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Huang H, Wang Y, Yang P, Zhao H, Jenks MA, Lü S, Yang X. The Arabidopsis cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP96A4 is involved in the wound-induced biosynthesis of cuticular wax and cutin monomers. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1619-1634. [PMID: 38456566 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is composed of cuticular wax and cutin polymers and plays an essential role in plant tolerance to diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Several stresses, including water deficit and salinity, regulate the synthesis of cuticular wax and cutin monomers. However, the effect of wounding on wax and cutin monomer production and the associated molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we determined that the accumulation of wax and cutin monomers in Arabidopsis leaves is positively regulated by wounding primarily through the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. Moreover, we observed that a wound- and JA-responsive gene (CYP96A4) encoding an ER-localized cytochrome P450 enzyme was highly expressed in leaves. Further analyses indicated that wound-induced wax and cutin monomer production was severely inhibited in the cyp96a4 mutant. Furthermore, CYP96A4 interacted with CER1 and CER3, the core enzymes in the alkane-forming pathway associated with wax biosynthesis, and modulated CER3 activity to influence aldehyde production in wax synthesis. In addition, transcripts of MYC2 and JAZ1, key genes in JA signaling pathway, were significantly reduced in cyp96a4 mutant. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that CYP96A4 functions as a cofactor of the alkane synthesis complex or participates in JA signaling pathway that contributes to cuticular wax biosynthesis and cutin monomer formation in response to wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yang Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pingfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
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2
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Hamid R, Ghorbanzadeh Z, Jacob F, Nekouei MK, Zeinalabedini M, Mardi M, Sadeghi A, Ghaffari MR. Decoding drought resilience: a comprehensive exploration of the cotton Eceriferum (CER) gene family and its role in stress adaptation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:468. [PMID: 38811873 PMCID: PMC11134665 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cuticular wax serves as a primary barrier that protects plants from environmental stresses. The Eceriferum (CER) gene family is associated with wax production and stress resistance. RESULTS In a genome-wide identification study, a total of 52 members of the CER family were discovered in four Gossypium species: G. arboreum, G. barbadense, G. raimondii, and G. hirsutum. There were variations in the physicochemical characteristics of the Gossypium CER (GCER) proteins. Evolutionary analysis classified the identified GCERs into five groups, with purifying selection emerging as the primary evolutionary force. Gene structure analysis revealed that the number of conserved motifs ranged from 1 to 15, and the number of exons varied from 3 to 13. Closely related GCERs exhibited similar conserved motifs and gene structures. Analyses of chromosomal positions, selection pressure, and collinearity revealed numerous fragment duplications in the GCER genes. Additionally, nine putative ghr-miRNAs targeting seven G. hirsutum CER (GhCER) genes were identified. Among them, three miRNAs, including ghr-miR394, ghr-miR414d, and ghr-miR414f, targeted GhCER09A, representing the most targeted gene. The prediction of transcription factors (TFs) and the visualization of the regulatory TF network revealed interactions with GhCER genes involving ERF, MYB, Dof, bHLH, and bZIP. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements suggests potential associations between the CER gene family of cotton and responses to abiotic stress, light, and other biological processes. Enrichment analysis demonstrated a robust correlation between GhCER genes and pathways associated with cutin biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, wax production, and stress response. Localization analysis showed that most GCER proteins are localized in the plasma membrane. Transcriptome and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) expression assessments demonstrated that several GhCER genes, including GhCER15D, GhCER04A, GhCER06A, and GhCER12D, exhibited elevated expression levels in response to water deficiency stress compared to control conditions. The functional identification through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) highlighted the pivotal role of the GhCER04A gene in enhancing drought resistance by promoting increased tissue water retention. CONCLUSIONS This investigation not only provides valuable evidence but also offers novel insights that contribute to a deeper understanding of the roles of GhCER genes in cotton, their role in adaptation to drought and other abiotic stress and their potential applications for cotton improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmieh Hamid
- Department of Plant Breeding, Cotton Research Institute of Iran (CRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghorbanzadeh
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Feba Jacob
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, India
| | | | - Mehrshad Zeinalabedini
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mardi
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Akram Sadeghi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Biosafety, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ghaffari
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
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Muthan B, Wang J, Welti R, Kosma DK, Yu L, Deo B, Khatiwada S, Vulavala VKR, Childs KL, Xu C, Durrett TP, Sanjaya SA. Mechanisms of Spirodela polyrhiza tolerance to FGD wastewater-induced heavy-metal stress: Lipidomics, transcriptomics, and functional validation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133951. [PMID: 38492385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Unlike terrestrial angiosperm plants, the freshwater aquatic angiosperm duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) grows directly in water and has distinct responses to heavy-metal stress. Plantlets accumulate metabolites, including lipids and carbohydrates, under heavy-metal stress, but how they balance metabolite levels is unclear, and the gene networks that mediate heavy-metal stress responses remain unknown. Here, we show that heavy-metal stress induced by flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater reduces chlorophyll contents, inhibits growth, reduces membrane lipid biosynthesis, and stimulates membrane lipid degradation in S. polyrhiza, leading to triacylglycerol and carbohydrate accumulation. In FGD wastewater-treated plantlets, the degraded products of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, primarily polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:3), were incorporated into triacylglycerols. Genes involved in early fatty acid biosynthesis, β-oxidation, and lipid degradation were upregulated while genes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis were downregulated by treatment. The transcription factor gene WRINKLED3 (SpWRI3) was upregulated in FGD wastewater-treated plantlets, and its ectopic expression increased tolerance to FGD wastewater in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed enhanced glutathione and lower malondialdehyde contents under stress, suggesting that SpWRI3 functions in S. polyrhiza tolerance of FGD wastewater-induced heavy-metal stress. These results provide a basis for improving heavy metal-stress tolerance in plants for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagyalakshmi Muthan
- Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ruth Welti
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
| | - Dylan K Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Linhui Yu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bikash Deo
- Department of Biology, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Subhiksha Khatiwada
- Department of Biology, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Vijaya K R Vulavala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Timothy P Durrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sanju A Sanjaya
- Department of Biology, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA.
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Xu WB, Guo QH, Liu P, Dai S, Wu CA, Yang GD, Huang JG, Zhang SZ, Song JM, Zheng CC, Yan K. A long non-coding RNA functions as a competitive endogenous RNA to modulate TaNAC018 by acting as a decoy for tae-miR6206. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:36. [PMID: 38598012 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates a strong correlation between the deposition of cuticular waxes and drought tolerance. However, the precise regulatory mechanism remains elusive. Here, we conducted a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of two wheat (Triticum aestivum) near-isogenic lines, the glaucous line G-JM38 rich in cuticular waxes and the non-glaucous line NG-JM31. We identified 85,143 protein-coding mRNAs, 4,485 lncRNAs, and 1,130 miRNAs. Using the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network and endogenous target mimic (eTM) prediction, we discovered that lncRNA35557 acted as an eTM for the miRNA tae-miR6206, effectively preventing tae-miR6206 from cleaving the NAC transcription factor gene TaNAC018. This lncRNA-miRNA interaction led to higher transcript abundance for TaNAC018 and enhanced drought-stress tolerance. Additionally, treatment with mannitol and abscisic acid (ABA) each influenced the levels of tae-miR6206, lncRNA35557, and TaNAC018 transcript. The ectopic expression of TaNAC018 in Arabidopsis also improved tolerance toward mannitol and ABA treatment, whereas knocking down TaNAC018 transcript levels via virus-induced gene silencing in wheat rendered seedlings more sensitive to mannitol stress. Our results indicate that lncRNA35557 functions as a competing endogenous RNA to modulate TaNAC018 expression by acting as a decoy target for tae-miR6206 in glaucous wheat, suggesting that non-coding RNA has important roles in the regulatory mechanisms responsible for wheat stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bo Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Huan Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Shuang Dai
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Ai Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Dong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Guang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Zhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Min Song
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cheng-Chao Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kang Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
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Dong B, Xu Z, Wang X, Li J, Xiao Y, Huang D, Lv Z, Chen W. TrichomeLess Regulator 3 is required for trichome initial and cuticle biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2024; 4:10. [PMID: 38500223 PMCID: PMC10949617 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-024-00085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Artemisinin is primarily synthesized and stored in the subepidermal space of the glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua. The augmentation of trichome density has been demonstrated to enhance artemisinin yield. However, existing literature lacks insights into the correlation between the stratum corneum and trichomes. This study aims to unravel the involvement of TrichomeLess Regulator 3 (TLR3), which encodes the transcription factor, in artemisinin biosynthesis and its potential association with the stratum corneum. TLR3 was identified as a candidate gene through transcriptome analysis. The role of TLR3 in trichome development and morphology was investigated using yeast two-hybrid, pull-down analysis, and RNA electrophoresis mobility assay. Our research revealed that TLR3 negatively regulates trichome development. It modulates the morphology of Arabidopsis thaliana trichomes by inhibiting branching and inducing the formation of abnormal trichomes in Artemisia annua. Overexpression of the TLR3 gene disrupts the arrangement of the stratum corneum and reduces artemisinin content. Simultaneously, TLR3 possesses the capacity to regulate stratum corneum development and trichome follicle morphology by interacting with TRICHOME AND ARTEMISININ REGULATOR 1, and CycTL. Consequently, our findings underscore the pivotal role of TLR3 in the development of glandular trichomes and stratum corneum biosynthesis, thereby influencing the morphology of Artemisia annua trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Dong
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - JinXing Li
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Doudou Huang
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zongyou Lv
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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6
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Luo W, Gonzalez E, Zarei A, Calleja S, Rozzi B, Demieville J, Li H, Truco MJ, Lavelle D, Michelmore R, Dyer JM, Jenks MA, Pauli D. Leaf cuticular wax composition of a genetically diverse collection of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars evaluated under field conditions. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27226. [PMID: 38463774 PMCID: PMC10923717 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cuticular waxes of plants impart tolerance to many forms of environmental stress and help shed dangerous human pathogens on edible plant parts. Although the chemical composition of waxes on a wide variety of important crops has been described, a detailed wax compositional analysis has yet to be reported for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), one of the most widely consumed vegetables. We present herein the leaf wax content and composition of 12 genetically diverse lettuce cultivars sampled across five time points during their vegetative growth phase in the field. Mean total leaf wax amounts across all cultivars varied little over 28 days of vegetative growth, except for a notable decrease in total waxes following a major precipitation event, presumably due to wax degradation from wind and rain. All lettuce cultivars were found to contain a unique wax composition highly enriched in 22- and 24-carbon length 1-alcohols (docosanol and tetracosanol, respectively). In our report, the dominance of these shorter chain length 1-alcohols as wax constituents represents a relatively rare phenotype in plants. The ecological significance of these dominant and relatively short 1-alcohols is still unknown. Although waxes have been a target for improvement of various crops, no such work has been reported for lettuce. This study lays the groundwork for future research that aims to integrate cuticular wax characteristics of field grown plants into the larger context of lettuce breeding and cultivar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Luo
- Departments of Mathematics and Biosystems Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Emmanuel Gonzalez
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Ariyan Zarei
- Department of Computer Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Sebastian Calleja
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Bruno Rozzi
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jeffrey Demieville
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Haiquan Li
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Maria-Jose Truco
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Dean Lavelle
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Richard Michelmore
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John M. Dyer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Matthew A. Jenks
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Duke Pauli
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Kim RJ, Han S, Kim HJ, Hur JH, Suh MC. Tetracosanoic acids produced by 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 17 are required for synthesizing seed coat suberin in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1767-1780. [PMID: 37769208 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are precursors for the synthesis of membrane lipids, cuticular waxes, suberins, and storage oils in plants. 3-Ketoacyl CoA synthase (KCS) catalyzes the condensation of C2 units from malonyl-CoA to acyl-CoA, the first rate-limiting step in VLCFA synthesis. In this study, we revealed that Arabidopsis KCS17 catalyzes the elongation of C22-C24 VLCFAs required for synthesizing seed coat suberin. Histochemical analysis of Arabidopsis plants expressing GUS (β-glucuronidase) under the control of the KCS17 promoter revealed predominant GUS expression in seed coats, petals, stigma, and developing pollen. The expression of KCS17:eYFP (enhanced yellow fluorescent protein) driven by the KCS17 promoter was observed in the outer integument1 of Arabidopsis seed coats. The KCS17:eYFP signal was detected in the endoplasmic reticulum of tobacco epidermal cells. The levels of C22 VLCFAs and their derivatives, primary alcohols, α,ω-alkane diols, ω-hydroxy fatty acids, and α,ω-dicarboxylic acids increased by ~2-fold, but those of C24 VLCFAs, ω-hydroxy fatty acids, and α,ω-dicarboxylic acids were reduced by half in kcs17-1 and kcs17-2 seed coats relative to the wild type (WT). The seed coat of kcs17 displayed decreased autofluorescence under UV and increased permeability to tetrazolium salt compared with the WT. Seed germination and seedling establishment of kcs17 were more delayed by salt and osmotic stress treatments than the WT. KCS17 formed homo- and hetero-interactions with KCR1, PAS2, and ECR, but not with PAS1. Therefore, KCS17-mediated VLCFA synthesis is required for suberin layer formation in Arabidopsis seed coats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryeo Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Han
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Hur
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
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8
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Zhai X, Wu D, Chen C, Yang X, Cheng S, Sha L, Deng S, Cheng Y, Fan X, Kang H, Wang Y, Liu D, Zhou Y, Zhang H. A chromosome level genome assembly of Pseudoroegneria Libanotica reveals a key Kcs gene involves in the cuticular wax elongation for drought resistance. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:253. [PMID: 38448864 PMCID: PMC10916072 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Pseudoroegneria (Nevski) Löve (Triticeae, Poaceae), whose genome symbol was designed as "St", accounts for more than 60% of perennial Triticeae species. The diploid species Psudoroegneria libanotica (2n = 14) contains the most ancient St genome, exhibited strong drought resistance, and was morphologically covered by cuticular wax on the aerial part. Therefore, the St-genome sequencing data could provide fundamental information for studies of genome evolution and reveal its mechanisms of cuticular wax and drought resistance. RESULTS In this study, we reported the chromosome-level genome assembly for the St genome of Pse. libanotica, with a total size of 2.99 Gb. 46,369 protein-coding genes annotated and 71.62% was repeat sequences. Comparative analyses revealed that the genus Pseudoroegneria diverged during the middle and late Miocene. During this period, unique genes, gene family expansion, and contraction in Pse. libanotica were enriched in biotic and abiotic stresses, such as fatty acid biosynthesis which may greatly contribute to its drought adaption. Furthermore, we investigated genes associated with the cuticular wax formation and water deficit and found a new Kcs gene evm.TU.CTG175.54. It plays a critical role in the very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) elongation from C18 to C26 in Pse. libanotica. The function needs more evidence to be verified. CONCLUSIONS We sequenced and assembled the St genome in Triticeae and discovered a new KCS gene that plays a role in wax extension to cope with drought. Our study lays a foundation for the genome diversification of Triticeae species and deciphers cuticular wax formation genes involved in drought resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xunzhe Yang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shaobo Cheng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lina Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shuhan Deng
- Glbizzia Biosciences Co., Ltd, Liandong U Valley, Huatuo Road 50, Daxing, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Yiran Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Houyang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Dengcai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Haiqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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9
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Huang H, Yang X, Zheng M, Lü S, Zhao H. Fine-tuning the activities of β-KETOACYL-COA SYNTHASE 3 (KCS3) and KCS12 in Arabidopsis is essential for maintaining cuticle integrity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6575-6587. [PMID: 37615538 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle, consisting of wax and cutin, is involved in adaptations to various environments. β-Ketoacyl-CoA synthases (KCSs) usually serve as a component of the fatty acid elongation complex that participates in the production of very long-chain fatty acids and provides precursors for the synthesis of various lipids, including wax; however, we recently reported that KCS3 and KCS12 negatively regulate wax biosynthesis. In this current study, we observed that unlike KCS3-overexpressing (OE) lines, KCS12-OE lines had fused floral organs because of abnormal cuticle biosynthesis. This prompted us to compare the functions of KCS3 and KCS12 during cuticle formation. Mutation of KCS3 caused greater effects on wax production, whereas mutation of KCS12 exerted more severe effects on cutin synthesis. The double-mutant kcs3 kcs12 had significantly increased wax and cutin contents compared to either single-mutant, suggesting that KCS12 and KCS3 have additive effects on cuticle biosynthesis. Cuticle permeability was greater for the double-mutant than for the single mutants, which ultimately led to increased susceptibility to drought stress and floral-organ fusion. Taken together, our results demonstrate the regulatory roles of KCS3 and KCS12 during cuticle biosynthesis, and show that maintaining KCS3 and KCS12 expression at certain levels is essential for the formation of a functional cuticle layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Minglü Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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10
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Yan M, Liu W, Lan X, Li T, Zhao W. Multi-stimulus Response Behavior of Biomimetic Autocrine Waxy Materials for Potential Self-Constructing Surface Microstructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47822-47832. [PMID: 37782896 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Many functions of terrestrial plant leaves rely on the regenerable epidermal wax layer. Biomimetic autocrine waxy materials (AWMs) inspired by renewable epidermal waxes are attracting increasing attention. However, the growth properties of the wax layer remain unclear, limiting the development of this promising material. This work focuses on the stimulated growth characteristics and microstructural regulation methods of the waxy layers. It is found that the wax layers exhibit a corresponding behavior of changing their surface micromorphology under force, heat, solvents, and other stimuli during the self-growth process, and as a result of which, various types of fine surface microstructures such as grids, rings, stripes, pattern copying, and printing can be self-built on their surfaces. The composition of the surface autocrine wax layer changes with the autocrine time, and this finding may be useful for the separation and purification of alkane mixtures. In addition, the surface wax layer possesses the ability to self-heal and strengthen itself at the damage site after being stimulated by injury, similar to the damage-response behavior of a bark surface. Such multi-stimulus response behavior described here provides a platform for the discovery of more functional materials and microstructural self-construction techniques and can also serve as a basis for their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xijian Lan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Teng Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161003, China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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11
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Gao L, Cao J, Gong S, Hao N, Du Y, Wang C, Wu T. The COPII subunit CsSEC23 mediates fruit glossiness in cucumber. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:524-540. [PMID: 37460197 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
To improve our understanding of the mechanism underlying cucumber glossiness regulation, a novel cucumber mutant with a glossy peel (Csgp) was identified. MutMap, genotyping, and gene editing results demonstrated that CsSEC23, which is the core component of COPII vesicles, mediates the glossiness of cucumber fruit peel. CsSEC23 is functionally conserved and located in the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum. CsSEC23 could interact with CsSEC31, but this interaction was absent in the Csgp mutant, which decreased the efficiency of COPII vesicle transportation. Genes related to wax and cutin transport were upregulated in the Csgp mutant, and the cuticle structure of the Csgp-mutant peel became thinner. Moreover, the wax and cutin contents were also changed due to CsSEC23 mutation. Taken together, the results obtained from this study revealed that CsSEC23 mediates cucumber glossiness, and this mediating might be affected by COPII vesicle transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Gao
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops (vegetables, tea, etc.), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Changsha, 410128, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jiajian Cao
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops (vegetables, tea, etc.), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Changsha, 410128, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
- Whampoa Innovation Research Institute, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Siyu Gong
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yalin Du
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops (vegetables, tea, etc.), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Changsha, 410128, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
- Whampoa Innovation Research Institute, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops (vegetables, tea, etc.), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Changsha, 410128, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
- Whampoa Innovation Research Institute, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops (vegetables, tea, etc.), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Changsha, 410128, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
- Whampoa Innovation Research Institute, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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12
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Liu L, Li H, Wang X, Chang C. Transcription Factor TaMYB30 Activates Wheat Wax Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10235. [PMID: 37373378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The waxy cuticle covers a plant's aerial surface and contributes to environmental adaptation in land plants. Although past decades have seen great advances in understanding wax biosynthesis in model plants, the mechanisms underlying wax biosynthesis in crop plants such as bread wheat remain to be elucidated. In this study, wheat MYB transcription factor TaMYB30 was identified as a transcriptional activator positively regulating wheat wax biosynthesis. The knockdown of TaMYB30 expression using virus-induced gene silencing led to attenuated wax accumulation, increased water loss rates, and enhanced chlorophyll leaching. Furthermore, TaKCS1 and TaECR were isolated as essential components of wax biosynthetic machinery in bread wheat. In addition, silencing TaKCS1 and TaECR resulted in compromised wax biosynthesis and potentiated cuticle permeability. Importantly, we showed that TaMYB30 could directly bind to the promoter regions of TaKCS1 and TaECR genes by recognizing the MBS and Motif 1 cis-elements, and activate their expressions. These results collectively demonstrated that TaMYB30 positively regulates wheat wax biosynthesis presumably via the transcriptional activation of TaKCS1 and TaECR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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13
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Reynoud N, Geneix N, D'Orlando A, Petit J, Mathurin J, Deniset-Besseau A, Marion D, Rothan C, Lahaye M, Bakan B. Cuticle architecture and mechanical properties: a functional relationship delineated through correlated multimodal imaging. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2033-2046. [PMID: 36869436 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cuticles are multifunctional hydrophobic biocomposites that protect the aerial organs of plants. During plant development, plant cuticles must accommodate different mechanical constraints combining extensibility and stiffness, and the corresponding relationships with their architecture are unknown. Recent data showed a fine-tuning of cuticle architecture during fruit development, with several chemical clusters which raise the question of how they impact the mechanical properties of cuticles. We investigated the in-depth nanomechanical properties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit cuticle from early development to ripening, in relation to chemical and structural heterogeneities by developing a correlative multimodal imaging approach. Unprecedented sharps heterogeneities were evidenced including an in-depth mechanical gradient and a 'soft' central furrow that were maintained throughout the plant development despite the overall increase in elastic modulus. In addition, we demonstrated that these local mechanical areas are correlated to chemical and structural gradients. This study shed light on fine-tuning of mechanical properties of cuticles through the modulation of their architecture, providing new insight for our understanding of structure-function relationships of plant cuticles and for the design of bioinspired material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Reynoud
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Nathalie Geneix
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Angelina D'Orlando
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
- INRAE PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F-44300, Nantes, France
| | - Johann Petit
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jeremie Mathurin
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Ariane Deniset-Besseau
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Didier Marion
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | | | - Marc Lahaye
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
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14
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Barnes PW, Robson TM, Zepp RG, Bornman JF, Jansen MAK, Ossola R, Wang QW, Robinson SA, Foereid B, Klekociuk AR, Martinez-Abaigar J, Hou WC, Mackenzie R, Paul ND. Interactive effects of changes in UV radiation and climate on terrestrial ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and feedbacks to the climate system. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1049-1091. [PMID: 36723799 PMCID: PMC9889965 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial organisms and ecosystems are being exposed to new and rapidly changing combinations of solar UV radiation and other environmental factors because of ongoing changes in stratospheric ozone and climate. In this Quadrennial Assessment, we examine the interactive effects of changes in stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate on terrestrial ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles in the context of the Montreal Protocol. We specifically assess effects on terrestrial organisms, agriculture and food supply, biodiversity, ecosystem services and feedbacks to the climate system. Emphasis is placed on the role of extreme climate events in altering the exposure to UV radiation of organisms and ecosystems and the potential effects on biodiversity. We also address the responses of plants to increased temporal variability in solar UV radiation, the interactive effects of UV radiation and other climate change factors (e.g. drought, temperature) on crops, and the role of UV radiation in driving the breakdown of organic matter from dead plant material (i.e. litter) and biocides (pesticides and herbicides). Our assessment indicates that UV radiation and climate interact in various ways to affect the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems, and that by protecting the ozone layer, the Montreal Protocol continues to play a vital role in maintaining healthy, diverse ecosystems on land that sustain life on Earth. Furthermore, the Montreal Protocol and its Kigali Amendment are mitigating some of the negative environmental consequences of climate change by limiting the emissions of greenhouse gases and protecting the carbon sequestration potential of vegetation and the terrestrial carbon pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Barnes
- Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, USA.
| | - T M Robson
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Sciences Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- National School of Forestry, University of Cumbria, Ambleside, UK.
| | - R G Zepp
- ORD/CEMM, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - R Ossola
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA
| | - Q-W Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenyang, China
| | - S A Robinson
- Global Challenges Program & School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - B Foereid
- Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - A R Klekociuk
- Antarctic Climate Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Australia
| | - J Martinez-Abaigar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, Logroño (La Rioja), Spain
| | - W-C Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - R Mackenzie
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Puerto Williams, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago, Chile
| | - N D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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15
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Wei X, Li Y, Zhou S, Guo C, Dong X, Li Q, Guo J, Wang Y, Huang L. The Differences of Nutrient Components in Edible and Feeding Coix Seed at Different Developmental Stages Based on a Combined Analysis of Metabolomics. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093759. [PMID: 37175169 PMCID: PMC10180337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coix lachryma-jobi L. is an excellent plant resource that has a concomitant function for medicine, foodstuff and forage in China. At present, the commonly used cultivar for both medicine and foodstuff is Xiaobaike, and the cultivar for foraging is Daheishan. However, differences in the internal composition of plants lead to the expression of different phenotypic traits. In order to comprehensively elucidate the differences in nutrient composition changes in Coix seeds, a non-targeted metabolomics method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) was used to analyze the metabolic changes in Coix seeds at different developmental stages. An edible Coix relative (Xiaobaike) and a feeding Coix relative (Daheishan) were selected as the research subjects. In the metabolome analysis of Coix seed, 314 metabolites were identified and detected, among which organic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and flavonoids were the main components. As an important standard for evaluating the quality of Coix seed, seven lipids were detected, among which fatty acids included not only even-chain fatty acids, but also odd-chain fatty acids, which was the first time detecting a variety of odd-chain fatty acids in Coix seed. The analysis of the compound contents in edible and feeding-type Coix lachryma-jobi L. and the lipid content at the mature stage showed that, among them, arachidic acid, behenic acid, heptadecanoic acid, heneicosanoic acid and pristanic acid may be the key compounds affecting the lipid content. In addition, in the whole process of semen coicis maturation, edible and feeding Coix show similar trends, and changes in the third period show clear compounds in the opposite situation, suggesting that edible and feeding Coix not only guarantee the relative stability of species but also provide raw materials for genetic breeding. This study provides valuable information on the formation of the edible and medicinal qualities of Coix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wei
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shufeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Crop Gene Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Crop Gene Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaolong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Crop Gene Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qishuang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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16
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Vittal LVM, Rookes J, Boyd B, Cahill D. Analysis of plant cuticles and their interactions with agrochemical surfactants using a 3D printed diffusion chamber. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:37. [PMID: 37005584 PMCID: PMC10067233 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-00999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decades of research is available on their effects of single component surfactant on active ingredient diffusion across plant cuticular membranes, but ingredient diffusion is rarely analysed in the presence of commercial surfactants. Also, diffusion studies require expensive or specialized apparatus the fabrication of which often requires skilled labour and specialized facilities. In this research we have addressed both problems where the effects of four commercially available surfactants on a known tracer molecule were investigated using a 3D printed customized diffusion chamber. RESULTS As a proof-of-concept a customized 3D printed diffusion chamber was devised using two different thermoplastics and was successfully used in a range of diffusion tests . The effect of various solvents and surfactants on S. lycopersicum cuticular membrane indicated an increased rate of flux of tracer molecules across the membranes. This research has validated the application of 3D printing in diffusion sciences and demonstrated the flexibility and potential of this technique. CONCLUSIONS Using a 3D printed diffusion apparatus, the effect of commercial surfactants on molecular diffusion through isolated plant membranes was studied. Further, we have included here the steps involved in material selection, design, fabrication, and post processing procedures for successful recreation of the chamber. The customizability and rapid production process of the 3D printing demonstrates the power of additive manufacturing in the design and use of customizable labware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Venkatesha Manyu Vittal
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216 Australia
| | - James Rookes
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216 Australia
| | - Ben Boyd
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - David Cahill
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216 Australia
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17
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Responses to Drought Stress in Poplar: What Do We Know and What Can We Learn? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020533. [PMID: 36836891 PMCID: PMC9962866 DOI: 10.3390/life13020533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Poplar (Populus spp.) is a high-value crop for wood and biomass production and a model organism for tree physiology and genomics. The early release, in 2006, of the complete genome sequence of P. trichocarpa was followed by a wealth of studies that significantly enriched our knowledge of complex pathways inherent to woody plants, such as lignin biosynthesis and secondary cell wall deposition. Recently, in the attempt to cope with the challenges posed by ongoing climate change, fundamental studies and breeding programs with poplar have gradually shifted their focus to address the responses to abiotic stresses, particularly drought. Taking advantage from a set of modern genomic and phenotyping tools, these studies are now shedding light on important processes, including embolism formation (the entry and expansion of air bubbles in the xylem) and repair, the impact of drought stress on biomass yield and quality, and the long-term effects of drought events. In this review, we summarize the status of the research on the molecular bases of the responses to drought in poplar. We highlight how this knowledge can be exploited to select more tolerant genotypes and how it can be translated to other tree species to improve our understanding of forest dynamics under rapidly changing environmental conditions.
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18
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Kim RJ, Lee SB, Pandey G, Suh MC. Functional conservation of an AP2/ERF transcription factor in cuticle formation suggests an important role in the terrestrialization of early land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7450-7466. [PMID: 36112045 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation of a hydrophobic cuticle layer on aerial plant parts was a critical innovation for protection from the terrestrial environment during the evolution of land plants. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying cuticle biogenesis in early terrestrial plants. Here, we report an APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor (AP2/ERF) transcriptional activator, PpWIN1, involved in cutin and cuticular wax biosynthesis in Physcomitrium patens and Arabidopsis. The transcript levels of PpWIN1 were 2.5-fold higher in gametophores than in the protonema, and increased by approximately 3- to 4.7-fold in the protonema and gametophores under salt and osmotic stresses. PpWIN1 harbouring transcriptional activation activity is localized in the nucleus of tobacco leaf epidermal cells. Δppwin1 knockout mutants displayed a permeable cuticle, increased water loss, and cutin- and wax-deficient phenotypes. In contrast, increased total cutin and wax loads, and decreased water loss rates were observed in PpWIN1-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants. The transcript levels of genes involved in cutin or wax biosynthesis were significantly up-regulated in PpWIN1-overexpressing Arabidopsis lines, indicating that PpWIN1 acts as a transcriptional activator in cuticle biosynthesis. This study suggests that Arabidopsis WIN1/SHN1 orthologs may be functionally conserved from early to vascular land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryeo Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Seat Buyl Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Garima Pandey
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
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19
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Wang X, Chang C. Exploring and exploiting cuticle biosynthesis for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in wheat and barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1064390. [PMID: 36438119 PMCID: PMC9685406 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1064390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wheat and barley are widely distributed cereal crops whose yields are adversely affected by environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, and attacks of pathogens and pests. As the interphase between aerial plant organs and their environments, hydrophobic cuticle largely consists of a cutin matrix impregnated and sealed with cuticular waxes. Increasing evidence supports that the cuticle plays a key role in plant adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses, which could be harnessed for wheat and barley improvement. In this review, we highlighted recent advances in cuticle biosynthesis and its multifaceted roles in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance of wheat and barley. Current strategies, challenges, and future perspectives on manipulating cuticle biosynthesis for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in wheat and barley are discussed.
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Zhu J, Huang K, Cheng D, Zhang C, Li R, Liu F, Wen H, Tao L, Zhang Y, Li C, Liu S, Wei C. Characterization of Cuticular Wax in Tea Plant and Its Modification in Response to Low Temperature. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13849-13861. [PMID: 36268795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax ubiquitously covers the outer layer of plants and protects them against various abiotic and biotic stresses. Nevertheless, the characteristics of cuticular wax and its role in cold resistance in tea plants remain unclear. In our study, cuticular wax from different tissues, cultivars, and leaves during different spatio-temporal growth stages were characterized and compared in tea plants. The composition, distribution pattern, and structural profile of cuticular wax showed considerable tissue specificity, particularly in petals and seeds. During the spatial development of tea leaves, total wax content increased from the first to fifth leaf in June, while a decreasing pattern was observed in September. Additionally, the total wax content and number of wax compounds were enhanced, and the wax composition significantly varied with leaf growth from June to September. Ten cultivars showed considerable differences in total wax content and composition, such as the predominance of saturated fatty acids and primary alcohols in SYH and HJY cultivars, respectively. Correlation analysis suggested that n-hexadecanoic acid is positively related to cold resistance in tea plants. Further transcriptome analysis from cold-sensitive AJBC, cold-tolerant CYQ, and EC 12 cultivars indicated that the inducible expression of wax-related genes was associated with the cold tolerance of different cultivars in response to cold stress. Our results revealed the characterization of cuticular wax in tea plants and provided new insights into its modification in cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Kelin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Daojie Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Youze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihong Li
- Tianfang Tea Company Limited by Share, Tianfang Industrial Park, Chizhou 245100, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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He J, Li C, Hu N, Zhu Y, He Z, Sun Y, Wang Z, Wang Y. ECERIFERUM1-6A is required for the synthesis of cuticular wax alkanes and promotes drought tolerance in wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1640-1657. [PMID: 36000923 PMCID: PMC9614490 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes cover the aerial surfaces of land plants and protect them from various environmental stresses. Alkanes are major wax components and contribute to plant drought tolerance, but the biosynthesis and regulation of alkanes remain largely unknown in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Here, we identified and functionally characterized a key alkane biosynthesis gene ECERIFERUM1-6A (TaCER1-6A) from wheat. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated knockout mutation in TaCER1-6A greatly reduced the contents of C27, C29, C31, and C33 alkanes in wheat leaves, while TaCER1-6A overexpression significantly increased the contents of these alkanes in wheat leaves, suggesting that TaCER1-6A is specifically involved in the biosynthesis of C27, C29, C31, and C33 alkanes on wheat leaf surfaces. TaCER1-6A knockout lines exhibited increased cuticle permeability and reduced drought tolerance, whereas TaCER1-6A overexpression lines displayed reduced cuticle permeability and enhanced drought tolerance. TaCER1-6A was highly expressed in flag leaf blades and seedling leaf blades and could respond to abiotic stresses and abscisic acid. TaCER1-6A was located in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is the subcellular compartment responsible for wax biosynthesis. A total of three haplotypes (HapI/II/III) of TaCER1-6A were identified in 43 wheat accessions, and HapI was the dominant haplotype (95%) in these wheat varieties. Additionally, we identified two R2R3-MYB transcription factors TaMYB96-2D and TaMYB96-5D that bound directly to the conserved motif CAACCA in promoters of the cuticular wax biosynthesis genes TaCER1-6A, TaCER1-1A, and fatty acyl-CoA reductase4. Collectively, these results suggest that TaCER1-6A is required for C27, C29, C31, and C33 alkanes biosynthesis and improves drought tolerance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chongzhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuyao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhaofeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Suh MC, Uk Kim H, Nakamura Y. Plant lipids: trends and beyond. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2715-2720. [PMID: 35560206 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, South Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Yokohama, Japan
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Zhang Z, Wang J, Xing G, Li M, Li S. Integrating physiology, genetics, and transcriptome to decipher a new thermo-sensitive and light-sensitive virescent leaf gene mutant in cucumber. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:972620. [PMID: 36051299 PMCID: PMC9424728 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.972620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the material basis of photosynthesis, and temperature and light severely affect chloroplast development and thus influence photosynthetic efficiency. This study identified a spontaneous virescent leaf mutant, SC311Y, whose cotyledons and true leaves were yellow and gradually turned green. However, temperature and light affected the process of turning green. In addition, this mutant (except at the seedling stage) had ruffled leaves with white stripes, sterile males, and poorly fertile female flowers. Genetic characteristics analysis revealed that the recessive gene controlled the virescent leaf. Two F2 populations mapped v-3 to the interval of 33.54-35.66 Mb on chromosome 3. In this interval, BSA-Seq, RNA-Seq, and cDNA sequence analyses revealed only one nonsynonymous mutation in the Csa3G042730 gene, which encoded the RNA exosome supercomplex subunit resurrection1 (RST1). Csa3G042730 was predicted to be the candidate gene controlling the virescent leaf, and the candidate gene may regulate chloroplast development by regulating plastid division2 (PDV2). A transcriptome analysis showed that different factors caused the reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid content in the mutants. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of map-based cloning related to virescent leaf, male-sterile, and chloroplast RNA regulation in cucumber. The results could accelerate the study of the RNA exosome supercomplex for the dynamic regulation of chloroplast RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jinyao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Guoming Xing
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Meilan Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
- *Correspondence: Meilan Li,
| | - Sen Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
- Sen Li,
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