP. There was no difference in pup's birth weight. However, significantly more HF dams cannibalized their pups. Newborns delivered to HF-fed dams had higher insulin/glucose ratios than CH pups. HFP weanlings weighed more, had more body fat (%), higher liver weight, liver lipid content, and higher blood glucose and triglyceride levels than CHP weanlings. The long-term effects of these metabolic abnormalities need to be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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