1
|
Zhao LQ, Liu Y, Huang Q, Gao S, Huang MJ, Huang HQ. Effects of cell morphology, physiology, biochemistry and CHS genes on four flower colors of Impatiens uliginosa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1343830. [PMID: 38495370 PMCID: PMC10940378 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1343830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Flower color is one of the important ornamental traits in the plants, which plays an active role in attracting pollinators to pollinate plants and reproduce their offspring. The flower color of Impatiens uliginosa is rich, there are four main flower colors in nature: deep red, red, pink, and white. However, it remains unclear whether on four different flower colors mechanism of I. uliginosa. Methods We investigate colorimetric measurement, observation of epidermal cells, cellular pH determination, extraction and determination of total anthocyanins and flavonoid, semi-quantitative determination of pigment components, and gene cloning and qRT-PCR of CHS genes to study four flower colors of I. uliginosa. Results The L* and b* values were the highest in white flower, while the a* values were the highest in pink flower. The same shape of epidermal cells was observed in different flower colors, which was all irregular flat polygons, and there were partial lignification. Their cellular pH values were weakly acidic, while the pH values of the deep red flower was the highest and the white flower was the lowest. The highest pigment content of the four flower colors was total anthocyanin content. And malvidin-3-galactosidechloride (C23H25ClO12), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C21H21O11) and delphinidin (C15H11O7) were the main pigment components affecting the color of four different flower colors. The anthocyanin synthesis gene IuCHS was expressed in four flowers, and all three copies of it had the highest expression level in pink flower and the lowest expression level in white flower. Discussion These results revealed the influence of main internal factors on four different flower colors of I. uliginosa, and provided a basis for further understanding of the intracellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms of flower color variation, and laid a foundation for the improvement of flower color breeding of Impatiens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mei-Juan Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture, Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, Research and Development Center of Landscape Plants and Horticulture Flowers, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Hai-quan Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture, Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, Research and Development Center of Landscape Plants and Horticulture Flowers, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu K, Chen H, Mei X, Lu S, Xie H, Liu J, Chai L, Xu Q, Wurtzel ET, Ye J, Deng X. Transcription factor CsMADS3 coordinately regulates chlorophyll and carotenoid pools in Citrus hesperidium. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:519-536. [PMID: 37224514 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Citrus, 1 of the largest fruit crops with global economic and nutritional importance, contains fruit known as hesperidium with unique morphological types. Citrus fruit ripening is accompanied by chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis, which are indispensably linked to color formation and the external appearance of citrus fruits. However, the transcriptional coordination of these metabolites during citrus fruit ripening remains unknown. Here, we identified the MADS-box transcription factor CsMADS3 in Citrus hesperidium that coordinates chlorophyll and carotenoid pools during fruit ripening. CsMADS3 is a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator, and its expression is induced during fruit development and coloration. Overexpression of CsMADS3 in citrus calli, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and citrus fruits enhanced carotenoid biosynthesis and upregulated carotenogenic genes while accelerating chlorophyll degradation and upregulating chlorophyll degradation genes. Conversely, the interference of CsMADS3 expression in citrus calli and fruits inhibited carotenoid biosynthesis and chlorophyll degradation and downregulated the transcription of related genes. Further assays confirmed that CsMADS3 directly binds and activates the promoters of phytoene synthase 1 (CsPSY1) and chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (CsLCYb2), 2 key genes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, and STAY-GREEN (CsSGR), a critical chlorophyll degradation gene, which explained the expression alterations of CsPSY1, CsLCYb2, and CsSGR in the above transgenic lines. These findings reveal the transcriptional coordination of chlorophyll and carotenoid pools in the unique hesperidium of Citrus and may contribute to citrus crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Zhu
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xuehan Mei
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Suwen Lu
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Heping Xie
- The Experimental Station of Loose-skin Mandarins in Yichang, Agricultural Technical Service Center of Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei 443100, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Eleanore T Wurtzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016-16 4309, USA
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen C, Zhang M, Zhang M, Yang M, Dai S, Meng Q, Lv W, Zhuang K. ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE 2 regulates β-carotene and ascorbic acid accumulation in tomatoes during ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:2067-2080. [PMID: 36891812 PMCID: PMC10315317 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3/ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3-LIKEs (EIN3/EILs) are important ethylene response factors during fruit ripening. Here, we discovered that EIL2 controls carotenoid metabolism and ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In contrast to the red fruits presented in the wild type (WT) 45 d after pollination, the fruits of CRISPR/Cas9 eil2 mutants and SlEIL2 RNA interference lines (ERIs) showed yellow or orange fruits. Correlation analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data for the ERI and WT ripe fruits revealed that SlEIL2 is involved in β-carotene and AsA accumulation. ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORs (ERFs) are the typical components downstream of EIN3 in the ethylene response pathway. Through a comprehensive screening of ERF family members, we determined that SlEIL2 directly regulates the expression of 4 SlERFs. Two of these, SlERF.H30 and SlERF.G6, encode proteins that participate in the regulation of LYCOPENE-β-CYCLASE 2 (SlLCYB2), encoding an enzyme that mediates the conversion of lycopene to carotene in fruits. In addition, SlEIL2 transcriptionally repressed L-GALACTOSE 1-PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATASE 3 (SlGPP3) and MYO-INOSITOL OXYGENASE 1 (SlMIOX1) expression, which resulted in a 1.62-fold increase of AsA via both the L-galactose and myoinositol pathways. Overall, we demonstrated that SlEIL2 functions in controlling β-carotene and AsA levels, providing a potential strategy for genetic engineering to improve the nutritional value and quality of tomato fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Minmin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Shanshan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Wei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Kunyang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang P, Lu S, Jing R, Hyden B, Li L, Zhao X, Zhang L, Han Y, Zhang X, Xu J, Chen H, Cao H. BCH1 expression pattern contributes to the fruit carotenoid diversity between peach and apricot. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 197:107647. [PMID: 36940521 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) and apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) are two species of economic importance for fruit production in the genus Prunus. Peach and apricot fruits exhibit significant differences in carotenoid levels and profiles. HPLC-PAD analysis showed that a greater content of β-carotene in mature apricot fruits is primarily responsible for orange color, while peach fruits showed a prominent accumulation of xanthophylls (violaxanthin and cryptoxanthin) with yellow color. There are two β-carotene hydroxylase genes in both peach and apricot genomes. Transcriptional analysis revealed that BCH1 expresses highly in peach but lowly in apricot fruit, showing a correlation with peach and apricot fruit carotenoid profiles. By using a carotenoid engineered bacterial system, it was demonstrated that there was no difference in the BCH1 enzymatic activity between peach and apricot. Comparative analysis about the putative cis-acting regulatory elements between peach and apricot BCH1 promoters provided important information for our understanding of the differences in promoter activity of the BCH1 genes in peach and apricot. Therefore, we investigated the promoter activity of BCH1 gene through a GUS detection system, and confirmed that the difference in the transcription level of the BCH1 gene resulted from the difference of the promoter function. This study provides important perspective to understanding the diversity of carotenoid accumulation in Prunus fruits such as peach and apricot. In particular, BCH1 gene is proposed as a main predictor for β-carotene content in peach and apricot fruits during the ripening process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Siyuan Lu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Ruyu Jing
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Brennan Hyden
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xulei Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Lvwen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Yan Han
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Jizhong Xu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Haijiang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China.
| | - Hongbo Cao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
He Y, Wang Y, Zhang M, Liu G, Tian C, Xu X, Pan Y, Shi X, Zhang Z, Meng L. SlBEL11 affects tomato carotenoid accumulation by regulating SlLCY-b2. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1062006. [PMID: 36618682 PMCID: PMC9814965 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1062006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive data have demonstrated that carotenoid accumulation in tomato fruit is influenced by environmental cues and hormonal signals. However, there is insufficient information on the mechanism of its transcriptional regulation, as many molecular roles of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways remain unknown. In this work, we found that the silence of the BEL1-like family transcription factor (TF) BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN 11 (SlBEL11) enhanced carotenoid accumulation in virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) analysis. In its RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic lines, a significant increase in the transcription level for the lycopene beta cyclase 2 (SlLCY-b2) gene was detected, which encoded a key enzyme located at the downstream branch of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. In Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), SlBEL11 protein was confirmed to bind to the promoter of SlLCY-b2 gene. In addition, the dual-luciferase reporter assay showed its intrinsic transcriptional repression activity. Collectively, our findings added a new member to the carotenoid transcriptional regulatory network and expanded the functions of the SlBEL11 transcription factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Mengzhuo Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Guangsen Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Cong Tian
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Xiangbin Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Yonggui Pan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xuequn Shi
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Zhengke Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Lanhuan Meng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China,*Correspondence: Lanhuan Meng,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Salonia F, Ciacciulli A, Pappalardo HD, Poles L, Pindo M, Larger S, Caruso P, Caruso M, Licciardello C. A dual sgRNA-directed CRISPR/Cas9 construct for editing the fruit-specific β-cyclase 2 gene in pigmented citrus fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:975917. [PMID: 36582639 PMCID: PMC9792771 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.975917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is a modern biotechnological approach used to improve plant varieties, modifying only one or a few traits of a specific variety. However, this technology cannot be easily used to improve fruit quality traits in citrus, due to the lack of knowledge of key genes, long juvenile stage, and the difficulty regenerating whole plants of specific varieties. Here, we introduce a genome editing approach with the aim of producing citrus plantlets whose fruits contain both lycopene and anthocyanins. Our method employs a dual single guide RNA (sgRNA)-directed genome editing approach to knockout the fruit-specific β-cyclase 2 gene, responsible for the conversion of lycopene to beta-carotene. The gene is targeted by two sgRNAs simultaneously to create a large deletion, as well as to induce point mutations in both sgRNA targets. The EHA105 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to transform five different anthocyanin-pigmented sweet oranges, belonging to the Tarocco and Sanguigno varietal groups, and 'Carrizo' citrange, a citrus rootstock as a model for citrus transformation. Among 58 plantlets sequenced in the target region, 86% of them were successfully edited. The most frequent mutations were deletions (from -1 to -74 nucleotides) and insertions (+1 nucleotide). Moreover, a novel event was identified in six plantlets, consisting of the inversion of the region between the two sgRNAs. For 20 plantlets in which a single mutation occurred, we excluded chimeric events. Plantlets did not show an altered phenotype in vegetative tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first example of the use of a genome editing approach to potentially improve qualitative traits of citrus fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Salonia
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Angelo Ciacciulli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
| | - Helena Domenica Pappalardo
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
| | - Lara Poles
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Pindo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Trento with S. Michele all’ Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Simone Larger
- Research and Innovation Centre, Trento with S. Michele all’ Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Paola Caruso
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
| | - Marco Caruso
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
| | - Concetta Licciardello
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang J, Yuan H, Wu Y, Yu J, Ali B, Zhang J, Tang Z, Xie J, Lyu J, Liao W. Application of 5-aminolevulinic acid promotes ripening and accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites in postharvest tomato fruit. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1036843. [PMID: 36438749 PMCID: PMC9686309 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1036843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) plays a vital role in promoting plant growth, enhancing stress resistance, and improving fruit yield and quality. In the present study, tomato fruits were harvested at mature green stage and sprayed with 200 mg L-1 ALA on fruit surface. During ripening, the estimation of primary and secondary metabolites, carotenoids, and chlorophyll contents, and the expression levels of key genes involved in their metabolism were carried out. The results showed that ALA significantly promoted carotenoids accumulation by upregulating the gene expression levels of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS, encoding geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase), phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1, encoding phytoene synthase), phytoene desaturase (PDS, encoding phytoene desaturase), and lycopeneβ-cyclase (LCYB, encoding lycopene β-cyclase), whereas chlorophyll content decreased by downregulating the expression levels of Mg-chelatase (CHLH, encoding Mg-chelatase) and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR, encoding protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase). Besides, the contents of soluble solids, vitamin C, soluble protein, free amino acids, total soluble sugar, organic acid, total phenol, and flavonoid were increased in ALA-treated tomato fruit, but the fruit firmness was decreased. These results indicated that the exogenous ALA could not only promote postharvest tomato fruit ripening but also improve the internal nutritional and flavor quality of tomato fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Basharat Ali
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongqi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zacarías-García J, Cronje PJ, Diretto G, Zacarías L, Rodrigo MJ. A comprehensive analysis of carotenoids metabolism in two red-fleshed mutants of Navel and Valencia sweet oranges ( Citrus sinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1034204. [PMID: 36330241 PMCID: PMC9623303 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Kirkwood Navel and Ruby Valencia are two spontaneous bud mutations of the respective parental lines of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) Palmer Navel and Olinda Valencia, showing an atypical red pigmentation of the pulp. These red-fleshed varieties are commercially available and highly attractive for consumers but their carotenoid metabolism and the basis of the mutation have not been investigated. The red colour of Kirkwood and Ruby pulp was observed from the very early stages of fruit development until full maturity and associated with an altered carotenoid profiling. The red-fleshed varieties accumulated from 6- up to 1000-times more total carotenoids compared to the standard oranges. Specifically, the pulp of Kirkwood and Ruby accumulated large amounts of phytoene and phytofluene, and moderate contents of lycopene. Moreover, the red-fleshed oranges contained other unusual carotenes as δ-carotene, and lower concentrations of downstream products such as β,β-xanthophylls, abscisic acid (ABA) and ABA-glucosyl ester. This peculiar profile was associated with chromoplasts with lycopene crystalloid structures and round vesicles likely containing colourless carotenes. The flavedo and leaves of Kirkwood and Ruby showed minor changes in carotenoids, mainly limited to higher levels of phytoene. The carotenoid composition in Kirkwood and Ruby fruits was not explained by differences in the transcriptional profile of 26 genes related to carotenoid metabolism, covering the main steps of biosynthesis, catabolism and other processes related to carotenoid accumulation. Moreover, sequence analysis of the lycopene cyclase genes revealed no alterations in those of the red-fleshed oranges compared to the genes of the standard varieties. A striking event observed in Kirkwood and Ruby trees was the reddish coloration of the inner side of the bark tissue, with larger amounts of phytoene, accumulation of lycopene and lower ABA content. These observation lead to the conclusion that the mutation is not only manifested in fruit, affecting other carotenogenic tissues of the mutant plants, but with different consequences in the carotenoid profile. Overall, the carotenoid composition in the red-fleshed mutants suggests a partial blockage of the lycopene β-cyclization in the carotenoid pathway, rendering a high accumulation of carotenes upstream lycopene and a reduced flow to downstream xanthophylls and ABA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Zacarías-García
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Paul J. Cronje
- Citrus Research International (CRI), Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Biotechnology Laboratory, Casaccia Research Center, Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodrigo
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Advances in engineering the production of the natural red pigment lycopene: A systematic review from a biotechnology perspective. J Adv Res 2022; 46:31-47. [PMID: 35753652 PMCID: PMC10105081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lycopene is a natural red compound with potent antioxidant activity that can be utilized both as pigment and as a raw material in functional food, and so possesses good commercial prospects. The biosynthetic pathway has already been documented, which provides the foundation for lycopene production using biotechnology. AIM OF REVIEW Although lycopene production has begun to take shape, there is still an urgent need to alleviate the yield of lycopene. Progress in this area can provide useful reference for metabolic engineering of lycopene production utilizing multiple approaches. Key scientific concepts of review Using conventional microbial fermentation approaches, biotechnologists have enhanced the yield of lycopene by selecting suitable host strains, utilizing various additives, and optimizing culture conditions. With the development of modern biotechnology, genetic engineering, protein engineering, and metabolic engineering have been applied for lycopene production. Extraction from natural plants is the main way for lycopene production at present. Based on the molecular mechanism of lycopene accumulation, the production of lycopene by plant bioreactor through genetic engineering has a good prospect. Here we summarized common strategies for optimizing lycopene production engineering from a biotechnology perspective, which are mainly carried out by microbial cultivation. We reviewed the challenges and limitations of this approach, summarized the critical aspects, and provided suggestions with the aim of potential future breakthroughs for lycopene production in plants.
Collapse
|
10
|
Shibaya T, Kuroda C, Tsuruoka H, Minami C, Obara A, Nakayama S, Kishida Y, Fujii T, Isobe S. Identification of QTLs for root color and carotenoid contents in Japanese orange carrot F 2 populations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8063. [PMID: 35577860 PMCID: PMC9110420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrot is a major source of provitamin A in a human diet. Two of the most important traits for carrot breeding are carotenoid contents and root color. To examine genomic regions related to these traits and develop DNA markers for carrot breeding, we performed an association analysis based on a general liner model using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in two F2 populations, both derived from crosses of orange root carrots bred in Japan. The analysis revealed 21 significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs). To validate the detection of the QTLs, we also performed a QTL analysis based on a composite interval mapping of these populations and detected 32 QTLs. Eleven of the QTLs were detected by both the association and QTL analyses. The physical position of some QTLs suggested two possible candidate genes, an Orange (Or) gene for visual color evaluation, and the α- and β-carotene contents and a chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (CYC-B) gene for the β/α carotene ratio. A KASP marker developed on the Or distinguished a quantitative color difference in a different, related breeding line. The detected QTLs and the DNA marker will contribute to carrot breeding and the understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in orange carrots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Shibaya
- Fujii Seed Co. Ltd., Fujii Seed, 2-12-38 Juso-higashi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 532-0023, Japan.
| | - Chika Kuroda
- Fujii Seed Co. Ltd., Fujii Seed, 2-12-38 Juso-higashi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 532-0023, Japan
| | - Hisano Tsuruoka
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Chiharu Minami
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Akiko Obara
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | | | - Yoshie Kishida
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Fujii
- Fujii Seed Co. Ltd., Fujii Seed, 2-12-38 Juso-higashi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 532-0023, Japan
| | - Sachiko Isobe
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu H, Cao X, Azam M, Wang C, Liu C, Qiao Y, Zhang B. Metabolism of Carotenoids and β-Ionone Are Mediated by Carotenogenic Genes and PpCCD4 Under Ultraviolet B Irradiation and During Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:814677. [PMID: 35646008 PMCID: PMC9136946 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.814677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential pigments widely distributed in tissues and organs of higher plants, contributing to color, photosynthesis, photoprotection, nutrition, and flavor in plants. White- or yellow-fleshed colors in peach were determined by expression of carotenoids cleavage dioxygenase (PpCCD) genes, catalyzing the degradation of carotenoids. The cracked volatile apocarotenoids are the main contributors to peach aroma and flavor with low sensory threshold concentration. However, the detailed regulatory roles of carotenoids metabolism genes remained unclear under UV-B irradiation. In our study, metabolic balance between carotenoids and apocarotenoids was regulated by the expression of phytoene synthase (PSY), β-cyclase (LCY-B), ε-cyclase (LCY-E), and PpCCD4 under UV-B irradiation. The transcript levels of PpPSY, PpLCY-B, PpLCY-E, and PpCHY-B were elevated 2- to 10-fold compared with control, corresponding to a nearly 30% increase of carotenoids content after 6 h UV-B irradiation. Interestingly, the total carotenoids content decreased by nearly 60% after 48 h of storage, while UV-B delayed the decline of lutein and β-carotene. The transcript level of PpLCY-E increased 17.83-fold compared to control, partially slowing the decline rate of lutein under UV-B irradiation. In addition, the transcript level of PpCCD4 decreased to 30% of control after 48 h UV-B irradiation, in accordance with the dramatic reduction of apocarotenoid volatiles and the delayed decrease of β-carotene. Besides, β-ionone content was elevated by ethylene treatment, and accumulation dramatically accelerated at full ripeness. Taken together, UV-B radiation mediated the metabolic balance of carotenoid biosynthesis and catabolism by controlling the transcript levels of PpPSY, PpLCY-B, PpLCY-E, and PpCCD4 in peach, and the transcript level of PpCCD4 showed a positive relationship with the accumulation of β-ionone during the ripening process. However, the detailed catalytic activity of PpCCD4 with various carotenoid substrates needs to be studied further, and the key transcript factors involved in the regulation of metabolism between carotenoids and apocarotenoids need to be clarified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Liu
- Crop Breeding & Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Agricultural Products Preservation and Processing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangmei Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Azam
- Pomology Laboratory, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Crop Breeding & Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Agricultural Products Preservation and Processing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxia Liu
- Crop Breeding & Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Agricultural Products Preservation and Processing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjin Qiao
- Crop Breeding & Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Agricultural Products Preservation and Processing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moreno JC, Stange C. Heterologous complementation in bacteria for functional analysis of genes encoding carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:471-488. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
Carotenoid extraction, detection, and analysis in citrus. Methods Enzymol 2022; 670:179-212. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
14
|
Li X, Fan J, Luo S, Yin L, Liao H, Cui X, He J, Zeng Y, Qu J, Bu Z. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified important genes and regulatory pathways for flower color variation in Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:495. [PMID: 34706650 PMCID: PMC8549352 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum is a member of Orchidaceae family that is famous for its ornamental value around the globe, it is vulnerable due to over-exploitation and was listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, which prevents its trade across borders. Variation in flower color that gives rise to different flower patterns is a major trait contributing to its high ornamental value. However, the molecular mechanism underlying color formation in P. hirsutissimum still remains unexplored. In the present study, we exploited natural variation in petal and labellum color of Paphiopedilum plants and used comparative transcriptome analysis as well as pigment measurements to explore the important genes, metabolites and regulatory pathways linked to flower color variation in P. hirsutissimum. RESULT We observed that reduced anthocyanin and flavonoid contents along with slightly higher carotenoids are responsible for albino flower phenotype. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified 3287 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among normal and albino labellum, and 3634 DEGs between normal and albino petals. Two genes encoding for flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and one gene encoding for chalcone synthase (CHS) were strongly downregulated in albino labellum and petals compared to normal flowers. As both F3H and CHS catalyze essentially important steps in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, downregulation of these genes is probably leading to albino flower phenotype via down-accumulation of anthocyanins. However, we observed the downregulation of major carotenoid biosynthesis genes including VDE, NCED and ABA2 which was inconsistent with the increased carotenoid accumulation in albino flowers, suggesting that carotenoid accumulation was probably controlled at post-transcriptional or translational level. In addition, we identified several key transcription factors (MYB73, MYB61, bHLH14, bHLH106, MADS-SOC1, AP2/ERF1, ERF26 and ERF87) that may regulate structural genes involved in flower color formation in P. hirsutissimum. Importantly, over-expression of some of these candidate TFs increased anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco leaves which provided important evidence for the role of these TFs in flower color formation probably via regulating key structural genes of the anthocyanin pathway. CONCLUSION The genes identified here could be potential targets for breeding P. hirsutissimum with different flower color patterns by manipulating the anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Li
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Jizheng Fan
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Shuming Luo
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Ling Yin
- Guangxi Key Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Hongying Liao
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Xueqiang Cui
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Jingzhou He
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Junjie Qu
- Guangxi Key Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Bu
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Takemura M, Misawa N. Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Liverworts. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1261:115-119. [PMID: 33783734 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, there are many studies on carotenoid biosynthetic pathways and their relevant genes. On the other hand, few researches exist on carotenoid biosynthesis in early-land plants containing liverworts, mosses, and ferns. Thus, the evolutionary history of carotenoid biosynthesis genes in land plants has remained unclear. A liverwort Marchantia polymorpha is thought to be one of the first land plants, since this plant remains a primitive figure. Moreover, this liverwort is regarded as the model plant of bryophytes due to several reasons. In this chapter, we review carotenoid biosynthesis in liverworts and discuss the functional evolution and evolutionary history of carotenogenic genes in land plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Takemura
- Laboratory for Gene Function, Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi-shi, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhu K, Sun Q, Chen H, Mei X, Lu S, Ye J, Chai L, Xu Q, Deng X. Ethylene activation of carotenoid biosynthesis by a novel transcription factor CsERF061. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3137-3154. [PMID: 33543285 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (LCYb2) is a critical carotenogenic enzyme, which controls the massive accumulation of downstream carotenoids, especially provitamin A carotenoids, in citrus. Its regulatory metabolism is largely unknown. Here, we identified a group I ethylene response factor, CsERF061, in citrus by yeast one-hybrid screen with the promoter of LCYb2. The expression of CsERF061 was induced by ethylene. Transcript and protein levels of CsERF061 were increased during fruit development and coloration. CsERF061 is a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator, which directly binds to the promoter of LCYb2 and activates its expression. Overexpression of CsERF061 in citrus calli and tomato fruits enhanced carotenoid accumulation by increasing the expression of key carotenoid pathway genes, and increased the number of chromoplasts needed to sequester the elevated concentrations of carotenoids, which was accompanied by changes in the concentrations of abscisic acid and gibberellin. Electrophoretic mobility shift and dual-luciferase assays verified that CsERF061 activates the promoters of nine other key carotenoid pathway genes, PSY1, PDS, CRTISO, LCYb1, BCH, ZEP, NCED3, CCD1, and CCD4, revealing the multitargeted regulation of CsERF061. Collectively, our findings decipher a novel regulatory network of carotenoid enhancement by CsERF061, induced by ethylene, which will be useful for manipulating carotenoid accumulation in citrus and other plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Quan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuehan Mei
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Suwen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ma G, Zhang L, Kudaka R, Inaba H, Furuya T, Kitamura M, Kitaya Y, Yamamoto R, Yahata M, Matsumoto H, Kato M. Exogenous Application of ABA and NAA Alleviates the Delayed Coloring Caused by Puffing Inhibitor in Citrus Fruit. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020308. [PMID: 33546256 PMCID: PMC7913354 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined spraying of gibberellin (GA) and prohydrojasmon (PDJ) was an effective method to reduce peel puffing in Satsuma mandarins. However, in the GA-and-PDJ combined treatment, fruit color development was delayed during the ripening process. In the present study, to improve the coloration of the GA and PDJ-treated fruit, the effects of exogenous application of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) on chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation were investigated. The results showed that both ABA and NAA treatments accelerated the color changes from green to orange in the GA and PDJ-treated fruit during the ripening process. With the NAA and ABA treatments, chlorophylls contents were decreased rapidly, and the contents of β,β-xanthophylls were significantly enhanced in the GA and PDJ-treated fruit. In addition, gene expression results showed that the changes of the chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolisms in the NAA and ABA treatments were highly regulated at the transcriptional level. The results presented in this study suggested that the application of NAA and ABA could potentially be used for improving the coloration of the GA and PDJ-treated fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Lancui Zhang
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Rin Kudaka
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Hayato Inaba
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Takuma Furuya
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Minami Kitamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Yurika Kitaya
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Risa Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Masaki Yahata
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Hikaru Matsumoto
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science (NIFTS), National Agriculture and Bio-Oriented Research Organization (NARO), Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan;
| | - Masaya Kato
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-54-238-4830
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xi W, Zhang L, Liu S, Zhao G. The Genes of CYP, ZEP, and CCD1/4 Play an Important Role in Controlling Carotenoid and Aroma Volatile Apocarotenoid Accumulation of Apricot Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:607715. [PMID: 33391319 PMCID: PMC7775601 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.607715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important coloration molecules and indispensable component of the human diet. And these compounds confer most of the apricot fruit yellow or orange color. In China, fruit of some apricot cultivar present light-yellow color but strong flowery flavor, however, the chemical mechanism remains unknown. Here, carotenoids and aroma volatile apocarotenoids (AVAs) in three skin types of apricot cultivars (orange, yellow, and light-yellow skinned) were determined by HPLC and GC-MS, respectively. And the transcript levels of carotenogenic genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The orange-skinned cultivars "Hongyu" and "Danxing" fruit presented the most abundant total carotenoid, β-carotene and specific α-carotene contents, and β-carotene (52-77%) increased to become the dominant carotenoid during fruit ripening. The transcript levels of lycopene β-cyclase (LCYb) and β-carotene hydroxylase (CHYb) sharply increased during ripening. The yellow-skinned cultivars "Sulian No. 2" and "Akeyaleke" fruit contained lower levels of total carotenoids and β-carotene but were rich in phytoene. The light-yellow coloration of "Baixing" and "Luntaixiaobaixing" fruit was attributed to low amounts of total carotenoids, lutein, and neoxanthin and an absence of β-cryptoxanthin, but high level of aroma volatile apocarotenoids (AVAs) such as β-ionone were detected in these cultivars fruit, accompanied by low transcript levels of carotene hydroxylase (CYP) and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) but high levels of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (CCD1) and CCD4. Correlation analysis showed that the expression level of CCD1 negatively correlated with carotenoid accumulation but positively with AVAs production. These collected results suggest that both carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation are important for apricot coloration and aroma formation. CYP, ZEP, CCD1, and CCD4 may be the key regulation points for carotenoid and AVAs accumulation in apricot fruit, which provide important targets for quality-oriented molecular breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanpeng Xi
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengyu Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lana G, Zacarias-Garcia J, Distefano G, Gentile A, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L. Transcriptional Analysis of Carotenoids Accumulation and Metabolism in a Pink-Fleshed Lemon Mutant. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1294. [PMID: 33143225 PMCID: PMC7692314 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pink lemon is a spontaneous bud mutation of lemon (Citrus limon, L. Burm. f) characterized by the production of pink-fleshed fruits due to an unusual accumulation of lycopene. To elucidate the genetic determinism of the altered pigmentation, comparative carotenoid profiling and transcriptional analysis of both the genes involved in carotenoid precursors and metabolism, and the proteins related to carotenoid-sequestering structures were performed in pink-fleshed lemon and its wild-type. The carotenoid profile of pink lemon pulp is characterized by an increased accumulation of linear carotenoids, such as lycopene, phytoene and phytofluene, from the early stages of development, reaching their maximum in mature green fruits. The distinctive phenotype of pink lemon is associated with an up-regulation and down-regulation of the genes upstream and downstream the lycopene cyclase, respectively. In particular, 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase genes were overexpressed in pink lemon compared with the wild-type, suggesting an altered regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis. Similarly, during early development of the fruits, genes of the carotenoid-associated proteins heat shock protein 21, fibrillin 1 and 2 and orange gene were overexpressed in the pulp of the pink-fleshed lemon compared to the wild-type, indicating its increased capacity for sequestration, stabilization or accumulation of carotenes. Altogether, the results highlighted significant differences at the transcriptomic level between the pink-fleshed lemon and its wild-type, in terms of carotenoid metabolism and the capacity of stabilization in storage structures between the two accessions. Such changes may be either responsible for the altered carotenoid accumulation or in contrast, a metabolic consequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lana
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.L.); (G.D.); (A.G.)
| | - Jaime Zacarias-Garcia
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (J.Z.-G.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Gaetano Distefano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.L.); (G.D.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.L.); (G.D.); (A.G.)
| | - María J. Rodrigo
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (J.Z.-G.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Lorenzo Zacarias
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (J.Z.-G.); (M.J.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao Z, Liu Z, Mao X. Biotechnological Advances in Lycopene β-Cyclases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11895-11907. [PMID: 33073992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene β-cyclase is one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of carotenoids, which catalyzes the β-cyclization of both ends of lycopene to produce β-carotene. Lycopene β-cyclases are found in a wide range of sources, mainly plants and microorganisms. Lycopene β-cyclases have been extensively studied for their important catalytic activity, including for use in genetic engineering to modify plants and microorganisms, as a blocking target for lycopene industrial production strains, and for their genetic and physiological effects related to microorganic and plant biological traits. This review of lycopene β-cyclases summarizes the major studies on their basic classification, functional activity, metabolic engineering, and plant science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhu K, Zheng X, Ye J, Jiang Q, Chen H, Mei X, Wurtzel ET, Deng X. Building the Synthetic Biology Toolbox with Enzyme Variants to Expand Opportunities for Biofortification of Provitamin A and Other Health-Promoting Carotenoids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12048-12057. [PMID: 33073979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a large class of structures that are important in human health and include both provitamin A and nonprovitamin A compounds. Vitamin A deficiency is a global health problem that can be alleviated by enriching provitamin A carotenoids in a range of food crops. Suitable plants for biofortification are those with high levels of the provitamin A biosynthetic precursor, lycopene, which is enzymatically converted by lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) to β-carotene, a provitamin A carotenoid. Crops, such as citrus, naturally accumulate high levels of provitamin A and other health-promoting carotenoids. Such plants may have useful genes to expand the synthetic biology toolbox for producing a range of phenotypes, including both high provitamin A crops and crops with unique compositions of health-promoting carotenoids. To examine enzyme variants having different activity levels, we introduced two citrus LCYB alleles into tomato, a plant with fruit rich in lycopene. Overexpression in tomato of the stronger allele of the citrus chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (CsLCYb2a) produced "golden" transgenic tomato fruits with 9.3-fold increased levels of β-carotene at up to 1.5 mg/g dry weight. The use of the weaker allele, CsLCYb2b, also led to enhanced levels of β-carotene but in the context of a more heterogeneous composition of carotenoids. From a synthetic biology standpoint, these allelic differences have value for producing cultivars with unique carotenoid profiles. Overexpression of the citrus LCYB genes was accompanied by increased expression of other genes encoding carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes and increased size and number of chromoplasts needed to sequester the elevated levels of carotenoids in the transgenic tomato fruits. The overexpression of the citrus LCYB genes also led to a pleiotropic effect on profiles of phytohormones and primary metabolites. Our findings show that enzyme variants are essential synthetic biology parts needed to create a wider range of metabolic engineering products. In this case, strong and weak variants of LCYB proved useful in creating dietary sources to alleviate vitamin A deficiency or, alternatively, to create crops with a heterogeneous composition including provitamin A and healthful, nonprovitamin A carotenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York 10468, United States
| | - Xiongjie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qihang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xuehan Mei
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Eleanore T Wurtzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York 10468, United States
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016-4309, United States
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zacarías-García J, Lux PE, Carle R, Schweiggert RM, Steingass CB, Zacarías L, Rodrigo MJ. Characterization of the Pale Yellow Petal/Xanthophyll Esterase gene family in citrus as candidates for carotenoid esterification in fruits. Food Chem 2020; 342:128322. [PMID: 33092926 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In orange-pigmented citrus fruits, the xanthophyll esters are the predominant carotenoids, but their biosynthetic origin is currently unknown. In this work, seven PYP/XES (Pale Yellow Petal/ Xanthophyll esterase) genes were identified in Citrus genomes, but only PYP1-4 and 6 contained the structural domains essential for activity. The PYP/XES expression profiles in sweet orange and in other Citrus species such as lemon, mandarin and pummelo with marked differences in fruit pigmentation and content of xanthophylls esters, showed the upregulation of PYP1,2 and 6 genes during ripening only in orange-pigmented fruits. Moreover, transcript levels of PYP1, 2 and 6 genes in peel and pulp of sweet orange were accompanied by the accumulation of xanthophyll esters during ripening. This work reports for the first time the PYP/XES gene family in Citrus and strongly suggests its involvement in xanthophyll esterification in citrus fruit tissues and its influence in carotenoid accumulation and fruit pigmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Zacarías-García
- Food Biotechnology Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Peter E Lux
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Chair Food Biofunctionality, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80257, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ralf M Schweiggert
- Department of Beverage Research, Chair Analysis & Technology of Plant-based Foods, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany.
| | - Christof B Steingass
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Beverage Research, Chair Analysis & Technology of Plant-based Foods, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany.
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Food Biotechnology Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| | - María J Rodrigo
- Food Biotechnology Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ma G, Zhang L, Kitaya Y, Seoka M, Kudaka R, Yahata M, Yamawaki K, Shimada T, Fujii H, Endo T, Kato M. Blue LED light induces regreening in the flavedo of Valencia orange in vitro. Food Chem 2020; 335:127621. [PMID: 32738533 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of blue LED light on the regreening of citrus fruit were investigated in an in vitro system of Valencia orange flavedos. The results showed that blue LED light irradiation induced regreening in the flavedos. After four-week culture in vitro, the flavedos exhibited obviously green color in the blue LED light treatment, while the flavedos in the control were still in orange color. During the regreening process, the blue LED light treatment induced chlorophyll accumulation, and substantially altered the carotenoid composition in the flavedos. Compared with the control, the content of 9-cis-violaxanthin was decreased, while the contents of lutein, β-carotene, and all-trans-violaxanthin were increased by blue LED light. In addition, gene expression results showed that the up-regulation of CitLCYe and down-regulation of CitLCYb2 by blue LED light led to a shift from β,β-branch to β,ε-branch of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Lancui Zhang
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Yurika Kitaya
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Mao Seoka
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Rin Kudaka
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Masaki Yahata
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Yamawaki
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Shimada
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Endo
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan.
| | - Masaya Kato
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang D, Li S, Wei L, Li Z, Liu B, Cao D. Transcriptome analysis identifies key genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in the flesh of red pummelo (Citrus maxima). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1792341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dongxia Wang
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Qinghai, Xining, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Qinghai, Xining, PR China
| | - Shiming Li
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, PR China
| | - Le Wei
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Biologic and Geographic Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Qinghai, Xining, PR China
| | - Zongren Li
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Qinghai, Xining, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Qinghai, Xining, PR China
| | - Baolong Liu
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, PR China
- Laboratory of Wheat Quality Improvement, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, PR China
| | - Dong Cao
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Qinghai, Xining, PR China
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, PR China
- Laboratory of Wheat Quality Improvement, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zou S, Shahid MQ, Zhao C, Wang M, Bai Y, He Y, Lin S, Yang X. Transcriptional analysis for the difference in carotenoids accumulation in flesh and peel of white-fleshed loquat fruit. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233631. [PMID: 32589636 PMCID: PMC7319346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is divided into yellow- and white-fleshed based on the difference in fruit color, and the variations in carotenoids accumulation are considered as the main reasons for this difference. Using RNA-seq technology, a transcriptome analysis was carried out on the flesh and peel of ‘Baiyu’ fruit during four different fruit development stages. A total of 172.53 Gb clean reads with an average of 6.33 Gb reads were detected for each library, and the percentage of Q30 was higher than 90.84%. We identified 16 carotenogenic and 13 plastid-lipid-associated protein (PAP) genes through RNA-seq. Of these, five carotenogenic and four PAP related genes exhibited remarkable differences in the expression patterns. Carotenoids biosynthetic genes, including DXS, PSY1 and VDE displayed higher expression levels in peel than that in the flesh. However, carotenoids decomposition gene, such as NCDE1, exhibited higher expression in flesh than that in the peel. Notably, all differentially expressed PAP genes showed higher expression levels in peel than flesh. We inferred that the differential accumulation of carotenoids in flesh and peel of 'Baiyu' is caused by the up- or down-regulation of the carotenogenic and PAP related genes. The functional analysis of these important genes will provide valuable information about underlying molecular mechanism of carotenoids accumulation in loquat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim Shahid
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongbin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunlu Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yehua He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunquan Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YXH); (LSQ)
| | - Xianghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YXH); (LSQ)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cerda A, Moreno JC, Acosta D, Godoy F, Cáceres JC, Cabrera R, Stange C. Functional characterisation and in silico modelling of MdPSY2 variants and MdPSY5 phytoene synthases from Malus domestica. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 249:153166. [PMID: 32422487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are plastid isoprenoid pigments that play critical roles in light harvesting, photoprotection, and phytohormone biosynthesis. They are also vitamin-A precursors and antioxidant molecules important for human nutrition. Apples (e.g. Malus x domestica Borkh), one of the most widely consumed fruits with high nutrient levels, have a very low carotenoid concentration in flesh, compared with other fruits and vegetables. This could be explained by a deficiency in carotenoid synthesis/accumulation and/or accelerated degradation. We analysed the contribution of M. domestica cv. 'Fuji' phytoene synthase (PSY) in the biosynthesis of carotenoids and determined that among four MdPSY genes present in the organism, MdPSY2 and MdPSY5 are highly expressed in leaves and during fruit ripening in line with an increment in carotenoid content in fruits. Furthermore, two representative polymorphic MdPSY2 variants were found, one with a Tyr358Phe substitution (MdPSY2_F) and the other that additionally has a six-amino-acid deletion in the signal peptide (MdPSY2_CG). MdPSY2, MdPSY5, MdPSY2_F and MdPSY2_CG are all localised in plastids. Interestingly, the polymorphic MdPSY2_F and MdPSY2_CG variants show lower enzymatic activity than the wild-type form in a heterologous complementation assay, which could be attributed to the Tyr358Phe substitution close to the active-site pocket, as was suggested by 3-D modelling analysis. The presence of polymorphic MdPSY2 variants with lower enzymatic activity could be partially responsible for the low carotenoid content in Fuji apple fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Cerda
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Moreno
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daniel Acosta
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Godoy
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Cáceres
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Cabrera
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Stange
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yan H, Pengfei W, Brennan H, Ping Q, Bingxiang L, Feiyan Z, Hongbo C, Haijiang C. Diversity of carotenoid composition, sequestering structures and gene transcription in mature fruits of four Prunus species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:113-123. [PMID: 32213457 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The genus Prunus contains many fruits used in the human diet, which exhibit a variety of different flavors. However, publications on the diversity of carotenoid profiles and sequestering structures in Prunus fruits are limited. In this study, carotenoids and their associated sequestering structures in mature fruits of four Prunus species, including peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batschi], nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batschi var. nucipersica], plum (Prunus salicina L.), and apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) were investigated. HPLC-PAD analysis revealed that mature fruits all accumulated carotenoid esters, while their profiles and levels differed significantly. Transcription analysis suggested a positive correlation between carotenogenic genes and carotenoid profiles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed a common globular chromoplast in Prunus. However, the number and size of plastids and plastoglobules varied between species. Noticeably, the white-flesh Ruiguang 19 nectarine contained plastids similar to chromoplasts, except with smaller plastoglobules. In addition, it seemed like a lipid-dissolved β-carotene form in apricot fruits, which is more effectively absorbed by humans than the solid-crystalline form. Moreover, the lowest transcriptions of plastid-related genes were found in Friar plum, and GLK2 and OR genes were presumed to be associated with the largest chromoplasts observed in apricot. We investigated the correlations among carotenoid accumulation, plastid characteristics and gene transcription and found that chromoplast development is likely more important in determining carotenoid accumulation than carotenogenic transcription in Prunus fruits. This study presents the first report on the diversity of carotenoid sequestering structures in Prunus fruits and suggests some crucial genes associated with diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Yan
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Wang Pengfei
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Hyden Brennan
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Qu Ping
- Institute of Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Liu Bingxiang
- College of Forest, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Zhang Feiyan
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Cao Hongbo
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding Hebei, 071000, China.
| | - Chen Haijiang
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding Hebei, 071000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Expression of a Chromoplast-Specific Lycopene β-Cyclase Gene ( CYC- B) Is Implicated in Carotenoid Accumulation and Coloration in the Loquat. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120874. [PMID: 31847172 PMCID: PMC6995616 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are the principal pigments in the loquat. Although the metabolic pathway of plant carotenoids has been extensively investigated, few studies have been explored the regulatory mechanisms of loquat carotenoids because knowledge of the loquat genome is incomplete. The chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase gene (CYC-B) could catalyze cyclization of lycopene to β-carotene. In this study, the differential accumulation patterns of loquat with different colors were analyzed and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was utilized in order to verify CYC-B gene function. Using a cloning strategy of homologous genes, a CYC-B gene orthologue was successfully identified from the loquat. At a later stage of maturation, CYC-B gene expression and carotenoids concentrations in the ‘Dawuxing’ variety were higher than in ‘Chuannong 1-5-9′, possibly leading to the difference in pulp coloration of loquat. Interference of CYC-B gene expression in the loquat demonstrated clear visual changes. The green color in negative control fruits became yellow, while TRV2-CYC-B silenced fruits remained green. CYC-B gene expression and total carotenoid content in the pulp decreased by 32.5% and 44.1%, respectively. Furthermore, multiple key genes in the carotenoid metabolic pathway synergistically responded to downregulation of CYC-B gene expression. In summary, we provide direct evidences that CYC-B gene is involved in carotenoid accumulation and coloration in the loquat.
Collapse
|
29
|
Lux PE, Carle R, Zacarías L, Rodrigo MJ, Schweiggert RM, Steingass CB. Genuine Carotenoid Profiles in Sweet Orange [ Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Navel] Peel and Pulp at Different Maturity Stages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13164-13175. [PMID: 31665598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The carotenogenesis in the endocarp and flavedo of Navel oranges over four consecutive maturity stages was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-multistage mass spectrometry. After optimization of the extraction method, 77 carotenoids, including 26 monoesters and 33 diesters of violaxanthin, β-citraurin, and antheraxanthin, were characterized. Whereas chloroplast-specific pigments, such as (all-E)-lutein and (all-E)-β-carotene, predominated in the flavedo of green-ripe fruit, a highly complex pattern of xanthophyll esters was found in the mature oranges. Total carotenoid contents of flavedo were approximately 9-fold higher [12 605 μg/100 g of fresh weight (FW)] than those in the endocarp (1354 μg/100 g of FW) at the fully mature stage. The mature endocarp abundantly contained violaxanthin mono- and diesters, in addition to diverse antheraxanthin esters, which were exclusively detected in this fruit fraction. Likewise, β-citraurin esters were found to be unique flavedo constituents of mature fruit. Therefore, they may support the detection of fraudulent use of peel fractions during orange juice production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Lux
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Chair Food Biofunctionality , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Post Office Box 80257, Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Catedrático Agustin Escardino 7 , 46980 Paterna , Valencia , Spain
| | - María-Jesús Rodrigo
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Catedrático Agustin Escardino 7 , 46980 Paterna , Valencia , Spain
| | - Ralf M Schweiggert
- Department of Beverage Research, Chair Analysis & Technology of Plant-Based Foods , Geisenheim University , Von-Lade-Straße 1 , 65366 Geisenheim , Germany
| | - Christof B Steingass
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
- Department of Beverage Research, Chair Analysis & Technology of Plant-Based Foods , Geisenheim University , Von-Lade-Straße 1 , 65366 Geisenheim , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sestili F, Garcia-Molina MD, Gambacorta G, Beleggia R, Botticella E, De Vita P, Savatin DV, Masci S, Lafiandra D. Provitamin A Biofortification of Durum Wheat through a TILLING Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225703. [PMID: 31739436 PMCID: PMC6888361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macro- and micronutrients, essential for the maintenance of human metabolism, are assimilated daily through the diet. Wheat and other major cereals are a good source of nutrients, such as carbohydrates and proteins, but cannot supply a sufficient amount of essential micronutrients, including provitamin A. As vitamin A deficiency (VAD) leads to several serious diseases throughout the world, the biofortification of a major staple crop, such as wheat, represents an effective way to preserve human health in developing countries. In the present work, a key enzyme involved in the branch of carotenoids pathway producing β-carotene, lycopene epsilon cyclase, has been targeted by a Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) approach in a “block strategy” perspective. The null mutant genotype showed a strong reduction in the expression of the lcyE gene and also interesting pleiotropic effects on an enzyme (β-ring hydroxylase) acting downstream in the pathway. Biochemical profiling of carotenoids in the wheat mutant lines showed an increase of roughly 75% in β-carotene in the grains of the complete mutant line compared with the control. In conclusion, we describe here the production and characterization of a new wheat line biofortified with provitamin A obtained through a nontransgenic approach, which also sheds new light on the molecular mechanism governing carotenoid biosynthesis in durum wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.S.); (M.D.G.-M.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (D.V.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Maria Dolores Garcia-Molina
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.S.); (M.D.G.-M.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (D.V.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Gianluca Gambacorta
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.S.); (M.D.G.-M.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (D.V.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Romina Beleggia
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.B.); (P.D.V.)
| | - Ermelinda Botticella
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.S.); (M.D.G.-M.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (D.V.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Pasquale De Vita
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.B.); (P.D.V.)
| | - Daniel Valentin Savatin
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.S.); (M.D.G.-M.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (D.V.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefania Masci
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.S.); (M.D.G.-M.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (D.V.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Domenico Lafiandra
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.S.); (M.D.G.-M.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (D.V.S.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0761-357-243
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rodrigo MJ, Lado J, Alós E, Alquézar B, Dery O, Hirschberg J, Zacarías L. A mutant allele of ζ-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is associated with the yellow pigmentation of the "Pinalate" sweet orange mutant and reveals new insights into its role in fruit carotenogenesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:465. [PMID: 31684878 PMCID: PMC6829850 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit coloration is one of the main quality parameters of Citrus fruit primarily determined by genetic factors. The fruit of ordinary sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) displays a pleasant orange tint due to accumulation of carotenoids, representing β,β-xanthophylls more than 80% of the total content. 'Pinalate' is a spontaneous bud mutant, or somatic mutation, derived from sweet orange 'Navelate', characterized by yellow fruits due to elevated proportions of upstream carotenes and reduced β,β-xanthophylls, which suggests a biosynthetic blockage at early steps of the carotenoid pathway. RESULTS To identify the molecular basis of 'Pinalate' yellow fruit, a complete characterization of carotenoids profile together with transcriptional changes in carotenoid biosynthetic genes were performed in mutant and parental fruits during development and ripening. 'Pinalate' fruit showed a distinctive carotenoid profile at all ripening stages, accumulating phytoene, phytofluene and unusual proportions of 9,15,9'-tri-cis- and 9,9'-di-cis-ζ-carotene, while content of downstream carotenoids was significantly decreased. Transcript levels for most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes showed no alterations in 'Pinalate'; however, the steady-state level mRNA of ζ-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO), which catalyses the conversion of 9,15,9'-tri-cis- to 9,9'-di-cis-ζ-carotene, was significantly reduced both in 'Pinalate' fruit and leaf tissues. Isolation of the 'Pinalate' Z-ISO genomic sequence identified a new allele with a single nucleotide insertion at the second exon, which generates an alternative splicing site that alters Z-ISO transcripts encoding non-functional enzyme. Moreover, functional assays of citrus Z-ISO in E.coli showed that light is able to enhance a non-enzymatic isomerization of tri-cis to di-cis-ζ-carotene, which is in agreement with the partial rescue of mutant phenotype when 'Pinalate' fruits are highly exposed to light during ripening. CONCLUSION A single nucleotide insertion has been identified in 'Pinalate' Z-ISO gene that results in truncated proteins. This causes a bottleneck in the carotenoid pathway with an unbalanced content of carotenes upstream to β,β-xanthophylls in fruit tissues. In chloroplastic tissues, the effects of Z-ISO alteration are mainly manifested as a reduction in total carotenoid content. Taken together, our results indicate that the spontaneous single nucleotide insertion in Z-ISO is the molecular basis of the yellow pigmentation in 'Pinalate' sweet orange and points this isomerase as an essential activity for carotenogenesis in citrus fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María J. Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Joanna Lado
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Salto, Uruguay
| | - Enriqueta Alós
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Berta Alquézar
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP) UPV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Orly Dery
- Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Hirschberg
- Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tan H, Chen X, Liang N, Chen R, Chen J, Hu C, Li Q, Li Q, Pei W, Xiao W, Yuan Y, Chen W, Zhang L. Transcriptome analysis reveals novel enzymes for apo-carotenoid biosynthesis in saffron and allows construction of a pathway for crocetin synthesis in yeast. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4819-4834. [PMID: 31056664 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Crocus sativus is generally considered the source of saffron spice which is rich in apo-carotenoid compounds such as crocins, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal, which possess effective pharmacological activities. However, little is known about the exact genes involved in apo-carotenoid biosynthesis in saffron and the potential mechanism of specific accumulation in the stigma. In this study, we integrated stigmas at different developmental stages to perform in-depth transcriptome and dynamic metabolomic analyses to discover the potential key catalytic steps involved in apo-carotenoid biosynthesis in saffron. A total of 61 202 unigenes were obtained, and 28 regulators and 32 putative carotenogenic genes were captured after the co-expression network analysis. Moreover, 15 candidate genes were predicted to be closely related to safranal and crocin production, in which one aldehyde dehydrogenase (CsALDH3) was validated to oxidize crocetin dialdehyde into crocetin and a crocetin-producing yeast strain was created. In addition, a new branch pathway that catalyses the conversion of geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate to copalol and ent-kaurene by the class II diterpene synthase CsCPS1 and three class I diterpene synthases CsEKL1/2/3 were investigated for the first time. Such gene to apo-carotenoid landscapes illuminate the synthetic charactersistics and regulators of apo-carotenoid biosynthesis, laying the foundation for a deep understanding of the biosynthesis mechanism and metabolic engineering of apo-carotenoids in plants or microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hexin Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianghui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruibing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhong Pei
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Killiny N, Nehela Y. Abscisic acid deficiency caused by phytoene desaturase silencing is associated with dwarfing syndrome in citrus. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:965-980. [PMID: 31055623 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02418-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In citrus, abscisic acid-deficiency was associated with a dwarfing phenotype, slow growth, small leaves, decreased fresh weight, and faster water loss. ABA supplementation reversed the dwarfing phenotype and enhanced growth. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a ubiquitously distributed phytohormone, which is almost produced by all living kingdoms. In plants, ABA plays pleiotropic physiological roles in growth, development, and stress responses. We explored the hidden relationship between ABA deficiency, and citrus dwarfing. We used targeted-HPLC, targeted-GC-MS, molecular genetics, immunoassays, and gene expression techniques to investigate the effects of the silencing of phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene on the ABA-biosynthetic pathway, endogenous ABA content, and other phytohormones. Silencing of PDS directly suppressed the carotenoids compounds involved in ABA biosynthesis, altered phytohormonal profile, and caused phytoene accumulation and ABA deficiency. The reduction of ABA presumably due to the limited availability of its precursor, zeaxanthin. The ABA-deficient citrus cuttings displayed photobleaching, a dwarf phenotype with impaired growth characteristics that included slow growth, small leaves, decreased fresh weight, and faster water loss. ABA supplementation enhanced the growth and reversed the dwarfing phenotype of the ABA-deficient cuttings. Our data demonstrate that ABA-deficiency may lead to dwarfing phenotype and impaired growth in citrus cuttings. The negative influence of ABA-deficiency on growth rate is the result of altered water relations. Addition of ABA to the CTV-tPDS roots restored shoot growth and reversed the dwarfing phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA.
| | - Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lycopene cyclases determine high α-/β-carotene ratio and increased carotenoids in bananas ripening at high temperatures. Food Chem 2019; 283:131-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
35
|
Petry FC, de Nadai FB, Cristofani-Yaly M, Latado RR, Mercadante AZ. Carotenoid biosynthesis and quality characteristics of new hybrids between tangor (Citrus reticulata x C. sinensis) cv. 'Murcott' and sweet orange (C. sinensis) cv. 'Pêra'. Food Res Int 2019; 122:461-470. [PMID: 31229100 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic characteristics, as well as the relation between carotenoid accumulation and gene expression during ripening were determined in fruits of five new hybrids between tangor cv. 'Murcott' and sweet orange cv. 'Pêra'. The genotypes were classified into the orange-like group, showing mainly epoxycarotenoids, oval fruit shape and yellowish color, or in the mandarin-like group, showing mainly β-cryptoxanthin, flattened shape and deep-orange coloration; although some hybrids presented intermediate characteristics. The diversity in carotenoid composition of hybrids and genitors were mostly explained by patterns of gene expression. High carotenoid (250-426 μg/g dry weight [dw]) and β-cryptoxanthin (81-125 μg/g dw) contents, observed in the mandarin-like group, were generally associated with high expression of upstream genes (GGPPS1, PSY, PDS). On the other hand, low expression/repression of these genes and high expression of downstream genes (BCHX and ZEP) were associated with low carotenoid (~158 μg/g dw) and β-cryptoxanthin (5-22 μg/g dw) contents and epoxycarotenoid accumulation, as occurred in the orange-like group. Breeding experiments resulted in hybrids with outstanding higher carotenoid contents than both genitors (up to 426 μg/g dw versus 158-250 μg/g dw in genitors), which was attributed to transgressive segregation. Differences among genotypes have great impact on commercial fruit quality and potential health benefits, such as the provitamin A content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane C Petry
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fabio B de Nadai
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 158, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Cristofani-Yaly
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 158, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Latado
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 158, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Adriana Z Mercadante
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ke Q, Kang L, Kim HS, Xie T, Liu C, Ji CY, Kim SH, Park WS, Ahn MJ, Wang S, Li H, Deng X, Kwak SS. Down-regulation of lycopene ε-cyclase expression in transgenic sweetpotato plants increases the carotenoid content and tolerance to abiotic stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 281:52-60. [PMID: 30824061 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are required for many biological processes in plants and humans. Lycopene ε-cyclase (LCY-ε) catalyzes the conversion of lycopene into lutein via the α-branch carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Down-regulation of IbLCY-ε by RNAi increases carotenoid accumulation and salt stress tolerance in transgenic sweetpotato calli. As the role of IbLCY-ε in carotenoid biosynthesis and environmental stress responses in whole plants is poorly understood, transgenic sweetpotato (RLE plants) with reduced expression of IbLCY-ε were developed. RLE plants contained higher levels of total carotenoid and β-carotene, due to an elevated β-carotene/lutein ratio rather than increased de novo biosynthesis. RLE plants showed high reactive oxygen species/radical-scavenging activity. They also exhibited an enhanced tolerance of both salt and drought stress, which was associated with lower membrane permeability and a higher photosynthetic rate, respectively. Elevated carotenoid accumulation in RLE plants mitigated the reductions in leaf photosystem II efficiency and chlorophyll induced by abiotic stress. Expression of the carotenoid cleavage genes 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (CCD1) and CCD4 was higher in RLE plants, as was abscisic acid accumulation. IbLCY-ε silencing thus offers an effective approach for developing sweetpotato plants with increased tolerance to abiotic stress that will grow on global marginal lands with no reduction in nutritional value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Ke
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Le Kang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, China
| | - Ho Soo Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tian Xie
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chunjuan Liu
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chang Yoon Ji
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sung Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudae-ro, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudae-ro, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Shiwen Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hongbing Li
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiping Deng
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Sang-Soo Kwak
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sanguinello and Tarocco (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck): Bioactive compounds and colour appearance of blood oranges. Food Chem 2019; 270:395-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
38
|
Yan F, Shi M, He Z, Wu L, Xu X, He M, Chen J, Deng X, Cheng Y, Xu J. Largely different carotenogenesis in two pummelo fruits with different flesh colors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200320. [PMID: 29985936 PMCID: PMC6037374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids in citrus fruits have health benefits and make the fruits visually attractive. Red-fleshed ‘Chuhong’ (‘CH’) and pale green-fleshed ‘Feicui’ (‘FC’) pummelo (Citrus maxima (Burm) Merr.) fruits are interesting materials for studying the mechanisms of carotenoid accumulation. In this study, particularly high contents of linear carotenes were observed in the albedo tissue, segment membranes and juice sacs of ‘CH’. However, carotenoids, especially β-carotene and xanthophylls, accumulated more in the flavedo tissue of ‘FC’ than in that of ‘CH’. Additionally, the contents of other terpenoids such as limonin, nomilin and abscisic acid significantly differed in the juice sacs at 150 days postanthesis. A dramatic increase in carotenoid production was observed at 45 to 75 days postanthesis in the segment membranes and juice sacs of ‘CH’. Different expression levels of carotenogenesis genes, especially the ζ-carotene desaturase (CmZDS), β-carotenoid hydroxylase (CmBCH) and zeaxanthin epoxidase (CmZEP) genes, in combination are directly responsible for the largely different carotenoid profiles between these two pummelo fruits. The sequences of eleven genes involved in carotenoid synthesis were investigated; different alleles of seven of eleven genes might also explain the largely different carotenogenesis observed between ‘CH’ and ‘FC’. These results enhance our understanding of carotenogenesis in pummelo fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
- Forestry Science Academy of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Meiyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Lianhai Wu
- Forestry Science Academy of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xianghua Xu
- Forestry Science Academy of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Min He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kang C, Zhai H, Xue L, Zhao N, He S, Liu Q. A lycopene β-cyclase gene, IbLCYB2, enhances carotenoid contents and abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic sweetpotato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 272:243-254. [PMID: 29807598 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) is an essential enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of lycopene into α-carotene and β-carotene in carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. However, the roles and underlying mechanisms of the LCYB gene in plant responses to abiotic stresses are rarely known. This gene has not been used to improve carotenoid contents of sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.. In the present study, a new allele of the LCYB gene, named IbLCYB2, was isolated from the storage roots of sweetpotato line HVB-3. Its overexpression significantly increased the contents of α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin and enhanced the tolerance to salt, drought and oxidative stresses in the transgenic sweetpotato (cv. Shangshu 19) plants. The genes involved in carotenoid and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis pathways and abiotic stress responses were up-regulated in the transgenic plants. The ABA and proline contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly increased, whereas malonaldehyde (MDA) and H2O2 contents were significantly decreased in the transgenic plants under abiotic stresses. The overall results indicate that the IbLCYB2 gene enhances carotenoid contents and abiotic stress tolerance through positive regulation of carotenoid and ABA biosynthesis pathways in sweetpotato. This gene has the potential to improve carotenoid contents and abiotic stress tolerance in sweetpotato and other plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Kang
- Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Luyao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shaozhen He
- Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qingchang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lu S, Zhang Y, Zhu K, Yang W, Ye J, Chai L, Xu Q, Deng X. The Citrus Transcription Factor CsMADS6 Modulates Carotenoid Metabolism by Directly Regulating Carotenogenic Genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2657-2676. [PMID: 29463773 PMCID: PMC5884614 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Although remarkable progress has been made toward understanding carotenoid biosynthesis, the mechanisms that regulate the transcription of carotenogenic genes remain poorly understood. Lycopene β-cyclases (LCYb) are critical enzymes located at the branch point of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. Here, we used the promoter sequence of LCYb1 as bait in a yeast one-hybrid screen for promoter-binding proteins from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). This screen identified a MADS transcription factor, CsMADS6, that was coordinately expressed with fruit development and coloration. Acting as a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator, CsMADS6 directly bound the promoter of LCYb1 and activated its expression. Overexpression of CsMADS6 in citrus calli increased carotenoid contents and induced the expression of LCYb1 and other carotenogenic genes, including phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS), and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase1 (CCD1). CsMADS6 up-regulated the expression of PSY, PDS, and CCD1 by directly binding to their promoters, which suggested the multitargeted regulation of carotenoid metabolism by CsMADS6. In addition, the ectopic expression of CsMADS6 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) affected carotenoid contents and the expression of carotenogenic genes. The sepals of CsMADS6-overexpressing tomato lines exhibited dramatic changes in carotenoid profiles, accompanied by changes in plastid ultrastructure. Global transcriptome analysis of transgenic sepals revealed that CsMADS6 regulates a series of pathways that promote increases in flux through the carotenoid pathway. Overall, these findings establish that CsMADS6 directly regulates LCYb1 and other carotenogenic genes to coordinately and positively modulate carotenoid metabolism in plants, which may provide strategies to improve the nutritional quality of crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Kaijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wisutiamonkul A, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Allan AC, Ketsa S. Carotenoid accumulation in durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit is affected by ethylene via modulation of carotenoid pathway gene expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:308-319. [PMID: 28415031 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid content in durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit is an important aspect of fruit quality, with different cultivars distinguished by differing pigmentation. We have studied the dependence of carotenogenesis on ethylene. Fruit of the cultivar 'Chanee' harvested at the mature stage were either left untreated (controls), treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 12 h, or treated with application of an aqueous ethephon solution to the stem end, or treated for 12 h with 1-MCP followed by ethephon application. Fruit were then stored for 9 d at 25 °C. Pulp color of durian became steadily yellowish as a result of accumulation of carotenoids, which were mainly beta-carotene, and alpha-carotene, with a minor amount of zeaxanthin and lutein. 1-MCP delayed the increase in the accumulation of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, and zeaxanthin, but not lutein. In contrast, ethephon had no significant effect on carotenoid accumulation. The expression of zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS), lycopene beta-cyclase (LCYB), chromoplast specific lycopene beta-cyclase (CYCB) and beta-carotene hydroxylase (BCH) genes was highly correlated with carotenoid content and pulp color.1-MCP resulted in significant down-regulation of ZDS, LCYB, CYCB and BCH expression. The accumulation of beta-carotene and alpha-carotene appears to be controlled by the level of expression of LCYB gene, whose function was tested in bacteria to show conversion of lycopene and delta-carotene to beta-carotene and alpha-carotene, respectively. These results suggest that ripening-induced carotenoid accumulation is regulated by endogenous ethylene controlling the expression of key genes such as LCYB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apinya Wisutiamonkul
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Saichol Ketsa
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lu PJ, Wang CY, Yin TT, Zhong SL, Grierson D, Chen KS, Xu CJ. Cytological and molecular characterization of carotenoid accumulation in normal and high-lycopene mutant oranges. Sci Rep 2017; 7:761. [PMID: 28396598 PMCID: PMC5429694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ripe Cara Cara sweet orange contains 25 times as much carotenoids in flesh as Newhall sweet orange, due to high accumulation of carotenes, mainly phytoene, lycopene and phytofluene. Only yellow globular chromoplasts were observed in Newhall flesh. Distinct yellow globular and red elongated crystalline chromoplasts were found in Cara Cara but only one type of chromoplast was present in each cell. The red crystalline chromoplasts contained lycopene as a dominant carotenoid and were associated with characteristic carotenoid sequestering structures. The increased accumulation of linear carotenes in Cara Cara is not explained by differences in expression of all 18 carotenogenic genes or gene family members examined, or sequence or abundance of mRNAs from phytoene synthase (PSY) and chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (CYCB) alleles. 2-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-triethylamine hydrochloride (CPTA) enhanced lycopene accumulation and induced occurrence of red crystalline chromoplasts in cultured Newhall juice vesicles, indicating that carotenoid synthesis and accumulation can directly affect chromoplast differentiation and structure. Norflurazon (NFZ) treatment resulted in high accumulation of phytoene and phytofluene in both oranges, and the biosynthetic activity upstream of phytoene desaturase was similar in Newhall and Cara Cara. Possible mechanisms for high carotene accumulation and unique development of red crystalline chromoplasts in Cara Cara are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Jun Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Si-Lin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, the School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Don Grierson
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chang-Jie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chaudhary PR, Bang H, Jayaprakasha GK, Patil BS. Variation in Key Flavonoid Biosynthetic Enzymes and Phytochemicals in 'Rio Red' Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) during Fruit Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9022-9032. [PMID: 27808514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, the phytochemical contents and expression of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in Rio Red grapefruit were studied at different developmental and maturity stages for the first time. Grapefruit were harvested in June, August, November, January, and April and analyzed for the levels of carotenoids, vitamin C, limonoids, flavonoids, and furocoumarins by HPLC. In addition, genes encoding for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), and 1,2-rhamnosyltransferase (2RT) were isolated, and their expression in grapefruit juice vesicles was studied. Fruit maturity had significant influence on the expression of the genes, with PAL, CHS, and CHI having higher expression in immature fruits (June), whereas 2RT expression was higher in mature fruits (November and January). The levels of flavonoids (except naringin and poncirin), vitamin C, and furocoumarins gradually decreased from June to April. Furthermore, limonin levels sharply decreased in January. Lycopene decreased whereas β-carotene gradually increased with fruit maturity. Naringin did not exactly follow the pattern of 2RT or of PAL, CHS, and CHI expression, indicating that the four genes may have complementary effects on the level of naringin. Nevertheless, of the marketable fruit stages, early-season grapefruits harvested in November contained more beneficial phytochemicals as compared to mid- and late-season fruits harvested in January and April, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka R Chaudhary
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Haejeen Bang
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | | | - Bhimanagouda S Patil
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Dourado GKZS, Stanilka JM, Percival SS, Cesar TB. Chemopreventive Actions of Blond and Red-Fleshed Sweet Orange Juice on the Loucy Leukemia Cell Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:6491-9. [PMID: 26434864 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.15.6491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red-fleshed sweet orange juice (ROJ) comes from a new variety of citrus cultivated in Brazil that contains high levels of β-carotene and lycopene, and similar amounts of hesperidin (HSP) and nutrients, equivalently to blond orange juice (BOJ). Such bioactive compounds are associated with chemopreventive actions in several cancer cell lines. The purpose of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity, cell cycle, apoptosis, and cytokine secretion after BOJ, ROJ, and HSP treatment of a novel T acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, Loucy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Loucy cells were incubated for 24-h with BOJ, ROJ, and HSP, and the viability was measured using trypan blue. Cell cycling and apoptosis were assessed by propidium iodide (PI) and annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry, respectively. Secretion of cytokines IL-1α, IL1-β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFNγ, TNFα, TGFβ, MIPα, and MIPβ was determined by ELISA array. RESULTS BOJ and ROJ treatments promoted Loucy cell cytotoxicity. Additionally, BOJ induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, and decreased the cell accumulation in the G2/M. ROJ decreased only the G0/G1 fraction, while HSP did not change the cell cycle. BOJ led to apoptosis in a different fashion of ROJ, while the first treatment induced apoptosis by increase of late apoptosis and primary necrotic fractions, the second increased early and late apoptosis, and primary necrotic fraction compared to positive controls. HSP had no effect on apoptosis. IL-6 and IL-10 were abrogated by all treatments. CONCLUSIONS Taking together, these results suggest potential chemopreventive effects of BOJ and ROJ on Loucy cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace K Z S Dourado
- Food and Nutrition, Pharmaceutical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Brazil E-mail :
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ma G, Zhang L, Yungyuen W, Tsukamoto I, Iijima N, Oikawa M, Yamawaki K, Yahata M, Kato M. Expression and functional analysis of citrus carotene hydroxylases: unravelling the xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:148. [PMID: 27358074 PMCID: PMC4928310 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthophylls are oxygenated carotenoids and fulfill critical roles in plant growth and development. In plants, two different types of carotene hydroxylases, non-heme di-iron and heme-containing cytochrome P450, were reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll. Citrus fruits accumulate a high amount of xanthophylls, especially β,β-xanthophylls. To date, however, the roles of carotene hydroxylases in regulating xanthophyll content and composition have not been elucidated. RESULTS In the present study, the roles of four carotene hydroxylase genes (CitHYb, CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C) in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll in citrus fruits were investigated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the four citrus carotene hydroxylases presented in four distinct clusters which have been identified in higher plants. CitHYb was a non-heme di-iron carotene hydroxylase, while CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C were heme-containing cytochrome P450-type carotene hydroxylases. Gene expression results showed that the expression of CitHYb increased in the flavedo and juice sacs during the ripening process, which was well consistent with the accumulation of β,β-xanthophyll in citrus fruits. The expression of CitCYP97A and CitCYP97C increased with a peak in November, which might lead to an increase of lutein in the juice sacs during the ripening process. The expression level of CitCYP97B was much lower than that of CitHYb, CitCYP97A, and CitCYP97C in the juice sacs during the ripening process. Functional analysis showed that the CitHYb was able to catalyze the hydroxylation of the β-rings of β-carotene and α-carotene in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Meanwhile, when CitHYb was co-expressed with CitCYP97C, α-carotene was hydroxylated on the β-ring and ε-ring sequentially to produce lutein. CONCLUSIONS CitHYb was a key gene for β,β-xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits. CitCYP97C functioned as an ε-ring hydroxylase to produce lutein using zeinoxanthin as a substrate. The results will contribute to elucidating xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits, and provide new strategies to improve the nutritional and commercial qualities of citrus fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Lancui Zhang
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Witchulada Yungyuen
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
- />The United Graduate school of Agricultural Science, Gifu University (Shizuoka University), Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Issei Tsukamoto
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Natsumi Iijima
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Michiru Oikawa
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamawaki
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Masaki Yahata
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mesejo C, Yuste R, Reig C, Martínez-Fuentes A, Iglesias DJ, Muñoz-Fambuena N, Bermejo A, Germanà MA, Primo-Millo E, Agustí M. Gibberellin reactivates and maintains ovary-wall cell division causing fruit set in parthenocarpic Citrus species. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 247:13-24. [PMID: 27095396 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is a wide genus in which most of the cultivated species and cultivars are natural parthenocarpic mutants or hybrids (i.e. orange, mandarin, tangerine, grapefruit). The autonomous increase in GA1 ovary concentration during anthesis was suggested as being the stimulus responsible for parthenocarpy in Citrus regardless of the species. To determine the exact GA-role in parthenocarpic fruit set, the following hypothesis was tested: GA triggers and maintains cell division in ovary walls causing fruit set. Obligate and facultative parthenocarpic Citrus species were used as a model system because obligate parthenocarpic Citrus sp (i.e. Citrus unshiu) have higher GA levels and better natural parthenocarpic fruit set compared to other facultative parthenocarpic Citrus (i.e. Citrus clementina). The autonomous activation of GA synthesis in C. unshiu ovary preceded cell division and CYCA1.1 up-regulation (a G2-stage cell cycle regulator) at anthesis setting a high proportion of fruits, whereas C. clementina lacked this GA-biosynthesis and CYCA1.1 up-regulation failing in fruit set. In situ hybridization experiments revealed a tissue-specific expression of GA20ox2 only in the dividing tissues of the pericarp. Furthermore, CYCA1.1 expression correlated endogenous GA1 content with GA3 treatment, which stimulated cell division and ovary growth, mostly in C. clementina. Instead, paclobutrazol (GA biosynthesis inhibitor) negated cell division and reduced fruit set. Results suggest that in parthenocarpic citrus the specific GA synthesis in the ovary walls at anthesis triggers cell division and, thus, the necessary ovary growth rate to set fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mesejo
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | - Roberto Yuste
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmina Reig
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | | | - Domingo J Iglesias
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain
| | | | - Almudena Bermejo
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain
| | - M Antonietta Germanà
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Eduardo Primo-Millo
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain
| | - Manuel Agustí
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pandurangaiah S, Ravishankar KV, Shivashankar KS, Sadashiva AT, Pillakenchappa K, Narayanan SK. Differential expression of carotenoid biosynthetic pathway genes in two contrasting tomato genotypes for lycopene content. J Biosci 2016; 41:257-64. [PMID: 27240986 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-016-9602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the model plant to study carotenoid biosynthesis. In the present study, the fruit carotenoid content were quantified at different developmental stages for two contrasting genotypes, viz. IIHR-249-1 and IIHR-2866 by UPLC. Lycopene content was high in IIHR-249-1 (19.45 mg/100 g fresh weight) compared to IIHR-2866 (1.88 mg/100 g fresh weight) at the ripe stage. qPCR was performed for genes that are involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway to study the difference in lycopene content in fruits of both the genotypes. The expression of Phytoene synthase (PSY) increased by 36-fold and Phytoene desaturase (PDS) increased by 14-fold from immature green stage to ripe stage in IIHR-249-1. The expression of Chloroplast lycopene beta-cyclase (LCY-B) and Chromoplast lycopene beta cyclase (CYC-B) decreased gradually from the initial stage to the ripe stage in IIHR-249-1. IIHR 249-1 showed 3- and 1.8-fold decrease in gene expression for Chloroplast lycopene beta-cyclase (LCY-B) and Chromoplast lycopene beta-cyclase (CYC-B) .The F2 hybrids derived from IIHR-249-1 and IIHR-2866 were analysed at the ripe stage for lycopene content. The gene expression of Chloroplast lycopene beta-cyclase (LCY-B) and Chromoplast lycopene beta-cyclase (CYC-B) in high and low lycopene lines from F2 progenies also showed the decrease in transcript levels of both the genes in high lycopene F2 lines. We wish to suggest that the differential expression of lycopene beta-cyclases can be used in marker-assisted breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Pandurangaiah
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ikoma Y, Matsumoto H, Kato M. Diversity in the carotenoid profiles and the expression of genes related to carotenoid accumulation among citrus genotypes. BREEDING SCIENCE 2016; 66:139-47. [PMID: 27069398 PMCID: PMC4780797 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.66.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are not only important to the plants themselves but also are beneficial to human health. Since citrus fruit is a good source of carotenoids for the human diet, it is important to study carotenoid profiles and the accumulation mechanism in citrus fruit. Thus, in the present paper, we describe the diversity in the carotenoid profiles of fruit among citrus genotypes. In regard to carotenoids, such as β-cryptoxanthin, violaxanthin, lycopene, and β-citraurin, the relationship between the carotenoid profile and the expression of carotenoid-biosynthetic genes is discussed. Finally, recent results of quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses of carotenoid contents and expression levels of carotenoid-biosynthetic genes in citrus fruit are shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Ikoma
- Citrus Research Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science,
485-6 Okitsunakacho, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 424-0292,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Hikaru Matsumoto
- Citrus Research Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science,
485-6 Okitsunakacho, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 424-0292,
Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University,
836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529,
Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Carotenoids are recognized as the main pigments in most fruit crops, providing colours that range from yellow and pink to deep orange and red. Moreover, the edible portion of widely consumed fruits or their derived products represent a major dietary source of carotenoids for animals and humans. Therefore, these pigments are crucial compounds contributing to fruit aesthetic and nutritional quality but may also have protecting and ecophysiological functions in coloured fruits. Among plant organs, fruits display one of the most heterogeneous carotenoids patterns in terms of diversity and abundance. In this chapter a comprehensive list of the carotenoid content and profile in the most commonly cultivated fleshy fruits is reported. The proposed fruit classification systems attending to carotenoid composition are revised and discussed. The regulation of carotenoids in fruits can be rather complex due to the dramatic changes in content and composition during ripening, which are also dependent on the fruit tissue and the developmental stage. In addition, carotenoid accumulation is a dynamic process, associated with the development of chromoplasts during ripening. As a general rule, carotenoid accumulation is highly controlled at the transcriptional level of the structural and accessory proteins of the biosynthetic and degradation pathways, but other mechanisms such as post-transcriptional modifications or the development of sink structures have been recently revealed as crucial factors in determining the levels and stability of these pigments. In this chapter common key metabolic reactions regulating carotenoid composition in fruit tissues are described in addition to others that are restricted to certain species and generate unique carotenoids patterns. The existence of fruit-specific isoforms for key steps such as the phytoene synthase, lycopene β-cyclases or catabolic carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases has allowed an independent regulation of the pathway in fruit tissues and a source of variability to create novel activities or different catalytic properties. Besides key genes of the carotenoid pathway, changes in carotenoid accumulation could be also directly influenced by differences in gene expression or protein activity in the pathway of carotenoid precursors and some relevant examples are discussed. The objective of this chapter is to provide an updated review of the main carotenoid profiles in fleshy fruits, their pattern of changes during ripening and our current understanding of the different regulatory levels responsible for the diversity of carotenoid accumulation in fruit tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lado
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
- Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agropecuaria (INIA), Camino a la Represa s/n, Salto, Uruguay.
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lu S, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Zhu K, Xu Q, Deng X. Isolation and Functional Characterization of a Lycopene β-cyclase Gene Promoter from Citrus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1367. [PMID: 27679644 PMCID: PMC5020073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene β-cyclases are key enzymes located at the branch point of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of LCYb1 in citrus with abundant carotenoid accumulation are still unclear. To understand the molecular basis of CsLCYb1 expression, we isolated and functionally characterized the 5' upstream sequences of CsLCYb1 from citrus. The full-length CsLCYb1 promoter and a series of its 5' deletions were fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and transferred into different plants (tomato, Arabidopsis and citrus callus) to test the promoter activities. The results of all transgenic species showed that the 1584 bp upstream region from the translational start site displayed maximal promoter activity, and the minimal promoter containing 746 bp upstream sequences was sufficient for strong basal promoter activity. Furthermore, the CsLCYb1 promoter activity was developmentally and tissue-specially regulated in transgenic Arabidopsis, and it was affected by multiple hormones and environmental cues in transgenic citrus callus under various treatments. Finer deletion analysis identified an enhancer element existing as a tandem repeat in the promoter region between -574 to -513 bp and conferring strong promoter activity. The copy numbers of the enhancer element differed among various citrus species, leading to the development of a derived simple sequence repeat marker to distinguish different species. In conclusion, this study elucidates the expression characteristics of the LCYb1 promoter from citrus and further identifies a novel enhancer element required for the promoter activity. The characterized promoter fragment would be an ideal candidate for genetic engineering and seeking of upstream trans-acting elements.
Collapse
|