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Vásquez CE, Knak Guerra KT, Renner J, Rasia-Filho AA. Morphological heterogeneity of neurons in the human central amygdaloid nucleus. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25319. [PMID: 38629777 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The central amygdaloid nucleus (CeA) has an ancient phylogenetic development and functions relevant for animal survival. Local cells receive intrinsic amygdaloidal information that codes emotional stimuli of fear, integrate them, and send cortical and subcortical output projections that prompt rapid visceral and social behavior responses. We aimed to describe the morphology of the neurons that compose the human CeA (N = 8 adult men). Cells within CeA coronal borders were identified using the thionine staining and were further analyzed using the "single-section" Golgi method followed by open-source software procedures for two-dimensional and three-dimensional image reconstructions. Our results evidenced varied neuronal cell body features, number and thickness of primary shafts, dendritic branching patterns, and density and shape of dendritic spines. Based on these criteria, we propose the existence of 12 morphologically different spiny neurons in the human CeA and discuss the variability in the dendritic architecture within cellular types, including likely interneurons. Some dendritic shafts were long and straight, displayed few collaterals, and had planar radiation within the coronal neuropil volume. Most of the sampled neurons showed a few to moderate density of small stubby/wide spines. Long spines (thin and mushroom) were observed occasionally. These novel data address the synaptic processing and plasticity in the human CeA. Our morphological description can be combined with further transcriptomic, immunohistochemical, and electrophysiological/connectional approaches. It serves also to investigate how neurons are altered in neurological and psychiatric disorders with hindered emotional perception, in anxiety, following atrophy in schizophrenia, and along different stages of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Vásquez
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kétlyn T Knak Guerra
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Josué Renner
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alberto A Rasia-Filho
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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2
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Villar-Conde S, Astillero-Lopez V, Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Saiz-Sanchez D, Martinez-Marcos A, Ubeda-Banon I, Flores-Cuadrado A. Synaptic Involvement of the Human Amygdala in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100673. [PMID: 37947401 PMCID: PMC10700869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein, a protein mostly present in presynaptic terminals, accumulates neuropathologically in Parkinson's disease in a 6-stage sequence and propagates in the nervous system in a prion-like manner through neurons and glia. In stage 3, the substantia nigra are affected, provoking motor symptoms and the amygdaloid complex, leading to different nonmotor symptoms; from here, synucleinopathy spreads to the temporal cortex and beyond. The expected increase in Parkinson's disease incidence accelerates the need for detection biomarkers; however, the heterogeneity of this disease, including pathological aggregates and pathophysiological pathways, poses a challenge in the search for new therapeutic targets and biomarkers. Proteomic analyses are lacking, and the literature regarding synucleinopathy, neural and glial involvement, and volume of the human amygdaloid complex is controversial. Therefore, the present study combines both proteomic and stereological probes. Data-independent acquisition-parallel accumulation of serial fragmentation proteomic analysis revealed a remarkable proteomic impact, especially at the synaptic level in the human amygdaloid complex in Parkinson's disease. Among the 199 differentially expressed proteins, guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 (GNAI1), elongation factor 1-alpha 1 (EEF1A1), myelin proteolipid protein (PLP1), neuroplastin (NPTN), 14-3-3 protein eta (YWHAH), gene associated with retinoic and interferon-induced mortality 19 protein (GRIM19), and orosomucoid-2 (ORM2) stand out as potential biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Stereological analysis, however, did not reveal alterations regarding synucleinopathy, neural or glial populations, or volume changes. To our knowledge, this is the first proteomic study of the human amygdaloid complex in Parkinson's disease, and it identified possible biomarkers of the disease. Lewy pathology could not be sufficient to cause neurodegeneration or alteration of microglial and astroglial populations in the human amygdaloid complex in Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, damage at the proteomic level is manifest, showing up significant synaptic involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Villar-Conde
- Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, CRIB, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Spain; Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Spain
| | - Veronica Astillero-Lopez
- Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, CRIB, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Spain; Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Spain
| | - Melania Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, CRIB, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Spain; Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Spain
| | - Daniel Saiz-Sanchez
- Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, CRIB, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Spain; Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Spain
| | - Alino Martinez-Marcos
- Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, CRIB, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Spain; Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Spain.
| | - Isabel Ubeda-Banon
- Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, CRIB, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Spain; Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Spain.
| | - Alicia Flores-Cuadrado
- Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, CRIB, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Spain; Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Spain
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3
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Yoo J, Han J, Lim MH. Transition metal ions and neurotransmitters: coordination chemistry and implications for neurodegeneration. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:548-563. [PMID: 37547459 PMCID: PMC10398360 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is characterized by a disturbance in neurotransmitter-mediated signaling pathways. Recent studies have highlighted the significant role of transition metal ions, including Cu(i/ii), Zn(ii), and Fe(ii/iii), in neurotransmission, thereby making the coordination chemistry of neurotransmitters a growing field of interest in understanding signal dysfunction. This review outlines the physiological functions of transition metal ions and neurotransmitters, with the metal-binding properties of small molecule-based neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Additionally, we discuss the structural and conformational changes of neurotransmitters induced by redox-active metal ions, such as Cu(i/ii) and Fe(ii/iii), and briefly describe the outcomes arising from their oxidation, polymerization, and aggregation. These observations have important implications for neurodegeneration and emphasize the need for further research to develop potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeasang Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul Seoul 02504 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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Lai TT, Gericke B, Feja M, Conoscenti M, Zelikowsky M, Richter F. Anxiety in synucleinopathies: neuronal circuitry, underlying pathomechanisms and current therapeutic strategies. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:97. [PMID: 37349373 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by alpha-synuclein (αSyn) accumulation in neurons or glial cells, including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). αSyn-related pathology plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies leading to the progressive loss of neuronal populations in specific brain regions and the development of motor and non-motor symptoms. Anxiety is among the most frequent non-motor symptoms in patients with PD, but it remains underrecognized and undertreated, which significantly reduces the quality of life for patients. Anxiety is defined as a neuropsychiatric complication with characteristics such as nervousness, loss of concentration, and sweating due to the anticipation of impending danger. In patients with PD, neuropathology in the amygdala, a central region in the anxiety and fear circuitry, may contribute to the high prevalence of anxiety. Studies in animal models reported αSyn pathology in the amygdala together with alteration of anxiety or fear learning response. Therefore, understanding the progression, extent, and specifics of pathology in the anxiety and fear circuitry in synucleinopathies will suggest novel approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Here, we provide an overview of studies that address neuropsychiatric symptoms in synucleinopathies. We offer insights into anxiety and fear circuitry in animal models and the current implications for therapeutic intervention. In summary, it is apparent that anxiety is not a bystander symptom in these disorders but reflects early pathogenic mechanisms in the cortico-limbic system which may even contribute as a driver to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Thi Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Birthe Gericke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malte Feja
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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5
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Fisher DW, Tulloch J, Yu CE, Tsuang D. A Preliminary Comparison of the Methylome and Transcriptome from the Prefrontal Cortex Across Alzheimer’s Disease and Lewy Body Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:279-297. [PMID: 37220618 PMCID: PMC10200238 DOI: 10.3233/adr220114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pathological amyloid-β and α-synuclein are associated with a spectrum of related dementias, ranging from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), to Parkinson disease dementia (PDD). While these diseases share clinical and pathological features, they also have unique patterns of pathology. However, epigenetic factors that contribute to these pathological differences remain unknown. Objective: In this preliminary study, we explore differences in DNA methylation and transcription in five neuropathologically defined groups: cognitively unimpaired controls, AD, pure DLB, DLB with concomitant AD (DLBAD), and PDD. Methods: We employed an Illumina Infinium 850k array and RNA-seq to quantify these differences in DNA methylation and transcription, respectively. We then used Weighted Gene Co-Network Expression Analysis (WGCNA) to determine transcriptional modules and correlated these with DNA methylation. Results: We found that PDD was transcriptionally unique and correlated with an unexpected hypomethylation pattern compared to the other dementias and controls. Surprisingly, differences between PDD and DLB were especially notable with 197 differentially methylated regions. WGCNA yielded numerous modules associated with controls and the four dementias: one module was associated with transcriptional differences between controls and all the dementias as well as having significant overlap with differentially methylated probes. Functional enrichment demonstrated that this module was associated with responses to oxidative stress. Conclusion: Future work that extends these joint DNA methylation and transcription analyses will be critical to better understanding of differences that contribute to varying clinical presentation across dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica Tulloch
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veteran’s Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veteran’s Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Debby Tsuang
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veteran’s Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Kulkarni AS, Burns MR, Brundin P, Wesson DW. Linking α-synuclein-induced synaptopathy and neural network dysfunction in early Parkinson’s disease. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac165. [PMID: 35822101 PMCID: PMC9272065 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The prodromal phase of Parkinson’s disease is characterized by aggregation of the misfolded pathogenic protein α-synuclein in select neural centres, co-occurring with non-motor symptoms including sensory and cognitive loss, and emotional disturbances. It is unclear whether neuronal loss is significant during the prodrome. Underlying these symptoms are synaptic impairments and aberrant neural network activity. However, the relationships between synaptic defects and network-level perturbations are not established. In experimental models, pathological α-synuclein not only impacts neurotransmission at the synaptic level, but also leads to changes in brain network-level oscillatory dynamics—both of which likely contribute to non-motor deficits observed in Parkinson’s disease. Here we draw upon research from both human subjects and experimental models to propose a ‘synapse to network prodrome cascade’ wherein before overt cell death, pathological α-synuclein induces synaptic loss and contributes to aberrant network activity, which then gives rise to prodromal symptomology. As the disease progresses, abnormal patterns of neural activity ultimately lead to neuronal loss and clinical progression of disease. Finally, we outline goals and research needed to unravel the basis of functional impairments in Parkinson’s disease and other α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya S Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida , 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA
| | - Matthew R Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida , 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Disorders, University of Florida , 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffman-La Roche , Little Falls, NJ , USA
| | - Daniel W Wesson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida , 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Disorders, University of Florida , 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA
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Torres ERS, Stanojlovic M, Zelikowsky M, Bonsberger J, Hean S, Mulligan C, Baldauf L, Fleming S, Masliah E, Chesselet MF, Fanselow MS, Richter F. Alpha-synuclein pathology, microgliosis, and parvalbumin neuron loss in the amygdala associated with enhanced fear in the Thy1-aSyn model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105478. [PMID: 34390837 PMCID: PMC8447919 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, non-motor symptoms often precede the development of debilitating motor symptoms and present a severe impact on the quality of life. Lewy bodies containing misfolded α-synuclein progressively develop in neurons throughout the peripheral and central nervous system, which may be correlated with the early development of non-motor symptoms. Among those, increased fear and anxiety is frequent in PD and thought to result from pathology outside the dopaminergic system, which has been the focus of symptomatic treatment to alleviate motor symptoms. Alpha-synuclein accumulation has been reported in the amygdala of PD patients, a brain region critically involved in fear and anxiety. Here we asked whether α-synuclein overexpression alone is sufficient to induce an enhanced fear phenotype in vivo and which pathological mechanisms are involved. Transgenic mice expressing human wild-type α-synuclein (Thy1-aSyn), a well-established model of PD, were subjected to fear conditioning followed by extinction and then tested for extinction memory retention followed by histopathological analysis. Thy1-aSyn mice showed enhanced tone fear across acquisition and extinction compared to wild-type littermates, as well as a trend to less retention of fear extinction. Immunohistochemical analysis of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, a nucleus critically involved in tone fear learning, revealed extensive α-synuclein pathology, with accumulation, phosphorylation, and aggregation of α-synuclein in transgenic mice. This pathology was accompanied by microgliosis and parvalbumin neuron loss in this nucleus, which could explain the enhanced fear phenotype. Importantly, this non-motor phenotype was detected in the pre-clinical phase, prior to dopamine loss in Thy1-aSyn mice, thus replicating observations in patients. Results obtained in this study suggest a possible mechanism by which increased anxiety and maladaptive fear processing may occur in PD, opening a door for therapeutic options and further early biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Ruth S Torres
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Milos Stanojlovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Moriel Zelikowsky
- Department of Psychology, Staglin Center for Brain and Behavioral Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Jana Bonsberger
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sindalana Hean
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Caitlin Mulligan
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Leonie Baldauf
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sheila Fleming
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Michael S Fanselow
- Department of Psychology, Staglin Center for Brain and Behavioral Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany.
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Villar-Conde S, Astillero-Lopez V, Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Villanueva-Anguita P, Saiz-Sanchez D, Martinez-Marcos A, Flores-Cuadrado A, Ubeda-Bañon I. The Human Hippocampus in Parkinson's Disease: An Integrative Stereological and Proteomic Study. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2021; 11:1345-1365. [PMID: 34092653 PMCID: PMC8461741 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease that is pathologically described as a six-stage α-synucleinopathy. In stage 4, α-synuclein reaches the hippocampus, inducing cognitive deficits, from which it progresses to the isocortex, leading to dementia. Among hippocampal fields, cornu ammonis 2 is particularly affected by this α-synucleinopathy and critical for cognitive decline. Volumetric studies using magnetic resonance imaging have produced controversial results, with only some reporting volume loss, whereas stereological data obtained using nonspecific markers do not reveal volume changes, neural or glial loss. Proteomic analysis has not been carried out in the hippocampus of patients with PD. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explain hippocampal changes in patients with PD at the cellular and proteomic levels. METHODS α-Synuclein inclusions, volume and neural (NeuN), microglial (Iba-1) and astroglial (GFAP) populations were stereologically analyzed. SWATH-MS quantitative proteomic analysis was also conducted. RESULTS Area fraction fractionator probe revealed a higher area fraction α-synucleinopathy in cornu ammonis 2. No volume change, neurodegeneration, microgliosis or astrogliosis was detected. Proteomic analysis identified 1,634 proteins, of which 83 were particularly useful for defining differences among PD and non-PD groups. Among them, upregulated (PHYIP, CTND2, AHSA1 and SNTA1) and downregulated (TM163, REEP2 and CSKI1) proteins were related to synaptic structures in the diseased hippocampus. CONCLUSION The distribution of α-synuclein in the hippocampus is not associated with volumetric, neural or glial changes. Proteomic analysis, however, reveals a series of changes in proteins associated with synaptic structures, suggesting that hippocampal changes occur at the synapse level during PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Villar-Conde
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Veronica Astillero-Lopez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Melania Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Patricia Villanueva-Anguita
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Daniel Saiz-Sanchez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alino Martinez-Marcos
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alicia Flores-Cuadrado
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Isabel Ubeda-Bañon
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Ubeda-Bañon I, Saiz-Sanchez D, Flores-Cuadrado A, Rioja-Corroto E, Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Villar-Conde S, Astillero-Lopez V, Cabello-de la Rosa JP, Gallardo-Alcañiz MJ, Vaamonde-Gamo J, Relea-Calatayud F, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Mohedano-Moriano A, Rabano A, Martinez-Marcos A. The human olfactory system in two proteinopathies: Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:22. [PMID: 32493457 PMCID: PMC7271529 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders. Their etiologies are idiopathic, and treatments are symptomatic and orientated towards cognitive or motor deficits. Neuropathologically, both are proteinopathies with pathological aggregates (plaques of amyloid-β peptide and neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease, and Lewy bodies mostly composed of α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease). These deposits appear in the nervous system in a predictable and accumulative sequence with six neuropathological stages. Both disorders present a long prodromal period, characterized by preclinical signs including hyposmia. Interestingly, the olfactory system, particularly the anterior olfactory nucleus, is initially and preferentially affected by the pathology. Cerebral atrophy revealed by magnetic resonance imaging must be complemented by histological analyses to ascertain whether neuronal and/or glial loss or neuropil remodeling are responsible for volumetric changes. It has been proposed that these proteinopathies could act in a prion-like manner in which a misfolded protein would be able to force native proteins into pathogenic folding (seeding), which then propagates through neurons and glia (spreading). Existing data have been examined to establish why some neuronal populations are vulnerable while others are resistant to pathology and to what extent glia prevent and/or facilitate proteinopathy spreading. Connectomic approaches reveal a number of hubs in the olfactory system (anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory entorhinal cortex and cortical amygdala) that are key interconnectors with the main hubs (the entorhinal-hippocampal-cortical and amygdala-dorsal motor vagal nucleus) of network dysfunction in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ubeda-Bañon
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Daniel Saiz-Sanchez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alicia Flores-Cuadrado
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ernesto Rioja-Corroto
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Melania Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Sandra Villar-Conde
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Veronica Astillero-Lopez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | | | - Julia Vaamonde-Gamo
- Neurology Service, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Lucia Gonzalez-Lopez
- Pathology Service, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Rabano
- Neuropathology Department and Tissue Bank, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alino Martinez-Marcos
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Cinar E, Yalcin-Cakmakli G, Saka E, Ulusoy A, Yuruker S, Elibol B, Tel BC. Modelling cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease: Is CA2 a gateway for hippocampal synucleinopathy? Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113357. [PMID: 32437708 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is one of the most disabling non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), though its pathological correlates still remain elusive. Hippocampal Lewy pathology has recently been correlated by compelling evidence from post-mortem and imaging studies. Animal models recapitulating cognitive impairment in PD are essential to better understand the underlying pathophysiology. To investigate the hippocampal involvement in cognitive dysfunction of PD, we generated an experimental model by inducing midbrain and hippocampal α-synuclein pathology simultaneously. METHODS Rats were injected either with human α-synuclein or green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV), or saline bilaterally into substantia nigra (SN) and dentate gyrus (DG). A group of untreated animals were used as naïve controls. Cognitive and behavioral changes were evaluated with tests probing for spatial learning, short-term memory, anxiety and hedonistic behavior. Immunohistochemical staining, immunoblotting and stereological analysis were performed for pathological characterization. RESULTS Bilateral α-synuclein overexpression in SN and DG led to mild but significant motor impairment as well as dysfunctions in short-term memory and spatial learning. There was no hedonistic deficit, whereas a hypo-anxious state was induced. While stereological analysis revealed no significant neuronal loss in any sectors of cornu ammonis, there was considerable decrease (43%) in TH+-neurons in SN pars compacta supporting the well-known vulnerability of nigral dopaminergic neurons to α-synuclein mediated neurodegeneration. On the other hand, synaptophysin levels decreased in similar amounts both in striatum and hippocampus, suggesting comparable synaptic loss in target areas. Interestingly, phosphorylated-S129-α-synuclein staining revealed significant expression in CA2 characterized by more mature and dense cellular accumulations compared to CA1-CA3 sub-regions displaying more diffuse grain-like aggregates, suggesting preferential susceptibility of CA2 to produce α-synuclein induced pathology. CONCLUSION Bilateral α-synuclein overexpression in DG and SN reproduced partial motor and hippocampus related cognitive deficits. Using this model, we showed a predisposition of CA2 for pathological α-synuclein accumulation, which may provide further insights for future experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Cinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | - Esen Saka
- Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Ulusoy
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sinan Yuruker
- Usak University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Usak, Turkey
| | - Bulent Elibol
- Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu C Tel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Saiz-Sanchez D, Ubeda-Bañon I, Flores-Cuadrado A, Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Villar-Conde S, Astillero-Lopez V, Martinez-Marcos A. Somatostatin, Olfaction, and Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:96. [PMID: 32140092 PMCID: PMC7042373 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders in aging. Hyposmia has been described as an early symptom that can precede cognitive and motor deficits by decades. Certain regions within the olfactory system, such as the anterior olfactory nucleus, display the neuropathological markers tau and amyloid-β or α-synuclein from the earliest stages of disease progression in a preferential manner. Specific neuronal subpopulations, namely those expressing somatostatin (SST), are preferentially affected throughout the olfactory and limbic systems. SST is a neuropeptide present in a subpopulation of GABAergic interneurons throughout the brain and its main function is to inhibit principal neurons and/or other interneurons. It has been reported that SST expression is reduced by 50% in Alzheimer's disease and that it is related to the formation of Aβ oligomers. The mechanisms underlying the preferential vulnerability of SST-expressing neurons in Alzheimer's disease (and, to a minor extent, in Parkinson's disease) are not known but analysis of the available data could shed light on their etiology. This short review aims to update the knowledge of functional features of somatostatin within the olfactory system and its role in olfactory deficits during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Saiz-Sanchez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Isabel Ubeda-Bañon
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alicia Flores-Cuadrado
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Melania Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Sandra Villar-Conde
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Veronica Astillero-Lopez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alino Martinez-Marcos
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Rajkumar AP, Bidkhori G, Shoaie S, Clarke E, Morrin H, Hye A, Williams G, Ballard C, Francis P, Aarsland D. Postmortem Cortical Transcriptomics of Lewy Body Dementia Reveal Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lack of Neuroinflammation. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020; 28:75-86. [PMID: 31327631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prevalence of Lewy body dementias (LBD) is second only to Alzheimer's disease (AD) among people with neurodegenerative dementia. LBD cause earlier mortality, more intense neuropsychiatric symptoms, more caregivers' burden, and higher costs than AD. The molecular mechanisms underlying LBD are largely unknown. As advancing molecular level mechanistic understanding is essential for identifying reliable peripheral biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for LBD, the authors aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEG), and dysfunctional molecular networks in postmortem LBD brains. METHODS The authors investigated the transcriptomics of postmortem anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices of people with pathology-verified LBD using next-generation RNA-sequencing. The authors verified the identified DEG using high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reactions. Functional implications of identified DEG and the consequent metabolic reprogramming were evaluated by Ingenuity pathway analyses, genome-scale metabolic modeling, reporter metabolite analyses, and in silico gene silencing. RESULTS The authors identified and verified 12 novel DEGs (MPO, SELE, CTSG, ALPI, ABCA13, GALNT6, SST, RBM3, CSF3, SLC4A1, OXTR, and RAB44) in LBD brains with genome-wide statistical significance. The authors documented statistically significant down-regulation of several cytokine genes. Identified dysfunctional molecular networks highlighted the contributions of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and immunosenescence toward neurodegeneration in LBD. CONCLUSION Our findings support that chronic microglial activation and neuroinflammation, well-documented in AD, are notably absent in LBD. The lack of neuroinflammation in LBD brains was corroborated by statistically significant down-regulation of several inflammatory markers. Identified DEGs, especially down-regulated inflammatory markers, may aid distinguishing LBD from AD, and their biomarker potential warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anto P Rajkumar
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mental Health of Older Adults and Dementia Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Gholamreza Bidkhori
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emily Clarke
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Abdul Hye
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS foundation trust, London, UK
| | - Gareth Williams
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Clive Ballard
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; The Medical School, Exeter University, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul Francis
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mental Health of Older Adults and Dementia Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS foundation Trust, London, UK
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Ubeda-Bañon I, Flores-Cuadrado A, Saiz-Sanchez D, Martinez-Marcos A. Differential Effects of Parkinson's Disease on Interneuron Subtypes within the Human Anterior Olfactory Nucleus. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:113. [PMID: 29259548 PMCID: PMC5723292 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies (including α-synucleinopathies), which include Parkinson's disease (PD), manifest themsevles early on (stage 1) in the olfactory system; preferentially in the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON). In particular, the non-motor, early manifestations of PD include hyposmia, which is the partial loss of the sense of smell. The neural basis of hyposmia in PD, however, is poorly understood; but the AON appears to be a key structure in the disease's progression. We analyzed whether α-synuclein was involved in the differential interneuron vulnerability associated with PD in the retrobulbar, cortical anterior and cortical posterior divisions of the AON. First, we determined the expression of the calcium binding interneuron markers, calretinin, calbindin and parvalbumin, as well as non-calcium binding interneuron marker, somatostatin, in neuronal cell bodies alone (cells/mm2) and in neuronal cell bodies and neurites (% of area fraction) of post-mortem tissue from PD cases and age-matched controls (n = 4 for each) by immunofluorescent confocal microscopy. Results indicated that parvalbumin expression was upregulated in neuronal cell bodies throughout the anterior olfactory nucleus of PD cases compared with controls. Furthermore, there was increased calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin expression in the cell bodies and neurites of neurons in the retrobulbar division and also increased parvalbumin expression in the neurites of neurons in the cortical division; calretinin expression was also increased in neuronal cell bodies and neurites in the cortical posterior division. Second, we analyzed the co-localization of the above markers with α-synuclein, with results indicating that α-synuclein co-localized with the calcium-binding proteins, but only partially with somatostatin. Taken together, these results indicate differential expression levels among different neural markers in the divisions of the AON in PD cases and point to several possibilities, among them: possible neuroprotective mechanisms of calcium-binding proteins against α-synuclein; and the differential involvement of somatostatin in α-synuclein-positive cell bodies and neurites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ubeda-Bañon
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, CRIB, Ciudad Real Medical School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alicia Flores-Cuadrado
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, CRIB, Ciudad Real Medical School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Daniel Saiz-Sanchez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, CRIB, Ciudad Real Medical School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alino Martinez-Marcos
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, CRIB, Ciudad Real Medical School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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