1
|
Moran ET. Dietary free fatty acids complex with amylose creating another form of resistant starch: Gastrointestinal formation with fowl and swine. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:1124-1132. [PMID: 34738043 PMCID: PMC8551414 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fat added to poultry and swine feeds often contains abundant free fatty acids (FFA) that can impair digestible energy (DE). Placement of the fatty acid (FA) hydrocarbon chain in the helix core reformed from amylose creates a complex of both nutrients. Resulting modifications create a new structure termed the V-helix that becomes resistant to α-amylase. Granules in grain naturally contain minimal amounts of these complexes with more being generated during food manufacturing when moisture and heat release amylose in the presence of FFA. A paucity of FFA usually exists in complete feeds without sources of poor-quality fat. Animal fats and by-product meals from rendering are prominent in their saturated FFA content which favorably complex within the helix. V-helix-FA complexes may arise during their concurrent encounter of FFA together with amylose during feed manufacture, particularly pelleting. FFA in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are speculated to further form complexes when present together with amylose. Although amylose may be dissolved in the gastric and small intestinal milieu, FFA separately coalesce into hydrophobic fat droplets along with other dietary lipids. Formation of complexes is likely restricted until FFA are released into the aqueous phase during fat digestion. Although α-amylase may be prominent, V-helix-FA complexes being resistant to enzymic attack pass into the large intestine. Subsequent microbial catabolism of V-helices may generate volatile fatty acids that are absorbed by the mucosa; however, an inability to use FFA once released leads to their excretion and basis for decreased DE. Immature microbial populations with young animals usually lack the capacity to fully catabolize the V-helix, further extending the loss in DE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin T. Moran
- Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, AL, 36849-5416, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
Tanprasertsuk J, Perry LM, Tate DE, Honaker RW, Shmalberg J. Apparent total tract nutrient digestibility and metabolizable energy estimation in commercial fresh and extruded dry kibble dog foods. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab071. [PMID: 34278234 PMCID: PMC8279163 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial fresh cooked foods have started gaining popularity among American dog owners in recent years. However, nutrient digestibility and the estimation of metabolizable energy (ME) of commercial fresh dog foods remain inadequately understood, even though both measures are critical to provide the intended calories for the target animal. In this preliminary study, different cohorts of normal-weight dogs were fed one of five test diets of comparable macronutrient composition: a chicken-based extruded dry kibble diet (n = 12), and chicken- (n = 12), beef- (n = 6), pork- (n = 6), or turkey-based fresh food (n = 6) for 10 d. Daily food intake and fecal characteristics were recorded, and fecal samples were collected for nutrient analysis. Despite comparable dry matter (DM) and caloric intakes between the two chicken-based diets, the fresh diet led to lower defecation frequency (1.2 ± 0.2 vs. 1.7 ± 0.5 times/d, adjusted P < 0.001), lower fecal DM (24 ± 8 vs. 47 ± 10 g/d, adjusted P < 0.001), and lower fecal calories (92 ± 31 vs. 189 ± 43 kcal/d, adjusted P < 0.001) than the kibble diet. The apparent total tract digestibility of DM, protein, fat, nitrogen-free extract, and calories of the kibble diet were all significantly lower than any of the fresh diets (adjusted P < 0.001 for all). Measured ME per food DM in all of the fresh diets, except the pork-based recipe, was significantly higher than that of the kibble diet (adjusted P < 0.001 for all). For the kibble diet, the modified Atwater calculation underestimated the ME and the NRC 2006 calculation was the most accurate predictor of ME. The standard Atwater calculation performed best for the two fresh diets that had the highest fat content (chicken, beef) and the NRC 2006 calculation performed best for the fresh diet that had the highest protein content (pork). ME of the turkey-based diet was equally overestimated and underestimated with the standard Atwater and NRC 2006 methods, respectively. We propose that commercial and home-prepared fresh diets should be assessed using standard Atwater factors as commonly done in human nutrition, or preferably for commercial products, by direct measurement in conforming feeding trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Justin Shmalberg
- NomNomNow, Inc., Nashville, TN 37207, USA.,Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
As the prevalence of obesity and diabetes has continued to increase rapidly in recent years, dietary approaches to regulating glucose homeostasis have gained more attention. Starch is the major source of glucose in the human diet and can have diverse effects, depending on its rate and extent of digestion in the small intestine, on postprandial glycemic response, which over time is associated with blood glucose abnormalities, insulin sensitivity, and even appetitive response and food intake. The classification of starch bioavailability into rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch, and resistant starch highlights the nutritional values of different starches. As starch is the main structure-building macroconstituent of foods, its bioavailability can be manipulated by selection of food matrices with varying degrees of susceptibility to amylolysis and food processing to retain or develop new matrices. In this review, the food factors that may modulate starch bioavailability, with a focus on food matrices, are assessed for a better understanding of their potential contribution to human health. Aspects affecting starch nutritional properties as well as production strategies for healthy foods are also reviewed, e.g., starch characteristics (different type, structure, and modification), food physical properties (food form, viscosity, and integrity), food matrix interactions (lipid, protein, nonstarch polysaccharide, phytochemicals, organic acid, and enzyme inhibitor), and food processing (milling, cooking, and storage).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China;
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; .,Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1160, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yun P, Devahastin S, Chiewchan N. Physical properties, microstructure and digestion behavior of amylose-lipid powder complexes prepared using conventional and spray-drying based methods. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
6
|
Donadelli RA, Pezzali JG, Oba PM, Swanson KS, Coon C, Varney J, Pendlebury C, Shoveller AK. A commercial grain-free diet does not decrease plasma amino acids and taurine status but increases bile acid excretion when fed to Labrador Retrievers. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa141. [PMID: 32832860 PMCID: PMC7433909 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain-free diets tend to have greater inclusions of pulses in contrast to grain-based diets. In 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a statement that grain-free diets may be related to the development of canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, all dog foods met regulatory minimums for nutrient inclusion recommended by the Association of American Feed Controls Official. In some FDA case reports, but not all, dogs diagnosed with DCM also had low concentrations of plasma or whole blood taurine; thus, we hypothesized that feeding these diets will result in reduced taurine status from baseline measures. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding a grain-free diet to large-breed dogs on taurine status and overall health. Eight Labrador Retrievers (four males and four females; Four Rivers Kennel, MO) were individually housed and fed a commercial complete and balanced grain-free diet (Acana Pork and Squash formula; APS) for 26 wk. Fasted blood samples were collected prior to the start of the trial (baseline; week 0) and at weeks 13 and 26 for analyses of blood chemistry, hematology, plasma amino acids, and whole blood taurine. Urine was collected by free catch at weeks 0 and 26 for taurine and creatinine analyses. Fresh fecal samples were collected at weeks 0 and 26 for bile acid analyses. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure with repeated measures in SAS (v. 9.4). Plasma His, Met, Trp, and taurine and whole blood taurine concentrations increased over the course of the study (P < 0.05). Urinary taurine to creatinine ratio was not affected by diet (P > 0.05). Fecal bile acid excretion increased after 26 wk of feeding APS to dogs. Despite the higher fecal excretion of bile acids, plasma and whole blood taurine increased over the 26-wk feeding study. These data suggest that feeding APS, a grain-free diet, over a 26-wk period improved taurine status in Labrador Retrievers and is not the basis for the incidence of DCM for dogs fed APS. Other factors that may contribute to the etiology of DCM should be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renan A Donadelli
- Animal Biosciences Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Julia G Pezzali
- Animal Biosciences Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | | | | | | | - Anna K Shoveller
- Animal Biosciences Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tan L, Kong L. Starch-guest inclusion complexes: Formation, structure, and enzymatic digestion. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:780-790. [PMID: 30614266 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1550739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Starch/amylose-guest inclusion complexes, a class of supramolecular host-guest assemblies, are of critical importance in the processing, preservation, digestion, nutrients/energy uptake, and health outcomes of starch-containing foods. Particularly, the formation of inclusion complex has been suggested to lower the rate and extent of enzymatic digestion of starch and starch-containing foods. Compared with rapidly digestible starch, starch inclusion complex may fall into the category of slowly digestible starch, providing sustained glucose release and maintaining glucose homeostasis. Therefore, the ability of starch-guest inclusion complex to alter the digestive behavior of energy-dense starchy foods has been of interest to many researchers and has the potential to be developed and formulated into functional foods. In this article, we provide a comprehensive and critical review on the current knowledge of the in vitro and in vivo enzymatic digestion of starch-guest inclusion complexes, by emphasizing the structure-digestibility relationship. We examine the preparation methods employed, crystalline structures obtained, and physicochemical properties characterized in previous reports, which all have implications on the digestive behavior reported on the starch-guest inclusion complexes. In addition, we give suggestions on future research to elucidate the digestive properties of starch-guest inclusion complexes and to develop functional structures based on these complexes for use in foods and nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libo Tan
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Lingyan Kong
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
González-Amaro RM, Figueroa-Cárdenas JDD, Perales H, Velés-Medina JJ. Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties of Different Maize Races on Toasted Tortillas. Cereal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-05-16-0138-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María González-Amaro
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Unidad San Cristóbal de las Casas, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico Sur S/N, María Auxiliadora, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, C.P. 29290, Mexico
| | - Juan de Dios Figueroa-Cárdenas
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Unidad Querétaro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, Fraccionamiento Real de Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, C.P. 76230, Mexico
| | - Hugo Perales
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Unidad San Cristóbal de las Casas, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico Sur S/N, María Auxiliadora, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, C.P. 29290, Mexico
| | - José Juan Velés-Medina
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Unidad Querétaro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, Fraccionamiento Real de Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, C.P. 76230, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hendriks WH, Bakker EJ, Bosch G. Letter to the Editor and Rebuttal: Protein and amino acid bioavailability estimates for canine foods. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:3121-3124. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W. H. Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - E. J. Bakker
- Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G. Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guevara MA, Bauer LL, Garleb KA, Fahey GC, de Godoy MRC. In vitro fermentation characteristics, in vivo ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities, and fecal microbiota responses of dogs to α-cyclodextrin. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:2004-13. [PMID: 27285698 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives were to examine in vitro fermentation characteristics, in vivo nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and serum lipid profiles as affected by α-cyclodextrin (ACD) supplementation. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was measured after in vitro fermentation for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h of ACD, β-cyclodextrin, and γ-cyclodextrin. Five mixed-breed hounds were used in a Latin square design. Each experimental period comprised 14 d, including 10 d for diet adaptation and 4 d for fecal collection. Dogs were fed, twice a day, an extruded diet made with poultry byproduct meal and brewer's rice as the main ingredients. Dogs were supplemented with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 g of ACD diluted in 15 mL of water twice daily for a total of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g ACD/d. Maximal in vitro production of total SCFA was lowest for ACD. However, the greatest maximal production of propionate was noted for ACD treatment. Total tract nutrient digestibility and fecal DM concentration linearly decreased ( < 0.05) for treatment groups receiving ACD; no changes were observed for ileal digestibility. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were within normal ranges for dogs and were not different among treatments. Similarly, no changes in fecal microbiota were observed. Overall, ACD supplementation appears to have no effect on nutrient absorption in the small intestine but may alter fermentation in the large bowel, which could lead to a higher proportion of propionate production as observed in the in vitro experiment.
Collapse
|
11
|
de Dios Figueroa-Cárdenas J, Véles-Medina JJ, Esquivel-Martínez AM, Mariscal-Moreno RM, Santiago-Ramos D, Hernández-Estrada ZJ. Effect of processing procedure on the formation of resistant starch in tamales. STARCH-STARKE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
The link between carbohydrate intake and health is becoming increasingly important for consumers, particularly in the areas of glycemic index (GI) and extended energy-releasing starches. From a physiological point of view, slowly digestible starch (SDS) delivers a slow and sustained release of blood glucose along with the benefits resulting from low glycemic and insulinemic response. SDS has been implicated in several health problems, including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases (metabolic syndromes). It may also have commercial potential as a novel functional ingredient in a variety of fields, such as nutrition, medicine, and agriculture. The present review assesses this form of digestion by analyzing methods to prepare and evaluate SDS, and factors affecting its transformation, its health benefits, and its applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Miao
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu Province , P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
de Godoy MR, Hervera M, Swanson KS, Fahey GC. Innovations in Canine and Feline Nutrition: Technologies for Food and Nutrition Assessment. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2016; 4:311-33. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021815-111414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pet owners have increasing concerns about the nutrition of their pets, and they desire foods and treats that are safe, traceable, and of high nutritive value. To meet these high expectations, detailed chemical composition characterization of ingredients well beyond that provided by proximate analysis will be required, as will information about host physiology and metabolism. Use of faster and more precise analytical methodology and novel technologies that have the potential to improve pet food safety and quality will be implemented. In vitro and in vivo assays will continue to be used as screening tools to evaluate nutrient quality and adequacy in novel ingredients prior to their use in animal diets. The use of molecular and high-throughput technologies allows implementation of noninvasive studies in dogs and cats to investigate the impact of dietary interventions by using systems biology approaches. These approaches may further improve the health and longevity of pets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria R.C. de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801;, ,
| | | | - Kelly S. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801;, ,
| | - George C. Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801;, ,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
González-Amaro RM, Figueroa-Cárdenas JDD, Perales H, Santiago-Ramos D. Maize races on functional and nutritional quality of tejate: A maize-cacao beverage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Changes in the properties of rice varieties with different amylose content on dry heat parboiling. J Cereal Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
16
|
Jeong JS, Kim IH. Comparative efficacy of up to 50% partial fish meal replacement with fermented soybean meal or enzymatically prepared soybean meal on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in weaned pigs. Anim Sci J 2015; 86:624-33. [PMID: 25511109 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the comparative efficacy of partial fish meal (FM) replacement (up to 50%) with fermented soybean meal (FSBM; SoELAB, PepSoyGen and Soytide) or enzymatically prepared SBM (HP 300) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in weaned pigs. A total of 100 weaned pigs (body weight 6.59 ± 0.29 kg) were used in experimental feeding trials, lasting for up to 6 weeks, and were randomly allotted to five groups with four block replicates of five pigs per pen serving as one block. Dietary treatments were as follows: (i) 100% FM, (ii) 50% FM + 50% SoELAB-54, (iii) 50% FM + 50% PepSoyGen, (iv) 50% FM + 50% Soytide and (v) 50% FM + 50% HP 300. Concerning growth performance, none of the treated SBM preparations demonstrated any significantly different effect compared with FM treatment. With respect to nutrient digestibility, SoELAB and HP 300 treatments demonstrated no significant difference compared with FM treatment. Lastly, none of the SBM preparations demonstrated any significant differences in animal fecal score and all of the differentially treated SBM increased fecal Lactobacillus counts, while maintaining similar Escherichia coli counts compared with FM treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Suk Jeong
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam, South Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kimura T. The regulatory effects of resistant starch on glycaemic response in obese dogs. Arch Anim Nutr 2014; 67:503-9. [PMID: 24228912 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2013.857081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the inhibitory effects of resistant starch on postprandial glycaemic response in obese dogs. The changes in blood glucose concentrations and glycaemic index (GI) were chronologically determined after the administration of resistant and normal starches by nasal feeding. Resistant starch contained indigestible dextrin (IDD) and β-cyclic dextrin (β-CD). Soluble starch (SS) served as a control starch. Glucose concentrations reached their maximum 15 min after the administration of SS solutions, and decreased gradually during the experimental period. In contrast, after the administration of IDD solutions, increased glucose concentrations rapidly decreased to the initial values. After the administration of β-CD solutions, glucose concentrations remained unchanged during this study. GI levels remained constant in the following order: β-CD < IDD < SS. GI levels of dogs receiving IDD and β-CD solutions were significantly lower as compared with those animals receiving SS solutions. In this study, nasal tube feeding was an effective method for evaluating glycaemic responses to various starches accurately. The present data revealed that resistant starches were useful materials in controlling nutritionally glucose concentrations in obese dogs. These results raise the possibility that resistant starches are valuable for dietetic treatment of diabetes and obesity in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Kimura
- a Center for Experimental Animals , National Institutes of Natural Sciences , Okazaki , Aichi , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Soong YY, Goh HJ, Henry CJK. The influence of saturated fatty acids on complex index andin vitrodigestibility of rice starch. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 64:641-7. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.763912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
19
|
Plasma glucose response and glycemic indices in pigs fed diets differing in in vitro hydrolysis indices. Animal 2013; 6:1068-76. [PMID: 23031466 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111002345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Different dietary starch sources can have a great impact in determining starch digestion potential, thus influencing the postprandial blood glucose response. Our objectives were to define: (i) the incremental plasma glucose response in pigs fed diets containing various sources of starch differing in in vitro digestion patterns, (ii) the in vivo glycemic index (GI) values for the same diets, (iii) the possible relationship between in vitro and in vivo data. Diets, formulated with 70% of starch from five heterogeneous sources, were characterized in depth by using two distinct in vitro evaluations. The first one was based on the Englyst-assay for nutritional classification of starch fractions, whereas the second one was based on a time-course multi-enzymatic assay up to 180 min from which the hydrolysis indices (HIs) were calculated and used as a link between the physicochemical properties of starch from diets and the in vivo responses. For the in vivo study, five jugular-catheterized pigs (35.3 ± 1.1 kg body weight) were fed one of the five diets for 6-day periods in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. On day 5, blood was collected for 8 h postprandially for evaluating glucose appearance. On day 6, blood was collected for 3 h postprandially for the estimation of the GI. Starchy diets differed for rapidly digestible starch (from 8.6% to 79.8% of total starch (TS)) and resistant starch contents (from 72.5% to 4.5% of TS). Wide between-diets variations were recorded for all the kinetic parameters and for the HI calculated from the in vitro digestion curves (P < 0.05). On the basis of the obtained HI, diets contained starch with a very low to a very high in vitro digestion potential (ranging from 26.7% to 100.0%; P < 0.05). The glucose response differed among diets (P < 0.05), with marked differences between 15 and 120 min postprandial. Overall, the ranking of incremental glucose appearance among diets agreed with their in vitro HI classification: high HI diets increased plasma glucose response more (P < 0.05) than low HI diets. Lastly, different in vivo GIs were measured (ranging from 30.9% to 100.0%; P < 0.05). The relationship between HI and GI showed a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.95; root mean square error (RMSE) = 15.8; P < 0.05). In conclusion, diets formulated with starches with a wide range in HI potential can strongly affect the postprandial glucose response in pigs.
Collapse
|
20
|
Putseys J, Lamberts L, Delcour J. Amylose-inclusion complexes: Formation, identity and physico-chemical properties. J Cereal Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
21
|
Zhang G, Hamaker BR. Slowly digestible starch: concept, mechanism, and proposed extended glycemic index. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 49:852-67. [PMID: 19960393 DOI: 10.1080/10408390903372466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the major glycemic carbohydrate in foods, and its nutritional property is related to its rate and extent of digestion and absorption in the small intestine. A classification of starch into rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant starch (RS) based on the in vitro Englyst test is used to specify the nutritional quality of starch. Both the RDS and RS fractions have been extensively studied while there are only limited studies on the intermediate starch fraction of SDS, particularly regarding its structural basis and slow digestion mechanism. The current understanding of SDS including its concept, measurement method, structural basis and mechanism, physiological consequences, and approaches to make SDS is reviewed. An in vivo method of extended glycemic index (EGI) is proposed to evaluate its metabolic effect and related health consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genyi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim MJ, Choi SJ, Shin SI, Sohn MR, Lee CJ, Kim Y, Cho WI, Moon TW. Resistant glutarate starch from adlay: Preparation and properties. Carbohydr Polym 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
23
|
Gajda M, Flickinger EA, Grieshop CM, Bauer LL, Merchen NR, Fahey GC. Corn hybrid affects in vitro and in vivo measures of nutrient digestibility in dogs. J Anim Sci 2007; 83:160-71. [PMID: 15583056 DOI: 10.2527/2005.831160x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn is a commonly used ingredient in dry pet foods because there is a stable supply and it is a relatively inexpensive source of nutrients. Corn hybrids are available that are higher in CP and amylose and lower in phytate concentration than conventional hybrids. Approximately 500 mg of high-protein (HP), high-protein, low-phytate (HPLP), and high-amylose (HA) corn were compared with conventional (CONV) corn and amylomaize starch (AM) in triplicate and exposed to pepsin/hydrochloric acid and pancreatin to simulate hydrolytic digestion. Substrate remaining after this was used to determine in vitro colonic fermentation. Organic matter disappearances as a result of hydrolytic digestion were >80% for CONV, HP, and HPLP, whereas HA (60.7%) and AM (43.7%) were lower (P < 0.05). Total digestion (TD) values after hydrolytic digestion and 8 h of fermentation using canine fecal inoculum were greater (P < 0.05) for CONV, HP, and HPLP vs. HA and AM. The residue left after hydrolytic digestion of all substrates was poorly fermented. Five ileal-cannulated dogs were fed each corn hybrid at approximately 31% of the diet in a 5 x5 Latin square design. Dogs fed diets containing HP corn had higher (P < 0.05) ileal OM digestibility (70.3%) and tended (P < 0.10) to have higher DM digestibility (64.6%). Ileal starch digestibilities were lower (P < 0.05) for dogs fed HA (64.0%) and AM (63.0%). Ileal digestibilities of essential (71.2%), nonessential (67.4%), and total (69.0%) AA tended to be higher (P < 0.10) for HP diets compared with CONV (66.4, 62.4, and 64.0%, respectively). Total-tract DM, OM, CP, and GE digestibilities (77, 82, 77, and 84%, on average, respectively) were higher (P < 0.05) for dogs fed CONV, HP, and HPLP than for those fed AM (66.9, 71.6, 72.6, and 76.5%) and HA (60.6, 65.7, 69.7, and 71.5%). Total-tract fat digestibilities were lower (P < 0.05) for dogs fed HA diets (86.6%) than for all other treatments (91.0%, on average). Total-tract starch digestibilities were higher (P < 0.05) for dogs fed CONV, HP, and HPLP (98%, on average) compared with HA (72.8%) and AM (76.5%). No differences were detected among treatments in fecal bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, or Clostridium perfringens concentrations. The experiments demonstrated that HP and HPLP corn had hydrolytic digestion and fermentation characteristics similar to those of CONV corn, whereas HA resulted in similar responses to AM, a well-established resistant starch ingredient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gajda
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rose DJ, DeMeo MT, Keshavarzian A, Hamaker BR. Influence of dietary fiber on inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer: importance of fermentation pattern. Nutr Rev 2007; 65:51-62. [PMID: 17345958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits of dietary fiber on inflammatory bowel disease may be related to the fermentative production of butyrate in the colon, which appears to decrease the inflammatory response. The benefits of dietary fiber against colon cancer may be related to both fermentative and non-fermentative processes, although poorly fermentable fibers appear more influential. Dietary fiber fermentation profiles are important in determining optimal fibers for colonic health, and may be a function of structure, processing conditions, and other food components. A greater understanding of the relationships between fermentation rate and dietary fiber structure would allow for development of dietary fibers for optimum colonic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devin J Rose
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 760 Agriculture Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Topping DL, Clifton PM. Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides. Physiol Rev 2001; 81:1031-64. [PMID: 11427691 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.2001.81.3.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1922] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) is starch and products of its small intestinal digestion that enter the large bowel. It occurs for various reasons including chemical structure, cooking of food, chemical modification, and food mastication. Human colonic bacteria ferment RS and nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP; major components of dietary fiber) to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), mainly acetate, propionate, and butyrate. SCFA stimulate colonic blood flow and fluid and electrolyte uptake. Butyrate is a preferred substrate for colonocytes and appears to promote a normal phenotype in these cells. Fermentation of some RS types favors butyrate production. Measurement of colonic fermentation in humans is difficult, and indirect measures (e.g., fecal samples) or animal models have been used. Of the latter, rodents appear to be of limited value, and pigs or dogs are preferable. RS is less effective than NSP in stool bulking, but epidemiological data suggest that it is more protective against colorectal cancer, possibly via butyrate. RS is a prebiotic, but knowledge of its other interactions with the microflora is limited. The contribution of RS to fermentation and colonic physiology seems to be greater than that of NSP. However, the lack of a generally accepted analytical procedure that accommodates the major influences on RS means this is yet to be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Topping
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Health Sciences and Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Crowe TC, Seligman SA, Copeland L. Inhibition of enzymic digestion of amylose by free fatty acids in vitro contributes to resistant starch formation. J Nutr 2000; 130:2006-8. [PMID: 10917916 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.8.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of lipids on the enzymic breakdown of starch was investigated using an in vitro assay system. Mixtures of potato amylose, amylopectin and starch and various lipids were incubated at 37 degrees C for 10 min and subjected to digestion by alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and amyloglucosidase (EC 3.2.1.33). Lauric, myristic, palmitic and oleic acids and lysolecithin inhibited enzymic hydrolysis of amylose by approximately 35% (P < 0.05). Stearic acid and cholesterol had no effect on the enzymic breakdown of amylose. Retrograded amylose was hydrolyzed less readily (P < 0.05) than solubilized amylose, but the breakdown was not further inhibited in the presence of lauric acid. Fatty acids had no effect on the enzymic hydrolysis of amylopectin, whereas inhibition by fatty acids of the breakdown of whole starch was consistent with only the amylose fraction being affected. The possibility that interactions between starch and fatty acids in the digestive tract could contribute to the formation of resistant starch is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Crowe
- Human Nutrition Unit and. Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Flickinger EA, Wolf BW, Garleb KA, Chow J, Leyer GJ, Johns PW, Fahey GC. Glucose-based oligosaccharides exhibit different in vitro fermentation patterns and affect in vivo apparent nutrient digestibility and microbial populations in dogs. J Nutr 2000; 130:1267-73. [PMID: 10801928 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.5.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the potential of indigestible oligosaccharides (OS) to serve as "dietary fiber-like" ingredients, it is necessary to determine their extent of indigestibility. In vitro fermentation characteristics of two novel OS, alpha-glucooligosaccharides (GOS) and a maltodextrin-like OS (MD), were compared to those of fructooligosaccharides (FOS), gum arabic (GA), guar gum (GG) and guar hydrolysate (GH). Total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (micromol/g dry matter) as a result of MD fermentation was higher initially compared with GA (P<0.01), but GA was more extensively fermented at 24 h (P<0.01). Total SCFA production for GOS was similar to that for FOS, GG, GH and GA. In the second experiment, GOS and MD were added at 6% to an enteral formula control diet (Control) and fed to ileal-cannulated dogs in a 3x3 replicated Latin-square design. Ileal digestibility of glucose was lower (P<0.05) and carbohydrate (CHO) numerically lower (P = 0.08) for both GOS and MD compared with the Control. Total tract digestibility of CHO and glucose was lower only for MD (P<0.01) compared with the Control. Total fecal weights were higher (P<0.01) for both GOS and MD treatments. Fecal concentration of bifidobacteria was numerically increased by GOS and MD supplementation (P = 0.13 and 0.23, respectively). Thus, GOS and MD are indigestible yet fermentable OS, and may act as "dietary fiber-like" ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Flickinger
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|