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Rahman FU, Zhu Q, Zhang K, Kang X, Wang X, Chen W, Li X, Zhu X. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses provide insights into the fruit softening disorder of papaya fruit under postharvest heat stress. Food Chem 2024; 460:140771. [PMID: 39128369 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Heat stress in summer causes softening disorder in papaya but the molecular mechanism is not clear. In this study, papaya fruit stored at 35 °C showed a softening disorder termed rubbery texture. Analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome identified numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) between the fruit stored at 25 °C and 35 °C. The DEGs and DAMs related to lignin biosynthesis were upregulated, while those related to ethylene biosynthesis, sucrose metabolism, and cell wall degradation were downregulated under heat stress. Co-expression network analysis highlighted the correlation between the DEGs and metabolites associated with lignin biosynthesis, ethylene biosynthesis, and cell wall degradation under heat stress. Finally, the correlation analysis identified the key factors regulating softening disorder under heat stress. The study's findings reveal that heat stress inhibited papaya cell wall degradation and ethylene production, delaying fruit ripening and softening and ultimately resulting in a rubbery texture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ur Rahman
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Qiunan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Keyuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Xinmiao Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Xiangting Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Weixin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Xueping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.
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2
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Wang JH, Sun Q, Ma CN, Wei MM, Wang CK, Zhao YW, Wang WY, Hu DG. MdWRKY31-MdNAC7 regulatory network: orchestrating fruit softening by modulating cell wall-modifying enzyme MdXTH2 in response to ethylene signalling. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 39180170 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Softening in fruit adversely impacts their edible quality and commercial value, leading to substantial economic losses during fruit ripening, long-term storage, long-distance transportation, and marketing. As the apple fruit demonstrates climacteric respiration, its firmness decreases with increasing ethylene release rate during fruit ripening and postharvest storage. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ethylene-mediated regulation of fruit softening in apple remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified a WRKY transcription factor (TF) MdWRKY31, which is repressed by ethylene treatment. Using transgenic approaches, we found that overexpression of MdWRKY31 delays softening by negatively regulating xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases 2 (MdXTH2) expression. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H), electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA), and dual-luciferase assays further suggested that MdWRKY31 directly binds to the MdXTH2 promoter via a W-box element and represses its transcription. Transient overexpression of ethylene-induced MdNAC7, a NAC TF, in apple fruit promoted softening by decreasing cellulose content and increasing water-soluble pectin content in fruit. MdNAC7 interacted with MdWRKY31 to form a protein complex, and their interaction decreased the transcriptional repression of MdWRKY31 on MdXTH2. Furthermore, MdNAC7 does not directly regulate MdXTH2 expression, but the protein complex formed with MdWRKY31 hinders MdWRKY31 from binding to the promoter of MdXTH2. Our findings underscore the significance of the regulatory complex NAC7-WRKY31 in ethylene-responsive signalling, connecting the ethylene signal to XTH2 expression to promote fruit softening. This sheds light on the intricate mechanisms governing apple fruit firmness and opens avenues for enhancing fruit quality and reducing economic losses associated with softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Wang
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Quan Sun
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Chang-Ning Ma
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wei
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Chu-Kun Wang
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Wen Zhao
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Yan Wang
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Da-Gang Hu
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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Lao TD, Nguyen NH, Le TAH, Nguyen PDT. Insights into Sucrose Metabolism and Its Ethylene-Dependent Regulation in Cucumis melo L. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00987-6. [PMID: 38102344 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The melon (Cucumis melo L.), a fruit crop of significant economic importance, is prized for its sweet and succulent fruits. Among variations of soluble sugars, sucrose, a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, is a key carbohydrate present in melon fruits. The sucrose content also determines the quality and value of melon fruits. However, the accumulation of sucrose is a complex process involving the coordinated actions of multiple enzymes and pathways. In melon species, there are two types of fruit ripening modes including climacteric and non-climacteric. Due to this biological characteristic, melon is emerging as a good model for studying the ripening process. Ethylene is a well-known phytohormone regulating the ripening of climacteric fruits. Recently, a few studies have elucidated a primary ethylene-dependent signaling pathway of sucrose accumulation in melon fruits. This review aims to provide a careful overview of the sucrose biosynthesis pathways in melon. It is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms of sucrose metabolism as well as its regulation mode. The information will be useful for developing molecular marker-assisted breeding as well as genetic engineering strategies aiming to improve the sucrose content and quality of melon fruits. In addition, even though limited, the impacts of genetic background and environmental factors on sucrose accumulation in melon fruits are also discussed. These are useful for practical applications in melon cultivation and quality management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan Duc Lao
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoai Nguyen
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Ai Huyen Le
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Pujol M, Garcia-Mas J. Regulation of climacteric fruit ripening in melon: recent advances and future challenges. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6224-6236. [PMID: 37399085 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complex and highly regulated process where tomato and strawberry have been the model species classically used for studying climacteric and non-climacteric fleshy fruit ripening types, respectively. Melon has emerged as an alternative ripening model because climacteric and non-climacteric cultivars exist, which makes it possible to dissect the regulation of ripening using a genetic approach. Several quantitative trait loci that regulate climacteric fruit ripening have been identified to date, and their combination in both climacteric and non-climacteric genetic backgrounds resulted in lines with different ripening behaviors, demonstrating that the climacteric intensity can be genetically modulated. This review discusses our current knowledge of the physiological changes observed during melon climacteric fruit ripening such as ethylene production, fruit abscission, chlorophyll degradation, firmness, and aroma, as well as their complex genetic control. From pioneer experiments in which ethylene biosynthesis was silenced, to the recent genetic edition of ripening regulators, current data suggest that the climacteric response is determined by the interaction of several loci under quantitative inheritance. The exploitation of the rich genetic diversity of melon will enable the discovery of additional genes involved in the regulation of the climacteric response, ultimately leading to breeding aromatic melon fruits with extended shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pujol
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia-Mas
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Nonaka S, Ito M, Ezura H. Targeted modification of CmACO1 by CRISPR/Cas9 extends the shelf-life of Cucumis melo var. reticulatus melon. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1176125. [PMID: 37304010 PMCID: PMC10249633 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1176125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The gaseous plant hormone ethylene is a regulator of fruit shelf-life, one of the essential traits in fruits. Extending fruit shelf-life reduces food loss, thereby expected to contribute to food security. The enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO) is the final step of the ethylene production pathway. Its suppression via antisense technology has been demonstrated to extend the shelf-life of melon, apple, and papaya. Genome editing technology is an innovative technique for plant breeding. Because the genome editing technology would not leave the exogenous genes in the final crop products, the crops via genome editing can be considered non-genetically modified yields; compared to conventional breeding, such as mutation breeding, the breeding term would be expected to be relatively short. These points include the advantage of this technique in utilization for commercial applications. We attempted to extend the shelf-life of the Japanese luxury melon (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus, 'Harukei-3') via modification of the ethylene synthesis pathway with the genome editing technology, CRISPR/Cas9 system. The Melonet-DB (https://melonet-db.dna.affrc.go.jp/ap/top) showed that the melon genome had the five CmACOs and the gene CmACO1 predominantly expressed in harvested fruits. From this information, CmACO1 was expected to be a key gene for shelf-life in melons. Based on this information, the CmACO1 was selected as the target of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and introduced the mutation. The final product of this melon did not have any exogenous genes. The mutation was inherited for at least two generations. In the T2 generation, the fruit phenotypes 14 days after harvest were as follows: ethylene production was reduced to one-tenth that of the wild type, pericarp colour remained green, and higher fruit firmness. Early fermentation of the fresh fruit was observed in the wild-type fruit but not in the mutant. These results show that CmACO1 knockout via CRISPR/Cas9 extended the melon's shelf-life. Moreover, our results suggest that genome editing technology would reduce food loss and contribute to food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Nonaka
- Tskuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Maki Ito
- College of Agro-Biological Resources, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Tskuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Fu Y, Yang D, Chen Y, Shi J, Zhang X, Hao Y, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Zhang J. MOF-Based Active Packaging Materials for Extending Post-Harvest Shelf-Life of Fruits and Vegetables. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3406. [PMID: 37176288 PMCID: PMC10180191 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Active packaging that can extend the shelf-life of fresh fruits and vegetables after picking can assure food quality and avoid food waste. Such packaging can prevent the growth of microbial and bacterial pathogens or delay the production of ethylene, which accelerates the ripening of fruits and vegetables after harvesting. Proposed technologies include packaging that enables the degradation of ethylene, modified atmosphere packaging, and bioactive packaging. Packaging that can efficiently adsorb/desorb ethylene, and thus control its concentration, is particularly promising. However, there are still large challenges around toxicity, low selectivity, and consumer acceptability. Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials are porous, have a specific surface area, and have excellent gas adsorption/desorption performance. They can encapsulate and release ethylene and are thus good candidates for use in ethylene-adjusting packaging. This review focuses on MOF-based active-packaging materials and their applications in post-harvest fruit and vegetable packaging. The fabrication and characterization of MOF-based materials and the ethylene adsorption/desorption mechanism of MOF-based packaging and its role in fruit and vegetable preservation are described. The design of MOF-based packaging and its applications are reviewed. Finally, the potential future uses of MOF-based active materials in fresh food packaging are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabo Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Printing & Packaging Materials and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Printing & Packaging Materials and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Yiyang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Printing & Packaging Materials and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Jiazi Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Printing & Packaging Materials and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Xinlin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Printing & Packaging Materials and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Yuwei Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Printing & Packaging Materials and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Printing & Packaging Materials and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Yunjin Sun
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Printing & Packaging Materials and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
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7
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Zhao H, Zhang T, Meng X, Song J, Zhang C, Gao P. Genetic Mapping and QTL Analysis of Fruit Traits in Melon ( Cucumis melo L.). Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3419-3433. [PMID: 37185748 PMCID: PMC10137213 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an important horticultural cash crop and its quality traits directly affect consumer choice and market price. These traits are controlled by genetic as well as environmental factors. In this study, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping strategy was used to identify the potential genetic loci controlling quality traits of melons (i.e., exocarp and pericarp firmness and soluble solid content) based on newly derived whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism-based cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (SNP-CAPS) markers. Specifically, SNPs of two melon varieties, M4-5 and M1-15, as revealed by whole-genome sequencing, were converted to the CAPS markers, which were used to construct a genetic linkage map comprising 12 chromosomes with a total length of 1414.88 cM, in the F2 population of M4-5 and M1-15. The six identified QTLs included: SSC6.1 and SSC11.1 related to soluble solid content; EF12.1 associated with exocarp firmness; and EPF3.1, EPF3.2 and EPF7.1 related to edible pericarp firmness. These genes were located on five chromosomes (3, 6, 7, 11, and 12) in the flanking regions of the CAPS markers. Moreover, the newly developed CAPS markers will be useful in guiding genetic engineering and molecular breeding in melon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyong Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Taifeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaobing Meng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiayan Song
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
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Zhou W, Li Z, Wu W, Zhao X, Wang E, Wang J, Song X, Zhao Y. Transcriptome Analysis Revealing the Interaction of Abscisic Acid and Cell Wall Modifications during the Flower Opening and Closing Process of Nymphaea lotus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14524. [PMID: 36498849 PMCID: PMC9740110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a tropical flower, Nymphaea lotus is a typical night-blooming waterlily used in water gardening. Its petals are rich in aromatic substances that can be used to extract essential oils and as flower tea. However, the short life of the flower seriously affects the development of its cut flowers. At present, neither the mechanism behind the night-opening waterlily flower's opening and closing nor the difference between day-opening and night-opening waterlily flowers' opening and closing mechanisms are clear. In this study, endogenous hormone contents of closed (CP) and open (OP) petals were measured, and transcriptome analysis of CP and OP petals was carried out to determine the signal transduction pathway and metabolic pathway that affect flower opening and closing. ABA and cell wall modification were selected as the most significant factors regulating flowering. We used qRT-PCR to identify the genes involved in the regulation of flower opening in waterlilies. Finally, by comparing the related pathways with those of the diurnal type, the obvious difference between them was found to be their hormonal regulation pathways. In conclusion, the endogenous ABA hormone may interact with the cell wall modification pathway to induce the flowering of N. lotus. Our data provide a new direction for the discovery of key factors regulating the flower opening and closing of N. lotus and provide basic theoretical guidance for future horticultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Trees and Ornamental Plants, Hainan Biological Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Huang P, Zang F, Li C, Lin F, Zang D, Li B, Zheng Y. The Akebia Genus as a Novel Forest Crop: A Review of Its Genetic Resources, Nutritional Components, Biosynthesis, and Biological Studies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:936571. [PMID: 35958221 PMCID: PMC9360799 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.936571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The genus Akebia belongs to the Lardizabalaceae family and comprises five species that are primarily distributed in East Asia. Plants of the Akebia genus comprise deciduous and semi-evergreen perennial twining vines that have been used in Chinese herbal medicine for at least 2000 years. The plants of this genus have the potential to form a novel forest crop with high nutritional and economic value because their fruit has a delicious sweet taste and rich nutrient components. In this study, we organized, analyzed, and evaluated the available published scientific literature on the botanical, ecological, and phytochemical characteristics of Akebia plants. Based on these studies, we briefly introduced botanical and ecological characteristics and focused on reviewing the development and utilization of wild genetic resources in the genus Akebia. We further explored the genus' rich nutritional components, such as triterpenes, flavonoids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, and fatty acids, and their potential use in food and health improvement applications. In addition, several papers describing advances in biotechnological research focusing on micropropagation, nutrient biosynthesis, and fruit ripeness were also included. This review provides comprehensive knowledge of the Akebia genus as a new forest crop for food and fruit utilization, and we also discuss future breeding and research prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Tree Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Tree Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Tree Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Furong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Tree Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Dekui Zang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration for Silviculture of the Lower Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Tree Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Tree Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Zhang W, Guo M, Yang W, Liu Y, Wang Y, Chen G. The Role of Cell Wall Polysaccharides Disassembly and Enzyme Activity Changes in the Softening Process of Hami Melon (Cucumis melo L.). Foods 2022; 11:foods11060841. [PMID: 35327264 PMCID: PMC8954864 DOI: 10.3390/foods11060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the physiological and molecular properties relating to cell wall carbohydrate metabolism in fruit, the ultrastructure and polysaccharides compositions of the cell wall, as well as the fruit quality and activities of enzymes relating to fruit softening, were studied for three Hami melon varieties (‘Xizhoumi 17’, ‘Jinhuami 25’, and ‘Chougua’) representing three different storability levels. The results showed that ‘Chougua’ maintained a higher firmness on day 18, with the lowest decay incidence (0%). ‘Chougua’ showed a better storage quality and intact cell wall structure. The molecular weight and monosaccharide composition of cell wall polysaccharides for Hami melons underwent great changes during storage, and the degradation of pectin polysaccharides was obvious, involving the depolymerization of macromolecular polymers accompanied by the production of new macromolecular polymers and composition changes in pectin monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, and arabinose) during the softening process of the Hami melons. Polygalacturonase, pectin methylesterase, xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase, α-arabinofuranosidase, β-galactosidase, and cellulase were associated with fruit softening at different stages of storage. There were similar softening mechanisms in the three Hami melons. This study will provide reference for further study on the fruit softening mechanisms of Hami melons.
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Liu B, Santo Domingo M, Mayobre C, Martín-Hernández AM, Pujol M, Garcia-Mas J. Knock-Out of CmNAC-NOR Affects Melon Climacteric Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:878037. [PMID: 35755703 PMCID: PMC9226586 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.878037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is an important process that affects fruit quality. A QTL in melon, ETHQV6.3, involved in climacteric ripening regulation, has been found to be encoded by CmNAC-NOR, a homologue of the tomato NOR gene. To further investigate CmNAC-NOR function, we obtained two CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutants (nor-3 and nor-1) in the climacteric Védrantais background. nor-3, containing a 3-bp deletion altering the NAC domain A, resulted in ~8 days delay in ripening without affecting fruit quality. In contrast, the 1-bp deletion in nor-1 resulted in a fully disrupted NAC domain, which completely blocked climacteric ripening. The nor-1 fruits did not produce ethylene, no abscission layer was formed and there was no external color change. Additionally, volatile components were dramatically altered, seeds were not well developed and flesh firmness was also altered. There was a delay in fruit ripening with the nor-1 allele in heterozygosis of ~20 days. Our results provide new information regarding the function of CmNAC-NOR in melon fruit ripening, suggesting that it is a potential target for modulating shelf life in commercial climacteric melon varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Santo Domingo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Mayobre
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Montserrat Martín-Hernández
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pujol
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Pujol,
| | - Jordi Garcia-Mas
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
- Jordi Garcia-Mas,
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12
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Ma X, Li C, Yuan Y, Zhao M, Li J. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase genes LcXTH4/7/19 are involved in fruitlet abscission and are activated by LcEIL2/3 in litchi. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1136-1146. [PMID: 34302699 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organ abscission in plants requires the hydrolysis of cell wall components, mainly including celluloses, pectins, and xyloglucans. However, how the genes that encode those hydrolytic enzymes are regulated and their function in abscission remains unclear. Previously we revealed that two cellulase genes LcCEL2/8 and two polygalacturonase genes LcPG1/2 were responsible for the degradation of celluloses and pectins, respectively, during fruitlet abscission in litchi. Here, we further identified three xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase genes (LcXTH4, LcXTH7, LcXTH19) that are also involved in this process. Nineteen LcXTHs, named LcXTH1-19, were identified in the litchi genome. Transcriptome data and qRT-PCR confirmed that LcXTH4/7/19 were significantly induced at the abscission zone (AZ) during fruitlet abscission in litchi. The GUS reporter driven by each promoter of LcXTH4/7/19 was specifically expressed at the floral abscission zone of Arabidopsis, and importantly ectopic expression of LcXTH19 in Arabidopsis resulted in precocious floral organ abscission. Moreover, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and dual-luciferase reporter analysis showed that the expression of LcXTH4/7/19 could be directly activated by two ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like (EIL) transcription factors LcEIL2/3. Collectively, we propose that LcXTH4/7/19 are involved in fruitlet abscission, and LcEIL2/3-mediated transcriptional regulation of diverse cell wall hydrolytic genes is responsible for this process in litchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingshuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiqin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minglei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Niu J, Sun Z, Shi Y, Huang K, Zhong Y, Chen J, Chen J, Luan M. Comparative Analysis of Akebia trifoliata Fruit Softening at Different Flesh Ripening Stages Using Tandem Mass Tag Technology. Front Nutr 2021; 8:684271. [PMID: 34291071 PMCID: PMC8287030 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.684271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to its medicinal and high nutritional values, Akebia trifoliata can be considered as a new type of medicinal and edible homologous resources, and it has begun to be widely cultivated in many areas of China. Over-softening of fruit would affect the sensorial quality, utilization rate, and consumer acceptance of the fruit postharvest. However, fruit softening has not been characterized and the molecular mechanism underlying A. trifoliata fruit softening during ripening remains unclear. A comparative proteomic analysis was performed on the fruit at three developmental stages using tandem mass tag technology. In total, 2,839 proteins and 302 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that most DAPs were implicated in oxidoreductase activity, protein domain-specific binding and pyruvate metabolism. Moreover, 29 DAPs associated with cell wall metabolism, plant hormone, and stress and defense response pathways were validated using quantitative PCR. Notably, pectinesterase, pectate lyase, and β-galactosidase, which are involved in cell wall degradation, as well as gibberellin regulated protein, cysteine protease, thaumatin-like protein and heat shock proteins which is involved in plant hormone, and stress and defense response, were significantly up-regulated in softening fruit compared with the levels in non-softening fruit. This indicated that they might play key roles in A. trifoliata fruit softening. Our findings will provide new insights into potential genes influencing fruit softening traits of A. trifoliata, which will help to develop strategies to improve fruit quality and reduce softening-related losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Niu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Zhimin Sun
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Yaliang Shi
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Kunyong Huang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Yicheng Zhong
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Mingbao Luan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
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14
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Liu X, Fan HM, Liu DH, Liu J, Shen Y, Zhang J, Wei J, Wang CL. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Provide Insights into the Watercore Disorder on "Akibae" Pear Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094911. [PMID: 34066340 PMCID: PMC8124519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Watercore is a physiological disorder that commonly occurs in sand pear cultivars. The typical symptom of watercore tissue is transparency, and it is often accompanied by browning, breakdown and a bitter taste during fruit ripening. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of watercore affecting fruit quality, this study performed transcriptome and metabolome analyses on watercore pulp from "Akibae" fruit 125 days after flowering. The present study found that the "Akibae" pear watercore pulp contained higher sorbitol and sucrose than healthy fruit. Moreover, the structure of the cell wall was destroyed, and the content of pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose was significantly decreased. In addition, the content of ethanol and acetaldehyde was significantly increased, and the content of polyphenol was significantly decreased. Watercore induced up-regulated expression levels of sorbitol synthesis-related (sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, S6PDH) and sucrose synthesis-related genes (sucrose synthesis, SS), whereas it inhibited the expression of sorbitol decomposition-related genes (sorbitol dehydrogenase, SDH) and sorbitol transport genes (sorbitol transporter, SOT). Watercore also strongly induced increased expression levels of cell wall-degrading enzymes (polygalactosidase, PG; ellulase, CX; pectin methylesterase, PME), as well as ethanol synthesis-related (alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH), acetaldehyde synthesis-related (pyruvate decarboxylase, PDC) and polyphenol decomposition-related genes (polyphenol oxidase, PPO). Moreover, the genes that are involved in ethylene (1-aminocyclopropane- 1-carboxylate oxidase, ACO; 1-aminocyclopropane- 1-carboxylate synthase, ACS) and abscisic acid (short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase, SDR; aldehyde oxidase, AAO) synthesis were significantly up-regulated. In addition, the bitter tasting amino acids, alkaloids and polyphenols were significantly increased in watercore tissue. Above all, these findings suggested that the metabolic disorder of sorbitol and sucrose can lead to an increase in plant hormones (abscisic acid and ethylene) and anaerobic respiration, resulting in aggravated fruit rot and the formation of bitter substances.
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15
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Lu L, Zuo W, Wang C, Li C, Feng T, Li X, Wang C, Yao Y, Zhang Z, Chen X. Analysis of the postharvest storage characteristics of the new red-fleshed apple cultivar 'meihong'. Food Chem 2021; 354:129470. [PMID: 33752117 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of postharvest storage conditions on the fruit quality of a new red-fleshed apple cultivar ('Meihong'). Mature 'Meihong' and 'Golden delicious' apples were exposed to room temperature, low temperature, and low temperature and 1-MCP, after which several fruit characteristics were evaluated (i.e., firmness, ethylene release rate, relative content of aroma components, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity, fruit softening-related enzyme activities, and related gene expression). Both 'Meihong' and 'Golden delicious' were ACS1-1/-2 heterozygotes, but the ethylene release rate in 'Meihong' fruits was lower than that in 'Golden delicious' fruits during storage. Therefore, 'Meihong' fruits are more conducive to storage. The low temperature storage with and without 1-MCP delayed fruit softening, decreased the ethylene release rate and ester aroma component content, and maintained total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents. Therefore, storage at low temperatures with 1-MCP or other preservatives may be useful for maintaining the 'Meihong' fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Weifang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Cuicui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Cuixia Li
- College of Life Sciences and Enology, Tai'shan University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Yuxin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Zongying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xuesen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China.
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16
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Kou J, Zhao Z, Zhang Q, Wei C, Ference CM, Guan J, Wang W. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism involving ethylene and cell wall modification related genes in Diospyros kaki fruit firmness during ripening. Genomics 2021; 113:552-563. [PMID: 33460734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rapid loss of firmness is a major handicap for persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) transportation and retail. The present study employed a comparative transcriptomic approach to elucidate the mechanism involving ethylene and cell wall modification related genes in fruit firmness control of two cultivars during post harvest ripening. In contrast to the short shelf life cultivar (Mopan), the long shelf life cultivar (Yoho) kept high firmness during ripening. Extensive loss of firmness in Mopan drove an intense transcriptional activity. Globally, Mopan and Yoho shared very few common differentially expressed structural genes and regulators. Yoho strongly repressed the expression of ACC synthase and several classes of cell wall degradation genes at the onset of ripening and only induced them during late ripening period. Various ERF, WRKY, MYB, bHLH transcription factors were found highly active during fruit ripening. Overall, this study generates novel gene resources as important tools for extending persimmon shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Kou
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China; Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei, PR China.
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei, PR China; Shandong Institute of pomology, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, PR China
| | - Chuangqi Wei
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijia Zhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Christopher M Ference
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Junfeng Guan
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijia Zhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Wenjiang Wang
- Mountainous Area Research Institute of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China; Agricultural Technology Innovation Center in Mountainous Areas of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China.
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17
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Sensory, physicochemical and volatile compound analysis of short and long shelf-life melon ( Cucumis melo L.) genotypes at harvest and after postharvest storage. FOOD CHEMISTRY-X 2020; 8:100107. [PMID: 33103112 PMCID: PMC7576513 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2020.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Maturity at harvest and after storage plus genotype impact melon fruit flavor. Volatiles increased in storage for all melon genotypes with esters being dominant. Short shelf-life melons associated with esters, sulphur compounds and a terpenoid. Long shelf-life melons related with green/grassy aroma/flavor, firmness, aldehydes.
Flavor is a key attribute defining melon fruit quality and driving consumer preferences. We characterized and compared fruit ripening patterns (ethylene, respiration), physicochemical properties (rind/flesh color, firmness, soluble solids, acidity), aroma volatiles, and flavor-related sensory attributes in seven melon genotypes differing in shelf life capacity. Fruits were evaluated at optimal maturity and after storage for six days at 5 °C plus one day at room temperature. Total volatile content increased after storage in all genotypes, with esters being dominant. Shorter shelf-life genotypes, displaying a sharper climacteric phase, correlated with fruity/floral/sweet flavor-related descriptors, and with esters, sulfur-containing compounds and a terpenoid. Longer shelf-life types were associated with firmness, green and grassy aroma/flavor and aldehydes. Multivariate regression identified key volatiles that predict flavor sensory perception, which could accelerate breeding of longer shelf-life melons with improved flavor characteristics.
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18
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Nakano R, Kawai T, Fukamatsu Y, Akita K, Watanabe S, Asano T, Takata D, Sato M, Fukuda F, Ushijima K. Postharvest Properties of Ultra-Late Maturing Peach Cultivars and Their Attributions to Melting Flesh ( M) Locus: Re-evaluation of M Locus in Association With Flesh Texture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:554158. [PMID: 33324428 PMCID: PMC7725752 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.554158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The postharvest properties of two ultra-late maturing peach cultivars, "Tobihaku" (TH) and "Daijumitsuto" (DJ), were investigated. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity and held at 25°C. TH exhibited the characteristics of normal melting flesh (MF) peach, including rapid fruit softening associated with appropriate level of endogenous ethylene production In contrast, DJ did not soften at all during 3 weeks experimental period even though considerable ethylene production was observed. Fruit of TH and DJ were treated with 5,000 ppm of propylene, an ethylene analog, continuously for 7 days. TH softened rapidly whereas DJ maintained high flesh firmness in spite of an increase in endogenous ethylene production, suggesting that DJ but not TH lacked the ability to be softened in response to endogenous and exogenous ethylene/propylene. DNA-seq analysis showed that tandem endo-polygalacturonase (endoPG) genes located at melting flesh (M) locus, Pp-endoPGM (PGM), and Pp-endoPGF (PGF), were deleted in DJ. The endoPG genes at M locus are known to control flesh texture of peach fruit, and it was suggested that the non-softening property of DJ is due to the lack of endoPG genes. On the other hand, TH possessed an unidentified M haplotype that is involved in determination of MF phenotype. Structural identification of the unknown M haplotype, designated as M 0, through comparison with previously reported M haplotypes revealed distinct differences between PGM on M 0 haplotype (PGM-M0 ) and PGM on other haplotypes (PGM-M1 ). Peach M haplotypes were classified into four main haplotypes: M 0 with PGM-M0 ; M 1 with both PGM-M1 and PGF; M 2 with PGM-M1 ; and M 3 lacking both PGM and PGF. Re-evaluation of M locus in association with MF/non-melting flesh (NMF) phenotypes in more than 400 accessions by using whole genome shotgun sequencing data on database and/or by PCR genotyping demonstrated that M 0 haplotype was the common haplotype in MF accessions, and M 0 and M 1 haplotypes were dominant over M 2 and M 3 haplotypes and co-dominantly determined the MF trait. It was also assumed on the basis of structural comparison of M haplotypes among Prunus species that the ancestral haplotype of M 0 diverged from those of the other haplotypes before the speciation of Prunus persica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Nakano
- Experimental Farm of Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawai
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Fukamatsu
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kagari Akita
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sakine Watanabe
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Asano
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takata
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mamoru Sato
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Fumio Fukuda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ushijima
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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19
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Chatzopoulou F, Sanmartin M, Mellidou I, Pateraki I, Koukounaras A, Tanou G, Kalamaki MS, Veljović-Jovanović S, Antić TC, Kostas S, Tsouvaltzis P, Grumet R, Kanellis AK. Silencing of ascorbate oxidase results in reduced growth, altered ascorbic acid levels and ripening pattern in melon fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:291-303. [PMID: 32987259 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate oxidase (AO, EC 1.10.3.3) is a copper-containing enzyme localized at the apoplast, where it catalyzes the oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) to dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) via monodehydroascorbic acid (MDHA) intermediate. Despite it has been extensively studied, no biological roles have been definitively ascribed. To understand the role of AO in plant metabolism, fruit growth and physiology, we suppressed AO expression in melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit. Reduction of AO activity increased AA content in melon fruit, which is the result of repression of AA oxidation and simultaneous induction of certain biosynthetic and recycling genes. As a consequence, ascorbate redox state was altered in the apoplast. Interestingly, transgenic melon fruit displayed increased ethylene production rate coincided with elevated levels of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase (ACO, EC 1.14.17.4) activity and gene expression, which might contribute to earlier ripening. Moreover, AO suppressed transgenic melon fruit exhibited a dramatic arrest in fruit growth, due to a simultaneous decrease in fruit cell size and in plasmalemma (PM) ATPase activity. All the above, support for the first time, the in vivo AO participation in the rapid fruit growth of Cucurbitaceae and further suggest an alternative route for AA increase in ripening fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Chatzopoulou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maite Sanmartin
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Ed. 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ifigeneia Mellidou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, HAO ELGO-DEMETER. Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57 001, Greece
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Athanasios Koukounaras
- School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Tanou
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources, HAO ELGO-DEMETER. Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57 001, Greece
| | - Mary S Kalamaki
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece; Division of Science & Technology, American College of Thessaloniki, 17 Sevenidi Street, 55510, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sonja Veljović-Jovanović
- University of Belgrade -Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Cvetić Antić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Studenski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefanos Kostas
- School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pavlos Tsouvaltzis
- School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rebecca Grumet
- Department of Horticulture, Plant and Soil Sciences Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Angelos K Kanellis
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Fullerton CG, Prakash R, Ninan AS, Atkinson RG, Schaffer RJ, Hallett IC, Schröder R. Fruit From Two Kiwifruit Genotypes With Contrasting Softening Rates Show Differences in the Xyloglucan and Pectin Domains of the Cell Wall. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:964. [PMID: 32714354 PMCID: PMC7343912 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fruit softening is controlled by hormonal and developmental cues, causing an upregulation of cell wall-associated enzymes that break down the complex sugar matrices in the cell wall. The regulation of this process is complex, with different genotypes demonstrating quite different softening patterns, even when they are closely related. Currently, little is known about the relationship between cell wall structure and the rate of fruit softening. To address this question, the softening of two Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis (kiwifruit) genotypes (a fast 'AC-F' and a slow 'AC-S' softening genotype) was examined using a range of compositional, biochemical, structural, and molecular techniques. Throughout softening, the cell wall structure of the two genotypes was fundamentally different at identical firmness stages. In the hemicellulose domain, xyloglucanase enzyme activity was higher in 'AC-F' at the firm unripe stage, a finding supported by differential expression of xyloglucan transglycosylase/hydrolase genes during softening. In the pectin domain, differences in pectin solubilization and location of methyl-esterified homogalacturonan in the cell wall between 'AC-S' and 'AC-F' were shown. Side chain analyses and molecular weight elution profiles of polyuronides and xyloglucans of cell wall extracts revealed fundamental differences between the genotypes, pointing towards a weakening of the structural integrity of cell walls in the fast softening 'AC-F' genotype even at the firm, unripe stage. As a consequence, the polysaccharides in the cell walls of 'AC-F' may be easier to access and hence more susceptible to enzymatic degradation than in 'AC-S', resulting in faster softening. Together these results suggest that the different rates of softening between 'AC-F' and 'AC-S' are not due to changes in enzyme activities alone, but that fundamental differences in the cell wall structure are likely to influence the rates of softening through differential modification and accessibility of specific cell wall polysaccharides during ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina G. Fullerton
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
- Joint Graduate School of Plant and Food Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Annu Smitha Ninan
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ross G. Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J. Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
- Joint Graduate School of Plant and Food Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian C. Hallett
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roswitha Schröder
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Forlani S, Masiero S, Mizzotti C. Fruit ripening: the role of hormones, cell wall modifications, and their relationship with pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2993-3006. [PMID: 30854549 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fruits result from complex biological processes that begin soon after fertilization. Among these processes are cell division and expansion, accumulation of secondary metabolites, and an increase in carbohydrate biosynthesis. Later fruit ripening is accomplished by chlorophyll degradation and cell wall lysis. Fruit maturation is an essential step to optimize seed dispersal, and is controlled by a complex network of transcription factors and genetic regulators that are strongly influenced by phytohormones. Abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene are the major regulators of ripening and senescence in both dry and fleshy fruits, as demonstrated by numerous ripening-defective mutants, effects of exogenous hormone application, and transcriptome analyses. While ethylene is the best characterized player in the final step of a fruit's life, ABA also has a key regulatory role, promoting ethylene production and acting as a stress-related hormone in response to drought and pathogen attack. In this review, we focus on the role of ABA and ethylene in relation to the interconnected biotic and abiotic phenomena that affect ripening and senescence. We integrate and discuss the most recent data available regarding these biological processes, which are crucial for post-harvest fruit conservation and for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Forlani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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22
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Hu DG, Yu JQ, Han PL, Xie XB, Sun CH, Zhang QY, Wang JH, Hao YJ. The regulatory module MdPUB29-MdbHLH3 connects ethylene biosynthesis with fruit quality in apple. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1966-1982. [PMID: 30288754 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene is critical for climacteric fruit ripening, while glucose and anthocyanins determine the fruit quality of climacteric fruits such as apple. Understanding the exact molecular mechanism for this process is important for elucidating the interconnection of ethylene and fruit quality. Overexpression of apple MdbHLH3 gene, an anthocyanin-related basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (bHLH TF) gene, promotes ethylene production, and transgenic apple plantlets and trees exhibit ethylene-related root developmental abnormalities, premature leaf senescence, and fruit ripening. Biochemical analyses demonstrate that MdbHLH3 binds to the promoters of three genes that are involved in ethylene biosynthesis, including MdACO1, MdACS1, and MdACS5A, activating their transcriptional expression, thereby promoting ethylene biosynthesis. High glucose-inhibited U-box-type E3 ubiquitin ligase MdPUB29, the ortholog of Arabidopsis AtPUB29 in apple, influences the expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes and ethylene production by direct ubiquitination of the MdbHLH3 protein. Our findings provide new insights into the ubiquitination of MdbHLH3 by glucose-inhibited ubiquitin E3 ligase MdPUB29 in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis as well as indicate that the regulatory module MdPUB29-MdbHLH3 connects ethylene biosynthesis with fruit quality in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Gang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology & MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology & MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Peng-Liang Han
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology & MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xing-Bin Xie
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Cui-Hui Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology & MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Quan-Yan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology & MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Jia-Hui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology & MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology & MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
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Abstract
Multicellular organisms, such as plants, fungi, and animals, develop organs with specialized functions. Major challenges in developing such structures include establishment of polarity along three axes (apical-basal, medio-lateral, and dorso-ventral/abaxial-adaxial), specification of tissue types and their coordinated growth, and maintenance of communication between the organ and the entire organism. The gynoecium of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana embodies the female reproductive organ and has proven an excellent model system for studying organ establishment and development, given its division into different regions with distinct symmetries and highly diverse tissue types. Upon pollination, the gynoecium undergoes dramatic changes in morphology and developmental programming to form the seed-containing fruit. In this review, we wish to provide a detailed overview of the molecular and genetic mechanisms that are known to guide gynoecium and fruit development in A. thaliana. We describe networks of key genetic regulators and their interactions with hormonal dynamics in driving these developmental processes. The discoveries made to date clearly demonstrate that conclusions drawn from studying gynoecium and fruit development in flowering plants can be used to further our general understanding of organ formation across the plant kingdom. Importantly, this acquired knowledge is increasingly being used to improve fruit and seed crops, facilitated by the recent profound advances in genomics, cloning, and gene-editing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Simonini
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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Liu H, Qian M, Song C, Li J, Zhao C, Li G, Wang A, Han M. Down-Regulation of PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 Delays Fruit Softening in Peach by Reducing Polygalacturonase and Pectin Methylesterase Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1015. [PMID: 30050556 PMCID: PMC6050397 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
β-galactosidases are cell wall hydrolases that play an important role in fruit softening. However, PpBGALs mechanism impacting on ethylene-dependent peach fruit softening was still unclear. In this study, we found that PpBGAL4, -6, -8, -10, -16, and -17 may be required for ethylene-dependent peach softening and PpBGAL10, -16 may make a main contribution to it among 17 PpBGALs. Utilization of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) showed that fruits were firmer than those of the control at 4 and 6 days after harvest (DAH) when PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 expression was down-regulated. Suppression of PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 expression also reduced PpPG21 and PpPME3 transcription, and polygalacturonase (PG) and pectinmethylesterases (PME) activity. Overall, total cell wall material and protopectin slowly declined, water-soluble pectin slowly increased, and cellulose and hemicellulose was altered significantly at 4 DAH, relative to control fruit. In addition, PpACO1 expression and ethylene production were also suppressed at 4 DAH because of inhibiting PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 expression. These results suggested that down-regulation of PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 expression delays peach fruit softening by decreasing PG and PME activity, which inhibits cell wall degradation and ethylene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangkong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ming Qian
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunhui Song
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Caiping Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guofang Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Anzhu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mingyu Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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25
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Zhang L, Zhu M, Ren L, Li A, Chen G, Hu Z. The SlFSR gene controls fruit shelf-life in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2897-2909. [PMID: 29635354 PMCID: PMC5972576 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening represents a process that changes flavor and appearance and also a process that dramatically increases fruit softening. Fruit softening and textural variations mainly result from disruptions to the cell walls of the fruit throughout ripening, but the exact mechanisms and specific modifications of the cell wall remain unclear. Plant-specific GRAS proteins play a critical role in development and growth. To date, few GRAS genes have been functionally categorized in tomato. The expression of a novel GRAS gene described in this study and designated as SlFSR (fruit shelf-life regulator) specifically increased during fruit ripening, but was significantly decreased in the tomato mutant rin (ripening inhibitor). RNAi repression of SlFSR resulted in reduced expression of multiple cell wall modification-related genes, decreased the activities of PG (polygalacturonase), TBG (tomato β-galactosidase), CEL (cellulase), and XYL (β-D-xylosidase), and significantly prolonged fruit shelf-life. Furthermore, overexpression of SlFSR in mutant rin gave rise to up-regulated expression of multiple cell wall modification-related genes, such as PG, TBG4, CEL2, XYL1, PL, PE, MAN1, EXP1, and XTH5, and significantly shortened the fruit shelf-life. These findings reveal some of the genetic mechanisms underlying fruit cell wall metabolism and suggest that the SlFSR gene is another potential biotechnological target for the control of tomato fruit shelf-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingku Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anzhou Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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26
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Yang H, Liu J, Dang M, Zhang B, Li H, Meng R, Qu D, Yang Y, Zhao Z. Analysis of β-Galactosidase During Fruit Development and Ripening in Two Different Texture Types of Apple Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:539. [PMID: 29740469 PMCID: PMC5928752 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
β-galactosidase (β-Gal), one of the cell wall modifying enzymes, plays an important role in fruit ripening and softening. However, its role in apple fruit texture remains unclear. In this study, the role of β-Gal was analyzed in two apple cultivars, 'Fuji' and 'Qinguan,' which are characterized by different fruit texture types, during fruit development and ripening. The firmness and pectin content of the fruits rapidly decreased and were much lower in 'Fuji' than in 'Qinguan' from 105 days after full bloom (DAFB). Transmission electron microscopy showed that the pectin-rich middle lamella was substantially degraded from 105 to 180 DAFB in the two apple cultivars. However, the degradation was more severe in 'Fuji' than in 'Qinguan.' Subcellular localization analysis showed that the Mdβ-Gal1, Mdβ-Gal2, and Mdβ-Gal5 proteins were located in the cell wall. β-Gal activity continuously increased during all fruit developmental stages and was much higher in the mature fruits of 'Fuji' than in those of 'Qinguan,' indicating that pectin was degraded by β-Gal. Consistent with the enzyme activities, expression levels of β-Gal genes (Mdβ-Gal1, Mdβ-Gal2, and Mdβ-Gal5) showed only slight changes from 60 to 105 DAFB but then dramatically increased until fruit ripening, with higher values in 'Fuji' than in 'Qinguan.' Furthermore, we found that activities of deletion derivatives in the Mdβ-Gal2 promoter and transcript level of Mdβ-Gal2 were induced by the treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethylene (ETH) hormones. Two ETH and one MeJA hormone-responsive elements were identified by analyzing the promoter sequence. These results suggest that β-Gals, induced by ETH and MeJA, are involved in different fruit texture types of apple cultivars by influencing the degradation of pectin during the mature fruit stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Junling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Meile Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Rui Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dong Qu
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Yazhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Apple Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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27
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Asiche WO, Mitalo OW, Kasahara Y, Tosa Y, Mworia EG, Owino WO, Ushijima K, Nakano R, Yano K, Kubo Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals distinct ethylene-independent regulation of ripening in response to low temperature in kiwifruit. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:47. [PMID: 29562897 PMCID: PMC5863462 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kiwifruit are classified as climacteric since exogenous ethylene (or its analogue propylene) induces rapid ripening accompanied by ethylene production under positive feedback regulation. However, most of the ripening-associated changes (Phase 1 ripening) in kiwifruit during storage and on-vine occur largely in the absence of any detectable ethylene. This ripening behavior is often attributed to basal levels of system I ethylene, although it is suggested to be modulated by low temperature. RESULTS To elucidate the mechanisms regulating Phase 1 ripening in kiwifruit, a comparative transcriptome analysis using fruit continuously exposed to propylene (at 20 °C), and during storage at 5 °C and 20 °C was conducted. Propylene exposure induced kiwifruit softening, reduction of titratable acidity (TA), increase in soluble solids content (SSC) and ethylene production within 5 days. During storage, softening and reduction of TA occurred faster in fruit at 5 °C compared to 20 °C although no endogenous ethylene production was detected. Transcriptome analysis revealed 3761 ripening-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 2742 were up-regulated by propylene while 1058 were up-regulated by low temperature. Propylene exclusively up-regulated 2112 DEGs including those associated with ethylene biosynthesis and ripening such as AcACS1, AcACO2, AcPL1, AcXET1, Acβ-GAL, AcAAT, AcERF6 and AcNAC7. Similarly, low temperature exclusively up-regulated 467 DEGS including AcACO3, AcPL2, AcPMEi, AcADH, Acβ-AMY2, AcGA2ox2, AcNAC5 and AcbZIP2 among others. A considerable number of DEGs such as AcPG, AcEXP1, AcXET2, Acβ-AMY1, AcGA2ox1, AcNAC6, AcMADS1 and AcbZIP1 were up-regulated by either propylene or low temperature. Frequent 1-MCP treatments failed to inhibit the accelerated ripening and up-regulation of associated DEGs by low temperature indicating that the changes were independent of ethylene. On-vine kiwifruit ripening proceeded in the absence of any detectable endogenous ethylene production, and coincided with increased expression of low temperature-responsive DEGs as well as the decrease in environmental temperature. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that kiwifruit possess both ethylene-dependent and low temperature-modulated ripening mechanisms that are distinct and independent of each other. The current work provides a foundation for elaborating the control of these two ripening mechanisms in kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- William O. Asiche
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700–8530 Japan
| | - Oscar W. Mitalo
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700–8530 Japan
| | - Yuka Kasahara
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700–8530 Japan
| | - Yasuaki Tosa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700–8530 Japan
| | | | - Willis O. Owino
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Koichiro Ushijima
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700–8530 Japan
| | - Ryohei Nakano
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700–8530 Japan
| | - Kentaro Yano
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214–8571 Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kubo
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700–8530 Japan
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28
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Toti M, Carboni C, Botondi R. Postharvest gaseous ozone treatment enhances quality parameters and delays softening in cantaloupe melon during storage at 6 °C. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:487-494. [PMID: 28612399 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of postharvest gaseous ozone (O3 ) treatment on quality parameters and cell wall enzymes of cantaloupe melon cv. Caldeo during storage at 6 °C for 13 days. Fruits were kept in cold storage and treated with 0.15 ppm gaseous O3 during the day and 0.3 ppm overnight; control fruits (CK) were stored in normal atmosphere. RESULTS Firmness was higher and ethylene concentration significantly lower in O3 fruits compared with CK fruits. During storage, microbial counts were lower in both O3 and CK fruits; from day 9, O3 fruits showed a significant decrease in mesophilic aerobes. Additionally, total carotenoids had a tendency to be higher, with no significant differences between CK and O3 fruits. The same trend was observed for ascorbic acid, colour, total soluble solids content and acidity. Finally, O3 treatment reduced the activities of cell wall enzymes α-arabinopyranosidase, β-galactopyranosidase and polygalacturonase starting from day 3 of storage. Pectin methyl esterase activity did not seem to be affected by O3 treatment. CONCLUSION Gaseous O3 treatment during cold storage was effective in decreasing ethylene production and delaying fruit softening in cantaloupe melon by extending quality maintenance. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Toti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Rinaldo Botondi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Jung J, Choi SC, Jung S, Cho BK, Ahn GH, Ryu SB. A Transcriptome Approach Toward Understanding Fruit Softening in Persimmon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1556. [PMID: 28955353 PMCID: PMC5601038 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), which is a climacteric fruit, softens in 3-5 weeks after harvest. However, little is known regarding the transcriptional changes that underlie persimmon ripening. In this study, high-throughput de novo RNA sequencing was performed to examine differential expression between freshly harvested (FH) and softened (ST) persimmon fruit peels. Using the Illumina HiSeq platform, we obtained 259,483,704 high quality reads and 94,856 transcripts. After the removal of redundant sequences, a total of 31,258 unigenes were predicted, 1,790 of which were differentially expressed between FH and ST persimmon (1,284 up-regulated and 506 down-regulated in ST compared with FH). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were further subjected to KEGG pathway analysis. Several pathways were found to be up-regulated in ST persimmon, including "amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism." Pathways down-regulated in ST persimmon included "photosynthesis" and "carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms." Expression patterns of genes in these pathways were further confirmed using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Ethylene gas production during persimmon softening was monitored with gas chromatography and found to be correlated with the fruit softening. Transcription involved in ethylene biosynthesis, perception and signaling was up-regulated. On the whole, this study investigated the key genes involved in metabolic pathways of persimmon fruit softening, especially implicated in increased sugar metabolism, decreased photosynthetic capability, and increased ethylene production and other ethylene-related functions. This transcriptome analysis provides baseline information on the identity and modulation of genes involved in softening of persimmon fruits and can underpin the future development of technologies to delay softening in persimmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang Chul Choi
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Sunghee Jung
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Byung-Kwan Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Gwang-Hwan Ahn
- Sweet Persimmon Research Institute, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension ServicesGimhae, South Korea
| | - Stephen B. Ryu
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
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Glazinska P, Wojciechowski W, Kulasek M, Glinkowski W, Marciniak K, Klajn N, Kesy J, Kopcewicz J. De novo Transcriptome Profiling of Flowers, Flower Pedicels and Pods of Lupinus luteus (Yellow Lupine) Reveals Complex Expression Changes during Organ Abscission. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:641. [PMID: 28512462 PMCID: PMC5412092 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L., Taper c.), a member of the legume family (Fabaceae L.), has an enormous practical importance. Its excessive flower and pod abscission represents an economic drawback, as proper flower and seed formation and development is crucial for the plant's productivity. Generative organ detachment takes place at the basis of the pedicels, within a specialized group of cells collectively known as the abscission zone (AZ). During plant growth these cells become competent to respond to specific signals that trigger separation and lead to the abolition of cell wall adhesion. Little is known about the molecular network controlling the yellow lupine organ abscission. The aim of our study was to establish the divergences and similarities in transcriptional networks in the pods, flowers and flower pedicels abscised or maintained on the plant, and to identify genes playing key roles in generative organ abscission in yellow lupine. Based on de novo transcriptome assembly, we identified 166,473 unigenes representing 219,514 assembled unique transcripts from flowers, flower pedicels and pods undergoing abscission and from control organs. Comparison of the cDNA libraries from dropped and control organs helped in identifying 1,343, 2,933 and 1,491 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the flowers, flower pedicels and pods, respectively. In DEG analyses, we focused on genes involved in phytohormonal regulation, cell wall functioning and metabolic pathways. Our results indicate that auxin, ethylene and gibberellins are some of the main factors engaged in generative organ abscission. Identified 28 DEGs common for all library comparisons are involved in cell wall functioning, protein metabolism, water homeostasis and stress response. Interestingly, among the common DEGs we also found an miR169 precursor, which is the first evidence of micro RNA engaged in abscission. A KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the identified DEGs were predominantly involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, but some other pathways were also targeted. This study represents the first comprehensive transcriptome-based characterization of organ abscission in L. luteus and provides a valuable data source not only for understanding the abscission signaling pathway in yellow lupine, but also for further research aimed at improving crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Glazinska
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nicolaus Copernicus UniversityTorun, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus UniversityTorun, Poland
| | - Waldemar Wojciechowski
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nicolaus Copernicus UniversityTorun, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus UniversityTorun, Poland
| | - Milena Kulasek
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nicolaus Copernicus UniversityTorun, Poland
| | - Wojciech Glinkowski
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nicolaus Copernicus UniversityTorun, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Marciniak
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nicolaus Copernicus UniversityTorun, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus UniversityTorun, Poland
| | - Natalia Klajn
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nicolaus Copernicus UniversityTorun, Poland
| | - Jacek Kesy
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nicolaus Copernicus UniversityTorun, Poland
| | - Jan Kopcewicz
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nicolaus Copernicus UniversityTorun, Poland
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Di Guardo M, Bink MCAM, Guerra W, Letschka T, Lozano L, Busatto N, Poles L, Tadiello A, Bianco L, Visser RGF, van de Weg E, Costa F. Deciphering the genetic control of fruit texture in apple by multiple family-based analysis and genome-wide association. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1451-1466. [PMID: 28338805 PMCID: PMC5441909 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit texture is a complex feature composed of mechanical and acoustic properties relying on the modifications occurring in the cell wall throughout fruit development and ripening. Apple is characterized by a large variation in fruit texture behavior that directly impacts both the consumer's appreciation and post-harvest performance. To decipher the genetic control of fruit texture comprehensively, two complementing quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping approaches were employed. The first was represented by a pedigree-based analysis (PBA) carried out on six full-sib pedigreed families, while the second was a genome-wide association study (GWAS) performed on a collection of 233 apple accessions. Both plant materials were genotyped with a 20K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and phenotyped with a sophisticated high-resolution texture analyzer. The overall QTL results indicated the fundamental role of chromosome 10 in controlling the mechanical properties, while chromosomes 2 and 14 were more associated with the acoustic response. The latter QTL, moreover, showed a consistent relationship between the QTL-estimated genotypes and the acoustic performance assessed among seedlings. The in silico annotation of these intervals revealed interesting candidate genes potentially involved in fruit texture regulation, as suggested by the gene expression profile. The joint integration of these approaches sheds light on the specific control of fruit texture, enabling important genetic information to assist in the selection of valuable fruit quality apple varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Di Guardo
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C A M Bink
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Guerra
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, via Laimburg 6, 39040 Ora (BZ),Italy
| | - Thomas Letschka
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, via Laimburg 6, 39040 Ora (BZ),Italy
| | - Lidia Lozano
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, via Laimburg 6, 39040 Ora (BZ),Italy
| | - Nicola Busatto
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento,Italy
| | - Lara Poles
- Innovation Fruit Consortium (CIF), via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Alice Tadiello
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento,Italy
| | - Luca Bianco
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento,Italy
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric van de Weg
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Costa
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento,Italy
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Perini MA, Sin IN, Martinez GA, Civello PM. Measurement of expansin activity and plant cell wall creep by using a commercial texture analyzer. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Chidley HG, Deshpande AB, Oak PS, Pujari KH, Giri AP, Gupta VS. Effect of postharvest ethylene treatment on sugar content, glycosidase activity and its gene expression in mango fruit. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:1624-1633. [PMID: 27433929 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ripening-associated softening is one of the important attributes that largely determines the shelf-life of mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) fruits. To reveal the effect of pre-climacteric ethylene treatment on ripening-related softening of Alphonso mango, ethylene treatment was given to mature, raw Alphonso fruits. Changes in the pool of reducing and non-reducing sugars, enzymatic activity of three glycosidases: β-d-galactosidase, α-d-mannosidase and β-d-glucosidase and their relative transcript abundance were analysed for control and ethylene treated fruits during ripening. RESULTS Early activity of all the three glycosidases and accelerated accumulation of reducing and non-reducing sugars on ethylene treatment was evident. β-d-Galactosidase showed the highest activity among three glycosidases in control fruits and marked increase in activity upon ethylene treatment. This was confirmed by the histochemical assay of its activity in control and ethylene treated ripe fruits. Relative transcript abundance revealed high transcript levels of β-d-galactosidase in control fruits. Ethylene-treated fruits showed early and remarkable increase in the β-d-galactosidase transcripts while α-d-mannosidase transcript variants displayed early accumulation. CONCLUSION The findings suggest reduction in the shelf-life of Alphonso mango upon pre-climacteric ethylene treatment, a significant role of β-d-galactosidase and α-d-mannosidase in the ripening related softening of Alphonso fruits and transcriptional regulation of their expression by ethylene. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemangi G Chidley
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Ashish B Deshpande
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Pranjali S Oak
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Keshav H Pujari
- Dr Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Agriculture University, Dapoli 415712, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Vidya S Gupta
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
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Busatto N, Tadiello A, Trainotti L, Costa F. Climacteric ripening of apple fruit is regulated by transcriptional circuits stimulated by cross-talks between ethylene and auxin. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1268312. [PMID: 27935411 PMCID: PMC5289524 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1268312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Apple is a fleshy fruit distinguished by a climacteric type of ripening, since most of the relevant physiological changes are triggered and governed by the action of ethylene. After its production, this hormone is perceived by a series of receptors to regulate, through a signaling cascade, downstream ethylene related genes. The possibility to control the effect of ethylene opened new horizons to the improvement of the postharvest fruit quality. To this end, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an ethylene antagonist, is routinely used to modulate the ripening progression increasing storage life. In a recent work published in The Plant Journal, the whole transcriptome variation throughout fruit development and ripening, with the adjunct comparison between normal and impaired postharvest ripening, has been illustrated. In particular, besides the expected downregulation of ethylene-regulated genes, we shed light on a regulatory circuit leading to de-repressing the expression of a specific set of genes following 1-MCP treatment, such as AUX/IAA, NAC and MADS. These findings suggested the existence of a possible ethylene/auxin cross-talk in apple, regulated by a transcriptional circuit stimulated by the interference at the ethylene receptor level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Busatto
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Alice Tadiello
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
- CONTACT Costa Fabrizio Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
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Tadiello A, Longhi S, Moretto M, Ferrarini A, Tononi P, Farneti B, Busatto N, Vrhovsek U, Molin AD, Avanzato C, Biasioli F, Cappellin L, Scholz M, Velasco R, Trainotti L, Delledonne M, Costa F. Interference with ethylene perception at receptor level sheds light on auxin and transcriptional circuits associated with the climacteric ripening of apple fruit (Malus x domestica Borkh.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:963-975. [PMID: 27531564 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) is a model species for studying the metabolic changes that occur at the onset of ripening in fruit crops, and the physiological mechanisms that are governed by the hormone ethylene. In this study, to dissect the climacteric interplay in apple, a multidisciplinary approach was employed. To this end, a comprehensive analysis of gene expression together with the investigation of several physiological entities (texture, volatilome and content of polyphenolic compounds) was performed throughout fruit development and ripening. The transcriptomic profiling was conducted with two microarray platforms: a dedicated custom array (iRIPE) and a whole genome array specifically enriched with ripening-related genes for apple (WGAA). The transcriptomic and phenotypic changes following the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an ethylene inhibitor leading to important modifications in overall fruit physiology, were also highlighted. The integrative comparative network analysis showed both negative and positive correlations between ripening-related transcripts and the accumulation of specific metabolites or texture components. The ripening distortion caused by the inhibition of ethylene perception, in addition to affecting the ethylene pathway, stimulated the de-repression of auxin-related genes, transcription factors and photosynthetic genes. Overall, the comprehensive repertoire of results obtained here advances the elucidation of the multi-layered climacteric mechanism of fruit ripening, thus suggesting a possible transcriptional circuit governed by hormones and transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Tadiello
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Sara Longhi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferrarini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Paola Tononi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Brian Farneti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Bologna University, Via Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Nicola Busatto
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Bologna University, Via Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dal Molin
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Carla Avanzato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Luca Cappellin
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Matthias Scholz
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Livio Trainotti
- Biology Department, Padova University, Viale Giuseppe Colombo 3, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
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Xu J, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Hou Y, Dong W. Transcriptome Analysis and Ultrastructure Observation Reveal that Hawthorn Fruit Softening Is due to Cellulose/Hemicellulose Degradation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1524. [PMID: 27790234 PMCID: PMC5063854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Softening, a common phenomenon in many fruits, is a well coordinated and genetically determined process. However, the process of flesh softening during ripening has rarely been described in hawthorn. In this study, we found that 'Ruanrou Shanlihong 3 Hao' fruits became softer during ripening, whereas 'Qiu JinXing' fruits remained hard. At late developmental stages, the firmness of 'Ruanrou Shanlihong 3 Hao' fruits rapidly declined, and that of 'Qiu JinXing' fruits remained essentially unchanged. According to transmission electron microscopy, the middle lamella of 'Qiu JinXing' and 'Ruanrou Shanlihong 3 Hao' fruit flesh was largely degraded as the fruits matured. Microfilaments in 'Qiu JinXing' flesh were arranged close together and were deep in color, whereas those in 'Ruanrou Shanlihong 3 Hao' fruit flesh were arranged loosely, partially degraded and light in color. RNA-Seq analysis yielded approximately 46.72 Gb of clean data and 72,837 unigenes. Galactose metabolism and pentose and glucuronate interconversions are involved in cell wall metabolism, play an important role in hawthorn texture. We identified 85 unigenes related to the cell wall between hard- and soft-fleshed hawthorn fruits. Based on data analysis and real-time PCR, we suggest that β-GAL and PE4 have important functions in early fruit softening. The genes Ffase, Gns,α-GAL, PE63, XTH, and CWP, which are involved in cell wall degradation, are responsible for the different textures of hawthorn fruits. Thus, we hypothesize that the different textures of 'Qiu JinXing' and 'Ruanrou Shanlihong 3 Hao' fruits at maturity mainly result from cellulose/hemicelluloses degradation rather than from lamella degradation. Overall, we propose that different types of hydrolytic enzymes in cells interact to degrade the cell wall, resulting in ultramicroscopic Structure changes in the cell wall and, consequently, fruit softening. These results provide fundamental insight regarding the mechanisms by which hawthorn fruits acquire different textures and also lay a solid foundation for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yali Hou
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Wenxuan Dong
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
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Balaguera-López HE, Espinal-Ruiz M, Zacarías L, Herrera AO. Effect of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene on the postharvest behavior of cape gooseberry fruits (Physalis peruviana L.). FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016; 23:86-96. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013216658581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cape gooseberry ( Physalis peruviana L.) fruits are highly perishable berries that exhibit a climacteric respiratory behavior. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethylene and the ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene on the postharvest behavior of cape gooseberry fruits (ecotype Colombia). Fruits were treated with ethylene, in an ethephon application (1000 µL L−1), and pretreated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1 µL L−1), 1-methylcyclopropene+ethylene, and results compared with a control without application. Subsequently, the fruits were maintained at room temperature (20 ℃, 75% RH) for up to 11 days. The pretreatment of the cape gooseberry fruits with 1-methylcyclopropene delayed most of the ripening-associated parameters, with a reduction in the respiration rate and ethylene production, skin color development, total soluble solids, total carotenoid content, loss of firmness, loss of total titratable acidity and emission of volatile compounds such as ethyl octanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl decanoate, and hexyl decanoate. Conversely, application of ethephon accelerated most of these physiological changes and also overcame most of the effects prevented by the ethylene action inhibitor. Altogether, the results supported the idea of a climacteric-like behavior for cape gooseberry fruits and pointing out that the pretreatment with 1-methylcyclopropene may be a promising and efficient postharvest treatment to delay maturity and extend the postharvest period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helber E Balaguera-López
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Bosque, Bogotá DC, Colombia
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Espinal-Ruiz
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Departamento de Ciencia de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Aníbal O Herrera
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia
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Meng C, Yang D, Ma X, Zhao W, Liang X, Ma N, Meng Q. Suppression of tomato SlNAC1 transcription factor delays fruit ripening. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 193:88-96. [PMID: 26962710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complex process involving many physiological and biochemical changes, including those for ethylene, carotenoid, and cell wall metabolism. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) serves as a research model for fruit development and ripening because it possesses numerous favorable genetic features. In this study, SlNAC1 was cloned. An antisense (AS) vector was constructed and transferred to tomato to further explore the function of SlNAC1. The results showed that AS fruits exhibited delayed ripening and a deeper red appearance when these fruits were fully ripened. Fully ripened AS fruits also produced higher total carotenoid and lycopene contents than those of the wild-type (WT) line. Ethylene production of AS fruits was delayed but occurred to a higher extent than that of WT fruits. The softening of AS fruits was slower than that of WT fruits. Endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) level in AS-4 fruits was lower than that in WT fruits. Exogenous ABA accelerated the softening of AS fruits. Furthermore, AS fruits demonstrated up-regulated expression of genes related to lycopene and ethylene biosynthesis but down-regulated expression of genes related to cell wall metabolism and ABA synthesis. Therefore, SlNAC1 is likely implicated in fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Dongyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiaocui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Weiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Nana Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
| | - Qingwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
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El-Sharkawy I, Sherif S, El Kayal W, Jones B, Li Z, Sullivan AJ, Jayasankar S. Overexpression of plum auxin receptor PslTIR1 in tomato alters plant growth, fruit development and fruit shelf-life characteristics. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:56. [PMID: 26927309 PMCID: PMC4772300 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TIR1-like proteins are F-box auxin receptors. Auxin binding to the F-box receptor proteins promotes the formation of SCF(TIR1) ubiquitin ligase complex that targets the auxin repressors, Aux/IAAs, for degradation via the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway. The release of auxin response factors (ARFs) from their Aux/IAA partners allows ARFs to mediate auxin-responsive changes in downstream gene transcription. In an attempt to understand the potential role of auxin during fruit development, a plum auxin receptor, PslTIR1, has previously been characterized at the cellular, biochemical and molecular levels, but the biological significance of this protein is still lacking. In the present study, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was used as a model to investigate the phenotypic and molecular changes associated with the overexpression of PslTIR1. RESULTS The findings of the present study highlighted the critical role of PslTIR1 as positive regulator of auxin-signalling in coordinating the development of leaves and fruits. This was manifested by the entire leaf morphology of transgenic tomato plants compared to the wild-type compound leaf patterning. Moreover, transgenic plants produced parthenocarpic fruits, a characteristic property of auxin hypersensitivity. The autocatalytic ethylene production associated with the ripening of climacteric fruits was not significantly altered in transgenic tomato fruits. Nevertheless, the fruit shelf-life characteristics were affected by transgene presence, mainly through enhancing fruit softening rate. The short shelf-life of transgenic tomatoes was associated with dramatic upregulation of several genes encoding proteins involved in cell-wall degradation, which determine fruit softening and subsequent fruit shelf-life. CONCLUSIONS The present study sheds light into the involvement of PslTIR1 in regulating leaf morphology, fruit development and fruit softening-associated ripening, but not autocatalytic ethylene production. The results demonstrate that auxin accelerates fruit softening independently of ethylene action and this is probably mediated through the upregulation of many cell-wall metabolism genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I El-Sharkawy
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Vineland Station, ON, Canada.
- Damanhour University, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour, Egypt.
| | - S Sherif
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Vineland Station, ON, Canada.
- Damanhour University, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour, Egypt.
| | - W El Kayal
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Vineland Station, ON, Canada.
| | - B Jones
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Agriculture, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Z Li
- Chongqing University, Genetic Engineering Research Center, Bioengineering College, Chongqing, China.
| | - A J Sullivan
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Han Y, Ban Q, Hou Y, Meng K, Suo J, Rao J. Isolation and Characterization of Two Persimmon Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase/Hydrolase (XTH) Genes That Have Divergent Functions in Cell Wall Modification and Fruit Postharvest Softening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:624. [PMID: 27242828 PMCID: PMC4863071 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fruit cell wall modification is the primary factor affecting fruit softening. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH), a cell wall-modifying enzyme, is involved in fruit softening. In this study, two novel XTH genes (DkXTH6 and DkXTH7) were identified from persimmon fruit. Transcriptional profiles of both of the two genes were analyzed in different tissues of persimmon, and in response to multiple hormonal and environmental treatments [gibberellic acid (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), propylene, and low temperature]. Expression of DkXTH6 was positively up-regulated during ethylene production and by propylene and ABA treatments, and suppressed by GA3 and cold treatment. In contrast, DkXTH7 exhibited its highest transcript levels in GA3-treated fruit and cold-treated fruit, which had higher fruit firmness. We found that DkXTH6 protein was localized in cell wall by its signal peptide, while cytoplasmic DkXTH7 protein contained no signal peptide. When expressed in vitro, the recombinant proteins of both DkXTH6 and DkXTH7 exhibited strict xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) activity but no xyloglucan endohydrolase (XEH) activity. The recombinant protein of DkXTH6 showed a higher affinity with small acceptor molecules than the recombinant DkXTH7. Taken together with their opposing expression patterns and subcellular localizations, these results suggested that DkXTH6 might take part in cell wall restructuring and DkXTH7 was likely to be involved in cell wall assembly, indicating their special roles in persimmon fruit softening.
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Thewes FR, Both V, Brackmann A, Weber A, de Oliveira Anese R. Dynamic controlled atmosphere and ultralow oxygen storage on ‘Gala’ mutants quality maintenance. Food Chem 2015; 188:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Saladié M, Cañizares J, Phillips MA, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Larrigaudière C, Gibon Y, Stitt M, Lunn JE, Garcia-Mas J. Comparative transcriptional profiling analysis of developing melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit from climacteric and non-climacteric varieties. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:440. [PMID: 26054931 PMCID: PMC4460886 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In climacteric fruit-bearing species, the onset of fruit ripening is marked by a transient rise in respiration rate and autocatalytic ethylene production, followed by rapid deterioration in fruit quality. In non-climacteric species, there is no increase in respiration or ethylene production at the beginning or during fruit ripening. Melon is unusual in having climacteric and non-climacteric varieties, providing an interesting model system to compare both ripening types. Transcriptomic analysis of developing melon fruits from Védrantais and Dulce (climacteric) and Piel de sapo and PI 161375 (non-climacteric) varieties was performed to understand the molecular mechanisms that differentiate the two fruit ripening types. Results Fruits were harvested at 15, 25, 35 days after pollination and at fruit maturity. Transcript profiling was performed using an oligo-based microarray with 75 K probes. Genes linked to characteristic traits of fruit ripening were differentially expressed between climacteric and non-climacteric types, as well as several transcription factor genes and genes encoding enzymes involved in sucrose catabolism. The expression patterns of some genes in PI 161375 fruits were either intermediate between. Piel de sapo and the climacteric varieties, or more similar to the latter. PI 161375 fruits also accumulated some carotenoids, a characteristic trait of climacteric varieties. Conclusions Simultaneous changes in transcript abundance indicate that there is coordinated reprogramming of gene expression during fruit development and at the onset of ripening in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. The expression patterns of genes related to ethylene metabolism, carotenoid accumulation, cell wall integrity and transcriptional regulation varied between genotypes and was consistent with the differences in their fruit ripening characteristics. There were differences between climacteric and non-climacteric varieties in the expression of genes related to sugar metabolism suggesting that they may be potential determinants of sucrose content and post-harvest stability of sucrose levels in fruit. Several transcription factor genes were also identified that were differentially expressed in both types, implicating them in regulation of ripening behaviour. The intermediate nature of PI 161375 suggested that classification of melon fruit ripening behaviour into just two distinct types is an over-simplification, and that in reality there is a continuous spectrum of fruit ripening behaviour. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1649-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Saladié
- IRTA, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain. .,Present address: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Joaquin Cañizares
- COMAV, Institute for the Conservation and Breeding of Agricultural Biodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain.
| | - Michael A Phillips
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
| | - Christian Larrigaudière
- IRTA, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari, Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruitcentre, Lleida, 25003, Spain.
| | - Yves Gibon
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, (OT) Golm, Germany. .,Present address: INRA Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, UMR1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33883, France.
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, (OT) Golm, Germany.
| | - John Edward Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, (OT) Golm, Germany.
| | - Jordi Garcia-Mas
- IRTA, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
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Purification and characterization of polygalacturonase from ripened fruits of Musa acuminata cultivar from Kerala (Musa acuminata cv. Palayankodan). JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-015-9228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Han Y, Zhu Q, Zhang Z, Meng K, Hou Y, Ban Q, Suo J, Rao J. Analysis of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) genes and diverse roles of isoenzymes during persimmon fruit development and postharvest softening. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123668. [PMID: 25849978 PMCID: PMC4388718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) enzymes have played a role in the remodeling of cell wall hemicelluloses. To investigate the function of XTHs in persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) fruit development and postharvest softening, five cDNAs (DkXTH1 to DkXTH5), whose putative proteins contained the conserved DEIDFEFLG motif of XTH, were cloned. Real time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that DkXTH1, DkXTH4, and DkXTH5 peaked in immature expanding fruit, and their higher expression was observed along with higher fruit firmness in cold-treated fruit or firmer cultivar fruit during storage. The opposite gene expression patterns were observed in DkXTH2 and DkXTH3, which reached maxima concomitance with pronounced fruit softening. Meanwhile, the xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) enzymes play important roles in both the rapid growth and ripening of persimmon fruit. Furthermore, the recombined DkXTH1 and DkXTH2 proteins showed significant XET activity without any detected XEH activity. However, the XET activity of recombined DkXTH2 protein had a higher affinity for small acceptor molecules than that of recombined DkXTH1 protein. The former might prefer to participate in cell wall restructuring, and the latter is more inclined to participate in cell wall assembly. Besides, DKXTH proteins could function by targeting to the cell wall under regulation of a signal peptide. The data suggested that individual DKXTHs could exhibit different patterns of expression, and the encoded products possessed specific enzymatic properties conferring on their respective functions in growth and postharvest softening of persimmon fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qinggang Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhengke Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Kun Meng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yali Hou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyan Ban
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jiangtao Suo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jingping Rao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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Meng X, Yang D, Li X, Zhao S, Sui N, Meng Q. Physiological changes in fruit ripening caused by overexpression of tomato SlAN2, an R2R3-MYB factor. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 89:24-30. [PMID: 25698665 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The R2R3-MYB protein SlAN2 has long been thought to be a positive regulator of anthocyanin accumulation. To investigate the role of SlAN2, we have previously overexpressed the gene in tomato. In this work, we analysed physiological characters of the transgenic plants during the fruit ripening. We show that fruits of transformants overexpressing SlAN2 displayed an orange colour, fast softening and elevated ethylene production. Overexpression of SlAN2 resulted in reduction of carotenoid levels via alteration of flux through the carotenoid pathway, elevated ethylene synthesis mainly via upregulation of ethylene biosynthesis genes, and early softening of fruits. We also found that the transcript level of SlRIN, an important ripening-related gene, was up-regulated in transgenic fruits. These results suggest that SlAN2 acts as an important regulator of fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Meng
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Dongyue Yang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Shuya Zhao
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Na Sui
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China.
| | - Qingwei Meng
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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Freilich S, Lev S, Gonda I, Reuveni E, Portnoy V, Oren E, Lohse M, Galpaz N, Bar E, Tzuri G, Wissotsky G, Meir A, Burger J, Tadmor Y, Schaffer A, Fei Z, Giovannoni J, Lewinsohn E, Katzir N. Systems approach for exploring the intricate associations between sweetness, color and aroma in melon fruits. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:71. [PMID: 25887588 PMCID: PMC4448286 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melon (Cucumis melo) fruits exhibit phenotypic diversity in several key quality determinants such as taste, color and aroma. Sucrose, carotenoids and volatiles are recognized as the key compounds shaping the above corresponding traits yet the full network of biochemical events underlying their synthesis have not been comprehensively described. To delineate the cellular processes shaping fruit quality phenotypes, a population of recombinant inbred lines (RIL) was used as a source of phenotypic and genotypic variations. In parallel, ripe fruits were analyzed for both the quantified level of 77 metabolic traits directly associated with fruit quality and for RNA-seq based expression profiles generated for 27,000 unigenes. First, we explored inter-metabolite association patterns; then, we described metabolites versus gene association patterns; finally, we used the correlation-based associations for predicting uncharacterized synthesis pathways. RESULTS Based on metabolite versus metabolite and metabolite versus gene association patterns, we divided metabolites into two key groups: a group including ethylene and aroma determining volatiles whose accumulation patterns are correlated with the expression of genes involved in the glycolysis and TCA cycle pathways; and a group including sucrose and color determining carotenoids whose accumulation levels are correlated with the expression of genes associated with plastid formation. CONCLUSIONS The study integrates multiple processes into a genome scale perspective of cellular activity. This lays a foundation for deciphering the role of gene markers associated with the determination of fruit quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Freilich
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Shery Lev
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Itay Gonda
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Eli Reuveni
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Vitaly Portnoy
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Elad Oren
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | | | - Navot Galpaz
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
- Migal Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, 11016, Israel.
| | - Einat Bar
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Galil Tzuri
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Guy Wissotsky
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Ayala Meir
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Joseph Burger
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Yaakov Tadmor
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Arthur Schaffer
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- USDA-ARS and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - James Giovannoni
- USDA-ARS and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Nurit Katzir
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
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Ma N, Feng H, Meng X, Li D, Yang D, Wu C, Meng Q. Overexpression of tomato SlNAC1 transcription factor alters fruit pigmentation and softening. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:351. [PMID: 25491370 PMCID: PMC4272553 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit maturation and ripening are genetically regulated processes that involve a complex interplay of plant hormones, growth regulators and multiple biological and environmental factors. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has been used as a model of biological and genetic studies on the regulation of specific ripening pathways, including ethylene, carotenoid and cell wall metabolism. This model has also been used to investigate the functions of upstream signalling and transcriptional regulators. Thus far, many ripening-associated transcription factors that influence fruit development and ripening have been reported. NAC transcription factors are plant specific and play important roles in many stages of plant growth and development, such as lateral root formation, secondary cell wall synthesis, and embryo, floral organ, vegetative organ and fruit development. RESULTS Tissue-specific analysis by quantitative real-time PCR showed that SlNAC1 was highly accumulated in immature green fruits; the expression of SlNAC1 increased with fruit ripening till to the highest level at 7 d after the breaker stage. The overexpression of SlNAC1 resulted in reduced carotenoids by altering carotenoid pathway flux and decreasing ethylene synthesis mediated mainly by the reduced expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes of system-2, thus led to yellow or orange mature fruits. The results of yeast one-hybrid experiment demonstrated that SlNAC1 can interact with the regulatory regions of genes related lycopene and ethylene synthesis. These results also indicated that SlNAC1 inhibited fruit ripening by affecting ethylene synthesis and carotenoid accumulation in SlNAC1 overexpression lines. In addition, the overexpression of SlNAC1 reduced the firmness of the fruits and the thickness of the pericarp and produced more abscisic acid, resulting in the early softening of fruits. Hence, in SlNAC1 overexpression lines, both ethylene-dependent and abscisic acid-dependent pathways are regulated by SlNAC1 in fruit ripening regulatory network. CONCLUSIONS SlNAC1 had a broad influence on tomato fruit ripening and regulated SlNAC1 overexpression tomato fruit ripening through both ethylene-dependent and abscisic acid-dependent pathways. Thus, this study provided new insights into the current model of tomato fruit ripening regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Hailong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Xia Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Dongyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Changai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong P. R. China
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Kumar R, Khurana A, Sharma AK. Role of plant hormones and their interplay in development and ripening of fleshy fruits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4561-75. [PMID: 25028558 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones have been extensively studied for their roles in the regulation of various aspects of plant development. However, in the last decade important new insights have been made into their action during development and ripening, in both dry and fleshy fruits. Emerging evidence suggests that relative functions of plant hormones are not restricted to a particular stage, and a complex network of more than one plant hormone is involved in controlling various aspects of fruit development. Though some areas are extensively covered, considerable gaps in our knowledge and understanding still exist in the control of hormonal networks and crosstalk between different hormones during fruit expansion, maturation, and various other aspects of ripening. Here, we evaluate the new knowledge on their relative roles during tomato fruit development with a view to understand their mechanism of action in fleshy fruits. For a better understanding, pertinent evidences available on hormonal crosstalk during fruit development in other species are also discussed. We envisage that such detailed knowledge will help design new strategies for effective manipulation of fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India. Current address: Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Ashima Khurana
- Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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Leng P, Yuan B, Guo Y. The role of abscisic acid in fruit ripening and responses to abiotic stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4577-88. [PMID: 24821949 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role not only in fruit development and ripening, but also in adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In these processes, the actions of ABA are under the control of complex regulatory mechanisms involving ABA metabolism, signal transduction, and transport. The endogenous ABA content is determined by the dynamic balance between biosynthesis and catabolism, processes which are regulated by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) and ABA 8'-hydroxylase (CYP707A), respectively. ABA conjugation by cytosolic UDP-glucosyltransferases, or release by β-glucosidases, is also important for maintaining ABA homeostasis. Recently, multiple putative ABA receptors localized at different subcellular sites have been reported. Among these is a major breakthrough in the field of ABA signalling-the identification of a signalling cascade involving the PYR/PYL/RCAR protein family, the type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs), and subfamily 2 of the SNF1-related kinases (SnRK2s). With regard to transport, two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins and two ABA transporters in the nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter (NRT1/PTR) family have been identified. In this review, we summarize recent research progress on the role of ABA in fruit ripening, stress response, and transcriptional regulation, and also the functional verification of both ABA-responsive and ripening-related genes. In addition, we suggest possible commercial applications of genetic manipulation of ABA signalling to improve fruit quality and yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Leng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Bing Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University BouleVard, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yangdong Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, PR China
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Ireland HS, Gunaseelan K, Muddumage R, Tacken EJ, Putterill J, Johnston JW, Schaffer RJ. Ethylene regulates Apple (Malus x domestica) fruit softening through a dose x time-dependent mechanism and through differential sensitivities and dependencies of cell wall-modifying genes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1005-16. [PMID: 24553848 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In fleshy fruit species that have a strong requirement for ethylene to ripen, ethylene is synthesized autocatalytically, producing increasing concentrations as the fruits ripen. Apple fruit with the ACC OXIDASE 1 (ACO1) gene suppressed cannot produce ethylene autocatalytically at ripening. Using these apple lines, an ethylene sensitivity dependency model was previously proposed, with traits such as softening showing a high dependency for ethylene as well as low sensitivity. In this study, it is shown that the molecular control of fruit softening is a complex process, with different cell wall-related genes being independently regulated and exhibiting differential sensitivities to and dependencies on ethylene at the transcriptional level. This regulation is controlled through a dose × time mechanism, which results in a temporal transcriptional response that would allow for progressive cell wall disassembly and thus softening. This research builds on the sensitivity dependency model and shows that ethylene-dependent traits can progress over time to the same degree with lower levels of ethylene. This suggests that a developmental clock measuring cumulative ethylene controls the fruit ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary S Ireland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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