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Yu J, Wang CG. Relationship between polymorphisms in homologous recombination repair genes RAD51 G172T、XRCC2 & XRCC3 and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1047336. [PMID: 36761956 PMCID: PMC9903134 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1047336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic variability in DNA double-strand break repair genes such as RAD51 gene and its paralogs XRCC2、XRCC3 may contribute to the occurrence and progression of breast cancer. To obtain a complete evaluation of the above association, we performed a meta-analysis of published studies. Methods Electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, were comprehensively searched from inception to September 2022. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) checklist was used to assess all included non-randomized studies. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by STATA 16.0 to assess the strength of the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes and breast cancer risk. Subsequently, the heterogeneity between studies, sensitivity, and publication bias were performed. We downloaded data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and used univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression (CPH) models to validate the prognostic value of these related genes in the R software. Results The combined results showed that there was a significant correlation between the G172T polymorphism and the susceptibility to breast cancer in the homozygote model (OR= 1.841, 95% CI=1.06-3.21, P=0.03). Furthermore, ethnic analysis showed that SNP was associated with the risk of breast cancer in Arab populations in homozygous models (OR=3.52, 95% CI=1.13-11.0, P= 0.003). For the XRCC2 R188H polymorphism, no significant association was observed. Regarding polymorphism in XRCC3 T241M, a significantly increased cancer risk was only observed in the allelic genetic model (OR=1.05, 95% CI= 1.00-1.11, P=0.04). Conclusions In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that Rad51 G172T polymorphism is likely associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, significantly in the Arab population. The relationship between the XRCC2 R188H polymorphism and breast cancer was not obvious. And T241M in XRCC3 may be associated with breast cancer risk, especially in the Asian population.
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van Kan M, Burns KE, Helsby NA. A systematic review of inter-individual differences in the DNA repair processes involved in melphalan monoadduct repair in relation to treatment outcomes. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:755-769. [PMID: 34347127 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Melphalan is a bifunctional alkylating agent that elicits its cytotoxic activity by rapidly forming an initial DNA monoadduct, which then produces an inter-strand crosslink. Most studies exploring the role of inherited differences in DNA repair and melphalan outcomes focus on inter-strand crosslink repair, however, monoadduct repair likely plays a key role since it minimises the ultimate production of these crosslinks. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess evidence of an association between variation in monoadduct repair pathways and melphalan response. METHODS A literature search was undertaken using Medline, Embase, Scopus and PubMed databases. Duplicates were removed and only full-text articles were included. To be included for critique in this systematic review, articles were assessed for relevance using strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS Fourteen studies were identified that involved patients treated with melphalan, however, in 3, only a minority of the cohort received melphalan. Across the remaining 11 studies, 61 genes/proteins in DNA monoadduct repair pathways were assessed. Both germline SNP (CDKN1A, ERCC1, ERCC2, ERCC4, ERCC6, EXO1, MLH1, MNAT1, MUTYH, PARP4, PCNA, POLE, POLR1G, RAD23B, RFC1, RFC3, RPA1, RPA3, TREX1, UNG, XPC, XRCC1) and somatic expression (CDKN1A, PARP1, PCNA, MGMT, RECQL, RFC5) were associated with melphalan outcomes in ≥ 1 study. CONCLUSION It appears that inherited germline differences in monoadduct repair genes may be a risk factor for poor outcomes. However, the diversity of study design, patient cohorts, genes assessed and lack of replication, preclude any meta-analysis. Further prospective studies are required to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia van Kan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Kathryn E Burns
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nuala A Helsby
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Ray U, Raghavan SC. Understanding the DNA double-strand break repair and its therapeutic implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 106:103177. [PMID: 34325086 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and its regulation are tightly integrated inside cells. Homologous recombination, nonhomologous end joining and microhomology mediated end joining are three major DSB repair pathways in mammalian cells. Targeting proteins associated with these repair pathways using small molecule inhibitors can prove effective in tumors, especially those with deregulated repair. Sensitization of cancer to current age therapy including radio and chemotherapy, using small molecule inhibitors is promising and warrant further development. Although several are under clinical trial, till date no repair inhibitor is approved for commercial use in cancer patients, with the exception of PARP inhibitors targeting single-strand break repair. Based on molecular profiling of repair proteins, better prognostic and therapeutic output can be achieved in patients. In the present review, we highlight the different mechanisms of DSB repair, chromatin dynamics to provide repair accessibility and modulation of inhibitors in association with molecular profiling and current gold standard treatment modalities for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjayinee Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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Yu X, Wang Q, He G, Yu H. Association between XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism and risk of gynecological malignancies: A meta-analysis. Cancer Genet 2021; 254-255:11-17. [PMID: 33515810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies have investigated the relationship between the X-ray cross- complementing group 3 (XRCC3) Thr241Met polymorphism and the risk of gynecological malignancies (GM) with the contradictory conclusions. Here, a meta-analysis was performed to provide clear picture of the association between Thr241Met and GM risk. The Pubmed and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases were searched for published eligible studies. The pooled odds ratios (OR) with their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assessed the strength of association. Totally, 15 publications with 5,740 cases and 9,931 controls were included. In the overall analysis, the results of meta-analysis showed no significant association between the Thr241Met and the risk of GM. However, in the Asians subgroup, significant increased risks were found in the comparisons of TT/CT+TT vs. CC(TT vs. CC: OR=3.25, 95% CI=1.47-7.18; CT+TT vs. CC: OR=1.51, 95%CI=1.10-2.09) in Asians; additionally, stratified analysis by cancer type in Asians, significantly increased risks was found in cervical carcinoma (CT vs. CC: OR=1.50, 95%CI=1.04-2.14; TT vs. CC: OR=3.14, 95%CI=1.38-7.14; CT+TT vs. CC: OR=1.64, 95% CI=1.17-2.31). It suggests that the risk of GM might be significantly increased by the XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism according to ethnicity and cancer types. Further studies with larger sample size in different ethnic populations and different sites of GM are needed to verify the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyuan Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Oncology, Ezhou Central Hospital, Ezhou 436000, China
| | - Gaofeng He
- Department of Oncology, Ezhou Central Hospital, Ezhou 436000, China
| | - Hongping Yu
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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5
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Inhibitors of DNA double-strand break repair at the crossroads of cancer therapy and genome editing. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Ray A, Das DS, Song Y, Nordström E, Gullbo J, Richardson PG, Chauhan D, Anderson KC. A novel alkylating agent Melflufen induces irreversible DNA damage and cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma cells. Br J Haematol 2016; 174:397-409. [PMID: 27098276 PMCID: PMC4961600 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our prior study utilized both in vitro and in vivo multiple myeloma (MM) xenograft models to show that a novel alkylator melphalan-flufenamide (Melflufen) is a more potent anti-MM agent than melphalan and overcomes conventional drug resistance. Here we examined whether this potent anti-MM activity of melflufen versus melphalan is due to their differential effect on DNA damage and repair signalling pathways via γ-H2AX/ATR/CHK1/Ku80. Melflufen-induced apoptosis was associated with dose- and time-dependent rapid phosphorylation of γ-H2AX. Melflufen induces γ-H2AX, ATR, and CHK1 as early as after 2 h exposure in both melphalan-sensitive and -resistant cells. However, melphalan induces γ-H2AX in melphalan-sensitive cells at 6 h and 24 h; no γ-H2AX induction was observed in melphalan-resistant cells even after 24 h exposure. Similar kinetics was observed for ATR and CHK1 in meflufen- versus melphalan-treated cells. DNA repair is linked to melphalan-resistance; and importantly, we found that melphalan, but not melflufen, upregulates Ku80 that repairs DNA double-strand breaks. Washout experiments showed that a brief (2 h) exposure of MM cells to melflufen is sufficient to initiate an irreversible DNA damage and cytotoxicity. Our data therefore suggest that melflufen triggers a rapid, robust, and an irreversible DNA damage which may account for its ability to overcome melphalan-resistance in MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Ray
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Deepika Sharma Das
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yan Song
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eva Nordström
- Oncopeptides AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Joachim Gullbo
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul G. Richardson
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dharminder Chauhan
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kenneth C. Anderson
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Kuo CY, Chou WC, Wu CC, Wong TS, Kakadiya R, Lee TC, Su TL, Wang HC. Repairing of N-mustard derivative BO-1055 induced DNA damage requires NER, HR, and MGMT-dependent DNA repair mechanisms. Oncotarget 2016. [PMID: 26208482 PMCID: PMC4694865 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkylating agents are frequently used as first-line chemotherapeutics for various newly diagnosed cancers. Disruption of genome integrity by such agents can lead to cell lethality if DNA lesions are not removed. Several DNA repair mechanisms participate in the recovery of mono- or bi-functional DNA alkylation. Thus, DNA repair capacity is correlated with the therapeutic response. Here, we assessed the function of novel water-soluble N-mustard BO-1055 (ureidomustin) in DNA damage response and repair mechanisms. As expected, BO-1055 induces ATM and ATR-mediated DNA damage response cascades, including downstream Chk1/Chk2 phosphorylation, S/G2 cell-cycle arrest, and cell death. Further investigation revealed that cell survival sensitivity to BO-1055 is comparable to that of mitomycin C. Both compounds require nucleotide excision repair and homologous recombination, but not non-homologous end-joining, to repair conventional cross-linking DNA damage. Interestingly and unlike mitomycin C and melphalan, MGMT activity was also observed in BO-1055 damage repair systems, which reflects the occurrence of O-alkyl DNA lesions. Combined treatment with ATM/ATR kinase inhibitors significantly increases BO-1055 sensitivity. Our study pinpoints that BO-1055 can be used for treating tumors that with deficient NER, HR, and MGMT DNA repair genes, or for synergistic therapy in tumors that DNA damage response have been suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ying Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Song Wong
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Rajesh Kakadiya
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chang Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tsann-Long Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.,PhD Program in Translational Medicine, College of Medicine/PhD Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.,Translational Research Center and Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan.,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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8
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Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Veterinary Oncology- A Review with an Emphasis on Canine Lymphoma. Vet Sci 2015; 2:150-184. [PMID: 29061939 PMCID: PMC5644636 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2030150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance (DR) is the major limiting factor in the successful treatment of systemic neoplasia with cytotoxic chemotherapy. DR can be either intrinsic or acquired, and although the development and clinical implications are different, the underlying mechanisms are likely to be similar. Most causes for DR are pharmacodynamic in nature, result from adaptations within the tumor cell and include reduced drug uptake, increased drug efflux, changes in drug metabolism or drug target, increased capacity to repair drug-induced DNA damage or increased resistance to apoptosis. The role of active drug efflux transporters, and those of the ABC-transporter family in particular, have been studied extensively in human oncology and to a lesser extent in veterinary medicine. Methods reported to assess ABC-transporter status include detection of the actual protein (Western blot, immunohistochemistry), mRNA or ABC-transporter function. The three major ABC-transporters associated with DR in human oncology are ABCB1 or P-gp, ABCC1 or MRP1, and ABCG2 or BCRP, and have been demonstrated in canine cell lines, healthy dogs and dogs with cancer. Although this supports a causative role for these ABC-transporters in DR cytotoxic agents in the dog, the relative contribution to the clinical phenotype of DR in canine cancer remains an area of debate and requires further prospective studies.
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9
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Stojković S, Podolski-Renić A, Dinić J, Stanković T, Banković J, Hadžić S, Paunović V, Isaković A, Tanić N, Pešić M. Development of resistance to antiglioma agents in rat C6 cells caused collateral sensitivity to doxorubicin. Exp Cell Res 2015; 335:248-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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10
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Alagpulinsa DA, Yaccoby S, Ayyadevara S, Shmookler Reis RJ. A peptide nucleic acid targeting nuclear RAD51 sensitizes multiple myeloma cells to melphalan treatment. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:976-86. [PMID: 25996477 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1040951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RAD51-mediated recombinational repair is elevated in multiple myeloma (MM) and predicts poor prognosis. RAD51 has been targeted to selectively sensitize and/or kill tumor cells. Here, we employed a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) to inhibit RAD51 expression in MM cells. We constructed a PNA complementary to a unique segment of the RAD51 gene promoter, spanning the transcription start site, and conjugated it to a nuclear localization signal (PKKKRKV) to enhance cellular uptake and nuclear delivery without transfection reagents. This synthetic construct, (PNArad51_nls), significantly reduced RAD51 transcripts in MM cells, and markedly reduced the number and intensity of de novo and melphalan-induced nuclear RAD51 foci, while increasing the level of melphalan-induced γH2AX foci. Melphalan alone markedly induced the expression of 5 other genes involved in homologous-recombination repair, yet suppression of RAD51 by PNArad51_nls was sufficient to synergize with melphalan, producing significant synthetic lethality of MM cells in vitro. In a SCID-rab mouse model mimicking the MM bone marrow microenvironment, treatment with PNArad51_nls ± melphalan significantly suppressed tumor growth after 2 weeks, whereas melphalan plus control PNArad4µ_nls was ineffectual. This study highlights the importance of RAD51 in myeloma growth and is the first to demonstrate that anti-RAD51 PNA can potentiate conventional MM chemotherapy.
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11
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Rothbarth J, Tollenaar RAEM, van de Velde CJH. Recent trends and future perspectives in isolated hepatic perfusion in the treatment of liver tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 6:553-65. [PMID: 16613543 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.4.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) involves a method of complete vascular isolation of the liver to enable treatment of liver tumors with high drug doses without systemic toxicity. Recent clinical studies have mainly employed IHP with melphalan with or without tumor necrosis factor-alpha and mild hyperthermia. The results of these studies demonstrate that high response and survival rates can be achieved with IHP. The current status, recent developments and future perspectives of IHP are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rothbarth
- Department of Surgery, K6-R, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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12
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XRCC3 and RAD51 expression are associated with clinical factors in breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72104. [PMID: 23977219 PMCID: PMC3748017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS XRCC3 and RAD51 are two important members in homologous recombination repair pathway. This study was performed to detect the expressions of these two molecules in breast cancer and explore their correlations with clinicopathological factors. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry was used to detect protein expressions of XRCC3 and RAD51 in 248 cases of breast cancer tissue and 78 cases of adjacent non-cancerous tissue. Data showed that expressions for both XRCC3 and RAD51 were significantly increased in breast cancer. High XRCC3 expression was associated with large tumor size and positive PR and HER2 status, while high RAD51 expression was associated with axillary lymph node metastasis and positive PR and HER2 status. The result of multivariate analysis demonstrated that HER2, PR and RAD51 were significantly association with XRCC3. And besides XRCC3, axillary lymph node metastasis and PR were significantly correlated with RAD51. CONCLUSIONS XRCC3 and RAD51 were significantly associated with clinicopathological factors and they might play important roles in the development and progress of breast cancer.
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13
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Vangsted A, Klausen TW, Vogel U. Genetic variations in multiple myeloma II: association with effect of treatment. Eur J Haematol 2011; 88:93-117. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2011.01696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Lin WY, Camp NJ, Cannon-Albright LA, Allen-Brady K, Balasubramanian S, Reed MW, Hopper JL, Apicella C, Giles GG, Southey MC, Milne RL, Perez JI, Rodríguez PM, Benítez J, Grundmann M, Dubrowinskaja N, Park-Simon TW, Dörk T, Garcia-Closas M, Figueroa J, Sherman M, Lissowska J, Easton DF, Dunning AM, Rajaraman P, Sigurdson AJ, Doody MM, Linet MS, Pharoah PD, Schmidt MK, Cox A. A role for XRCC2 gene polymorphisms in breast cancer risk and survival. J Med Genet 2011; 48:477-84. [PMID: 21632523 PMCID: PMC3932658 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The XRCC2 gene is a key mediator in the homologous recombination repair of DNA double strand breaks. It is hypothesised that inherited variants in the XRCC2 gene might also affect susceptibility to, and survival from, breast cancer. METHODS The study genotyped 12 XRCC2 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 1131 breast cancer cases and 1148 controls from the Sheffield Breast Cancer Study (SBCS), and examined their associations with breast cancer risk and survival by estimating ORs and HRs, and their corresponding 95% CIs. Positive findings were further investigated in 860 cases and 869 controls from the Utah Breast Cancer Study (UBCS) and jointly analysed together with available published data for breast cancer risk. The survival findings were further confirmed in studies (8074 cases) from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). RESULTS The most significant association with breast cancer risk in the SBCS dataset was the XRCC2 rs3218408 SNP (recessive model p=2.3×10(-4), minor allele frequency (MAF)=0.23). This SNP yielded an OR(rec) of 1.64 (95% CI 1.25 to 2.16) in a two-site analysis of SBCS and UBCS, and a meta-OR(rec) of 1.33 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.57) when all published data were included. This SNP may mark a rare risk haplotype carried by two in 1000 of the control population. Furthermore, the XRCC2 coding R188H SNP (rs3218536, MAF=0.08) was significantly associated with poor survival, with an increased per-allele HR of 1.58 (95% CI 1.01 to 2.49) in a multivariate analysis. This effect was still evident in a pooled meta-analysis of 8781 breast cancer patients from the BCAC (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.36; p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that XRCC2 SNPs may influence breast cancer risk and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Lin
- Institute for Cancer Studies, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Nicola J. Camp
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108-1266, USA
| | - Lisa A. Cannon-Albright
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108-1266, USA
| | - Kristina Allen-Brady
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108-1266, USA
| | - Sabapathy Balasubramanian
- Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Malcolm W. Reed
- Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - John L. Hopper
- Centre for Molecular Environmental Genetic and Analytical Epidemiology, School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, 723 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Carmel Apicella
- Centre for Molecular Environmental Genetic and Analytical Epidemiology, School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, 723 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Roger L. Milne
- Centre for Molecular Environmental Genetic and Analytical Epidemiology, School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, 723 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Javier Benítez
- Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Grundmann
- Hannover Medical School, Clinics of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Thilo Dörk
- Hannover Medical School, Clinics of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Belmont Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Jonine Figueroa
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd., Room 5018, Rockville, MD 20852-7234, USA
| | - Mark Sherman
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd., Room 5018, Rockville, MD 20852-7234, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, The M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, WH Roentgena 5, 00-782 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Preetha Rajaraman
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, U.S. National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Alice J. Sigurdson
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, U.S. National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Michele M. Doody
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, U.S. National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Martha S. Linet
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, U.S. National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Paul D. Pharoah
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Angela Cox
- Institute for Cancer Studies, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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15
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Martinez-Marignac VL, Rodrigue A, Davidson D, Couillard M, Al-Moustafa AE, Abramovitz M, Foulkes WD, Masson JY, Aloyz R. The effect of a DNA repair gene on cellular invasiveness: XRCC3 over-expression in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16394. [PMID: 21283680 PMCID: PMC3025979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-expression of DNA repair genes has been associated with resistance to radiation and DNA-damage induced by chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin. More recently, based on the analysis of genome expression profiling, it was proposed that over-expression of DNA repair genes enhances the invasive behaviour of tumour cells. In this study we present experimental evidence utilizing functional assays to test this hypothesis. We assessed the effect of the DNA repair proteins known as X-ray complementing protein 3 (XRCC3) and RAD51, to the invasive behavior of the MCF-7 luminal epithelial-like and BT20 basal-like triple negative human breast cancer cell lines. We report that stable or transient over-expression of XRCC3 but not RAD51 increased invasiveness in both cell lines in vitro. Moreover, XRCC3 over-expressing MCF-7 cells also showed a higher tumorigenesis in vivo and this phenotype was associated with increased activity of the metalloproteinase MMP-9 and the expression of known modulators of cell-cell adhesion and metastasis such as CD44, ID-1, DDR1 and TFF1. Our results suggest that in addition to its' role in facilitating repair of DNA damage, XRCC3 affects invasiveness of breast cancer cell lines and the expression of genes associated with cell adhesion and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amélie Rodrigue
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec City, Canada
| | - David Davidson
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute & Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin Couillard
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute & Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ala-Eddin Al-Moustafa
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute & Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mark Abramovitz
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute & Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - William D. Foulkes
- Faculty of Medicine, Program in Cancer Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec City, Canada
| | - Raquel Aloyz
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute & Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Program in Cancer Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Yu X, Wang H, Wang P, Chen BPC, Wang Y. The Ku-dependent non-homologous end-joining pathway contributes to low-dose radiation-stimulated cell survival. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:369-74. [PMID: 20665702 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Low-dose (≤0.1 Gy) radiation-induced adaptive responses could protect cells from high-challenge dose radiation-induced killing. The protective role is believed to promote the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that are a severe threat to cell survival. However, it remains unclear which repair pathway, homologous recombination repair (HRR) or non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), is promoted by low-dose radiation. To address this question, we examined the effects of low-dose (0.1 Gy) on high-challenge dose (2-4 Gy) induced killing in NHEJ- or HRR-deficient cell lines. We showed that 0.1 Gy reduced the high-dose radiation-induced killing for wild-type or HRR-deficient cells, but enhanced the killing for NHEJ-deficient cells. Interestingly, low-dose radiation also enhanced the killing for wild-type cells exposed to high-challenge dose radiation with high-linear energy transfer (LET). Because it is known that high-LET radiation induces an inefficient NHEJ, these results support that the low-dose radiation-stimulated protective role in reducing high-challenge dose (low-LET)-induced cell killing might depend on NHEJ. In addition, we showed that low-dose radiation activated the DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and the inhibitor of DNA-PKcs destroyed the low-dose radiation-induced protective role. These results suggest that low-dose radiation might promote NHEJ through the stimulation of DNA-PKcs activity and; therefore, increase the resistance of cells to high-challenge dose radiation-induced killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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17
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Chen S, Blank JL, Peters T, Liu XJ, Rappoli DM, Pickard MD, Menon S, Yu J, Driscoll DL, Lingaraj T, Burkhardt AL, Chen W, Garcia K, Sappal DS, Gray J, Hales P, Leroy PJ, Ringeling J, Rabino C, Spelman JJ, Morgenstern JP, Lightcap ES. Genome-wide siRNA screen for modulators of cell death induced by proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Cancer Res 2010; 70:4318-26. [PMID: 20460535 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple pathways have been proposed to explain how proteasome inhibition induces cell death, but mechanisms remain unclear. To approach this issue, we performed a genome-wide siRNA screen to evaluate the genetic determinants that confer sensitivity to bortezomib (Velcade (R); PS-341). This screen identified 100 genes whose knockdown affected lethality to bortezomib and to a structurally diverse set of other proteasome inhibitors. A comparison of three cell lines revealed that 39 of 100 genes were commonly linked to cell death. We causally linked bortezomib-induced cell death to the accumulation of ASF1B, Myc, ODC1, Noxa, BNIP3, Gadd45alpha, p-SMC1A, SREBF1, and p53. Our results suggest that proteasome inhibition promotes cell death primarily by dysregulating Myc and polyamines, interfering with protein translation, and disrupting essential DNA damage repair pathways, leading to programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siquan Chen
- Discovery Technologies, Discovery Oncology Biology, and Medical Biostatistics, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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18
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Influx and efflux transport as determinants of melphalan cytotoxicity: Resistance to melphalan in MDR1 overexpressing tumor cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:45-53. [PMID: 19447222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable variation in efficacy of melphalan therapy in multiple myeloma (MM) and other hematopoietic tumors. We hypothesized that this may be due to variations in the expression of influx and efflux transporters of melphalan. We measured the expression of the influx transporters LAT1, LAT2, and TAT1 and the efflux transporters MDR1, MRP1 and BCRP by quantitative RT-PCR and related their expression to the intracellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of melphalan in 7 MM and 21 non-MM hematopoietic tumor cell lines. Variation in the intracellular accumulation accounted for nearly half of the variation in the cytotoxicity of melphalan in MM cell lines (r(2)=0.47, P=0.04). High expression of the efflux transporter MDR1 was associated with low intracellular accumulation and low cytotoxicity of melphalan (r(2)=0.56, P=0.03 and r(2)=0.62, P=0.02, respectively). The effect was reversed by the MDR1 inhibitor cyclosporine. In addition, the MDR1 overexpressing HL-60 cell line showed 10-fold higher resistance to melphalan than the non-MDR1 expressing one. Again, the resistance was reversed by cyclosporine and by MDR1-specific shRNA. LAT1 was the major influx transporter in tumor cell lines with 4000-fold higher expression than LAT2. Down-regulation of LAT1 by siRNA reduced the melphalan uptake by 58% and toxicity by 3.5-fold, but natural variation in expression between the tumor cell lines was not associated with accumulation or cytotoxicity of melphalan. In conclusion, tumor-specific variations in the expression of the efflux transporter MDR1, but not of the influx transporter LAT1, affect the intracellular accumulation of melphalan and thus determine its cytotoxicity.
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19
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Padussis JC, Steerman SN, Tyler DS, Mosca PJ. Pharmacokinetics & drug resistance of melphalan in regional chemotherapy: ILP versus ILI. Int J Hyperthermia 2008; 24:239-49. [PMID: 18393002 DOI: 10.1080/02656730701816410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two forms of regional chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced melanoma or sarcoma of the extremity are isolated limb perfusion (ILP) and the more recently described isolated limb infusion (ILI). Melphalan is the most commonly employed agent in both ILP and ILI, although it is often used in conjunction with other cytotoxic and/or biologic therapies. While ILP and ILI are far more effective for the treatment of extremity disease than is systemic therapy, there is still significant room for improvement in outcomes, from the standpoint of both response rate and toxicity. An understanding of the pharmacokinetics of regional chemotherapy would allow for the prediction of tumor response and toxicity and therefore patient outcomes. In addition, elucidating the mechanisms of drug resistance would lead to opportunities to develop effective chemo-modulators that enhance the effectiveness of ILP and ILI. This paper reviews progress in these two key areas of active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Padussis
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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20
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Sgura A, De Amicis A, Stronati L, Cinelli S, Pacchierotti F, Tanzarella C. Chromosome aberrations and telomere length modulation in bone marrow and spleen cells of melphalan-treated p53+/- mice. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:467-475. [PMID: 18481314 DOI: 10.1002/em.20405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The p53 gene regulates cell cycle and apoptotic pathways after induction of DNA damage. Telomeres, capping chromosome ends, are involved in maintaining chromosome stability; alterations of their length have been related to increased levels of chromosomal aberrations. To study a possible interaction between chromosome aberrations, telomere dysfunction, and p53, we investigated via painting analysis the induction and persistence of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow and spleen cells of p53+/- (and wild type) mice exposed for 4, 13, or 26 weeks to 2 mg/kg melphalan (MLP), a chemotherapeutic agent with carcinogenic potential. In addition, telomere length was evaluated in bone marrow cells by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (Q-FISH). Chromosome aberrations were significantly increased in both tissues after MLP treatment. The p53 genotype did not influence the response of spleen cells, whereas a slight but significant increase of the aberration frequency was measured in the bone marrow of p53+/- mice exposed to MLP for 13 weeks with respect to the level detected in the matched wild-type group. The main finding of our still preliminary results on telomere length modulation was again a difference between the two genotypes. In bone marrow cells of wild-type mice, MLP treatment was associated with telomere shortening, while in p53+/- mice telomere elongation was the prevalent response to MLP exposure. In agreement with previous literature data, our in vivo study suggests that even the lack of a single functional copy of the p53 gene might have an impact on the quantity and quality of chromosome alterations induced in cycling cells by a clastogenic exposure.
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21
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Miyagawa K. Clinical relevance of the homologous recombination machinery in cancer therapy. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:187-94. [PMID: 17953711 PMCID: PMC11160033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy kill cancer cells by inducing DNA damage, unless the lesions are repaired by intrinsic repair pathways. DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are the most deleterious type of damage caused by cancer therapy. Homologous recombination (HR) is one of the major repair pathways for DSB and is thus a potential target of cancer therapy. Cells with a defect in HR have been shown to be sensitive to a variety of DNA-damaging agents, particularly interstrand crosslink (ICL)-inducing agents such as mitomycin C and cisplatin. These findings have recently been applied to clinical studies of cancer therapy. ERCC1, a structure-specific endonuclease involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) and HR, confers resistance to cisplatin. Patients with ERCC1-negative non-small-cell lung cancer were shown to benefit from adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Imatinib, an inhibitor of the c-Abl kinase, has been investigated as a sensitizer in DNA-damaging therapy, because c-Abl activates Rad51, which plays a key role in HR. Furthermore, proteins involved in HR have been shown to repair DNA damage induced by a variety of other chemotherapeutic agents, including camptothecin and gemcitabine. These findings highlight the importance of HR machinery in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Miyagawa
- Department of Radiation Biology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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22
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Calreticulin expression in the clonal plasma cells of patients with systemic light-chain (AL-) amyloidosis is associated with response to high-dose melphalan. Blood 2007; 111:549-57. [PMID: 17982021 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-05-090852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In high doses with stem-cell transplantation, melphalan is an effective but toxic therapy for patients with systemic light-chain (AL-) amyloidosis, a protein deposition and monoclonal plasma cell disease. Melphalan can eliminate the indolent clonal plasma cells that cause the disease, an achievement called a complete response. Such a response is usually associated with extended survival, while no response (a less than 50% reduction) is not. Gene-expression studies and a stringently supervised analysis identified calreticulin as having significantly higher expression in the pretreatment plasma cells of patients with systemic AL-amyloidosis who then had a complete response to high-dose melphalan. Calreticulin is a pleiotropic calcium-binding protein found in the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus whose overexpression is associated with increased sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining also showed that expression of calreticulin was higher in the plasma cells of those with a complete response. Furthermore, wild-type murine embryonic fibroblasts were significantly more sensitive to melphalan than calreticulin knock-out murine embryonic fibroblasts. These data have important implications for understanding the activity of melphalan in plasma-cell diseases and support further investigation of calreticulin and its modulation in patients with systemic AL-amyloidosis receiving high-dose melphalan.
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23
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Spencer DMS, Bilardi RA, Koch TH, Post GC, Nafie JW, Kimura KI, Cutts SM, Phillips DR. DNA repair in response to anthracycline-DNA adducts: a role for both homologous recombination and nucleotide excision repair. Mutat Res 2007; 638:110-21. [PMID: 17961607 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin, a widely used anthracycline anticancer agent, acts as a topoisomerase II poison but can also form formaldehyde-mediated DNA adducts. This has led to the development of doxorubicin derivatives such as doxoform, which can readily form adducts with DNA. This work aimed to determine which DNA repair pathways are involved in the recognition and possible repair of anthracycline-DNA adducts. Cell lines lacking functional proteins involved in each of the five main repair pathways, mismatch repair (MMR), base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) were examined for sensitivity to various anthracycline adduct-forming treatments. The treatments used were doxorubicin, barminomycin (a model adduct-forming anthracycline) and doxoform (a doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugate). Cells with deficiencies in MMR, BER and NHEJ were equally sensitive to adduct-forming treatments compared to wild type cells and therefore these pathways are unlikely to play a role in the repair of these adducts. Some cells with deficiencies in the NER pathway (specifically, those lacking functional XPB, XPD and XPG), displayed tolerance to adducts induced by both barminomycin and doxoform and also exhibited a decreased level of apoptosis in response to adduct-forming treatments. Conversely, two HR deficient cell lines were shown to be more sensitive to barminomycin and doxoform than HR proficient cells, indicating that this pathway is also involved in the repair response to anthracycline-DNA adducts. These results suggest an unusual damage response pathway to anthracycline adducts involving both NER and HR that could be used to optimise cancer therapy for tumours with either high levels of NER or defective HR. Tumours with either of these characteristics would be predicted to respond particularly well to anthracycline-DNA adduct-forming treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian M S Spencer
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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24
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Kuptsova N, Kopecky KJ, Godwin J, Anderson J, Hoque A, Willman CL, Slovak ML, Ambrosone CB. Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and therapeutic outcomes of AML patients from SWOG clinical trials. Blood 2007; 109:3936-44. [PMID: 17197435 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-022111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRepair of damage to DNA resulting from chemotherapy may influence drug toxicity and survival in response to treatment. We evaluated the role of polymorphisms in DNA repair genes APE1, XRCC1, ERCC1, XPD, and XRCC3 in predicting therapeutic outcomes of older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) from 2 Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) clinical trials. All patients received standard chemotherapy induction regimens. Using logistic and proportional hazards regression models, relationships between genotypes, haplotypes, and toxicities, response to induction therapy, and overall survival were evaluated. Patients with XPD Gln751C/Asp312G (‘D’) haplotype were more likely to have complete response (OR = 3.06; 95% CI, 1.44-6.70) and less likely to have resistant disease (OR = 0.32; 95%CI, 0.14-0.72) than patients with other haplotypes. ERCC1 polymorphisms were significantly associated with lung (P = .037) and metabolic (P = .041) toxicities, and patients with the XRCC3 241Met variant had reduced risk of liver toxicity (OR = 0.32; 95%CI, 0.11-0.95). Significant associations with other toxicities were also found for variant XPD genotypes/haplotypes. These data from clinical trials of older patients treated for AML indicate that variants in DNA repair pathways may have an impact on both outcomes of patients and toxicities associated with treatments. With validation of results in larger samples, these findings could lead to optimizing individual chemotherapy options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Kuptsova
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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25
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Jiao L, Chang P, Firozi PF, Lai D, Abbruzzese JL, Li D. Polymorphisms of phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing and DNA repair genes and in vitro N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced O6-ethylguanine levels in human lymphocytes. Mutat Res 2006; 627:146-57. [PMID: 17158087 PMCID: PMC1828113 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that genetic variants of phase II detoxification enzymes and DNA repair proteins affect individual response to DNA damage from alkylating agents. In 171 healthy individuals, an immunoslot blot assay was used to measure O6-ethylguanosine (O6-EtGua) adduct levels in peripheral blood lymphocytes treated with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) in vitro. The genotypes of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 I(105)V and A(114)V, MGMT L(84)F and I(143)V, XPD D(312)N and K(751)Q, and XRCC3 T(241)M were determined. Demographic and exposure information was collected by in-person interview. Student's t-test, analysis of (co)variance, and multiple linear regression models were used in statistical analyses. The mean and median (range) O6-EtGua levels were 94.6 and 84.8 (3.2-508.1)fmol/g DNA, respectively. The adduct level was significantly lower in people who smoked >or=25 years than that in never-smokers (square-root transformed mean values 8.20 versus 9.37, P=0.03). Multiple linear regression models revealed that GSTT1 (beta=-2.36, P=0.009) polymorphism was a significant predictor of the level of adducts in 82 never-smokers, whereas the number of years smoked (beta=-0.08, P=0.005) and XRCC3 T(241)M (beta=2.22, P=0.007) in 89 ever-smokers. The association between GSTP1 I(105)V, MGMT I(143)V, and XPD D(312)N with the level of adducts was not conclusive. Each polymorphism could explain 2-10% of the variation of the adduct level. These observations suggest that GSTT1 null and XRCC3 T(241)M polymorphism may have some functional significance in modulating the level of ENU-induced DNA damage and these effects are smoking-dependent. Results from this exploratory study need to be confirmed in other experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA and
| | - Ping Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA and
| | - Pervez F. Firozi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA and
| | - Dejian Lai
- Biostatistics Division, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, TX USA
| | - James L Abbruzzese
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA and
| | - Donghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA and
- *Corresponding author at: Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA. Tel +1 713 834 6690; fax: +1 713 834 6153, E-mail address: (D. Li)
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26
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Lehoczký P, McHugh PJ, Chovanec M. DNA interstrand cross-link repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2006; 31:109-33. [PMID: 17096663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA interstrand cross-links (ICL) present a formidable challenge to the cellular DNA repair apparatus. For Escherichia coli, a pathway which combines nucleotide excision repair (NER) and homologous recombination repair (HRR) to eliminate ICL has been characterized in detail, both genetically and biochemically. Mechanisms of ICL repair in eukaryotes have proved more difficult to define, primarily as a result of the fact that several pathways appear compete for ICL repair intermediates, and also because these competing activities are regulated in the cell cycle. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven a powerful tool for dissecting ICL repair. Important roles for NER, HRR and postreplication/translesion synthesis pathways have all been identified. Here we review, with reference to similarities and differences in higher eukaryotes, what has been discovered to date concerning ICL repair in this simple eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lehoczký
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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27
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Worrillow LJ, Allan JM. Deregulation of homologous recombination DNA repair in alkylating agent-treated stem cell clones: a possible role in the aetiology of chemotherapy-induced leukaemia. Oncogene 2006; 25:1709-20. [PMID: 16278672 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic regimes involving alkylating agents, such as methylators and crosslinking nitrogen mustards, represent a major risk factor for acute myeloid leukaemia. A high frequency of microsatellite instability and evidence of MSH2 loss in alkylating chemotherapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia (t-AML) suggests that DNA mismatch repair (MMR) dysfunction may be an initiating event in disease evolution. Subsequent accumulation of secondary genetic changes as a result of DNA MMR loss may ultimately lead to the gross chromosomal abnormalities seen in t-AML. Homologous recombination repair (HRR) maintains chromosomal stability by the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, and is therefore a possible target for deregulation in MMR dysfunctional t-AML. In order to test this hypothesis Msh2- proficient and -deficient murine embryonic stem (ES) cells were used to examine the effects of MMR status and methylating agent treatment on cellular expression of DNA double-strand break repair genes. HRR gene expression was significantly deregulated in Msh2 null ES cell clones compared to wild-type clones. Furthermore, some Msh2 null clones expressed high levels of Rad51 specifically, a critical component of HRR. Such Rad51 superexpressing clones were also observed when expression was determined in monocytic myeloid cells differentiated from ES cells. A deregulated HRR phenotype could be partially recapitulated in MMR-competent wild-type cells by treatment with the methylating agent, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Furthermore, treatment with melphalan, a leukaemogenic DNA crosslinking chemotherapy nitrogen mustard predicted to elicit HRR, selected against cells with deregulated HRR. These data suggest a t-AML mechanism whereby DNA MMR loss promotes the emergence of HRR gene superexpressing clones, with concomitant chromosomal instability. However, melphalan selection against clones with deregulated HRR suggests that persistence and expansion of unstable clones may require additional genetic alterations that promote cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Worrillow
- Department of Biology, Epidemiology and Genetics Unit, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, UK
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28
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Wachters FM, Wong LSM, Timens W, Kampinga HH, Groen HJM. ERCC1, hRad51, and BRCA1 protein expression in relation to tumour response and survival of stage III/IV NSCLC patients treated with chemotherapy. Lung Cancer 2005; 50:211-9. [PMID: 16169122 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this explorative study was to determine the prognostic value of protein expression of the DNA damage repair enzymes ERCC1, hRad51, and BRCA1 for tumour response and survival of non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Patients with either a short or long overall survival were selected from a randomized phase III trial comparing cisplatin-gemcitabine and epirubicin-gemcitabine. Tumour biopsies were assessed for differences in immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against ERCC1, hRad51, and BRCA1. A total of 33 patients were included. A positive nuclear staining for ERCC1, hRad51, and BRCA1 was observed in 44, 12, and 90% of biopsies, respectively. In large cell carcinoma nuclear hRad51 staining was absent. In five biopsies stained for hRad51 an unexpected membrane-like staining was observed; these biopsies showed no nuclear staining. DNA damage repair protein expressions were not significantly different in responders versus non-responders, or in patients with a short or long overall survival. In conclusion, immunohistochemical staining of ERCC1, hRad51, and BRCA1, in tumour biopsies from non-small-cell lung cancer patients was not predictive for tumour response and survival after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Wachters
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Ritchey JD, Huang WY, Chokkalingam AP, Gao YT, Deng J, Levine P, Stanczyk FZ, Hsing AW. Genetic Variants of DNA Repair Genes and Prostate Cancer: A Population-Based Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:1703-9. [PMID: 16030105 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of a population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China, we investigated whether variants in several DNA repair genes, either alone or in conjunction with other risk factors, are associated with prostate cancer risk. Genomic DNA from 162 patients newly diagnosed with prostate cancer and 251 healthy men randomly selected from the population were typed for five nonsynonymous DNA repair markers. We found that the XRCC1-Arg399Gln AA and the MGMT-Leu84Phe CT+TT genotypes were associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR), 2.18; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.99-4.81 and OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.19-3.34, respectively]. In contrast, XRCC3-Thr241Met, XPD-Lys751Gln, and MGMT-Ile143Val markers showed no significant associations with risk, although due to the much lower frequency of their variant alleles in this population we cannot rule out small to modest effects. There was a significant interaction between the MGMT-84 marker and insulin resistance (P(interaction) = 0.046). Relative to men with the MGMT-84 CC genotype and a low insulin resistance (<0.097), those having the CT-TT genotype and a greater insulin resistance had a 5.4-fold risk (OR, 5.39; 95% CI, 2.46-11.82). In addition, for the XRCC3-241 marker, relative to men with the CC genotype and a low intake of preserved foods (<12.7 g/d), those harboring the CT+TT genotype and having a higher intake of preserved foods (>12.7 g/d), which contain nitrosamines and nitrosamine precursors, had a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer risk (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.13-6.06). In contrast, men with the CT+TT genotype and a low intake of preserved foods had a 69% reduction in risk (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.10-0.96; P(interaction) = 0.005). These results suggest that genetic variants in the DNA repair pathways may be involved in prostate cancer etiology and that other risk factors, including preserved foods and insulin resistance, may modulate prostate cancer risk in combination with genetic susceptibility in these repair pathways. Replication in larger studies is necessary to preclude chance findings, particularly those among subgroups, and clarify the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie D Ritchey
- George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Sgura A, Stronati L, Gullotta F, Pecis A, Cinelli S, Lascialfari A, Tanzarella C, Pacchierotti F. Use of chromosome painting for detecting stable chromosome aberrations induced by melphalan in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2005; 45:419-426. [PMID: 15685603 DOI: 10.1002/em.20107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal aberrations are a measure of genomic instability, which is known to play a key role in the initiation and promotion of carcinogenesis. Stable reciprocal translocations are of particular importance since they are often involved in neoplastic transformation and tumor cell clonal evolution. In this study, chromosome painting analysis was used to test for stable aberrations induced in the bone marrow of C57BL/6J and FVB mice exposed for 4 weeks to 2 or 4 mg/kg of melphalan (MLP), a chemotherapeutic agent with carcinogenic potential. To compare the chemical-induced damage in different tissues, chromosome aberrations were also analyzed by chromosome painting in the spleen of C57BL/6J mice. At the 2 mg/kg dose, MLP induced comparable levels of chromosome-type aberrations in bone marrow cells of both mouse strains and in splenocytes of C57BL/6J mice. At 4 mg/kg, no further increase in aberrations was detected in bone marrow, while a dose-effect relationship was found in spleen cells. This different response may result from a negative selection against highly damaged bone marrow cells during mitotic proliferation. The results indicate that chromosome painting is a useful tool for detecting stable chromosome aberrations in somatic cells exposed to MLP and possibly to other genotoxic chemical carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Sgura
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.
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Mukhopadhyay UK, Senderowicz AM, Ferbeyre G. RNA silencing of checkpoint regulators sensitizes p53-defective prostate cancer cells to chemotherapy while sparing normal cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:2872-81. [PMID: 15805289 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
p53 is frequently mutated in patients with prostate cancer, especially in those with advanced disease. Therefore, the selective elimination of p53 mutant cells will likely have an impact in the treatment of prostate cancer. Because p53 has important roles in cell cycle checkpoints, it has been anticipated that modulation of checkpoint pathways should sensitize p53-defective cells to chemotherapy while sparing normal cells. To test this idea, we knocked down ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene by RNA interference in prostate cancer cell lines and in normal human diploid fibroblasts IMR90. ATM knockdown in p53-defective PC3 prostate cancer cells accelerated their cell cycle transition, increased both E2F activity and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression, and compromised cell cycle checkpoints, which are normally induced by DNA damage. Consequently, PC3 cells were sensitized to the killing effects of the DNA-damaging drug doxorubicin. Combining ATM knockdown with the Chk1 inhibitor UCN-01 further increased doxorubicin sensitivity in these cells. In contrast, the same strategy did not sensitize either IMR90 or LNCaP prostate cancer cells, both of which have normal p53. However, IMR90 and LNCaP cells became more sensitive to doxorubicin or doxorubicin plus UCN-01 when both p53 and ATM functions were suppressed. In addition, knockdown of the G(2) checkpoint regulators ATR and Chk1 also sensitized PC3 cells to doxorubicin and increased the expression of the E2F target gene PCNA. Together, our data support the concept of selective elimination of p53 mutant cells by combining DNA damage with checkpoint inhibitors and suggest a novel mechanistic insight into how such treatment may selectively kill tumor cells.
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Xu ZY, Loignon M, Han FY, Panasci L, Aloyz R. Xrcc3 induces cisplatin resistance by stimulation of Rad51-related recombinational repair, S-phase checkpoint activation, and reduced apoptosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 314:495-505. [PMID: 15843498 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.084053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activation of DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Several reports suggest that such responses may be coordinated by communication between damage repair proteins and proteins signaling other cellular responses. The Rad51-guided homologous recombination repair system plays an important role in the recognition and repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), and cells deficient in this repair pathway become hypersensitive to ICL-inducing agents such as cisplatin and melphalan. We investigated the possible role of the Rad51-paralog protein Xrcc3 in drug resistance. Xrcc3 overexpression in MCF-7 cells resulted in 1) a 2- to 6-fold resistance to cisplatin/melphalan, 2) a 2-fold increase in drug-induced Rad51 foci, 3) an increased cisplatin-induced S-phase arrest, 4) decreased cisplatin-induced apoptosis, and 5) increased cisplatin-induced DNA synthesis arrest. Interestingly, Xrcc3 overexpression did not alter the doubling time or cell cycle progression in the absence of DNA damage. Furthermore, Xrcc3 overexpression is associated with increased Rad51C protein levels consistent with the known interaction of these two proteins. Our results demonstrate that Xrcc3 is an important factor in DNA cross-linking drug resistance in human tumor cells and suggest that the response of the homologous recombinational repair machinery and cell cycle checkpoints to DNA cross-linking agents is intertwined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Xu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
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Libura J, Slater DJ, Felix CA, Richardson C. Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia–like MLL rearrangements are induced by etoposide in primary human CD34+ cells and remain stable after clonal expansion. Blood 2005; 105:2124-31. [PMID: 15528316 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-07-2683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRearrangements involving the MLL gene on chromosome band 11q23 are a hallmark of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemias following treatment with topoisomerase II poisons including etoposide. Therapy-related and de novo genomic translocation breakpoints cluster within a well-characterized 8.3-kb fragment of MLL. Repair of etoposide-stabilized DNA topoisomerase II covalent complexes may initiate MLL rearrangements observed in patients. We used a culture system of primary human hematopoietic CD34+ cells and inverse polymerase chain reaction to characterize the spectrum of stable genomic rearrangements promoted by etoposide exposure originating within an MLL translocation hotspot in therapy-related leukemia. Alterations to the region were observed at a readily detectable frequency in etoposide-treated cells. Illegitimate repair events after minimal repair included MLL tandem duplications and translocations, with minor populations of deletions or insertions. In stably repaired cells that proliferated for 10 to 14 days, the significant majority of illegitimate events were MLL tandem duplications, and several deletions, inversions, insertions, and translocations. Thus, etoposide promotes specific rearrangements of MLL consistent with the full spectrum of oncogenic events identified in leukemic samples. Although etoposide-initiated rearrangements are frequent, only a small subset of translocations occurs in cells that proliferate significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Libura
- Institute of Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1150 St Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, USA
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Richardson C. RAD51, genomic stability, and tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2005; 218:127-39. [PMID: 15670890 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability is characteristic of malignant cells, and a strong correlation exists between abnormal karyotype and tumorigenicity. Increased expression of the homologous recombination and DNA repair protein Rad51 has been reported in immortalized cell lines and multiple primary tumor cell types which could alter recombination pathways to contribute to the chromosomal rearrangements found in these cells. In addition, Rad51 participates in a complex network of interactions that includes DNA damage sensors, tumor suppressors, and cell cycle and apoptotic regulators, and mutation of many of these proteins have also been associated with tumor initiation or progression. Insights into the connection between disregulated Rad51 and malignant phenotype indicate that Rad51 is a potential target for new anti-cancer regimens including those that use siRNA technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1150 St Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Leo JCL, Wang SM, Guo CH, Aw SE, Zhao Y, Li JM, Hui KM, Lin VCL. Gene regulation profile reveals consistent anticancer properties of progesterone in hormone-independent breast cancer cells transfected with progesterone receptor. Int J Cancer 2005; 117:561-8. [PMID: 15945099 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Absence of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) is the hallmark of most hormone-independent breast cancers. Previous studies demonstrated that reactivation of PR expression in hormone-independent MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells enabled progesterone to suppress cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. We determined the whole genomic effect of progesterone in PR-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells. We identified 151 progesterone-regulated genes with expression changes > 3-fold after 24 hr treatment. Most are novel progesterone target genes. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of 55 genes showed a 100% confirmation rate. Twenty-six genes were regulated at both 3 and 24 hr. Studies using translation inhibitor suggest that most of the 26 genes are primary progesterone target genes. Progesterone consistently suppressed the expression of genes required for cell proliferation and metastasis and increased the expression of many tumor-suppressor genes. Progesterone also consistently decreased the expression of DNA repair and chromosome maintenance genes, which may be part of the mechanism leading to cell cycle arrest. These data suggest potential usefulness of progestin in combating ER-negative but PR-positive breast cancer and indicate that progesterone can exert a strong anticancer effect in hormone-independent breast cancer following PR reactivation. The identification of many novel progesterone target genes open up new avenues for in-depth elucidation of progesterone-mediated molecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C L Leo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Rothbarth J, Tollenaar RAEM, Schellens JHM, Nortier JWR, Kool LJS, Kuppen PJK, Mulder GJ, van de Velde CJH. Isolated hepatic perfusion for the treatment of colorectal metastases confined to the liver: recent trends and perspectives. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40:1812-24. [PMID: 15288282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) involves a method of complete vascular isolation of the liver to allow treatment of liver tumours with toxic systemic doses. The recent clinical studies mainly employed IHP with melphalan with or without tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and mild hyperthermia. The results of these studies show that high response rates and high survival rates can be achieved by IHP. In this article, the current status, recent developments and future perspectives of IHP are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rothbarth
- Department of Surgery, K6-R, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Friedmann B, Caplin M, Hartley JA, Hochhauser D. Modulation of DNA Repair In vitro after Treatment with Chemotherapeutic Agents by the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor Gefitinib (ZD1839). Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:6476-86. [PMID: 15475435 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly expressed in human tumors and provides a target for therapy. Gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839) is a quinazoline derivative that inhibits EGFR tyrosine kinase activity. Gefitinib demonstrated anticancer efficacy in vivo, and although experiments in vitro have suggested that inhibition of EGFR modulates the activity of chemotherapeutic agents, the mechanism of this interaction is unclear. We investigated mechanisms for this modulation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The antiproliferative effect of gefitinib alone or combined with cisplatin, melphalan, and etoposide was determined in a human breast (MCF-7) cancer cell line. Using the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay, we investigated kinetics of DNA damage and repair after treatment with the chemotherapeutic drugs combined with gefitinib. To investigate whether the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase pathway was contributing to repair-inhibition produced by gefitinib, cells were exposed to chemotherapy in combination with the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase inhibitor LY294002. RESULTS A superadditive (synergistic) increase in growth inhibition for combined treatment with gefitinib was found for cisplatin and etoposide, but not with melphalan. There was delayed repair of DNA strand breaks after treatment with etoposide combined with gefitinib, and repair of DNA interstrand cross-links produced by cisplatin is delayed in combination with gefitinib. Inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA repair was identical in cells treated with LY294002. Immunoprecipitation of cell extracts demonstrated that after exposure to gefitinib, there was an association between EGFR and DNA-PK(CS). CONCLUSION Gefitinib acts through inhibition of repair of cisplatin and etoposide-induced DNA damage; this effect is mimicked by inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase suggesting similar mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Friedmann
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Resistance towards apoptosis is a key factor for the survival of a malignant cell. Cancer results if there is too little apoptosis and cells grow faster and live longer than normal cells. In addition, defects in apoptosis signaling contribute to drug resistance of tumor cells. Thus, one of the main goals for oncologic treatment is to overcome resistance of tumor cells towards apoptosis. The exciting challenge in oncology is to translate the growing knowledge of apoptotic pathways into clinical applications. In this review we address the role of apoptosis signaling in tumorigenesis and drug resistance of tumor cells and discuss therapeutic approaches interfering with apoptosis pathways.
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Wachters FM, van Putten JWG, Maring JG, Zdzienicka MZ, Groen HJM, Kampinga HH. Selective targeting of homologous DNA recombination repair by gemcitabine. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 57:553-62. [PMID: 12957269 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(03)00503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gemcitabine (2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine, dFdC) is a potent radiosensitizer. The mechanism of dFdC-mediated radiosensitization is yet poorly understood. We recently excluded inhibition of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) as a means of radiosensitization. In the current study, we addressed the possibility that dFdC might affect homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DSB repair or base excision repair (BER). METHODS AND MATERIALS DFdC-mediated radiosensitization in cell lines deficient in BER and in HR was compared with that in their BER-proficient and HR-proficient parental counterparts. Sensitization to mitomycin C (MMC) was also investigated in cell lines deficient and proficient in HR. Additionally, the effect of dFdC on Rad51 foci formation after irradiation was studied. RESULTS DFdC did induce radiosensitization in BER-deficient cells; however, the respective mutant cells deficient in HR did not show dFdC-mediated radiosensitization. In HR-proficient, but not in HR-deficient, cells dFdC also induced substantial enhancement of the cytotoxic effect of MMC. Finally, we found that dFdC interferes with Rad51 foci formation after irradiation. CONCLUSION DFdC causes radiosensitization by specific interference with HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris M Wachters
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Hansen LT, Lundin C, Spang-Thomsen M, Petersen LN, Helleday T. The role of RAD51 in etoposide (VP16) resistance in small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2003; 105:472-9. [PMID: 12712436 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Etoposide (VP16) is a potent inducer of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and is efficiently used in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) therapy. However, acquired VP16 resistance remains an important barrier to effective treatment. To understand the underlying mechanisms for VP16 resistance in SCLC, we investigated DSB repair and cellular VP16 sensitivity of SCLC cells. VP16 sensitivity and RAD51, DNA-PK(cs), topoisomerase IIalpha and P-glycoprotein protein levels were determined in 17 SCLC cell lines. In order to unravel the role of RAD51 in VP16 resistance, we cloned the human RAD51 gene, transfected SCLC cells with RAD51 sense or antisense constructs and measured the VP16 resistance. Finally, we measured VP16-induced DSBs in the 17 SCLC cell lines. Two cell lines exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype. In the other SCLC cell lines, the cellular VP16 resistance was positively correlated with the RAD51 protein level. In addition, downregulation or overexpression of the RAD51 gene altered the VP16 sensitivity. Furthermore, the levels of the RAD51 and DNA-PK(cs) proteins were related to VP16-induced DSBs. The results suggest that repair of VP16-induced DSBs is mediated through both RAD51-dependent homologous recombination and DNA-PK(cs)-dependent nonhomologous end-joining and may be a determinant of the variation in clinical treatment effect observed in human SCLC tumors of identical histologic subtype. Finally, we propose RAD51 as a potential target to improve VP16 efficacy and predict tumor resistance in the treatment of SCLC patients.
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Spanswick VJ, Craddock C, Sekhar M, Mahendra P, Shankaranarayana P, Hughes RG, Hochhauser D, Hartley JA. Repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks as a mechanism of clinical resistance to melphalan in multiple myeloma. Blood 2002; 100:224-9. [PMID: 12070031 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.1.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melphalan is widely used as a preparative agent in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT). Although disease relapse is the major cause of death after a melphalan-conditioned autograft, the mechanism remains unclear. Melphalan produces a number of DNA adducts with the DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) considered to be the critical cytotoxic lesion. By using a modification of the single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay, we have measured formation and repair of DNA ICL in plasma cells from melphalan- naive and melphalan-treated patients (ie, those who have relapsed after a melphalan-conditioned autologous SCT or oral melphalan therapy). Similar levels of dose-dependent DNA interstand crosslinking were observed in cells from both melphalan-naive and -treated patients. However, marked differences in ICL repair were observed: cells from naive patients showed no repair, whereas those from treated patients exhibited between 42% and 100% repair at 40 hours. In vitro sensitivity to melphalan in plasma cells was found to correlate with ICL repair. These findings suggest that ICL repair may be an important mechanism by which melphalan resistance emerges after autologous SCT or oral therapy. This mechanism may have implications for MM patients undergoing melphalan therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Spanswick
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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Bello VE, Aloyz RS, Christodoulopoulos G, Panasci LC. Homologous recombinational repair vis-à-vis chlorambucil resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:1585-8. [PMID: 12007561 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)00954-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to further define the role of homologous recombinational repair (HRR) in resistance to the nitrogen mustards in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). We have demonstrated previously that increased chlorambucil (CLB)-induced HsRad51 nuclear foci formation correlated with a CLB-resistant phenotype in B-CLL lymphocytes. In this report, we measured the protein levels of HsRad51 and Xrcc3 (an HsRad51 paralog) and correlated them with the in vitro CLB cytotoxicity (LD(50)) in lymphocytes from seventeen B-CLL patients. Both HsRad51 (r=0.75, P=0.0005) and Xrcc3 (r=0.52, P=0.03) protein levels correlated with the in vitro CLB LD(50). In addition, multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between Xrcc3 and Rad51 protein levels versus the CLB LD(50) (r=0.78, P=0.0014), suggesting that both proteins influence CLB cytotoxicity. Moreover, since HsRad51 expression varies in cell lines during the cell cycle, we determined proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein levels to assess possible differences in cell cycle progression. There was no correlation between PCNA protein levels and the CLB LD(50) (r=0.042, P=0.87) or with HsRad51/Xrcc3 protein levels. Our data suggest that HsRad51 and Xrcc3 protein expression may be predictive of the response in B-CLL patients to treatment with nitrogen mustards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa E Bello
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste. Catherine, Québec, Montreal, Canada
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Abstract
The nitrogen mustards are an important class of DNA cross-linking agents, which are utilized in the treatment of many types of cancer. Unfortunately, resistance often develops in the treatment of patients and the tumor either never responds to or becomes refractory to these agents. Resistance to the nitrogen mustards in murine and human tumor cells has been reported to be secondary to alterations in (i) the transport of these agents, (ii) their reactivity, (iii) apoptosis and (iv) altered DNA repair activity. In the present review, we will discuss the role of DNA repair in nitrogen mustard resistance in cancer. The nitrogen mustards' lethality is based on the induction of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). Two DNA repair pathways are known to be involved in removal of ICLs: non-homologous DNA end-joining (NHEJ) and Rad51-related homologous recombinational repair (HRR). The reports discussed here lead us to hypothesize that low NHEJ activity defines a hypersensitive state, while high NHEJ activity, along with increased HRR activity, contributes to the resistant state in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Studies on human epithelial tumor cell lines suggest that HRR rather than NHEJ plays a role in nitrogen mustard sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Panasci
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.
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