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Zhang J, Ding L, Hou H, Yu L, Li J, Dong P. Insights into the molecular mechanism of dextran sulfate inhibiting DNA digestion by pepsin: a crucial role of sulfate group on the binding to DNA. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37975333 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2283145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate polysaccharides can inhibit DNA digestion in simulated gastric juice in vitro, which is important for regulating dietary nucleic acids metabolism, but the mechanism of inhibition is unclear. This study used dextran sulfate (DS) with different sulfate groups and molecular weights to explore the effect of DS on DNA digestion. Molecular interactions between DS and DNA were investigated by biolayer interferometry (BLI), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and molecular dynamics simulations. Results indicated that DS with higher molecular weight and sulfate group content showed stronger inhibitory effect of DNA digestion. ITC results showed that the combined Kd value of DNA and DS was about 2.53 mM. The main reason for inhibition of DNA digestion is that the formation of hydrogen bonds between the sulfate group of DS and DNA bases hinders the binding of DNA to pepsin. This finding will facilitate new strategies for nucleic acid metabolism and oral drug delivery.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Leshan Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Long Yu
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Food, Agriculture and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jing Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ping Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Ding T, Song G, Liu X, Xu M, Li Y. Nucleotides as optimal candidates for essential nutrients in living organisms: A review. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Chen S, Sato Y, Tada Y, Suzuki Y, Takahashi R, Okanojo M, Nakashima K. Facile bead-to-bead cell-transfer method for serial subculture and large-scale expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells in bioreactors. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1329-1342. [PMID: 34008349 PMCID: PMC8380445 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional planar culture of adherent cells is inefficient for large‐scale manufacturing of cell and gene therapy products. We developed a facile and efficient bead‐to‐bead cell‐transfer method for serial subculture and large‐scale expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) with microcarriers in bioreactors. We first compared culture medium with and without nucleosides and found the former maintained the expression of surface markers of hMSCs during their prolonged culture and enabled faster cell proliferation. Subsequently, we developed our bead‐to‐bead cell transfer method to subculture hMSCs and found that intermittent agitation after adding fresh microcarriers to cell‐populated microcarriers could promote spontaneous cell migration to fresh microcarriers, reduce microcarrier aggregation, and improve cell yield. This method enabled serial subculture of hMSCs in spinner flasks from passage 4 to passage 9 without using proteolytic enzymes, which showed faster cell proliferation than the serial planar cultures undergoing multiple enzyme treatment. Finally, we used the medium containing nucleosides and our bead‐to‐bead cell transfer method for cell culture scale‐up from 4‐ to 50‐L cultures in single‐use bioreactors. We achieved a 242‐fold increase in the number of cells to 1.45 × 1010 after 27‐day culture and found that the cells harvested from the bioreactors maintained proliferation ability, expression of their surface markers, tri‐lineage differentiation potential and immunomodulatory property. This study shows the promotive effect of nucleosides on hMSC expansion and the potential of using our bead‐to‐bead transfer method for larger‐scale manufacturing of hMSCs for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangwu Chen
- Regenerative Medicine Business Sector, Showa Denko Materials Co, Ltd, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yushi Sato
- Regenerative Medicine Business Sector, Showa Denko Materials Co, Ltd, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tada
- Regenerative Medicine Business Sector, Showa Denko Materials Co, Ltd, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuma Suzuki
- Regenerative Medicine Business Sector, Showa Denko Materials Co, Ltd, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Regenerative Medicine Business Sector, Showa Denko Materials Co, Ltd, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okanojo
- Regenerative Medicine Business Sector, Showa Denko Materials Co, Ltd, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Nakashima
- Regenerative Medicine Business Sector, Showa Denko Materials Co, Ltd, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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Wang L, Mu S, Xu X, Shi Z, Shen L. Effects of dietary nucleotide supplementation on growth in infants: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:1213-1221. [PMID: 29616323 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dietary nucleotides are thought to be conditionally essential nutrients in infancy. However, studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the association between nucleotide supplementation and infant physical growth. We conducted this meta-analysis to examine the efficacy of nucleotide supplementation of infant formula in promoting early infant growth. METHODS Randomized controlled trials that evaluated the association between nucleotide supplementation and infant growth through June 2017 were included. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool. Standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Heterogeneity was assessed using Q and I2 tests. RESULTS Nucleotide supplementation significantly increased the rate of weight gain (SMD 0.26; 95% CI 0.06-0.47), but had no effect on weight (SMD - 0.16; 95% CI - 0.55-0.23), weight Z score (SMD, - 0.42; 95% CI - 1.64-0.81), length (SMD 0.01; 95% CI - 0.18-0.21) and length Z score (SMD 0.15; 95% CI - 0.10-0.40). Occipitofrontal head circumference (OFC) at 7-8 weeks (SMD 0.30; 95% CI 0.10-0.50) and the rate of OFC gain (SMD 0.34; 95% CI 0.09-0.58) were significantly improved with nucleotide supplementation, whereas, 16- and 20-week OFC values did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis indicated that nucleotide supplementation can increase the rate of weight gain, OFC and rate of OFC gain; however, we cannot conclude that it affects weight, weight Z score, length or length Z score. Large-scale randomized controlled trials of long-term nucleotide supplementation are needed to reach definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Wang
- Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Food, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Shu Mu
- Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Food, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Food, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhexi Shi
- Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Food, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Al-Shehri SS, Knox CL, Liley HG, Cowley DM, Wright JR, Henman MG, Hewavitharana AK, Charles BG, Shaw PN, Sweeney EL, Duley JA. Breastmilk-Saliva Interactions Boost Innate Immunity by Regulating the Oral Microbiome in Early Infancy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135047. [PMID: 26325665 PMCID: PMC4556682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xanthine oxidase (XO) is distributed in mammals largely in the liver and small intestine, but also is highly active in milk where it generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Adult human saliva is low in hypoxanthine and xanthine, the substrates of XO, and high in the lactoperoxidase substrate thiocyanate, but saliva of neonates has not been examined. RESULTS Median concentrations of hypoxanthine and xanthine in neonatal saliva (27 and 19 μM respectively) were ten-fold higher than in adult saliva (2.1 and 1.7 μM). Fresh breastmilk contained 27.3 ± 12.2 μM H2O2 but mixing baby saliva with breastmilk additionally generated >40 μM H2O2, sufficient to inhibit growth of the opportunistic pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. Oral peroxidase activity in neonatal saliva was variable but low (median 7 U/L, range 2-449) compared to adults (620 U/L, 48-1348), while peroxidase substrate thiocyanate in neonatal saliva was surprisingly high. Baby but not adult saliva also contained nucleosides and nucleobases that encouraged growth of the commensal bacteria Lactobacillus, but inhibited opportunistic pathogens; these nucleosides/bases may also promote growth of immature gut cells. Transition from neonatal to adult saliva pattern occurred during the weaning period. A survey of saliva from domesticated mammals revealed wide variation in nucleoside/base patterns. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION During breast-feeding, baby saliva reacts with breastmilk to produce reactive oxygen species, while simultaneously providing growth-promoting nucleotide precursors. Milk thus plays more than a simply nutritional role in mammals, interacting with infant saliva to produce a potent combination of stimulatory and inhibitory metabolites that regulate early oral-and hence gut-microbiota. Consequently, milk-saliva mixing appears to represent unique biochemical synergism which boosts early innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad S Al-Shehri
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christine L Knox
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helen G Liley
- Mater Research Institute, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David M Cowley
- Mater Research Institute, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John R Wright
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Michael G Henman
- Mater Research Institute, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Bruce G Charles
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul N Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma L Sweeney
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John A Duley
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Mater Research Institute, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
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Effects of Nucleotides Supplementation of Infant Formulas on Plasma and Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Composition: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127758. [PMID: 26102282 PMCID: PMC4477889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Nucleotides (NTs) have been added to infant formulas for several years due to their health benefits. However, studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the association between NTs and fatty acid (FA) composition. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the effects of NTs supplementation of infant formula on erythrocyte and plasma FA composition. Methods Randomized controlled trials that evaluated the association between NTs supplementation and FA composition and were published before October 2014 were included. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Heterogeneity was assessed using Q and I2 tests. Results Eight studies (364 infants) were included in the meta-analysis. NTs supplementation did not affect the concentrations of total saturated FAs (SMD= 0.05; 95% CI= -0.23–0.32; P = 0.75) or total monounsaturated FAs (SMD= -0.01; 95% CI= -0.28–0.27; P = 0.95) in erythrocyte membranes. Erythrocyte total n-3 (SMD= 0.15; 95% CI= -0.11–0.41; P = 0.27) and n-6 PUFA (SMD= -0.16; 95% CI= -0.42–0.10, P = 0.22) concentrations did not increase with NTs supplementation. The concentrations of erythrocyte n-3 PUFA (18:3, 20:5, 22:5, and 22:6) and n-6 PUFA (18:2, 20:3, 20:4, and 22:4) were not affected by NTs supplementation. NTs significantly increased plasma concentrations of 18:2 n-6 (SMD= 0.90; 95% CI= 0.47–1.33; P < 0.0001), 20:3 n-6 (SMD= 0.56; 95% CI= 0.14–0.97; P = 0.009), and 20:4 n-6 PUFA (SMD= 0.92; 95% CI= 0.50–1.35; P < 0.0001), and significantly decreased the concentration of plasma 18:3 n-3 PUFA (SMD= -0.60; 95% CI -1.12 to -0.09; P = 0.02). No effect was obtained on plasma 20:2 n-6 PUFA concentrations (SMD= 0.06; 95 % CI, -1.03 to -0.2; P = 0.93). Conclusions Our meta-analysis revealed that NTs supplementation significantly increased plasma 18:2 n-6, 20:3 n-6, and 20:4 n-6 PUFA concentrations in infants, but did not affect erythrocyte FA composition.
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Robles R, Lozano AB, Sevilla A, Márquez L, Nuez-Ortín W, Moyano FJ. Effect of partially protected butyrate used as feed additive on growth and intestinal metabolism in sea bream (Sparus aurata). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:1567-1580. [PMID: 23737146 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid extensively used in animal nutrition since it promotes increases in body weight and other multiple beneficial effects on the intestinal tract. Although such effects have been demonstrated in several species, very few studies have assessed them in fish. On the other hand, little is known about the metabolic processes underlying these effects. In the present work, growth parameters and changes in more than 80 intestinal metabolites (nucleotides, amino acids and derivatives, glycolytic intermediates, redox coenzymes and lipid metabolism coenzymes) have been quantified in juvenile sea bream fed a butyrate-supplemented diet. Results showed a significant increase in the weight of fish receiving butyrate, while metabolomics provided some clues on the suggested effects of this feed additive. It seems that butyrate increased the availability of several essential amino acids and nucleotide derivatives. Also, the energy provision for enteric cells might have been enhanced by a decrease in glucose and amino acid oxidation related to the use of butyrate as fuel. Additionally, butyrate might have increased transmethylation activity. This work represents an advance in the knowledge of the metabolic consequences of using butyrate as an additive in fish diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Robles
- Centro Tecnológico de la Acuicultura de Andalucía, Muelle Comercial s/n, 11500, Puerto Sta. María, Cádiz, Spain
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Ortega Á, Gil Á, Sánchez-Pozo A. Exogenous nucleosides modulate expression and activity of transcription factors in Caco-2 cells. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 22:595-604. [PMID: 20970311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dietary nucleotides (NTs) have an important role in cellular and humoral immunity, intestinal growth, differentiation and recovery from tissue damage. Nucleosides (NSs) are the best-absorbed chemical form of NTs in the intestinal epithelium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of NSs on the activity and expression of multiple transcription factors (TFs) in Caco-2 cells, as a possible molecular mechanism by which NSs modulate gene expression in human intestinal cells. The effects of NS-supplemented media on human Caco-2 cell proliferation, viability, protein and RNA concentration were determined, and the activity and expression profiles of multiple TFs were analyzed by using an array-based technology. Exogenous NSs did not affect Caco-2 cell proliferation or viability but increased the protein content in cytoplasm and nucleus and the nuclear protein/RNA ratio. The addition of NSs to the media increased the expression and activity of the TFs CCAAT displacement protein (CUX1), v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (ETS1) and SMAD family member 2. In contrast, NS addition decreased the expression and activity of the general upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF1), glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1), NFKB and tumor protein p53. In conclusion, our results suggest that exogenous NSs affect the expression and activity of several TFs involved in cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, immune response and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángeles Ortega
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, University Pablo de Olavide - Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 41092 Seville, Spain.
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Teriflunomide (leflunomide) promotes cytostatic, antioxidant, and apoptotic effects in transformed prostate epithelial cells: evidence supporting a role for teriflunomide in prostate cancer chemoprevention. Neoplasia 2010; 12:464-75. [PMID: 20563249 DOI: 10.1593/neo.10168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Teriflunomide (TFN) is an inhibitor of de novo pyrimidine synthesis and the active metabolite of leflunomide. Leflunomide is prescribed to patients worldwide as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory disease-modifying prodrug. Leflunomide inhibited the growth of human prostate cancer xenographs in mice, and leflunomide or TFN promoted cytostasis and/or apoptosis in cultured cells. These findings suggest that TFN could be useful in prostate cancer chemoprevention. We investigated the possible mechanistic aspects of this tenet by characterizing the effects of TFN using premalignant PWR-1E and malignant DU-145 human prostate epithelial cells. TFN promoted a dose- and time-dependent cytostasis or apoptosis induction in these cells. The cytostatic effects of TFN, which were reversible but not by the presence of excess uridine in the culture medium, included diminished cellular uridine levels, an inhibition in oxygen consumption, a suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, S-phase cell cycle arrest, and a conspicuous reduction in the size and number of the nucleoli in the nuclei of these cells. Conversely, TFN's apoptogenic effects were characteristic of catastrophic mitochondrial disruption (i.e., a dissipation of mitochondrial inner transmembrane potential, enhanced ROS production, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and cytoplasmic vacuolization) and followed by DNA fragmentation. The respiration-deficient derivatives of the DU-145 cells, which are also uridine auxotrophs, were markedly resistant to the cytostatic and apoptotic effects of TFN, implicating de novo pyrimidine synthesis and mitochondrial bioenergetics as the primary targets for TFN in the respiration competent cells. These mechanistic findings advocate a role for TFN and mitochondrial bioenergetics in prostate cancer chemoprevention.
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Rodríguez-Serrano F, Alvarez P, Caba O, Picón M, Marchal JA, Perán M, Prados J, Melguizo C, Rama AR, Boulaiz H, Aránega A. Promotion of human adipose-derived stem cell proliferation mediated by exogenous nucleosides. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34:917-924. [PMID: 20522021 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are becoming the best option for regenerative medicine because they have low tumourigenic potential and permit autologous transplantation, even without in vitro culture. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of exogenous nucleosides on the proliferation of hASCs (human adipose-derived stem cells), with or without co-treatment with 5-aza (5-azacytidine), and to analyse the expression of lamin A/C during cardiomyocyte differentiation of these cells. We isolated hASCs from human lipoaspirates that were positive for mesenchymal stem cell markers. We found that 5-aza induces a dose-dependent inhibition of hASC proliferation [IC50 (inhibitory concentration 50): 5.37 microM], whereas exogenous nucleosides significantly promote the proliferation of hASCs and partially revert the antiproliferative effect of the drug. Multipotentiality of isolated hASCs was confirmed by adipogenic, osteogenic and cardiomyogenic induction. 5-Aza-induced cells expressed cardiac troponins I and T and myosin light chain 2, myocardial markers that were directly correlated with lamin A/C expression. Our results support the importance of the nucleoside supplementation of media to improve conditions for the expansion and maintenance of hASCs in culture. In addition, the quantification of lamin A/C expression appears to be a good marker for the characterization of cardiomyocyte differentiation of stem cells that has rarely been used.
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Hail N, Chen P, Kepa JJ, Bushman LR, Shearn C. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase is required for N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide-induced reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:109-16. [PMID: 20399851 PMCID: PMC2875309 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR) exhibits anticancer activity in vivo and triggers apoptosis in transformed cells in vitro. Thus, apoptosis induction is acknowledged as a mechanistic underpinning for 4HPR's cancer preventive and therapeutic effects. Apoptosis induction by 4HPR is routinely preceded by and dependent on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in transformed cells. Very little evidence exists, outside the possible involvement of the mitochondrial electron transport chain or the plasma membrane NADPH oxidase complex, that would pinpoint the predominant site of 4HPR-induced ROS production in transformed cells. Here, we investigated the role of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH; an enzyme associated with the mitochondrial electron transport chain and required for de novo pyrimidine synthesis) in 4HPR-induced ROS production and attendant apoptosis in transformed skin and prostate epithelial cells. In premalignant prostate epithelial cells and malignant cutaneous keratinocytes the suppression of DHODH activity by the chemical inhibitor teriflunomide or the reduction in DHODH protein expression by RNA interference markedly reduced 4HPR-induced ROS generation and apoptosis. Conversely, colon carcinoma cells that lacked DHODH expression were markedly resistant to the pro-oxidant and cytotoxic effects of 4HPR. Together, these results strongly implicate DHODH in 4HPR-induced ROS production and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numsen Hail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Schönhusen U, Kuhla S, Rudolph PE, Zitnan R, Albrecht D, Huber K, Voigt J, Flöter A, Hammon HM, Metges CC. Alterations in the jejunum of young goats caused by feeding soy protein-based diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 94:1-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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