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Ozturk G, Paviani B, Rai R, Robinson RC, Durham SD, Baller MI, Wang A, Nitin N, Barile D. Investigating Milk Fat Globule Structure, Size, and Functionality after Thermal Processing and Homogenization of Human Milk. Foods 2024; 13:1242. [PMID: 38672914 PMCID: PMC11049580 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human milk provides bioactive compounds such as milk fat globules (MFGs), which promote brain development, modulate the immune system, and hold antimicrobial properties. To ensure microbiological safety, donor milk banks apply heat treatments. This study compares the effects of heat treatments and homogenization on MFG's physicochemical properties, bioactivity, and bioavailability. Vat pasteurization (Vat-PT), retort (RTR), and ultra-high temperature (UHT) were performed with or without homogenization. UHT, RTR, and homogenization increased the colloidal dispersion of globules, as indicated by increased zeta potential. The RTR treatment completely inactivated xanthine oxidase activity (a marker of MFG bioactivity), whereas UHT reduced its activity by 93%. Interestingly, Vat-PT resulted in less damage, with 28% activity retention. Sialic acid, an important compound for brain health, was unaffected by processing. Importantly, homogenization increased the in vitro lipolysis of MFG, suggesting that this treatment could increase the digestibility of MFG. In terms of color, homogenization led to higher L* values, indicating increased whiteness due to finer dispersion of the fat and casein micelles (and thus greater light scattering), whereas UHT and RTR increased b* values associated with Maillard reactions. This study highlights the nuanced effects of processing conditions on MFG properties, emphasizing the retention of native characteristics in Vat-PT-treated human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulustan Ozturk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Bruna Paviani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Rewa Rai
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Randall C. Robinson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Sierra D. Durham
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Mara I. Baller
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Aidong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Eker F, Akdaşçi E, Duman H, Yalçıntaş YM, Canbolat AA, Kalkan AE, Karav S, Šamec D. Antimicrobial Properties of Colostrum and Milk. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:251. [PMID: 38534686 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing number of antibiotic resistance genes is putting a strain on the ecosystem and harming human health. In addition, consumers have developed a cautious attitude towards chemical preservatives. Colostrum and milk are excellent sources of antibacterial components that help to strengthen the immunity of the offspring and accelerate the maturation of the immune system. It is possible to study these important defenses of milk and colostrum, such as lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulins, oligosaccharides, etc., as biotherapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of numerous infections caused by microbes. Each of these components has different mechanisms and interactions in various places. The compound's mechanisms of action determine where the antibacterial activity appears. The activation of the antibacterial activity of milk and colostrum compounds can start in the infant's mouth during lactation and continue in the gastrointestinal regions. These antibacterial properties possess potential for therapeutic uses. In order to discover new perspectives and methods for the treatment of bacterial infections, additional investigations of the mechanisms of action and potential complexes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Eker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Emir Akdaşçi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Yalçın Mert Yalçıntaş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Alperen Canbolat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Arda Erkan Kalkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Dunja Šamec
- Department of Food Technology, University North, Trg Dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
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Elgersma KM, Wolfson J, Fulkerson JA, Georgieff MK, Looman WS, Spatz DL, Shah KM, Uzark K, McKechnie AC. Predictors of Human Milk Feeding and Direct Breastfeeding for Infants with Single Ventricle Congenital Heart Disease: Machine Learning Analysis of the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative Registry. J Pediatr 2023; 261:113562. [PMID: 37329981 PMCID: PMC10527750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors that support or limit human milk (HM) feeding and direct breastfeeding (BF) for infants with single ventricle congenital heart disease at neonatal stage 1 palliation (S1P) discharge and at stage 2 palliation (S2P) (∼4-6 months old). STUDY DESIGN Analysis of the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative (NPC-QIC) registry (2016-2021; 67 sites). Primary outcomes were any HM, exclusive HM, and any direct BF at S1P discharge and at S2P. The main analysis involved multiple phases of elastic net logistic regression on imputed data to identify important predictors. RESULTS For 1944 infants, the strongest predictor domain areas included preoperative feeding, demographics/social determinants of health, feeding route, clinical course, and site. Significant findings included: preoperative BF was associated with any HM at S1P discharge (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.74-3.44) and any BF at S2P (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.38-3.80); private/self-insurance was associated with any HM at S1P discharge (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.58-2.47); and Black/African-American infants had lower odds of any HM at S1P discharge (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.38-0.65) and at S2P (0.57, 0.30-0.86). Adjusted odds of HM/BF practices varied among NPC-QIC sites. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative feeding practices predict later HM and BF for infants with single ventricle congenital heart disease; therefore, family-centered interventions focused on HM/BF during the S1P preoperative time are needed. These interventions should include evidence-based strategies to address implicit bias and seek to minimize disparities related to social determinants of health. Future research is needed to identify supportive practices common to high-performing NPC-QIC sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian Wolfson
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jayne A Fulkerson
- University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis, MN; Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN; Division of Neonatology, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Wendy S Looman
- University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Diane L Spatz
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadephia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadephia, PA
| | - Kavisha M Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Karen Uzark
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI; C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI
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Tomaszewska A, Jeleniewska A, Porębska K, Królikowska K, Rustecka A, Lipińska-Opałka A, Będzichowska A, Zdanowski R, Aleksandrowicz K, Kloc M, Kalicki B. Immunomodulatory Effect of Infectious Disease of a Breastfed Child on the Cellular Composition of Breast Milk. Nutrients 2023; 15:3844. [PMID: 37686876 PMCID: PMC10490220 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the content of immune components in milk is influenced by the mother's health and also by the infant she feeds. We aimed to evaluate the effect of a child's respiratory tract infection on the cellular composition of breast milk (neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and their subpopulations). Twenty-six breastfeeding mothers whose children were hospitalized for respiratory tract infections were enrolled in the study. The control group consisted of 23 mothers of healthy children. Regarding the children, baseline laboratory blood tests were performed, and nasal swabs were taken for the presence of RS virus. In the next step, milk samples were collected from the mothers to assess the cellular composition of the milk, including neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and their subpopulations. Significantly higher percentages of T lymphocytes (helper and cytotoxic lymphocytes) were observed in the milk of the studied mothers. There was a significantly higher percentage of milk lymphocytes in the group of affected children with confirmed RSV etiology than in children with excluded RSV etiology. A significant positive correlation was observed between the duration of infection and the percentage of milk NK cells and between milk CD19 lymphocytes and the child's serum leukocytosis. This study may provide evidence of a link between cells in breast milk and disease in the breastfed infant. The severity of the infection, its duration, and the etiological agent of the infection may affect the cellular composition of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Tomaszewska
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (A.L.-O.); (A.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Alicja Jeleniewska
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (A.L.-O.); (A.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Klaudia Porębska
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (R.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Katarzyna Królikowska
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (A.L.-O.); (A.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Rustecka
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (A.L.-O.); (A.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Lipińska-Opałka
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (A.L.-O.); (A.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Agata Będzichowska
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (A.L.-O.); (A.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Robert Zdanowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (R.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Karolina Aleksandrowicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (R.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Małgorzata Kloc
- Transplant Immunology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bolesław Kalicki
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (A.L.-O.); (A.B.); (B.K.)
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Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease comprises cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction and underlies the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, both within the United States and worldwide. Commensal microbiota are implicated in the development of cardiometabolic disease. Evidence suggests that the microbiome is relatively variable during infancy and early childhood, becoming more fixed in later childhood and adulthood. Effects of microbiota, both during early development, and in later life, may induce changes in host metabolism that modulate risk mechanisms and predispose toward the development of cardiometabolic disease. In this review, we summarize the factors that influence gut microbiome composition and function during early life and explore how changes in microbiota and microbial metabolism influence host metabolism and cardiometabolic risk throughout life. We highlight limitations in current methodology and approaches and outline state-of-the-art advances, which are improving research and building toward refined diagnosis and treatment options in microbiome-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis L Gabriel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (C.L.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research (C.L.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
| | - Jane F Ferguson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.F.F.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Vanderbilt Microbiome Innovation Center (J.F.F.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (J.F.F.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
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Tama A, Bartosz G, Sadowska-Bartosz I. Phenolic compounds interfere in the Ampliflu Red/peroxidase assay for hydrogen peroxide. Food Chem 2023; 422:136222. [PMID: 37121205 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Methods employing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) are popular for quantification of hydrogen peroxide. This communication reports interference of the Ampliflu Red-HRP assay by phenolic compounds, abundant in food and beverages of plant origin. Concentrations of catechin, propyl gallate, quercetin and gallic acid lowering the yield of the product, resorufin, in this system by 50% were lower than 10 μM. The extent of inhibition increased with decreasing hydrogen peroxide concentration. These results point to the necessity of a careful interpretation of results concerning the quantification of hydrogen peroxide in materials containing phenolic compounds with methods employing HRP, especially when low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide are concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tama
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland.
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Smilowitz JT, Allen LH, Dallas DC, McManaman J, Raiten DJ, Rozga M, Sela DA, Seppo A, Williams JE, Young BE, McGuire MK. Ecologies, synergies, and biological systems shaping human milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 2. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117 Suppl 1:S28-S42. [PMID: 37173059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is universally recognized as the preferred food for infants during the first 6 mo of life because it provides not only essential and conditionally essential nutrients in necessary amounts but also other biologically active components that are instrumental in protecting, communicating important information to support, and promoting optimal development and growth in infants. Despite decades of research, however, the multifaceted impacts of human milk consumption on infant health are far from understood on a biological or physiological basis. Reasons for this lack of comprehensive knowledge of human milk functions are numerous, including the fact that milk components tend to be studied in isolation, although there is reason to believe that they interact. In addition, milk composition can vary greatly within an individual as well as within and among populations. The objective of this working group within the Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN) Project was to provide an overview of human milk composition, factors impacting its variation, and how its components may function to coordinately nourish, protect, and communicate complex information to the recipient infant. Moreover, we discuss the ways whereby milk components might interact such that the benefits of an intact milk matrix are greater than the sum of its parts. We then apply several examples to illustrate how milk is better thought of as a biological system rather than a more simplistic "mixture" of independent components to synergistically support optimal infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David C Dallas
- Nutrition Program, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - James McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel J Raiten
- Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Rozga
- Evidence Analysis Center, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Sela
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Antti Seppo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Bridget E Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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Elgersma KM, Spatz DL, Fulkerson JA, Wolfson J, Georgieff MK, Looman WS, Shah KM, Uzark K, McKechnie AC. Patterns of Breastfeeding and Human Milk Feeding in Infants with Single-Ventricle Congenital Heart Disease: A Population Study of the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative Registry. Breastfeed Med 2023; 18:315-325. [PMID: 37071633 PMCID: PMC10124172 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2023.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Infants with single-ventricle (SV) congenital heart disease (CHD) undergo staged surgical and/or catheter-based palliation and commonly experience feeding challenges and poor growth. Little is known about human milk (HM) feeding or direct breastfeeding (BF) in this population. Aim: To determine (1) HM and BF prevalence for infants with SV CHD, and (2) whether BF at neonatal stage 1 palliation (S1P) discharge is associated with any HM at stage 2 palliation (S2P; ∼4-6 months old). Materials and Methods: Analysis of the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative registry (2016-2021) using (1) descriptive statistics for prevalence, and (2) logistic regression adjusted for multiple variables (e.g., prematurity, insurance, length of stay) to examine early BF/later HM feeding. Results: Participants included 2,491 infants from 68 sites. HM prevalence ranged from 49.3% any/41.5% exclusive before S1P to 37.1% any/7.0% exclusive at S2P. Direct BF ranged from 16.1% any/7.9% exclusive before S1P to 9.2% any/3.2% exclusive at S2P discharge. Prevalence varied among sites; for example, 0-100% any HM before S1P. Infants BF at S1P discharge had greater odds of any HM (odds ratio = 4.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.79-6.07, p < 0.001) and exclusive HM (1.85, 95% CI 1.03-3.30, p = 0.039) at S2P. Conclusions: The prevalence of HM and BF for infants with SV CHD was low and declined over time. Direct BF at S1P discharge was associated with increased odds of any HM at S2P. Wide variation suggests that site-specific practices impact feeding outcomes. HM and BF prevalence are suboptimal in this population, and identification of supportive institutional practices is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane L. Spatz
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Pediatric Nursing Research and Evidence Based Practice, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jayne A. Fulkerson
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Divisions of Epidemiology and School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julian Wolfson
- Divisions of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael K. Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wendy S. Looman
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kavisha M. Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Karen Uzark
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Pediatrics (Cardiology), C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Chandran D, Warren K, McKeone D, Hicks SD. The Association between Infant Colic and the Multi-Omic Composition of Human Milk. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030559. [PMID: 36979494 PMCID: PMC10046316 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant colic is a common condition with unclear biologic underpinnings and limited treatment options. We hypothesized that complex molecular networks within human milk (i.e., microbes, micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs), cytokines) would contribute to colic risk, while controlling for medical, social, and nutritional variables. This hypothesis was tested in a cohort of 182 breastfed infants, assessed with a modified Infant Colic Scale at 1 month. RNA sequencing was used to interrogate microbial and miRNA features. Luminex assays were used to measure growth factors and cytokines. Milk from mothers of infants with colic (n = 28) displayed higher levels of Staphylococcus (adj. p = 0.038, d = 0.30), miR-224-3p (adj. p = 0.023, d = 0.33), miR-125b-5p (adj. p = 0.028, d = 0.29), let-7a-5p (adj. p = 0.028, d = 0.27), and miR-205-5p (adj. p = 0.029, d = 0.26) compared to milk from non-colic mother-infant dyads (n = 154). Colic symptom severity was directly associated with milk hepatocyte growth factor levels (R = 0.21, p = 0.025). A regression model involving let-7a-5p, miR-29a-3p, and Lactobacillus accurately modeled colic risk (X2 = 16.7, p = 0.001). Molecular factors within human milk may impact colic risk, and provide support for a dysbiotic/inflammatory model of colic pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirae Chandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Warren
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Daniel McKeone
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Steven D Hicks
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Zhang J, Duley JA, Cowley DM, Shaw PN, Zhou P, Koorts P, Bansal N. The Results of Different Heating Temperatures on Activities of Bioactive Proteins in Human Milk. J Hum Lact 2022; 39:300-307. [PMID: 36176243 DOI: 10.1177/08903344221124870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most utilized pasteurization method in donor human milk banks is Holder pasteurization (heating 62.5 °C for 30 min). However, many bioactive proteins are heat sensitive and are inactivated. RESEARCH AIM To determine the results of a range of heating regimes on the activities of xanthine oxidase, lactoperoxidase and lysozyme, the concentrations of immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin, as well as bacterial inactivation. METHOD This prospective, cross-sectional, intervention study was designed to measure the influence of heating temperatures on bioactive components in donor human milk. Milk samples were processed at 40, 50, 55, 62.5, 75, 127 °C and the activities of the enzymes, and the concentration of immune proteins, were measured. RESULTS No bacterial colonies were detectable, using standard culture methods, after heating above 50 ºC. All proteins studied retained over 60% concentrations or activities when the pasteurization temperature was 50 ºC or lower, while their concentrations or activities were lost at higher temperatures. For lactoferrin, the residual concentration was above 80% when heating temperature was under 55 °C, while only 20% remained after Holder pasteurization. Both xanthine oxidase and lactoperoxidase had little residual activity when temperatures were above Holder pasteurization. Lysozyme retained a greater proportion of residual activity than other proteins, following heating at all temperatures. CONCLUSIONS The concentrations or activities of immune proteins and bioactive enzymes decreased when heated above 50 °C. The results of this study can be used to design temperature control guidance during alternative methods of pasteurization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - John A Duley
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - David M Cowley
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul N Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Pieter Koorts
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
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11
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Ramiro-Cortijo D, Gila-Diaz A, Herranz Carrillo G, Cañas S, Gil-Ramírez A, Ruvira S, Martin-Cabrejas MA, Arribas SM. Influence of Neonatal Sex on Breast Milk Protein and Antioxidant Content in Spanish Women in the First Month of Lactation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081472. [PMID: 36009190 PMCID: PMC9405477 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk (BM) is the best food for newborns. Male sex is associated with a higher risk of fetal programming, prematurity, and adverse postnatal outcome, being that BM is an important health determinant. BM composition is dynamic and modified by several factors, including lactation period, prematurity, maternal nutritional status, and others. This study was designed to evaluate the influence of sex on BM composition during the first month of lactation, focused on macronutrients and antioxidants. Forty-eight breastfeeding women and their fifty-five newborns were recruited at the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (Madrid, Spain). Clinical sociodemographic data and anthropometric parameters were collected. BM samples were obtained at days 7, 14, and 28 of lactation to assess fat (Mojonnier method), protein (Bradford method), and biomarkers of oxidative status: total antioxidant capacity (ABTS and FRAP methods), thiol groups, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation (spectrophotometric methods). Linear mixed models with random effects adjusted by maternal anthropometry, neonatal Z-scores at birth, and gestational age were used to assess the main effects of sex, lactation period, and their interaction. BM from mothers with male neonates exhibited significantly higher protein, ABTS, FRAP, and GSH levels, while catalase showed the opposite trend. No differences between sexes were observed in SOD, total thiols, and oxidative damage biomarkers. Most changes were observed on day 7 of lactation. Adjusted models demonstrated a significant association between male sex and proteins (β = 2.70 ± 1.20; p-Value = 0.048). In addition, total antioxidant capacity by ABTS (β = 0.11 ± 0.06) and GSH (β = 1.82 ± 0.94) showed a positive trend near significance (p-Value = 0.056; p-Value = 0.064, respectively). In conclusion, transitional milk showed sex differences in composition with higher protein and GSH levels in males. This may represent an advantage in the immediate perinatal period, which may help to counteract the worse adaptation of males to adverse intrauterine environments and prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ramiro-Cortijo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.-C.); (A.G.-D.); (S.R.)
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Research Group, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.G.-R.); (M.A.M.-C.)
| | - Andrea Gila-Diaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.-C.); (A.G.-D.); (S.R.)
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Research Group, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.G.-R.); (M.A.M.-C.)
| | - Gloria Herranz Carrillo
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), C/Profesor Martin Lagos s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Silvia Cañas
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Research Group, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.G.-R.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Gil-Ramírez
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Research Group, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.G.-R.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ruvira
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.-C.); (A.G.-D.); (S.R.)
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Research Group, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.G.-R.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- PhD Programme in Pharmacology and Physiology, Doctoral School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. Martin-Cabrejas
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Research Group, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.G.-R.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia M. Arribas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.-C.); (A.G.-D.); (S.R.)
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Research Group, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.G.-R.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Wemelle E, Marousez L, Lesage J, De Lamballerie M, Knauf C, Carneiro L. In Vivo Assessment of Antioxidant Potential of Human Milk Treated by Holder Pasteurization or High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing: A Preliminary Study on Intestinal and Hepatic Markers in Adult Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1091. [PMID: 35739988 PMCID: PMC9220199 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants are highly susceptible to oxidative stress due to an imbalance between endogenous oxidant and antioxidant systems. In addition, these newborns are frequently fed with donor milk (DM) treated by Holder pasteurization (HoP) at 62.5 °C for 30 min, which is known to alter numerous heat-sensitive factors, including some antioxidants. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing was recently proposed as an innovative method for the treatment of DM. The present study aimed to measure the redox balance of HoP- and HHP-DM and to study, in vivo, the effects of HoP- and HHP-DM on the gut and liver. H2O2, vitamin A and vitamin E (α- and γ-tocopherols) concentrations, as well as the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), were measured in raw-, HoP- and HHP-DM. The gene expression level of antioxidant systems and inflammatory response were quantified in the ileum and liver of adult mice after 7 days of oral administration of HoP- or HHP-DM. HoP reduced the γ-tocopherol level, whereas HHP treatment preserved all vitamins close to the raw milk level. The milk H2O2 content was reduced by HHP but not by HoP. The total antioxidant capacity of DM was reduced after HHP processing measured by PAOT-Liquid® technology but was unaffected after measurement by ORAC assay. In mice, HHP-DM administration induced a stimulation of antioxidant defenses and reduced some inflammatory markers in both the ileum and liver compared to HoP-DM treatment. Our preliminary study suggests that the HHP processing of DM may better protect preterm infants from gut and liver pathologies compared to HoP, which is currently used in most human milk banks.
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13
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Ozturk G, Liang N, Bhattacharya M, Robinson RC, Shankar S, Huang Y, Paviani B, Taha AY, Barile D. Glycoproteomic and Lipidomic Characterization of Industrially Produced Whey Protein Phospholipid Concentrate with Emphasis on Antimicrobial Xanthine Oxidase, Oxylipins and Small Milk Fat Globules. Dairy 2022; 3:277-302. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the composition of whey protein phospholipid concentrate (WPPC), an underutilized dairy stream, and reveals that it is a source of many bioactive compounds that can benefit the immune system and gut health. Our glycoproteomics approach uncovered that proteins derived from the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) represent 23% of the total protein relative abundance and identified 85 N-glycans. Released sialic acid, an additional marker of glycosylation, ranged from 1.2 to 2% of the total weight. Xanthine oxidase, a glycosylated marker of MFG bioactivity, was found in high abundance and displayed higher antimicrobial activity than bovine milk, despite its similar fat and solids content. An average MFG diameter of 2.64 ± 0.01 µm was found in liquid WPPC, compared to 4.78 ± 0.13 µm in bovine milk, which likely explains the unusually high presence of glycosylated membrane-bound proteins and phospholipids, whose total fatty acids accounted for 20% of the WPPC total fatty acid pool. Free and bound oxylipins (mainly derived from linoleic acid) were also identified, together with other less abundant anti-inflammatory lipid mediators derived from eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Our study demonstrates that WPPC represents a promising starting material for bioactive compound extraction and a functional vehicle for the delivery of small MFGs.
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Cheema AS, Trevenen ML, Turlach BA, Furst AJ, Roman AS, Bode L, Gridneva Z, Lai CT, Stinson LF, Payne MS, Geddes DT. Exclusively Breastfed Infant Microbiota Develops over Time and Is Associated with Human Milk Oligosaccharide Intakes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052804. [PMID: 35269946 PMCID: PMC8910998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal development of maternal and infant microbiomes during early life impacts short- and long-term infant health. This study aimed to characterize bacterial dynamics within maternal faecal, human milk (HM), infant oral, and infant faecal samples during the exclusive breastfeeding period and to document associations between human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) intakes and infant oral and faecal bacterial profiles. Maternal and infant samples (n = 10) were collected at 2−5, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days postpartum and the full-length 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene was sequenced. Nineteen HMOs were quantitated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Bacterial profiles were unique to each sample type and changed significantly over time, with a large degree of intra- and inter-individual variation in all sample types. Beta diversity was stable over time within infant faecal, maternal faecal and HM samples, however, the infant oral microbiota at day 2−5 significantly differed from all other time points (all p < 0.02). HMO concentrations and intakes significantly differed over time, and HMO intakes showed differential associations with taxa observed in infant oral and faecal samples. The direct clinical relevance of this, however, is unknown. Regardless, future studies should account for intakes of HMOs when modelling the impact of HM on infant growth, as it may have implications for infant microbiota development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sadiq Cheema
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (A.S.C.); (Z.G.); (C.T.L.); (L.F.S.)
| | - Michelle Louise Trevenen
- Centre for Applied Statistics, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.L.T.); (B.A.T.)
| | - Berwin Ashoka Turlach
- Centre for Applied Statistics, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.L.T.); (B.A.T.)
| | - Annalee June Furst
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.J.F.); (A.S.R.); (L.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ana Sophia Roman
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.J.F.); (A.S.R.); (L.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lars Bode
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.J.F.); (A.S.R.); (L.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zoya Gridneva
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (A.S.C.); (Z.G.); (C.T.L.); (L.F.S.)
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (A.S.C.); (Z.G.); (C.T.L.); (L.F.S.)
| | - Lisa Faye Stinson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (A.S.C.); (Z.G.); (C.T.L.); (L.F.S.)
| | - Matthew Scott Payne
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia;
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Donna Tracy Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (A.S.C.); (Z.G.); (C.T.L.); (L.F.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6488-4467
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15
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Kageyama S, Furuta M, Takeshita T, Ma J, Asakawa M, Yamashita Y. High-Level Acquisition of Maternal Oral Bacteria in Formula-Fed Infant Oral Microbiota. mBio 2022; 13:e0345221. [PMID: 35038919 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03452-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The influx of maternal oral microbes is considered to play an important role in the acquisition and development of infant oral microbiota. In this study, we examined tongue swab samples from 448 mother-infant pairs at 4-month checkups. The bacterial composition of each sample was determined using PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing of the full-length 16S rRNA gene and the amplicon sequence variant (ASV) approach. Although the infant oral microbiota was distinctly different from the mother oral microbiota, ASVs shared with their biological mother accounted for a median relative abundance of 9.7% (range of 0.0 to 99.3%), which was significantly higher than that of ASVs shared with unrelated mothers. This shared abundance was strongly associated with the feeding method of infants rather than their delivery mode or antibiotic exposure, and formula-fed infants had higher shared abundance than exclusively breastfed infants. Our study presents strain-level evidence for mother-to-infant transmission of oral bacteria and suggests that colonization of maternal oral bacteria is higher in formula-fed infants. IMPORTANCE Acquisition of oral bacteria during infancy can affect the subsequent formation of stable oral microbiota. This study focused on the mother-to-infant transmission of oral bacteria, a major acquisition route of infant oral microbiota, and demonstrated that most infants acquired oral bacteria from their biological mother even at the single-nucleotide level. Our results also indicated that the occupancies of maternal oral bacteria in infant oral microbiota were associated with the feeding methods of infants. These data could increase understanding of the early development of oral microbiota in infants and its potential associations with oral microbiota-related diseases.
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16
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Gonçalves J, Juliano AM, Charepe N, Alenquer M, Athayde D, Ferreira F, Archer M, Amorim MJ, Serrano F, Soares H. Secretory IgA and T cells targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are transferred to the breastmilk upon mRNA vaccination. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100468. [PMID: 34873588 PMCID: PMC8636305 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In view of the scarcity of data to guide decision making, we evaluated how BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines affect the immune response in lactating women and the protective profile of breastmilk. Compared with controls, lactating women had a higher frequency of circulating RBD memory B cells and higher anti-RBD antibody titers but similar neutralizing capacity. We show that upon vaccination, immune transfer to breastmilk occurs through a combination of anti-spike secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies and spike-reactive T cells. Although we found that the concentration of anti-spike IgA in breastmilk might not be sufficient to directly neutralize SARS-CoV-2, our data suggest that cumulative transfer of IgA might provide the infant with effective neutralization capacity. Our findings put forward the possibility that breastmilk might convey both immediate (through anti-spike SIgA) and long-lived (via spike-reactive T cells) immune protection to the infant. Further studies are needed to address this possibility and to determine the functional profile of spike T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Gonçalves
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Group, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- iNOVA4Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A. Margarida Juliano
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Group, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- iNOVA4Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nádia Charepe
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
- CHRC, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Alenquer
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diogo Athayde
- Membrane Protein Crystallography Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, ITQB-NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filipe Ferreira
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida Archer
- Membrane Protein Crystallography Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, ITQB-NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria João Amorim
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fátima Serrano
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
- CHRC, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Group, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- iNOVA4Health, Lisbon, Portugal
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Cupp-Sutton K, Ashby MT. Reverse Ordered Sequential Mechanism for Lactoperoxidase with Inhibition by Hydrogen Peroxide. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1646. [PMID: 34829517 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (LPO, FeIII in its resting state in the absence of substrates)—an enzyme secreted from human mammary, salivary, and other mucosal glands—catalyzes the oxidation of thiocyanate (SCN−) by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce hypothiocyanite (OSCN−), which functions as an antimicrobial agent. The accepted catalytic mechanism, called the halogen cycle, comprises a two-electron oxidation of LPO by H2O2 to produce oxoiron(IV) radicals, followed by O-atom transfer to SCN−. However, the mechanism does not explain biphasic kinetics and inhibition by H2O2 at low concentration of reducing substrate, conditions that may be biologically relevant. We propose an ordered sequential mechanism in which the order of substrate binding is reversed, first SCN− and then H2O2. The sequence of substrate binding that is described by the halogen cycle mechanism is actually inhibitory.
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18
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Ding ST, Gao YJ, Qin CX, Liu HY, Zhang HW, Li Y, Zhang Y. Granulomatous mastitis in multiparae during pregnancy and lactation: Observational study (STROBE compliant). Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25912. [PMID: 34160380 PMCID: PMC8238367 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of granulomatous mastitis (GLM) in multiparae as seriously affected the quality of life and breastfeeding of pregnant women after delivery, but the treatment is rarely reported. In this article, the development, healing, and lactation of 13 cases were reported and a retrospective analysis was performed. 10 cases of GLM were treated at the Breast Disease Prevention and Treatment Center of Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Beijing and 3 cases of GLM were treated in the Breast Department of Weihai Municipal Hospital of Shandong province from February 2017 to May 2019.Among the 13 patients, conservative symptomatic treatment was adopted during pregnancy and lactation: anti-infective therapy consisting of oral cephalosporin antibiotic for patients; ultrasound-guided puncture and drainage of pus or incision and drainage after abscess formation. Observation continued during the sinus tract phase. Postpartum breastfeeding was encouraged, especially on the affected side. In this study, the median healing time was 20 months and the average healing time was 30.4 months in 5 healthy breast lactation cases. In 8 cases of bilateral breast lactation, the median healing time was 30 months and the average healing time was 26.5 months. Linear regression test analysis: whether the affected breast was breast-fed after delivery had no effect on the postpartum wound healing time, P = .792. The wounds of 13 patients healed well after lactation, and none of them recurred since the last follow-up visit. There were no adverse events in all infants.Conservative symptomatic treatment for GLM of multiparous women during pregnancy and lactation and encouraging breastfeeding after delivery have no effect on infant health and the recovery time of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-tao Ding
- Breast Department of Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-jun Gao
- Breast Department of Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-xin Qin
- Department of Thyroid and Breast of Xiyuan Yard of Breast Department of Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shangdong Province, China
| | - Hong-yan Liu
- Breast Department of Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-wei Zhang
- Breast Department of Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Breast Department of Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Breast Department of Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital, Beijing, China
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19
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Nardi GM, Grassi R, Ndokaj A, Antonioni M, Jedlinski M, Rumi G, Grocholewicz K, Dus-Ilnicka I, Grassi FR, Ottolenghi L, Mazur M. Maternal and Neonatal Oral Microbiome Developmental Patterns and Correlated Factors: A Systematic Review-Does the Apple Fall Close to the Tree? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:5569. [PMID: 34071058 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The purpose of the study was to comprehensively analyze the relationship between the mother’s oral microbiome, modes of delivery and feeding, and the formation of the newborn child’s oral microbiome. (2) Methods: This systematic review included a search through MEDLINE (PubMed) database (from 2010 to July 2020). Research was registered in PROSPERO under the number CRD42021241044. (3) Results: Of the 571 studies, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Included studies were classified according to (i) child’s delivery mode, (ii) maternal exposure to antibiotics and disinfectants, and (iii) feeding type. (4) Conclusions: The interpretation of these papers shows that the type of delivery, maternal exposure to disinfectants and antibiotics during delivery, maternal health classed as overweight, gestational diabetes mellitus, and feeding type are correlated to changes in the maternal and neonatal early oral microbiomes, based on the analysis provided in this systematic review. Because no evidence exists regarding the impact of maternal diet and maternal oral health on the establishment and development of the early oral newborn microbiome, more studies are needed to deepen the knowledge and understanding of the subject and develop preventive and therapeutic strategies of support to pregnant women.
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Abstract
Acquisition and establishment of the oral microbiota occur in a dynamic process over various stages and involve close and continuous interactions with the host and its environment. In the present review, we discuss the stages of this process in chronological order. We start with the prenatal period and address the following questions: ‘Is the fetus exposed to maternal microbiota during pregnancy?’ and ‘If so, what is the potential role of this exposure?’ We comment on recent reports of finding bacterial DNA in placenta during pregnancies, and provide current views on the potential functions of prenatal microbial encounters. Next, we discuss the physiological adaptations that take place in the newborn during the birth process and the effect of this phase of life on the acquisition of the oral microbiota. Is it really just exposure to maternal vaginal microbes that results in the difference between vaginally and Cesarian section‐born infants? Then, we review the postnatal phase, in which we focus on transmission of microbes, the intraoral niche specificity, the effects of the host behavior and environment, as well as the role of genetic background of the host on shaping the oral microbial ecosystem. We discuss the changes in oral microbiota during the transition from deciduous to permanent dentition and during puberty. We also address the finite knowledge on colonization of the oral cavity by microbes other than the bacterial component. Finally, we identify the main outstanding questions that limit our understanding of the acquisition and establishment of a healthy microbiome at an individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Marije Kaan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dono Kahharova
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Al-Shehri SS. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and innate immune response. Biochimie 2020; 181:52-64. [PMID: 33278558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens and is characterized by its fast but nonspecific response. One important mechanism of this system is the production of the biocidal reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which are widely distributed within biological systems, including phagocytes and secretions. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are short-lived intermediates that are biochemically synthesized by various enzymatic reactions in aerobic organisms and are regulated by antioxidants. The physiological levels of reactive species play important roles in cellular signaling and proliferation. However, higher concentrations and prolonged exposure can fight infections by damaging important microbial biomolecules. One feature of the reactive species generation system is the interaction between its components to produce more biocidal agents. For example, the phagocytic NADPH oxidase complex generates superoxide, which functions as a precursor for antimicrobial hydrogen peroxide synthesis. Peroxide is then used by myeloperoxidase in the same cells to generate hypochlorous acid, a highly microbicidal agent. Studies on animal models and microorganisms have shown that deficiency of these antimicrobial agents is associated with severe recurrent infections and immunocompromised diseases, such as chronic granulomatous disease. There is accumulating evidence that reactive species have important positive aspects on human health and immunity; however, some important promising features of this system remain obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad S Al-Shehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
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22
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Fernandes JO, Tella SOC, Ferraz IS, Ciampo LAD, Tanus-Santos JE. Assessment of nitric oxide metabolites concentrations in plasma, saliva, and breast milk and their relationship in lactating women. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:1293-1302. [PMID: 33237454 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03994-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in many biological mechanisms. The amounts of physiologically produced NO are associated with the concentrations of its metabolites nitrate and nitrite. This study investigated whether there is any association between the concentrations of NO metabolites nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosylated species (RXNO) in mature breast milk, saliva, and plasma in healthy lactating women (N = 30). We hypothesized that the NO metabolites concentrations in plasma are associated with those found in saliva and in breast milk. NO metabolites concentrations were measured using chemiluminensce-based assays. Nitrate concentrations in breast milk are twice as much as plasma concentrations, whereas nitrate concentrations in saliva are about eightfold higher (both P < 0.001). Similar differences were found when nitrite concentrations were taken into consideration. RXNO concentrations in breast milk were negligible, and RXNO concentrations in saliva were approximately sixfold higher than those found in plasma samples (P < 0.0001). Nitrate concentrations in plasma are associated with nitrate concentrations in saliva (rs = 0.474, P = 0.004). However, no significant association was found between nitrate concentrations in breast milk and in plasma (P > 0.05). Our results show a significant association between nitrate concentrations in plasma with those found in saliva, whereas all other relationships were not significant. In conclusion, this report shows for the first time that the physiological concentrations of NO metabolites in human breast milk are probably independent of circulating NO metabolites concentrations and may depend mostly on endogenous NO synthesis in the breast. These findings may have clinical implications for newborns and lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana O Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra O C Tella
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan S Ferraz
- Department of Puericulture and Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz A D Ciampo
- Department of Puericulture and Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose E Tanus-Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The human milk microbiome is an emerging scientific area. Careful, accurate collection and measurement for microbial sequencing is imperative. There is controversy about a core microbiome, and little is known about factors that influence composition. Even less known are ways that the milk microbiome might seed the infant gut and affect health. RESEARCH AIM The aim of this paper is to provide a critical appraisal of milk microbiome research. The four areas of critical appraisal were collection and measurement, composition, effects on composition, and potential health effects for infants related to the milk microbiome. METHODS Using a PRISMA-ScR scoping review, we reviewed sources of evidence extracted from PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, and PSYCHINFO data sets using the following criteria: English language, published in past 6 years, primary data, and sequencing using Next Generation Sequencing. Charting of sources of evidence included authors, title, journal year, sample, design, and results. The research questions posed were: How is human milk collected and how are the microbes identified? What is the composition and what factors affect the human milk microbiome? What is the relationship of the human milk microbiome to infant biology and health? RESULTS The reviewed studies were quantitative, cross sectional, or longitudinal. A core microbiome may be present. The microbiome may seed the early infant gut and promote physiological functions and thus influence human health. CONCLUSIONS We have suggested concerns about collection and measurement that lead to gaps in knowledge generation, and mechanistic studies are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Wimberly Groer
- 7831 University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, FL, USA.,Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, FL, USA.,4292 University of Tennessee College of Nursing, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Elgamouz A, Idriss H, Nassab C, Bihi A, Bajou K, Hasan K, Abu Haija M, Patole SP. Green Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial, Anti-Cancer, and Optimization of Colorimetric Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide of Algae Extract Capped Silver Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E1861. [PMID: 32957557 PMCID: PMC7557820 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A green and cost-effective technique for the preparation of silver nanoparticles (Algae-AgNPs) as a colorimetric sensor for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is described. Silver nanoparticles were capped using the green algae (Noctiluca scintillans) extract at an optimum time of 3 h at 80 °C. The pH of the plant extract (pH = 7.0) yields nanoparticles with a mean size of 4.13 nm and a zeta potential of 0.200 ± 0.02 mV and negative polarity, using dynamic light scattering (DLS). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis showed regular spherical particles with the average size of 4.5 nm. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) results revealed the polycrystalline nature of the silver nanoparticles. The obtained patterns were indexed as (111), (200), (220), and (311) reflections of the fcc (face centered cubic) silver crystal based on their d-spacing of 2.47, 2.13, 1.49, and 1.27 Å, respectively. The apparent color change from brown to colorless was observed when nanoparticles reacted with H2O2. Linear responses were obtained in three different ranges (nM, µM, and mM). Limits of detection (LOD) of 1.33 ± 0.02 and 1.77 ± 0.02 nM and quantitation limits (LOQ) of 7.31 ± 0.03 and 9.67 ± 0.03 nM were obtained for Abs and ΔAbs calibration curves, respectively. 10% v/v Algae-AgNPs solution inhibited Staphylococcus aureus over Escherichia coli, while a 50% reduction of tumor cell growth of MDA-MB-231 human breast adenocarcinoma was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Elgamouz
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO. Box 27272, UAE; (H.I.); (C.N.); (A.B.); (K.H.)
| | - Hamid Idriss
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO. Box 27272, UAE; (H.I.); (C.N.); (A.B.); (K.H.)
| | - Chahlaa Nassab
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO. Box 27272, UAE; (H.I.); (C.N.); (A.B.); (K.H.)
| | - Alaa Bihi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO. Box 27272, UAE; (H.I.); (C.N.); (A.B.); (K.H.)
| | - Khalid Bajou
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO. Box 27272, UAE;
| | - Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO. Box 27272, UAE; (H.I.); (C.N.); (A.B.); (K.H.)
| | - Mohammad Abu Haija
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi PO. Box 127788, UAE;
| | - Shashikant P. Patole
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi PO. Box 127788, UAE;
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Zou Z, Bauland J, Hewavitharana AK, Al-Shehri SS, Duley JA, Cowley DM, Koorts P, Shaw PN, Bansal N. A sensitive, high-throughput fluorescent method for the determination of lactoperoxidase activities in milk and comparison in human, bovine, goat and camel milk. Food Chem 2020; 339:128090. [PMID: 33152878 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is one of the major antibacterial ingredients in milk and an extensively employed indicator for milk heat treatment. The traditional method for LPO activity measurement using ABTS (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) cannot achieve high sensitivity and is affected by indigenous milk thiocyanate. A more sensitive microplate fluorescent assay was developed by monitoring generation of red-fluorescent resorufin from LPO catalysed oxidation of Amplex® Red (1-(3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazin-10-yl)ethanone) in this study. The assay is particularly suitable for milk LPO activity measurement as it eliminates the influences of indigenous milk hydrogen peroxide and thiocyanate. The method limit of detection was 7.1x10-6 U/mL of LPO in milk and good intra-run and inter-run precision was obtained. The LPO activities ranked as bovine > goat > camel > human in the four types of milk analysed. The high sensitivity and low cost of this assay makes it suitable for LPO activity analyses in both laboratory and commercial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Zou
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Julien Bauland
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, Agrosup Dijon, France
| | | | - Saad S Al-Shehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - John A Duley
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - David M Cowley
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Pieter Koorts
- Department of Neonatology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul N Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
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26
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Inoue M, Uchida K, Nagano Y, Matsushita K, Koike Y, Otake K, Okita Y, Toiyama Y, Araki T, Kusunoki M. Risk factors and intraoral breast milk application for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in surgical neonates. Pediatr Int 2020; 62:957-961. [PMID: 32162443 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study identified methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization as an independent risk factor for neonatal surgical site infection. Here we introduce intraoral breast milk application (IBMA) during a fasting state to prevent MRSA colonization. We aimed to evaluate both the risk factors for MRSA colonization and the efficacy of IBMA in neonatal surgical patients. METHODS A retrospective review was performed using admission data from 2007 to 2016. Neonatal patients who underwent surgery and were tested periodically for MRSA colonization were evaluated for an association between MRSA colonization and perinatal or perioperative factors. RESULTS The overall incidence of MRSA colonization for the 159 patients enrolled in this study was 16.4%. Univariate analysis showed that MRSA colonization was significantly more frequent in the following patients: those with Down syndrome, those admitted on their day of birth, those in need of fasting immediately after birth, and those not receiving IBMA. Multivariate analysis showed that comorbid Down syndrome was an independent risk factor (hazard ratio: 4.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.2-19.5, P = 0.03) and implementation of IBMA was an independent preventive factor for MRSA colonization (hazard ratio: 0.4; 95% confidence interval: 0.1-0.9, P = 0.04). MRSA-positive patients admitted significantly earlier and stayed longer preoperatively than MRSA-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS In neonates undergoing surgery, and patients with Down syndrome, early diagnosis after birth and a long waiting period before operation may be associated with MRSA colonization. Intraoral breast milk application may be beneficial for preventing MRSA colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikihiro Inoue
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Keiichi Uchida
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuka Nagano
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsushita
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuhki Koike
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kohei Otake
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Mie Prefectural General Medical Center, Yokkaichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Okita
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuji Toiyama
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Araki
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masato Kusunoki
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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Zou Z, Bouchereau-De Pury C, Hewavitharana AK, Al-Shehri SS, Duley JA, Cowley DM, Koorts P, Shaw PN, Bansal N. A sensitive and high-throughput fluorescent method for determination of oxidase activities in human, bovine, goat and camel milk. Food Chem 2020; 336:127689. [PMID: 32763736 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Milk oxidases are an integral part of milk immune system, and good indicators for milk thermal history. Current assay methods for milk oxidases are either insensitive, tedious or not cost-effective. In this study, a high-throughput fluorescence assay method for determination of xanthine oxidase (XO) and polyamine oxidase (PAO) activities in milk samples was developed. The hydrogen peroxide generated by XO catalysed oxidation of hypoxanthine, and PAO catalysed oxidation of spermine, was coupled to horseradish peroxidase conversion of Amplex® Red (1-(3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazin-10-yl)ethanone) to the fluorescent product resorufin. The assay was highly sensitive, with limits of detection of activity in milk being 3 × 10-7 and 7 × 10-7 U/mL for XO and PAO, respectively. Intra-run and inter-run results showed good assay repeatability and reproducibility. The assay was successfully applied to survey the XO and PAO activities in human, bovine, goat and camel milk samples, and it can be readily adapted for measurements of other oxidase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Zou
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Claire Bouchereau-De Pury
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Laïta, Brest Cedex, France
| | | | - Saad S Al-Shehri
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - John A Duley
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - David M Cowley
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Pieter Koorts
- Department of Neonatology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul N Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
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28
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Al-Shehri SS, Duley JA, Bansal N. Xanthine oxidase-lactoperoxidase system and innate immunity: Biochemical actions and physiological roles. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101524. [PMID: 32334145 PMCID: PMC7183230 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system in mammals is the first-line defense that plays an important protective role against a wide spectrum of pathogens, especially during early life before the adaptive immune system develops. The enzymes xanthine oxidase (XO) and lactoperoxidase (LPO) are widely distributed in mammalian tissues and secretions, and have a variety of biological functions including in innate immunity, provoking much interest for both in vitro and in vivo applications. The enzymes are characterized by their generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, including hydrogen peroxide, hypothiocyanite, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite. XO is a major generator of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide that subsequently trigger a cascade of oxidative radical pathways, including those produced by LPO, which have bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects against pathogens including opportunistic bacteria. In addition to their role in host microbial defense, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play important physiological roles as second messenger cell signaling molecules, including cellular proliferation, differentiation and gene expression. There are several indications that the reactive species generated by peroxide have positive effects on human health, particularly in neonates; however, some important in vivo aspects of this system remain obscure. The primary dependence of the system on hydrogen peroxide has led us to propose it is particularly relevant to neonate mammals during milk feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad S Al-Shehri
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - John A Duley
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4102, Australia
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4102, Australia; School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4102, Australia
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Li H, Zhang Y, Xiao B, Xiao S, Wu J, Huang W. Impacts of delivery mode on very low birth weight infants' oral microbiome. Pediatr Neonatol 2020; 61:201-209. [PMID: 31810597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Initial microbial colonization of the oral after birth provides a vital stimulus for neonatal immune and development. The establishment of the gut microbiota has been shown to differ between very low birth weight (VLBW) infants delivered by caesarian section (C-section) and those delivered vaginally. The objective of this study was to investigate the community structure of the oral microbiota in VLBW infants delivered by the two modes. METHODS In total, 23 VLBW infants who were hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit of Shenzhen BaoAn Maternity & Child Health care Hospital (Shenzhen, China) were recruited for this study: 12 infants delivered vaginally, and the other 11 infants delivered by C-section. The assessment of oral microbiota community was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the oral bacterial communities were dominated by the phylum Proteobacteria in both groups. Higher relative abundance of genera Ureaplasma and Pantoea were observed in the vaginal delivery infants, but genera Corynebacterium, Methylobacterium and Variovorax were more prevalent in cesarean-born infants. Furthermore, many metabolic pathways with significant differences between the two groups were detected, mostly related to vitamin, amino acid metabolism and diseases. Additionally, ɑ-diversity and clinical data showed no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that the mode of delivery influences the oral bacterial structure of VLBW infants after birth, but the consequences for neonatal development should be researched in a further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Li
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Shenzhen BaoAn Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Shanqiu Xiao
- Shenzhen BaoAn Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jiaman Wu
- Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Weimin Huang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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30
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Neyraud E, Schwartz C, Brignot H, Jouanin I, Tremblay-Franco M, Canlet C, Tournier C. Longitudinal analysis of the salivary metabolome of breast-fed and formula-fed infants over the first year of life. Metabolomics 2020; 16:37. [PMID: 32162105 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The salivary metabolome has been increasingly studied over the past ten years due to the potential of saliva as a non-invasive source of biomarkers. However, although saliva has been studied in relation to various diseases, its dynamic evolution during life is not known. This is particularly true for the first months of life. Infancy is indeed a critical period during which numerous behavioural and physiological events occur, such as dietary transitions and tooth eruption, which can lead to important biological modifications in the oral cavity. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was therefore to study the evolution of the salivary metabolome during the first months of life by 1H NMR. METHODS Saliva of 32 infants with different milk feeding histories (breast vs formula) was collected at 6 stages, including 3 months old, 15 days before the onset of complementary feeding (CF), approximately 15 days after the onset of CF, approximately 21 days after the onset of CF and at approximately 11 and 15 months, and analysed. RESULTS The longitudinal analysis showed a significant modification of the profiles of 18 metabolites over time; 14 presented an increase in abundance whereas 4 presented a decrease. These modifications seemed to be linked, for the most part, to an increase in oral microbial metabolism. Milk feeding history during the first months of life had no effect on metabolites. CONCLUSION This work shows that the salivary metabolome should be considered when studying the changes occurring during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Neyraud
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 17 rue Sully, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Camille Schwartz
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 17 rue Sully, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Hélène Brignot
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 17 rue Sully, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Isabelle Jouanin
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31027, Toulouse, France
- Axiom Platform, MetaToul-MetaboHub, National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Tremblay-Franco
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31027, Toulouse, France
- Axiom Platform, MetaToul-MetaboHub, National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Canlet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31027, Toulouse, France
- Axiom Platform, MetaToul-MetaboHub, National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Carole Tournier
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 17 rue Sully, 21000, Dijon, France
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31
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Abstract
The fetal immune system develops in a rather sterile environment relative to the outside world and, therefore, lacks antigenic education. Soon after birth, the newborn is exposed to the hostile environment of pathogens. Recently, animal- and limited human-based studies have indicated that help from the mother, upon transfer of leukocytes and their products via breast milk feeding, greatly assists the newborn's immune system. Here, I discuss the newest advances on how milk leukocytes impact early life immunity, with an emphasis on the development of the infant T cell repertoire and early immune responses in the periphery and gut-associated lymphoid tissue. A deeper understanding of these novel mechanistic insights may inform potential translational approaches to improving immunity in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amale Laouar
- Surgery Department and the Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School-Rutgers University, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Setting the stage for good oral health early in life is critical to long-term oral and overall health. This exploratory study aimed to characterize and compare maternal and newborn oral microbiota among mother-infant pairs. Oral samples were collected from 34 pregnant African American women and their infants at 1 to 3 months of age. Extracted 16SrRNA genes were matched to the Human Oral Microbiome Database. Alpha and beta diversity differed significantly between overall maternal and infant microbiomes. Maternal or infant alpha diversity, however, was not differentiated by maternal gingival status. Several demographic and behavioral variables were associated with, but not predictive of, maternal oral microbiome alpha diversity. There was no association, however, among birth mode, feeding mode, and the infant oral microbiome. Megasphaera micronuciformis was the only periodontal pathogen detected among the infants. Notably, maternal gingival status was not associated with the presence/absence of most periodontal pathogens. This study provides an initial description of the maternal and infant oral microbiomes, laying the groundwork for future studies. The perinatal period presents an important opportunity where perinatal nurses and providers can provide oral assessment, education, and referral to quality dental care.
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33
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Van Daele E, Knol J, Belzer C. Microbial transmission from mother to child: improving infant intestinal microbiota development by identifying the obstacles. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:613-648. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1680601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Van Daele
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Knol
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Gut Biology and Microbiology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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34
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Li H, Xiao B, Zhang Y, Xiao S, Luo J, Huang W. Impact of maternal intrapartum antibiotics on the initial oral microbiome of neonates. Pediatr Neonatol 2019; 60:654-661. [PMID: 31056339 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prior studies have proposed that maternal intrapartum antibiotic exposure shapes the gut microbiota and, subsequently the child's health. However, the effect of maternal intrapartum antibiotic exposure and its influence on the development of the neonatal oral microbiota in early infancy has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to compare the initial oral microbiota immediately after birth of healthy infants with and without intrapartum antibiotic exposure. METHODS Twenty-two newborns of the BaoAn Maternal and Child Care Hospital (Shenzhen, China) were recruited for this study, 11 born to mothers without intrapartum antibiotic exposure (NT group) and 11 to mothers with intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis with cefamezin (AT group). Oral microbiome profiles were determined by 16S rRNA sequencing based on the V3V4 hyper-variable regions. RESULTS Phylum Firmicutes was most frequently detected in subjects both groups and a higher frequency was observed in the NT group than the AT group. Phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were more abundant after intrapartum antibiotics exposure. Genus Lactobacillus belonging to Firmicutes was predominant in the neonates not exposed to antibiotics, while significantly higher percentages of genera Klebsiella, Roseburia, Propionibacterium, Faecalibacterium, Escherichia/Shigella, Corynebacterium, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides were noted in AT infants than NT infants. Further function analysis demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and amino acid-related metabolic function was enriched in the AT group, and carbohydrate metabolism pathways were more abundant in the NT group. CONCLUSIONS These findings revealed distinctions in both taxa and metabolic function of oral microbiota between antibiotics-treated and unexposed groups, which indicated that maternal intrapartum antibiotic treatment is a key regulator of the initial neonatal oral microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Li
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Shenzhen Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Guangdong Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangzhou, 51000, China
| | - Shanqiu Xiao
- Shenzhen Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Shenzhen Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Weimin Huang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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35
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de Quental OB, França EL, Honório-França AC, Morais TC, Daboin BEG, Bezerra IMP, Komninakis SV, de Abreu LC. Zika Virus Alters the Viscosity and Cytokines Profile in Human Colostrum. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:9020519. [PMID: 31828175 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9020519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The resurgence of cases of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, accompanied by epidemic of microcephaly in Brazil, has aroused worldwide interest in understanding the biological mechanisms of the virus that allow patient management and the viral dissemination control. Colostrum and human milk are possible sources of virus spread. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the repercussions of ZIKV infection on rheological parameters and inflammatory cytokines of colostrum. The prospective cohort study included 40 puerperal donors of colostrum, divided into 2 groups: control (without ZIKV infection, n = 20) and a group infected with ZIKV during the gestational period (n = 20). Analyses were performed for the detection of ZIKV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition to obtaining the rheological parameters and quantification of IL-10 and IL-6 cytokines by flow cytometry, ZIKV and other flaviviruses were not detected in colostrum. However, maternal infection reflected increased viscosity, decreased levels of IL-10, and elevated levels of IL-6. The higher viscosity may represent a mechanical barrier that hinders the spread of the virus. The lower levels of anti-inflammatory mediators and higher inflammatory cytokines may possibly alter the viscosity, and it seems the higher viscosity represents a possible mechanism of adaptation of breastfeeding against a response to ZIKV.
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36
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Abstract
Mammalian milk is a source of antimicrobial compounds such as xanthine oxidase (XO). The interplay of infant saliva, which contains the substrates for XO activity, and human milk containing XO has been recently shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Based on the complex and protective mechanism observed in human milk, we hypothesized that bovine milk XO operates similarly, thus representing an opportunity to investigate its functionality in broader health implications. We demonstrated that bovine milk-hypoxanthine mixture (0 to 400 μM) inhibited several Gram-negative and -positive bacterial pathogens in a dose-dependent manner. Kinetic experiments revealed that XO catalyzed hypoxanthine reduction (Km, 58.0 μM; Vmax, 5.1 μmol-1 min-1 mg) resulted in the production of antimicrobial hydrogen peroxide. These results demonstrate that the antimicrobial properties of bovine milk XO are similar to those of human milk XO with significant implications for the development of novel products targeting infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulustan Ozturk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America
| | - Ishita M Shah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America.,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America.,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America
| | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America.,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America
| | - Juliana M L N de Moura Bell
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America.,Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America
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37
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Liberman N, Wang SY, Greer EL. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: from phenomena to molecular mechanisms. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 59:189-206. [PMID: 31634674 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inherited information not encoded in the DNA sequence can regulate a variety of complex phenotypes. However, how this epigenetic information escapes the typical epigenetic erasure that occurs upon fertilization and how it regulates behavior is still unclear. Here we review recent examples of brain related transgenerational epigenetic inheritance and delineate potential molecular mechanisms that could regulate how non-genetic information could be transmitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Liberman
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Simon Yuan Wang
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric Lieberman Greer
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA.
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38
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Tuominen H, Collado MC, Rautava J, Syrjänen S, Rautava S. Composition and maternal origin of the neonatal oral cavity microbiota. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1663084. [PMID: 31528268 PMCID: PMC6735328 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1663084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The origin of the initial oral microbiota in neonates still remains poorly understood. Objective: The aim of this study was to understand how the maternal microbiota contributes to the initial neonatal oral microbiota. Design: Twelve mother-neonate pairs with samples from the maternal oral mucosa, uterine cervix and placenta and the neonatal oral cavity immediately after birth were studied. The microbiota composition and diversity were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V3-V4 region). The microbiota analyses and comparisons were carried out with Calypso software version 8.1 and with SourceTracker 1.0.1. Results: Samples from the neonatal oral cavity showed moderately high bacterial diversity and low richness. The neonatal oral cavity microbiota seems to share features mainly with the microbes detected in the placenta, followed by the cervical microbiota and the maternal oral microbiota. No statistically significant differences in diversity (Shannon index, p = 0.14), richness (Chao1, p = 0.53) or in microbial composition were observed according to delivery mode. Conclusion: The neonatal oral cavity microbiota is not significantly modulated by the birth canal or maternal oral microbiota but displays clear associations with microbes in the placenta. These results suggest that the neonatal oral microbiota may have a prenatal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Tuominen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Science, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaana Rautava
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Stina Syrjänen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Samuli Rautava
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku & Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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39
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Ozturk G, German JB, de Moura Bell JMLN. Effects of industrial heat treatments on the kinetics of inactivation of antimicrobial bovine milk xanthine oxidase. NPJ Sci Food 2019; 3:13. [PMID: 31396558 PMCID: PMC6677807 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-019-0046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is a source of antimicrobial systems such as xanthine oxidoreductase, which has been proposed to modulate the oral and gut microbiota of infants. Heat treatments are applied to milk to ensure its microbial safety, however, the effects of heat on this antimicrobial enzyme are not known. The effects of batch pasteurization (BP), high-temperature short time (HTST), and ultra high temperature (UHT) on kinetics of inactivation of xanthine oxidase and its antimicrobial properties were determined. Xanthine oxidase activity was preserved by HTST (100%). Partial (8%) and nearly complete (95%) enzyme inactivation were observed for BP and UHT milks, respectively. Km values of 100 μM and Vmax values of 6.85, 5.12, 6.31, and 0.40 μmol/min/mg were determined for xanthine oxidase in raw, BP, HTST, and UHT milks, respectively. These results demonstrate that xanthine oxidase maintains apparent affinity and activity for its substrate when milk is treated by BP and HTST and yet the enzyme is inactivated with UHT. To investigate heat treatment-induced alterations in the biological activity of xanthine oxidase, heat treated milks were compared to raw milk for their ability to inhibit the growth of S. aureus. Raw, BP, and HTST milk xanthine oxidase efficiently inhibited S. aureus growth. However, these antibacterial properties were lost when milk was subjected to UHT. These results demonstrate that HTST and BP preserves bovine milk xanthine oxidase activity compared with UHT and that, the judicious selection of thermal treatments could be exploited to preserve the antimicrobial properties of bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulustan Ozturk
- 1Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - J Bruce German
- 1Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA.,2Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Juliana M L N de Moura Bell
- 1Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA.,Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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40
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Boix-Amorós A, Collado MC, Van't Land B, Calvert A, Le Doare K, Garssen J, Hanna H, Khaleva E, Peroni DG, Geddes DT, Kozyrskyj AL, Warner JO, Munblit D. Reviewing the evidence on breast milk composition and immunological outcomes. Nutr Rev 2019; 77:541-556. [PMID: 31111150 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of biologically active components have been found in human milk (HM), and in both human and animal models, studies have provided some evidence suggesting that HM composition can be altered by maternal exposures, subsequently influencing health outcomes for the breastfed child. Evidence varies from the research studies on whether breastfeeding protects the offspring from noncommunicable diseases, including those associated with immunological dysfunction. It has been hypothesized that the conflicting evidence results from HM composition variations, which contain many immune active molecules, oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and lysozyme in differing concentrations, along with a diverse microbiome. Determining the components that influence infant health outcomes in terms of both short- and long-term sequelae is complicated by a lack of understanding of the environmental factors that modify HM constituents and thereby offspring outcomes. Variations in HM immune and microbial composition (and the differing infantile responses) may in part explain the controversies that are evidenced in studies that aim to evaluate the prevalence of allergy by prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding. HM is a "mixture" of immune active factors, oligosaccharides, and microbes, which all may influence early immunological outcomes. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth overview of existing evidence on the studied relationships between maternal exposures, HM composition, vaccine responses, and immunological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Boix-Amorós
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
| | - Belinda Van't Land
- Department of Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Calvert
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Le Doare
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom, and the MRC Unit, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Johan Garssen
- Department of Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ekaterina Khaleva
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
- University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Diego G Peroni
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Paediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Donna T Geddes
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - John O Warner
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care for NW London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Munblit
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pediatrics, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia, and the Solov'ev Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
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41
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Li H, Chen S, Wu L, Wang H, Xiao K, Gao Y, Li Y, Li H, Xiao B, Zhu Y. The effects of perineal disinfection on infant's oral microflora after transvaginal examination during delivery. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19:213. [PMID: 31234808 PMCID: PMC6591937 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life microflora is an important determinant of immune and metabolic development and may have lasting consequences. However, the mode of delivery and the effect of povidone iodine disinfection on neonatal oral microflora colonization are still unclear. The objective of the study was to understand the effects of the use of polyvidone iodine on infant's oral microflora after transvaginal examination during delivery, provided data support for the establishment of neonatal oral microflora health. METHODS A total of 20 cases of full-term neonatal delivered in October 2017 in Shenzhen Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital through vaginal delivery. These neonates were randomly divided into two groups, the conventional disinfection group and the non-disinfection group. Simultaneously, 10 infants with elective cesarean section were taken as comparison. With Illumina MiSeq platform, 16S rRNA V3-V4 sequencing method was used to analyze bacterial DNA of oral secretions. RESULTS At the phylum level, compared to the non-disinfection group, higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, and lower proportion of Firmicutes were observed in the cesarean section group and the disinfection group. As main composition of phylum Firmicutes, genus Lactobacillus presented extremely low in the cesarean section group and the disinfection group, whereas it was the absolute dominant bacteria in the non-disinfection group. Compared with the caesarean section group, only Lactobacillus increased in majority of the non-disinfection group. There was no increase in Lactobacillus in the disinfection group, but Prevotella, Escherichia-Shigella, Staphyloccus, and Klebsiella increased significantly. Through KEGG pathway analysis, we found that there were more harmful pathways such as staphylococcus aureus infection, viral myocarditis and sporulation in the disinfection group. CONCLUSIONS The mode of delivery affects the infant's Lactobacillus obtained from the mother. Moreover, vulvar disinfection played an important part in the colonization of neonatal oral microbiota. And the impact of the first oral colonizers on infant health needs further follow-up investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Li
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Shaoyun Chen
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, 56 Yulv road, Bao'an, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, 56 Yulv road, Bao'an, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Huilin Wang
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, 56 Yulv road, Bao'an, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Kelin Xiao
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, 56 Yulv road, Bao'an, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Yanling Gao
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, 56 Yulv road, Bao'an, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Yao Li
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, 56 Yulv road, Bao'an, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Huiqin Li
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, 56 Yulv road, Bao'an, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, 56 Yulv road, Bao'an, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Yuanfang Zhu
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, 56 Yulv road, Bao'an, Shenzhen, 518100, China.
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42
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Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that breast milk contains a population of cells displaying many of the properties typical of stem cells. This review outlines progress made in this newly emerging field of stem cell biology and provides an analysis of the available data on purification, propagation and differentiation of certain types of progenitor cells from breast milk. The possible fates of breast milk cells, including microchimerism caused by their transmission to the distant organs of the infant, are also discussed. Unique properties of breast milk-derived stem cells, such as their unusually low tumorigenic potential and their negligible ability to form teratomas, are highlighted as obvious advantages for using these cells in regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ninkina
- Institute of Physiology Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severnyj Proezd, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation.
- Cardiff University, Life Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Michail S Kukharsky
- Institute of Physiology Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severnyj Proezd, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianova str 1, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maria V Hewitt
- Institute of Physiology Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severnyj Proezd, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A Lysikova
- Institute of Physiology Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severnyj Proezd, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation
| | - Larissa N Skuratovska
- The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya st., Moscow, 125315, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey V Deykin
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str., 34/5, Moscow, 19334, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir L Buchman
- Institute of Physiology Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severnyj Proezd, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation
- Cardiff University, Life Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AX, UK
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43
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Cheng AA, Li W, Hernandez LL. Effect of high-fat diet feeding and associated transcriptome changes in the peak lactation mammary gland in C57BL/6 dams. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:1059-1070. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00052.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy has established adverse effects on the developing neonate. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of an HFD on the murine mammary gland during midlactation. Female C57BL/6J mice were placed on either a low-fat diet (LFD/10% fat) or HFD (60% fat) from 3 wk of age through peak lactation (lactation day 11/L11). After 4 wk of consuming either the LFD or HFD, female mice were bred. There were no significant differences in milk yield between treatment groups, which was measured from L1 to L9. On L10, mice were subjected to an overnight fast and then euthanized on the morning of L11. Total RNA was isolated from inguinal mammary glands for whole transcriptome sequencing. We found 628 genes that were differentially expressed between the treatment groups. Notably, HFD feeding resulted in expression alterations of genes involved in collagen and cytoplasmic components. Additionally, genes related to inflammatory and immune responses were also impacted. Differential expression in gene transcript isoforms between the treatment groups was detected in three genes related to mammary duct development. This study sheds light as to how an HFD may affect the mammary gland transcriptome during midlactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Cheng
- Department of Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - W. Li
- United States Department of Agriculture Dairy Forage, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - L. L. Hernandez
- Department of Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Shigeno Y, Zhang H, Banno T, Usuda K, Nochi T, Inoue R, Watanabe G, Jin W, Benno Y, Nagaoka K. Gut microbiota development in mice is affected by hydrogen peroxide produced from amino acid metabolism during lactation. FASEB J 2018; 33:3343-3352. [PMID: 30433825 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801462r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of gut microbiota during infancy is an important event that affects the health status of the host; however, the mechanism governing it is not fully understood. l-Amino acid oxidase 1 (LAO1) is a flavoprotein that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of particular l-amino acids and converts them into keto acids, ammonia, and H2O2. Our previous study showed that LAO1 is present in mouse milk and exerts protection against bacteria by its production of H2O2. The data led us to consider whether LAO1, H2O2, or both could impact infant gut microbiota development via mother's milk consumption in mice. Different gut microbiota profiles were observed in the wild-type (WT) and LAO1-knockout mouse pups. The WT pups' microbiota was relatively simple and composed of only a few dominant bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, whereas the lactating knockout pups had high microbiota diversity. Cross-fostering experiments indicated that WT milk (containing LAO1) has the ability to suppress the diversity of microbiota in pups. We observed that the stomach content of pups fed WT milk had LAO1 proteins and the ability to produce H2O2. Moreover, culture experiments showed that Lactobacillus was abundant in the feces of pups fed WT milk and that Lactobacillus was more resistant to H2O2 than Bifidobacterium and Escherichia. Human breast milk produces very little H2O2, which could be the reason for Lactobacillus not being dominant in the feces of breast-fed human infants. In mouse mother's milk, H2O2 is generated from the process of free amino acid metabolism, and H2O2 may be a key player in regulating the initial acquisition and development of gut microbiota, especially growth of Lactobacillus, during infancy.-Shigeno, Y., Zhang, H., Banno, T., Usuda, K., Nochi, T., Inoue, R., Watanabe, G., Jin, W., Benno, Y., Nagaoka, K. Gut microbiota development in mice is affected by hydrogen peroxide produced from amino acid metabolism during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shigeno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Benno Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Wako, Japan
| | - Haolin Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taihei Banno
- Benno Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Wako, Japan
| | - Kento Usuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Gen Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yoshimi Benno
- Benno Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Wako, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Fajardo AF, Sobchak C, Shifrin Y, Pan J, Gonska T, Belik J. Hydrogen peroxide promotes gastric motility in the newborn rat. Pediatr Res 2018; 84:751-6. [PMID: 30166643 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When compared with infant formula, human milk enhances gastric emptying in preterm infants. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is present in large quantities in human milk that has an antimicrobial role for the mother and infant. In vitro adult rat studies suggest that H2O2 facilitates gastric motor contraction. Hypothesizing that H2O2 enhances gastric motility, we investigated its effects on the newborn rat stomach tissue. METHODS Rat newborn and adult gastric fundic segments, or their smooth muscle cells, were used to evaluate the muscle response to H2O2 exposure. Tissue expression of Rho kinase 2 (ROCK-2; Western blot), its catalase activity, and H2O2 content (Amplex Red) were measured. H2O2 gastric mucosal diffusion was evaluated with Ussing chambers. RESULTS In both newborn and adult rats, H2O2 induced gastric muscle contraction and this response was attenuated by pre-incubation with the antioxidant melatonin. H2O2 passively diffused across the gastric mucosa. Its effect on the muscle was modulated via ROCK-2 activation and inhibited by melatonin. CONCLUSION H2O2, at a concentration similar to that of human milk, promotes gastric motility in the rat. To the extent that the present findings can be clinically extrapolated, the human milk H2O2 content may enhance gastric emptying in neonates.
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Lee H, Padhi E, Hasegawa Y, Larke J, Parenti M, Wang A, Hernell O, Lönnerdal B, Slupsky C. Compositional Dynamics of the Milk Fat Globule and Its Role in Infant Development. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:313. [PMID: 30460213 PMCID: PMC6232911 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is uniquely optimized for the needs of the developing infant. Its composition is complex and dynamic, driven primarily by maternal genetics, and to a lesser extent by diet and environment. One important component that is gaining attention is the milk fat globule (MFG). The MFG is composed of a triglyceride-rich core surrounded by a tri-layer membrane, also known as the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) that originates from mammary gland epithelia. The MFGM is enriched with glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, and proteins, some of which are glycosylated, and are known to exert numerous biological roles. Mounting evidence suggests that the structure of the MFG and bioactive components of the MFGM may benefit the infant by aiding in the structural and functional maturation of the gut through the provision of essential nutrients and/or regulating various cellular events during infant growth and immune education. Further, antimicrobial peptides and surface carbohydrate moieties surrounding the MFG might have a pivotal role in shaping gut microbial populations, which in turn may promote protection against immune and inflammatory diseases early in life. This review seeks to: (1) understand the components of the MFG, as well as maternal factors including genetic and lifestyle factors that influence its characteristics; (2) examine the potential role of this milk component on the intestinal immune system; and (3) delineate the mechanistic roles of the MFG in infant intestinal maturation and establishment of the microbiota in the alimentary canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emily Padhi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yu Hasegawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jules Larke
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mariana Parenti
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Aidong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Sweeney EL, Al-Shehri SS, Cowley DM, Liley HG, Bansal N, Charles BG, Shaw PN, Duley JA, Knox CL. The effect of breastmilk and saliva combinations on the in vitro growth of oral pathogenic and commensal microorganisms. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15112. [PMID: 30310099 PMCID: PMC6181944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates are exposed to microbes in utero and at birth, thereby establishing their microbiota (healthy microbial colonisers). Previously, we reported significant differences in the neonatal oral microbiota of breast-fed and formula-fed babies after first discovering a primal metabolic mechanism that occurs when breastmilk (containing the enzyme xanthine oxidase) and neonatal saliva (containing highly elevated concentrations of the substrates for xanthine oxidase: xanthine and hypoxanthine). The interaction of neonatal saliva and breast milk releases antibacterial compounds including hydrogen peroxide, and regulates the growth of bacteria. Using a novel in vitro experimental approach, the current study compared the effects of this unique metabolic pathway on a range of bacterial species and determined the period of time that microbial growth was affected. We demonstrated that microbial growth was inhibited predominately, immediately and for up to 24 hr following breastmilk and saliva mixing; however, some microorganisms were able to recover and continue to grow following exposure to these micromolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide. Interestingly, growth inhibition was independent of whether the organisms possessed a catalase enzyme. This study further confirms that this is one mechanism that contributes to the significant differences in the neonatal oral microbiota of breast-fed and formula-fed babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Sweeney
- The Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia.
| | - S S Al-Shehri
- School of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - D M Cowley
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia
| | - H G Liley
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia
| | - N Bansal
- School of Pharmacy, PACE, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia.,School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - B G Charles
- School of Pharmacy, PACE, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - P N Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, PACE, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - J A Duley
- School of Pharmacy, PACE, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia
| | - C L Knox
- The Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia
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Arthur KL, Wilson LS, Turner MA, Lindley MR, Reynolds JC, Creaser CS. The determination of salivary oxypurines before and after exercise by combined liquid chromatography-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-018-0232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Iodide (I-) metabolism is crucial for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (THs) in the thyroid and the subsequent action of these hormones in the organism. I- is principally transported by the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) and by the anion exchanger PENDRIN, and recent studies have demonstrated the direct participation of new transporters including anoctamin 1 (ANO1), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and sodium multivitamin transporter (SMVT). Several of these transporters have been found expressed in various tissues, implicating them in I- recycling. New research supports the exciting idea that I- participates as a protective antioxidant and can be oxidized to hypoiodite, a potent oxidant involved in the host defense against microorganisms. This was possibly the original role of I- in biological systems, before the appearance of TH in evolution. I- per se participates in its own regulation, and new evidence indicates that it may be antineoplastic, anti-proliferative and cytotoxic in human cancer. Alterations in the expression of I- transporters are associated with tumor development in a cancer-type-dependent manner and, accordingly, NIS, CFTR and ANO1 have been proposed as tumor markers. Radioactive iodide has been the mainstay adjuvant treatment for thyroid cancer for the last seven decades by virtue of its active transport by NIS. The rapid advancement of techniques that detect radioisotopes, in particular I-, has made NIS a preferred target-specific theranostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio De la Vieja
- Tumor Endocrine Unit, Chronic Disease Program (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CiberOnc, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- CiberOnc, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiopathology of Endocrine a Nervous System, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Cieslak M, Ferreira CHF, Shifrin Y, Pan J, Belik J. Human milk H(2)O(2) content: does it benefit preterm infants? Pediatr Res 2018; 83:687-92. [PMID: 29166382 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundHuman milk has a high content of the antimicrobial compound hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). As opposed to healthy full-term infants, preterm neonates are fed previously expressed and stored maternal milk. These practices may favor H2O2 decomposition, thus limiting its potential benefit to preterm infants. The goal of this study was to evaluate the factors responsible for H2O2 generation and degradation in breastmilk.MethodsHuman donors' and rats' milk, along with rat mammary tissue were evaluated. The role of oxytocin and xanthine oxidase on H2O2 generation, its pH-dependent stability, as well as its degradation via lactoperoxidase and catalase was measured in milk.ResultsBreast tissue xanthine oxidase is responsible for the H2O2 generation and its milk content is dependent on oxytocin stimulation. Stability of the human milk H2O2 content is pH-dependent and greatest in the acidic range. Complete H2O2 degradation occurs when human milk is maintained, longer than 10 min, at room temperature and this process is suppressed by lactoperoxidase and catalase inhibition.ConclusionFresh breastmilk H2O2 content is labile and quickly degrades at room temperature. Further investigation on breastmilk handling techniques to preserve its H2O2 content, when gavage-fed to preterm infants is warranted.
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