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Aloum L, Alefishat E, Adem A, Petroianu G. Ionone Is More than a Violet's Fragrance: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245822. [PMID: 33321809 PMCID: PMC7764282 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The term ionone is derived from “iona” (Greek for violet) which refers to the violet scent and “ketone” due to its structure. Ionones can either be chemically synthesized or endogenously produced via asymmetric cleavage of β-carotene by β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2). We recently proposed a possible metabolic pathway for the conversion of α-and β-pinene into α-and β-ionone. The differences between BCO1 and BCO2 suggest a unique physiological role of BCO2; implying that β-ionone (one of BCO2 products) is involved in a prospective biological function. This review focuses on the effects of ionones and the postulated mechanisms or signaling cascades involved mediating these effects. β-Ionone, whether of an endogenous or exogenous origin possesses a range of pharmacological effects including anticancer, chemopreventive, cancer promoting, melanogenesis, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions. β-Ionone mediates these effects via activation of olfactory receptor (OR51E2) and regulation of the activity or expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins, HMG-CoA reductase and pro-inflammatory mediators. α-Ionone and β-ionone derivatives exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticancer effects, however the corresponding structure activity relationships are still inconclusive. Overall, data demonstrates that ionone is a promising scaffold for cancer, inflammation and infectious disease research and thus is more than simply a violet’s fragrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujain Aloum
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE; (L.A.); (E.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Eman Alefishat
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE; (L.A.); (E.A.); (A.A.)
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE; (L.A.); (E.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Georg Petroianu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE; (L.A.); (E.A.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-50-413-4525
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Matsumoto M, Waki N, Suganuma H, Takahashi I, Kurauchi S, Sawada K, Tokuda I, Misawa M, Ando M, Itoh K, Ihara K, Nakaji S. Association between Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Diseases and the Blood Concentration of Carotenoids among the General Population without Apparent Illness. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082310. [PMID: 32752047 PMCID: PMC7469056 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that carotenoid-rich vegetables are useful against cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, it is still unclear when a healthy population should start eating these vegetables to prevent CVDs. In this study, we evaluated the role of carotenoids in CVD markers in healthy subjects using age-stratified analysis. We selected 1350 subjects with no history of apparent illness who were undergoing health examinations. We then evaluated the relationship between the serum concentrations of six major carotenoids as well as their total, and nine CVD markers (i.e., body mass index (BMI), pulse wave velocity (PWV), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), blood insulin, fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TGs), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol) using multiple regression analysis. It was found that the total carotenoid level was significantly associated with seven markers other than BMI and FBG in males and with eight markers other than DBP in females. Many of these relationships were independent of lifestyle habits. Many significant relationships were found in young males (aged 20-39) and middle-aged females (aged 40-59). These findings can be used as lifestyle guidance for disease prevention although the causal relationships should be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Matsumoto
- Innovation Division, KAGOME CO. LTD., 17 Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2762, Japan; (N.W.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-80-1581-1874
| | - Naoko Waki
- Innovation Division, KAGOME CO. LTD., 17 Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2762, Japan; (N.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Hiroyuki Suganuma
- Innovation Division, KAGOME CO. LTD., 17 Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2762, Japan; (N.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Ippei Takahashi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan; (I.T.); (S.K.); (K.S.); (I.T.); (M.M.); (M.A.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (S.N.)
| | - Sizuka Kurauchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan; (I.T.); (S.K.); (K.S.); (I.T.); (M.M.); (M.A.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (S.N.)
| | - Kahori Sawada
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan; (I.T.); (S.K.); (K.S.); (I.T.); (M.M.); (M.A.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (S.N.)
| | - Itoyo Tokuda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan; (I.T.); (S.K.); (K.S.); (I.T.); (M.M.); (M.A.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (S.N.)
| | - Mina Misawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan; (I.T.); (S.K.); (K.S.); (I.T.); (M.M.); (M.A.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (S.N.)
| | - Masataka Ando
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan; (I.T.); (S.K.); (K.S.); (I.T.); (M.M.); (M.A.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (S.N.)
| | - Ken Itoh
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan; (I.T.); (S.K.); (K.S.); (I.T.); (M.M.); (M.A.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (S.N.)
| | - Kazushige Ihara
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan; (I.T.); (S.K.); (K.S.); (I.T.); (M.M.); (M.A.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (S.N.)
| | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan; (I.T.); (S.K.); (K.S.); (I.T.); (M.M.); (M.A.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (S.N.)
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Lycopene Protects against Smoking-Induced Lung Cancer by Inducing Base Excision Repair. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070643. [PMID: 32708354 PMCID: PMC7402151 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxidative stress plays a critical role in lung cancer progression. Carotenoids are efficient antioxidants. The objective of this study was to explore the efficacy of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and carotenoids in cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress within A549 human lung cancer epithelial cells. Methods: A549 cells were pretreated with 1-nM, 10-nM, 100-nM, 1-μM and 10-μM ATRA, β-carotene (BC) and lycopene for 24 h, followed by exposure to cigarette smoke using a smoking chamber. Results: The OxyBlot analysis showed that smoking significantly increased oxidative stress, which was inhibited by lycopene at 1 nM and 10 nM (p < 0.05). In the cells exposed to smoke, lycopene increased 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) expression at 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, and 1 μM (p < 0.05), but not at 10 μM. Lycopene at lower doses also improved Nei like DNA glycosylases (NEIL1, NEIL2, NEIL3), and connexin-43 (Cx43) protein levels (p < 0.05). Interestingly, lycopene at lower concentrations promoted OGG1 expression within the cells exposed to smoke to an even greater extent than the cells not exposed to smoke (p < 0.01). This may be attributed to the increased SR-B1 mRNA levels with cigarette smoke exposure (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Lycopene treatment at a lower dosage could inhibit smoke-induced oxidative stress and promote genome stability. These novel findings will shed light on the molecular mechanism of lycopene action against lung cancer.
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Matsumoto M, Suganuma H, Shimizu S, Hayashi H, Sawada K, Tokuda I, Ihara K, Nakaji S. Skin Carotenoid Level as an Alternative Marker of Serum Total Carotenoid Concentration and Vegetable Intake Correlates with Biomarkers of Circulatory Diseases and Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1825. [PMID: 32575348 PMCID: PMC7353351 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To confirm the usefulness of noninvasive measurements of skin carotenoids to indicate vegetable intake and to elucidate relationships between skin carotenoid levels and biomarkers of circulatory diseases and metabolic syndrome, we conducted a cross-sectional study on a resident-based health checkup (n = 811; 58% women; 49.5 ± 15.1 years). Skin and serum carotenoid levels were measured via reflectance spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Vegetable intake was estimated using a dietary questionnaire. Levels of 9 biomarkers (body mass index [BMI], brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity [baPWV], systolic and diastolic blood pressure [SBP and DBP], homeostasis model assessment as an index of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], blood insulin, fasting blood glucose [FBG], triglycerides [TGs], and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) were determined. Skin carotenoid levels were significantly positively correlated with serum total carotenoids and vegetable intake (r = 0.678 and 0.210, respectively). In women, higher skin carotenoid levels were significantly associated with lower BMI, SBP, DBP, HOMA-IR, blood insulin, and TGs levels and higher HDL-C levels. In men, it was also significantly correlated with BMI and blood insulin levels. In conclusion, dermal carotenoid level may indicate vegetable intake, and the higher level of dermal carotenoids are associated with a lower risk of circulatory diseases and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Matsumoto
- Innovation Division, KAGOME CO., LTD. 17 Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara 329-2762, Japan; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Hiroyuki Suganuma
- Innovation Division, KAGOME CO., LTD. 17 Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara 329-2762, Japan; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Sunao Shimizu
- Innovation Division, KAGOME CO., LTD. 17 Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara 329-2762, Japan; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.H.)
- Department of Vegetable Life Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
- Center for Advanced Medical Science, Department of Stress Response Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Innovation Division, KAGOME CO., LTD. 17 Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara 329-2762, Japan; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Kahori Sawada
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (K.S.); (I.T.); (K.I.); (S.N.)
| | - Itoyo Tokuda
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (K.S.); (I.T.); (K.I.); (S.N.)
| | - Kazushige Ihara
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (K.S.); (I.T.); (K.I.); (S.N.)
| | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (K.S.); (I.T.); (K.I.); (S.N.)
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Influence of Periodontal Disease on cardiovascular markers in Diabetes Mellitus patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16138. [PMID: 31695086 PMCID: PMC6834857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to establish if individuals with Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) and periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis) presented an increase in the concentration of modified LDL (moLDL) and what is the influence of periodontal treatment on the decrease of moLDL particles with consequent improvement in the parameters of DM2. Twenty-four diabetic patients with periodontitis (Group 1) and twenty-four diabetic patients with gingivitis (Group 2) were followed up for a period of 12 months. Group 1 was treated with periodontal debridement, and Group 2 received supra-gingival scaling and prophylaxis. In both groups, periodontal clinical parameters: probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival resection (GR), bleeding on probing index (BOP) and plaque index; inflammatory serum markers (glycemia, A1c, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c), triglycerides and hs-CRP) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) were measured at baseline, t = 6 and t = 12 months after treatment. Solutions of LDL were analyzed using the nonlinear optical Z-Scan and optical absorption techniques. The periodontal clinical parameters showed significant improvement (p < 0.05) in both Group after 12 months. For both groups, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides and A1c levels did not show significant reductions after periodontal therapy. hs-CRP levels in Group 1 presented a significant reduction after 12 months. The glycemic rate and the oxLDL concentrations did not show significant differences as a function of time. The optical measurements of LDL solutions revealed an improvement of the LDL-c quality in both groups. Periodontal debridement was able to improve periodontal parameters and the quality of LDL-c in diabetic patients but without changes in the oxLDL concentration in both groups. Considering the clinical relevance, the reduction of infectious and inflammatory sites present in the oral cavity through periodontal therapy may help with the control and prevention of hyperglycemia and precursors of cardiovascular diseases.
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Bohn T. Carotenoids and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Human Observational Studies and Intervention Trials: Implications for Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E179. [PMID: 31213029 PMCID: PMC6616644 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids include C30, C40 and C50 terpenoid-based molecules, many of which constitute coloured pigments. However, >1100 of these are known to occur in nature and only about a dozen are known to play a role in our daily diet. Carotenoids have received much attention due to their proposed health benefits, including reducing the incidence of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Many of these diseases are characterized by chronic inflammation co-occurring with oxidative stress, characterized by, for example, enhanced plasma F2-isoprostane concentrations, malondialdehyde, and 8-hydroxyguanosine. Though carotenoids can act as direct antioxidants, quenching, for example, singlet oxygen and peroxide radicals, an important biological function appears to rest also in the activation of the body's own antioxidant defence system, related to superoxide-dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-peroxidase expression, likely due to the interaction with transcription factors, such as nuclear-factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2). Though mostly based on small-scale and observational studies which do not allow for drawing conclusions regarding causality, several supplementation trials with isolated carotenoids or food items suggest positive health effects. However, negative effects have also been reported, especially regarding beta-carotene for smokers. This review is aimed at summarizing the results from human observational studies/intervention trials targeting carotenoids in relation to chronic diseases characterized by oxidative stress and markers thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.
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Moran NE, Thomas-Ahner JM, Fleming JL, McElroy JP, Mehl R, Grainger EM, Riedl KM, Toland AE, Schwartz SJ, Clinton SK. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in β-Carotene Oxygenase 1 are Associated with Plasma Lycopene Responses to a Tomato-Soy Juice Intervention in Men with Prostate Cancer. J Nutr 2019; 149:381-397. [PMID: 30801647 PMCID: PMC6398392 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human plasma and tissue lycopene concentrations are heterogeneous even when consuming controlled amounts of tomato or lycopene. OBJECTIVES Our objective is to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near known or putative carotenoid metabolism genes [β-carotene 15,15' monooxygenase 1 (BCO1), scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SCARB1), ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), apolipoprotein B-48, elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 2 (ELOVL2), and ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1), and an intergenic superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial-associated SNP] are predictive of plasma lycopene responses to steady state tomato juice consumption. METHODS Secondary linear regression analyses of data from a dose-escalation study of prostate cancer patients [n = 47; mean ± SEM age: 60 ± 1 y; BMI (in kg/m2): 32 ± 1] consuming 0, 1, or 2 cans of tomato-soy juice/d (163 mL/can; 20.6 mg lycopene 1.2 mg β-carotene/can) for 24 ± 0.7 d before prostatectomy were conducted to explore 11 SNP genotype effects on the change in plasma lycopene and plasma and prostate tissue concentrations of lycopene, β-carotene, phytoene, and phytofluene. RESULTS Two BCO1 SNP genotypes were significant predictors of the change in plasma lycopene, with SNP effects differing in magnitude and direction, depending on the level of juice intake (rs12934922 × diet group P = 0.02; rs6564851 × diet group P = 0.046). Further analyses suggested that plasma β-carotene changes were predicted by BCO1 rs12934922 (P < 0.01), prostate lycopene by trending interaction and main effects of BCO1 SNPs (rs12934922 × diet group P = 0.09; rs12934922 P = 0.02; rs6564851 P = 0.053), and prostate β-carotene by BCO1 SNP interaction and main effects (rs12934922 × diet group P = 0.01; rs12934922 P < 0.01; rs7501331 P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, SNPs in BCO1 and other genes may modulate human plasma and prostate tissue responses to dietary lycopene intake and warrant validation in larger, human controlled feeding intervention and cohort studies. Genetic variants related to carotenoid metabolism may partially explain heterogeneous human blood and tissue responses and may be critical covariates for population studies and clinical trials. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01009736.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Moran
- Comprehensive Cancer Center,USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Joseph P McElroy
- Comprehensive Cancer Center,Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine
| | | | | | - Ken M Riedl
- Comprehensive Cancer Center,College of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Sciences, Department of Food Science and Technology
| | - Amanda E Toland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center,Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center,College of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Sciences, Department of Food Science and Technology
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Comprehensive Cancer Center,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Address correspondence to SKC (e-mail: )
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Vitamin E Metabolic Effects and Genetic Variants: A Challenge for Precision Nutrition in Obesity and Associated Disturbances. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121919. [PMID: 30518135 PMCID: PMC6316334 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E (VE) has a recognized leading role as a contributor to the protection of cell constituents from oxidative damage. However, evidence suggests that the health benefits of VE go far beyond that of an antioxidant acting in lipophilic environments. In humans, VE is channeled toward pathways dealing with lipoproteins and cholesterol, underlining its relevance in lipid handling and metabolism. In this context, both VE intake and status may be relevant in physiopathological conditions associated with disturbances in lipid metabolism or concomitant with oxidative stress, such as obesity. However, dietary reference values for VE in obese populations have not yet been defined, and VE supplementation trials show contradictory results. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of genetic variants in genes involved in VE metabolism may be crucial to exert dietary recommendations with a higher degree of precision. In particular, genetic variability should be taken into account in targets concerning VE bioavailability per se or concomitant with impaired lipoprotein transport. Genetic variants associated with impaired VE liver balance, and the handling/resolution of oxidative stress might also be relevant, but the core information that exists at present is insufficient to deliver precise recommendations.
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Eroglu A, Schulze KJ, Yager J, Cole RN, Christian P, Nonyane BAS, Lee SE, Wu LSF, Khatry S, Groopman J, West KP. Plasma proteins associated with circulating carotenoids in Nepalese school-aged children. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 646:153-160. [PMID: 29605494 PMCID: PMC5937903 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments that function as vitamin A precursors, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents or biomarkers of recent vegetable and fruit intake, and are thus important for population health and nutritional assessment. An assay approach that measures proteins could be more technologically feasible than chromatography, thus enabling more frequent carotenoid status assessment. We explored associations between proteomic biomarkers and concentrations of 6 common dietary carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene) in plasma from 500 6-8 year old Nepalese children. Samples were depleted of 6 high-abundance proteins. Plasma proteins were quantified using tandem mass spectrometry and expressed as relative abundance. Linear mixed effects models were used to determine the carotenoid:protein associations, accepting a false discovery rate of q < 0.10. We quantified 982 plasma proteins in >10% of all child samples. Among these, relative abundance of 4 were associated with β-carotene, 11 with lutein/zeaxanthin and 51 with β-cryptoxanthin. Carotenoid-associated proteins are notably involved in lipid and vitamin A transport, antioxidant function and anti-inflammatory processes. No protein biomarkers met criteria for association with α-carotene or lycopene. Plasma proteomics may offer an approach to assess functional biomarkers of carotenoid status, intake and biological function for public health application. Original maternal micronutrient trial from which data were derived as a follow-up activity was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00115271.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkerim Eroglu
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Kerry J Schulze
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Yager
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert N Cole
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Parul Christian
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bareng A S Nonyane
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sun Eun Lee
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lee S F Wu
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Subarna Khatry
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Groopman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keith P West
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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He HY, Liu MZ, Zhang YL, Zhang W. Vitamin Pharmacogenomics: New Insight into Individual Differences in Diseases and Drug Responses. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2017; 15:94-100. [PMID: 28377107 PMCID: PMC5414710 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vitamins are vital to sustain normal physiological function, metabolism, and growth for all living organisms. Being an integral component of coenzyme, vitamins can affect the catalytic activities of many enzymes and the expression of drug transporters. Genetic variations in metabolism and/or transporter genes of drugs can influence the exposure of the human body to drugs and/or their active metabolites, thus contributing to the variations in drug responses and toxicities. Nonetheless, pharmacogenomics studies on nutrients have been rarely summarized. In this article, we reviewed recent progress on vitamin pharmacogenomics, for a better understanding on the influence of vitamin-related gene polymorphisms on inter-individual differences in diseases and drug efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan He
- International Medical Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Mou-Ze Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yue-Li Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
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11
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Effect of Carotenoid Supplemented Formula on Carotenoid Bioaccumulation in Tissues of Infant Rhesus Macaques: A Pilot Study Focused on Lutein. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9010051. [PMID: 28075370 PMCID: PMC5295095 DOI: 10.3390/nu9010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein is the predominant carotenoid in the developing primate brain and retina, and may have important functional roles. However, its bioaccumulation pattern during early development is not understood. In this pilot study, we investigated whether carotenoid supplementation of infant formula enhanced lutein tissue deposition in infant rhesus macaques. Monkeys were initially breastfed; from 1 to 3 months of age they were fed either a formula supplemented with lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene and lycopene, or a control formula with low levels of these carotenoids, for 4 months (n = 2/group). All samples were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Final serum lutein in the supplemented group was 5 times higher than in the unsupplemented group. All brain regions examined showed a selective increase in lutein deposition in the supplemented infants. Lutein differentially accumulated across brain regions, with highest amounts in occipital cortex in both groups. β-carotene accumulated, but zeaxanthin and lycopene were undetectable in any brain region. Supplemented infants had higher lutein concentrations in peripheral retina but not in macular retina. Among adipose sites, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue exhibited the highest lutein level and was 3-fold higher in the supplemented infants. The supplemented formula enhanced carotenoid deposition in several other tissues. In rhesus infants, increased intake of carotenoids from formula enhanced their deposition in serum and numerous tissues and selectively increased lutein in multiple brain regions.
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Thomas SE, Harrison EH. Mechanisms of selective delivery of xanthophylls to retinal pigment epithelial cells by human lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1865-1878. [PMID: 27538825 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The xanthophylls, lutein and zeaxanthin, are dietary carotenoids that selectively accumulate in the macula of the eye providing protection against age-related macular degeneration. To reach the macula, carotenoids cross the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Xanthophylls and β-carotene mostly associate with HDL and LDL, respectively. HDL binds to cells via a scavenger receptor class B1 (SR-B1)-dependent mechanism, while LDL binds via the LDL receptor. Using an in-vitro, human RPE cell model (ARPE-19), we studied the mechanisms of carotenoid uptake into the RPE by evaluating kinetics of cell uptake when delivered in serum or isolated LDL or HDL. For lutein and β-carotene, LDL delivery resulted in the highest rates and extents of uptake. In contrast, HDL was more effective in delivering zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin leading to the highest rates and extents of uptake of all four carotenoids. Inhibitors of SR-B1 suppressed zeaxanthin delivery via HDL. Results show a selective HDL-mediated uptake of zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin via SR-B1 and a LDL-mediated uptake of lutein. This demonstrates a plausible mechanism for the selective accumulation of zeaxanthin greater than lutein and xanthophylls over β-carotene in the retina. We found no evidence of xanthophyll metabolism to apocarotenoids or lutein conversion to meso-zeaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Thomas
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Earl H Harrison
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.
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Goszcz K, Deakin SJ, Duthie GG, Stewart D, Leslie SJ, Megson IL. Antioxidants in Cardiovascular Therapy: Panacea or False Hope? Front Cardiovasc Med 2015; 2:29. [PMID: 26664900 PMCID: PMC4671344 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2015.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key feature of the atherothrombotic process involved in the etiology of heart attacks, ischemic strokes, and peripheral arterial disease. It stands to reason that antioxidants represent a credible therapeutic option to prevent disease progression and thereby improve outcome, but despite positive findings from in vitro studies, clinical trials have failed to consistently show benefit. The aim of this review is to re-appraise the concept of antioxidants in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease. In particular, the review will explore the reasons behind failed antioxidant strategies with vitamin supplements and will evaluate how flavonoids might improve cardiovascular function despite bioavailability that is not sufficiently high to directly influence antioxidant capacity. As well as reaching conclusions relating to those antioxidant strategies that might hold merit, the major myths, limitations, and pitfalls associated with this research field are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Goszcz
- Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, Centre for Health Science, University of the Highlands and Islands , Inverness , UK ; James Hutton Institute , Dundee , UK
| | - Sherine J Deakin
- Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, Centre for Health Science, University of the Highlands and Islands , Inverness , UK
| | - Garry G Duthie
- Rowett Institute of Health and Nutrition , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Derek Stewart
- James Hutton Institute , Dundee , UK ; School of Life Sciences, Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Stephen J Leslie
- Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, Centre for Health Science, University of the Highlands and Islands , Inverness , UK ; Cardiology Unit, Raigmore Hospital , Inverness , UK
| | - Ian L Megson
- Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, Centre for Health Science, University of the Highlands and Islands , Inverness , UK
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Lipkie TE, Morrow AL, Jouni ZE, McMahon RJ, Ferruzzi MG. Longitudinal Survey of Carotenoids in Human Milk from Urban Cohorts in China, Mexico, and the USA. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127729. [PMID: 26061885 PMCID: PMC4465022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that carotenoids may have particular roles in infant nutrition and development, yet data on the profile and bioavailability of carotenoids from human milk remain sparse. Milk was longitudinally collected at 2, 4, 13, and 26 weeks postpartum from twenty mothers each in China, Mexico, and the USA in the Global Exploration of Human Milk Study (n = 60 donors, n = 240 samples). Maternal and neonatal plasma was analyzed for carotenoids from the USA cohort at 4 weeks postpartum. Carotenoids were analyzed by HPLC and total lipids by Creamatocrit. Across all countries and lactation stages, the top four carotenoids were lutein (median 114.4 nmol/L), β-carotene (49.4 nmol/L), β-cryptoxanthin (33.8 nmol/L), and lycopene (33.7 nmol/L). Non-provitamin A carotenoids (nmol/L) and total lipids (g/L) decreased (p<0.05) with increasing lactation stage, except the provitamin A carotenoids α- and β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene did not significantly change (p>0.05) with lactation stage. Total carotenoid content and lutein content were greatest from China, yet lycopene was lowest from China (p<0.0001). Lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, and β-carotene, and lycopene concentrations in milk were significantly correlated to maternal plasma and neonatal plasma concentrations (p<0.05), with the exception that lycopene was not significantly associated between human milk and neonatal plasma (p>0.3). This enhanced understanding of neonatal exposure to carotenoids during development may help guide dietary recommendations and design of human milk mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan E. Lipkie
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ardythe L. Morrow
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zeina E. Jouni
- Global Discovery and Analytical Science, Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Robert J. McMahon
- Global Discovery and Analytical Science, Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mario G. Ferruzzi
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Effect of supplemental lutein and zeaxanthin on serum, macular pigmentation, and visual performance in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:564738. [PMID: 25815324 PMCID: PMC4359817 DOI: 10.1155/2015/564738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To compare the 2-year effect of multiple doses of lutein/zeaxanthin on serum, macular pigmentation, and visual performance on patients with early age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods. In this randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial, 112 early AMD patients randomly received either 10 mg lutein, 20 mg lutein, a combination of lutein (10 mg) and zeaxanthin (10 mg), or placebo daily for 2 years. Serum concentration of lutein/zeaxanthin, macular pigment optical density (MPOD), visual functions including best-spectacle corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity (CS), flash recovery time (FRT), and vision-related quality of life (VFQ25) was quantified. Results. Serum lutein concentration and MPOD significantly increased in all the active treatment groups. Supplementation with 20 mg lutein was the most effective in increasing MPOD and CS at 3 cycles/degree for the first 48 weeks. However, they both significantly increased to the same peak value following supplementation with either 10 mg or 20 mg lutein during the intervention. No statistical changes of BCVA or FRT were observed during the trial. Conclusions. Long-term lutein supplementation could increase serum lutein concentration, MPOD, and visual sensitivities of early AMD patients. 10 mg lutein daily might be an advisable long-term dosage for early AMD treatment.
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Meyers KJ, Mares JA, Igo RP, Truitt B, Liu Z, Millen AE, Klein M, Johnson EJ, Engelman CD, Karki CK, Blodi B, Gehrs K, Tinker L, Wallace R, Robinson J, LeBlanc ES, Sarto G, Bernstein PS, SanGiovanni JP, Iyengar SK. Genetic evidence for role of carotenoids in age-related macular degeneration in the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:587-99. [PMID: 24346170 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested variants in genes related to lutein and zeaxanthin status for association with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS). METHODS Of 2005 CAREDS participants, 1663 were graded for AMD from fundus photography and genotyped for 424 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 24 candidate genes for carotenoid status. Of 337 AMD cases 91% had early or intermediate AMD. The SNPs were tested individually for association with AMD using logistic regression. A carotenoid-related genetic risk model was built using backward selection and compared to existing AMD risk factors using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS A total of 24 variants from five genes (BCMO1, BCO2, NPCL1L1, ABCG8, and FADS2) not previously related to AMD and four genes related to AMD in previous studies (SCARB1, ABCA1, APOE, and ALDH3A2) were associated independently with AMD, after adjusting for age and ancestry. Variants in all genes (not always the identical SNPs) were associated with lutein and zeaxanthin in serum and/or macula, in this or other samples, except for BCO2 and FADS2. A genetic risk score including nine variants significantly (P = 0.002) discriminated between AMD cases and controls beyond age, smoking, CFH Y402H, and ARMS2 A69S. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for AMD among women in the highest versus lowest quintile for the risk score was 3.1 (2.0-4.9). CONCLUSIONS Variants in genes related to lutein and zeaxanthin status were associated with AMD in CAREDS, adding to the body of evidence supporting a protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin in risk of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J Meyers
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Eroglu A, Harrison EH. Carotenoid metabolism in mammals, including man: formation, occurrence, and function of apocarotenoids. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1719-30. [PMID: 23667178 PMCID: PMC3679377 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r039537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A was recognized as an essential nutrient 100 years ago. In the 1930s, it became clear that dietary β-carotene was cleaved at its central double to yield vitamin A (retinal or β-apo-15'-carotenal). Thus a great deal of research has focused on the central cleavage of provitamin A carotenoids to form vitamin A (retinoids). The mechanisms of formation and the physiological role(s) of noncentral (eccentric) cleavage of both provitamin A carotenoids and nonprovitamin A carotenoids has been less clear. It is becoming apparent that the apocarotenoids exert unique biological activities themselves. These compounds are found in the diet and thus may be absorbed in the intestine, or they may form from enzymatic or nonenzymatic cleavage of the parent carotenoids. The mechanism of action of apocarotenoids in mammals is not fully worked out. However, as detailed in this review, they have profound effects on gene expression and work, at least in part, through the modulation of ligand-activated nuclear receptors. Understanding the interactions of apocarotenoids with other lipid-binding proteins, chaperones, and metabolizing enzymes will undoubtedly increase our understanding of the biological roles of these carotenoid metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Earl H. Harrison
- Department of Human Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Lorenz M, Fechner M, Kalkowski J, Fröhlich K, Trautmann A, Böhm V, Liebisch G, Lehneis S, Schmitz G, Ludwig A, Baumann G, Stangl K, Stangl V. Effects of lycopene on the initial state of atherosclerosis in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30808. [PMID: 22295112 PMCID: PMC3266285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lycopene is the main carotenoid in tomatoes, where it is found in high concentrations. Strong epidemiological evidence suggests that lycopene may provide protection against cardiovascular diseases. We therefore studied the effects of lycopene on diet-induced increase in serum lipid levels and the initiation of atherosclerosis in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Methodology/Principal Findings The animals, divided into four groups of 9 animals each, were fed either a standard diet, a high-cholesterol diet containing 0.5% cholesterol, a high-cholesterol diet containing placebo beadlets, or a high-cholesterol diet plus 5 mg/kg body weight/day of lycopene (in the form of lycopene beadlets), for a period of 4 weeks. We found significantly elevated lycopene plasma levels in the animal group treated with lycopene beadlets. Compared to the high-cholesterol and the placebo group, this was associated with a significant reduction of 50% in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol serum levels in the lycopene group. The amount of cholesteryl ester in the aorta was significantly decreased by lycopene. However, we did not observe a significant decrease in the extent of aortic surface lipid accumulation in the lycopene group. In addition, no differences in the intima-media thickness among groups were observed. Endothelial-dependent and endothelial-independent vasodilation in isolated rabbit aortic and carotid rings did not differ among any of the animal groups. Conclusions Lycopene supplementation for 4 weeks increased lycopene plasma levels in the animals. Although we found strongly reduced total and LDL cholesterol serum levels as well as significantly lower amounts of cholesteryl ester in the aortae in the lycopene-treated group, no significant differences in initial lesions in the aortae were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lorenz
- Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mandy Fechner
- Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Kalkowski
- Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kati Fröhlich
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Food GmbH Jena-Analytik Consulting Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Trautmann
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lehneis
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antje Ludwig
- Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert Baumann
- Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Stangl
- Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Stangl
- Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Grune T, Lietz G, Palou A, Ross AC, Stahl W, Tang G, Thurnham D, Yin SA, Biesalski HK. Beta-carotene is an important vitamin A source for humans. J Nutr 2010; 140:2268S-2285S. [PMID: 20980645 PMCID: PMC3139236 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.119024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Experts in the field of carotenoids met at the Hohenheim consensus conference in July 2009 to elucidate the current status of β-carotene research and to summarize the current knowledge with respect to the chemical properties, physiological function, and intake of β-carotene. The experts discussed 17 questions and reached an agreement formulated in a consensus answer in each case. These consensus answers are based on published valid data, which were carefully reviewed by the individual experts and are justified here by background statements. Ascertaining the impact of β-carotene on the total dietary intake of vitamin A is complicated, because the efficiency of conversion of β-carotene to retinol is not a single ratio and different conversion factors have been used in various surveys and following governmental recommendations within different countries. However, a role of β-carotene in fulfilling the recommended intake for vitamin A is apparent from a variety of studies. Thus, besides elucidating the various functions, distribution, and uptake of β-carotene, the consensus conference placed special emphasis on the provitamin A function of β-carotene and the role of β-carotene in the realization of the required/recommended total vitamin A intake in both developed and developing countries. There was consensus that β-carotene is a safe source of vitamin A and that the provitamin A function of β-carotene contributes to vitamin A intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Grune
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70593, Germany
| | - Georg Lietz
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Andreu Palou
- Universidad de las Islas Baleares and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de Mallorca 07112, Spain
| | - A. Catharine Ross
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Wilhelm Stahl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40001, Germany
| | - Guangweng Tang
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - David Thurnham
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT51 4LA, Co. Londonderry, UK
| | - Shi-an Yin
- National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Bejing, 100050 China
| | - Hans K. Biesalski
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70593, Germany
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Abstract
Background Research on the uptake and transport of astaxanthin is lacking in most species. We studied the uptake of astaxanthin by plasma, lipoproteins and leukocytes in domestic dogs and cats. Methods Mature female Beagle dogs (18 to 19 mo old; 11 to 14 kg BW) were dosed orally with 0, 0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 10 or 40 mg astaxanthin and blood taken at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 h post-administration (n = 8/treatment). Similarly, mature domestic short hair cats (12 mo old; 3 to 3.5 kg body weight) were fed a single dose of 0, 0.02, 0.08, 0.4, 2, 5, or 10 mg astaxanthin and blood taken (n = 8/treatment) at the same interval. Results Both dogs and cats showed similar biokinetic profiles. Maximal astaxanthin concentration in plasma was approximately 0.14 μmol/L in both species, and was observed at 6 h post-dosing. The plasma astaxanthin elimination half-life was 9 to 18 h. Astaxanthin was still detectable by 24 h in both species. In a subsequent study, dogs and cats were fed similar doses of astaxanthin daily for 15 to 16 d and astaxanthin uptake by plasma, lipoproteins, and leukocytes studied. In both species, plasma astaxanthin concentrations generally continued to increase through d 15 or 16 of supplementation. The astaxanthin was mainly associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL). In blood leukocytes, approximately half of the total astaxanthin was found in the mitochondria, with significant amounts also associated with the microsomes and nuclei. Conclusion Dogs and cats absorb astaxanthin from the diet. In the blood, the astaxanthin is mainly associated with HDL, and is taken up by blood leukocytes, where it is distributed to all subcellular organelles. Certain aspects of the biokinetic uptake of astaxanthin in dogs and cats are similar to that in humans.
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Erdman JW, Ford NA, Lindshield BL. Are the health attributes of lycopene related to its antioxidant function? Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 483:229-35. [PMID: 18983972 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A variety of epidemiological trials have suggested that higher intake of lycopene-containing foods (primarily tomato products) or blood lycopene concentrations are associated with decreased cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer risk. Of the carotenoids tested, lycopene has been demonstrated to be the most potent in vitro antioxidant leading many researchers to conclude that the antioxidant properties of lycopene are responsible for disease prevention. In our review of human and animal trials with lycopene, or lycopene-containing extracts, there is limited support for the in vivo antioxidant function for lycopene. Moreover, tissue levels of lycopene appear to be too low to play a meaningful antioxidant role. We conclude that there is an overall shortage of supportive evidence for the "antioxidant hypothesis" as lycopene's major in vivo mechanism of action. Our laboratory has postulated that metabolic products of lycopene, the lycopenoids, may be responsible for some of lycopene's reported bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Erdman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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During A, Doraiswamy S, Harrison EH. Xanthophylls are preferentially taken up compared with beta-carotene by retinal cells via a SRBI-dependent mechanism. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1715-24. [PMID: 18424859 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700580-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which carotenoids [xanthophylls vs. beta-carotene(beta-C)] are taken up by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The human RPE cell line, ARPE-19, was used. When ARPE-19 cells were fully differentiated (7-9 weeks), the xanthophylls lutein (LUT) and zeaxanthin (ZEA) were taken up by cells to an extent 2-fold higher than beta-C (P < 0.05). At 9 weeks, cellular uptakes were 1.6, 2.5, and 3.2%, respectively, for beta-C, LUT, and ZEA. Similar extents were observed when carotenoids were delivered in either Tween 40 or "chylomicrons" produced by Caco-2 cells. Differentiated ARPE-19 cells did not exhibit any detectable beta-C 15,15'-oxygenase activity or convert exogenous beta-C into vitamin A. When using specific antibodies against the lipid transporters cluster determinant 36 (CD36) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), cellular uptake of beta-C and ZEA were significantly decreased (40-60%) with anti-SR-BI but not with anti-CD36. Small interfering RNA transfection for SR-BI led to marked knockdown of SR-BI protein expression (approximately 90%), which resulted in decreased beta-C and ZEA uptakes by 51% and 87%, respectively. Thus, the present data show that RPE cells preferentially take up xanthophylls versus the carotene by a process that appears to be entirely SR-BI-dependent for ZEA and partly so for beta-C. This mechanism may explain, in part, the preferential accumulation of xanthophylls in the macula of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrine During
- Phytonutrients Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Tapiero H, Townsend DM, Tew KD. The role of carotenoids in the prevention of human pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother 2004; 58:100-10. [PMID: 14992791 PMCID: PMC6361147 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage to biomolecules have been postulated to be involved in the causation and progression of several chronic diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases, the two major causes of morbidity and mortality in Western world. Consequently dietary antioxidants, which inactivate ROS and provide protection from oxidative damage are being considered as important preventive strategic molecules. Carotenoids have been implicated as important dietary nutrients having antioxidant potential, being involved in the scavenging of two of the ROS, singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) and peroxyl radicals generated in the process of lipid peroxidation. Carotenoids are lipophilic molecules which tend to accumulate in lipophilic compartments like membranes or lipoproteins. Chronic ethanol consumption significantly increases hydrogen peroxide and decreases mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) in cells overexpressing CYP2E1. The depletion of mitochondrial GSH and the rise of hydrogen peroxide are responsible for the ethanol-induced apoptosis. Increased intake of lycopene, a major carotenoid in tomatoes, consumed as the all-trans-isomer attenuates alcohol induced apoptosis in 2E1 cells and reduces risk of prostate, lung and digestive cancers. Cancer-preventive activities of carotenoids have been associated as well as with their antioxidant properties and the induction and stimulation of intercellular communication via gap junctions which play a role in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Gap junctional communication between cells which may be a basis for protection against cancer development is independent of the antioxidant property.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tapiero
- Université de Paris-Faculté de Pharmacie CNRS UMR 8612, 5, rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 94200 Chatenay Malabry, France.
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