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Sun Y, Chen J, Yuan Y, Jiang N, Liu C, Zhang Y, Mao X, Zhang Q, Fang Y, Sun Z, Gai S. Auxin efflux carrier PsPIN4 identified through genome-wide analysis as vital factor of petal abscission. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1380417. [PMID: 38799094 PMCID: PMC11116700 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1380417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins, which function as efflux transporters, play many crucial roles in the polar transportation of auxin within plants. In this study, the exogenous applications of auxin IAA and TIBA were found to significantly prolong and shorten the florescence of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) flowers. This finding suggests that auxin has some regulatory influence in petal senescence and abscission. Further analysis revealed a total of 8 PsPINs distributed across three chromosomes, which could be categorized into two classes based on phylogenetic and structural analysis. PsPIN1, PsPIN2a-b, and PsPIN4 were separated into the "long" PIN category, while PsPIN5, PsPIN6a-b, and PsPIN8 belonged to the "short" one. Additionally, the cis-regulatory elements of PsPIN promoters were associated with plant development, phytohormones, and environmental stress. These genes displayed tissue-specific expression, and phosphorylation sites were abundant throughout the protein family. Notably, PsPIN4 displayed distinct and elevated expression levels in roots, leaves, and flower organs. Expression patterns among the abscission zone (AZ) and adjacent areas during various flowering stages and IAA treatment indicate that PsPIN4 likely influences the initiation of peony petal abscission. The PsPIN4 protein was observed to be co-localized on both the plasma membrane and the cell nucleus. The ectopic expression of PsPIN4 reversed the premature flower organs abscission in the Atpin4 and significantly protracted florescence when introduced to Col Arabidopsis. Our findings established a strong basis for further investigation of PIN gene biological functions, particularly concerning intrinsic relationship between PIN-mediated auxin polar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Genetic Improvement, Yellow River delta forest ecosystem positioning research station, Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, China
| | - Junqiang Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Genetic Improvement, Yellow River delta forest ecosystem positioning research station, Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, China
| | - Yanchao Yuan
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nannan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Genetic Improvement, Yellow River delta forest ecosystem positioning research station, Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, China
| | - Chunying Liu
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuhong Mao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Genetic Improvement, Yellow River delta forest ecosystem positioning research station, Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Genetic Improvement, Yellow River delta forest ecosystem positioning research station, Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, China
| | - Yifu Fang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Genetic Improvement, Yellow River delta forest ecosystem positioning research station, Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shupeng Gai
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Dong X, Liu X, Cheng L, Li R, Ge S, Wang S, Cai Y, Liu Y, Meng S, Jiang CZ, Shi CL, Li T, Fu D, Qi M, Xu T. SlBEL11 regulates flavonoid biosynthesis, thus fine-tuning auxin efflux to prevent premature fruit drop in tomato. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:749-770. [PMID: 38420861 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Auxin regulates flower and fruit abscission, but how developmental signals mediate auxin transport in abscission remains unclear. Here, we reveal the role of the transcription factor BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN11 (SlBEL11) in regulating auxin transport during abscission in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). SlBEL11 is highly expressed in the fruit abscission zone, and its expression increases during fruit development. Knockdown of SlBEL11 expression by RNA interference (RNAi) caused premature fruit drop at the breaker (Br) and 3 d post-breaker (Br+3) stages of fruit development. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of SlBEL11-RNAi lines revealed impaired flavonoid biosynthesis and decreased levels of most flavonoids, especially quercetin, which functions as an auxin transport inhibitor. This suggested that SlBEL11 prevents premature fruit abscission by modulating auxin efflux from fruits, which is crucial for the formation of an auxin response gradient. Indeed, quercetin treatment suppressed premature fruit drop in SlBEL11-RNAi plants. DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) analysis indicated that SlBEL11 induced expression of the transcription factor gene SlMYB111 by directly binding to its promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that S. lycopersicum MYELOBLASTOSIS VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOG111 (SlMYB111) induces the expression of the core flavonoid biosynthesis genes SlCHS1, SlCHI, SlF3H, and SlFLS by directly binding to their promoters. Our findings suggest that the SlBEL11-SlMYB111 module modulates flavonoid biosynthesis to fine-tune auxin efflux from fruits and thus maintain an auxin response gradient in the pedicel, thereby preventing premature fruit drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufen Dong
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Control of Subtropical Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Xianfeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Lina Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ruizhen Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Siqi Ge
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Sai Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yue Cai
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Sida Meng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Crops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC, 20250, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Daqi Fu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
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Picarella ME, Ruiu F, Selleri L, Presa S, Mizzotti C, Masiero S, Colombo L, Soressi GP, Granell A, Mazzucato A. Genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying the parthenocarpic fruit mutation in tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1329949. [PMID: 38601310 PMCID: PMC11004453 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1329949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Parthenocarpy allows fruit set independently of fertilization. In parthenocarpic-prone tomato genotypes, fruit set can be achieved under pollen-limiting environmental conditions and in sterile mutants. Parthenocarpy is also regarded as a quality-related trait, when seedlessness is associated with positive fruit quality aspects. Among the different sources of genetic parthenocarpy described in tomato, the parthenocarpic fruit (pat) mutation is of particular interest because of its strong expressivity, high fruit set, and enhanced fruit quality. The complexity of the pat "syndrome" associates a strong competence for parthenocarpy with a complex floral phenotype involving stamen and ovule developmental aberrations. To understand the genetic basis of the phenotype, we mapped the pat locus within a 0.19-cM window of Chr3, comprising nine coding loci. A non-tolerated missense mutation found in the 14th exon of Solyc03g120910, the tomato ortholog of the Arabidopsis HD-Zip III transcription factor HB15 (SlHB15), cosegregated with the pat phenotype. The role of SlHB15 in tomato reproductive development was supported by its expression in developing ovules. The link between pat and SlHB15 was validated by complementation and knock out experiments by co-suppression and CRISPR/Cas9 approaches. Comparing the phenotypes of pat and those of Arabidopsis HB15 mutants, we argued that the gene plays similar functions in species with fleshy and dry fruits, supporting a conserved mechanism of fruit set regulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio E. Picarella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ruiu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luigi Selleri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Presa
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Cultivos, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) – Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze (DBS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze (DBS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze (DBS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gian Piero Soressi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Antonio Granell
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Cultivos, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) – Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Mazzucato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Heuermann MC, Meyer RC, Knoch D, Tschiersch H, Altmann T. Strong prevalence of light regime-specific QTL in Arabidopsis detected using automated high-throughput phenotyping in fluctuating or constant light. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14255. [PMID: 38528708 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Plants have evolved and adapted under dynamic environmental conditions, particularly to fluctuating light, but plant research has often focused on constant growth conditions. To quantitatively asses the adaptation to fluctuating light, a panel of 384 natural Arabidopsis thaliana accessions was analyzed in two parallel independent experiments under fluctuating and constant light conditions in an automated high-throughput phenotyping system upgraded with supplemental LEDs. While the integrated daily photosynthetically active radiation was the same under both light regimes, plants in fluctuating light conditions accumulated significantly less biomass and had lower leaf area during their measured vegetative growth than plants in constant light. A total of 282 image-derived architectural and/or color-related traits at six common time points, and 77 photosynthesis-related traits from one common time point were used to assess their associations with genome-wide natural variation for both light regimes. Out of the 3000 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) detected, only 183 (6.1%) were common for fluctuating and constant light conditions. The prevalence of light regime-specific QTL indicates a complex adaptation. Genes in linkage disequilibrium with fluctuating light-specific MTAs with an adjusted repeatability value >0.5 were filtered for gene ontology terms containing "photo" or "light", yielding 15 selected candidates. The candidate genes are involved in photoprotection, PSII maintenance and repair, maintenance of linear electron flow, photorespiration, phytochrome signaling, and cell wall expansion, providing a promising starting point for further investigations into the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to fluctuating light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Heuermann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Rhonda C Meyer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Dominic Knoch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Henning Tschiersch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Thomas Altmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
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Graci S, Barone A. Tomato plant response to heat stress: a focus on candidate genes for yield-related traits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1245661. [PMID: 38259925 PMCID: PMC10800405 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1245661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Climate change and global warming represent the main threats for many agricultural crops. Tomato is one of the most extensively grown and consumed horticultural products and can survive in a wide range of climatic conditions. However, high temperatures negatively affect both vegetative growth and reproductive processes, resulting in losses of yield and fruit quality traits. Researchers have employed different parameters to evaluate the heat stress tolerance, including evaluation of leaf- (stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, Fv/Fm), flower- (inflorescence number, flower number, stigma exertion), pollen-related traits (pollen germination and viability, pollen tube growth) and fruit yield per plant. Moreover, several authors have gone even further, trying to understand the plants molecular response mechanisms to this stress. The present review focused on the tomato molecular response to heat stress during the reproductive stage, since the increase of temperatures above the optimum usually occurs late in the growing tomato season. Reproductive-related traits directly affects the final yield and are regulated by several genes such as transcriptional factors, heat shock proteins, genes related to flower, flowering, pollen and fruit set, and epigenetic mechanisms involving DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodelling and non-coding RNAs. We provided a detailed list of these genes and their function under high temperature conditions in defining the final yield with the aim to summarize the recent findings and pose the attention on candidate genes that could prompt on the selection and constitution of new thermotolerant tomato plant genotypes able to face this abiotic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amalia Barone
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
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Zuccarelli R, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Silva FO, Gomes LDL, Lopes-Oliveira PJ, Zsögön A, Andrade SCS, Demarco D, Corpas FJ, Peres LEP, Rossi M, Freschi L. Loss of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase disturbs phytohormone homeostasis and regulates shoot side branching and fruit growth in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6349-6368. [PMID: 37157899 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
S-Nitrosoglutathione plays a central role in nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis, and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) regulates the cellular levels of S-nitrosoglutathione across kingdoms. Here, we investigated the role of endogenous NO in shaping shoot architecture and controlling fruit set and growth in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). SlGSNOR silencing promoted shoot side branching and led to reduced fruit size, negatively impacting fruit yield. Greatly intensified in slgsnor knockout plants, these phenotypical changes were virtually unaffected by SlGSNOR overexpression. Silencing or knocking out of SlGSNOR intensified protein tyrosine nitration and S-nitrosation and led to aberrant auxin production and signaling in leaf primordia and fruit-setting ovaries, besides restricting the shoot basipetal polar auxin transport stream. SlGSNOR deficiency triggered extensive transcriptional reprogramming at early fruit development, reducing pericarp cell proliferation due to restrictions on auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin production and signaling. Abnormal chloroplast development and carbon metabolism were also detected in early-developing NO-overaccumulating fruits, possibly limiting energy supply and building blocks for fruit growth. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which endogenous NO fine-tunes the delicate hormonal network controlling shoot architecture, fruit set, and post-anthesis fruit development, emphasizing the relevance of NO-auxin interaction for plant development and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Zuccarelli
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda O Silva
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia D L Gomes
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia J Lopes-Oliveira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Sónia C S Andrade
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Demarco
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ezura K, Nomura Y, Ariizumi T. Molecular, hormonal, and metabolic mechanisms of fruit set, the ovary-to-fruit transition, in horticultural crops. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6254-6268. [PMID: 37279328 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fruit set is the process by which the ovary develops into a fruit and is an important factor in determining fruit yield. Fruit set is induced by two hormones, auxin and gibberellin, and the activation of their signaling pathways, partly by suppressing various negative regulators. Many studies have investigated the structural changes and gene networks in the ovary during fruit set, revealing the cytological and molecular mechanisms. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), SlIAA9 and SlDELLA/PROCERA act as auxin and gibberellin signaling repressors, respectively, and are important regulators of the activity of transcription factors and downstream gene expression involved in fruit set. Upon pollination, SlIAA9 and SlDELLA are degraded, which subsequently activates downstream cascades and mainly contributes to active cell division and cell elongation, respectively, in ovaries during fruit setting. According to current knowledge, the gibberellin pathway functions as the most downstream signal in fruit set induction, and therefore its role in fruit set has been extensively explored. Furthermore, multi-omics analysis has revealed the detailed dynamics of gene expression and metabolites downstream of gibberellins, highlighting the rapid activation of central carbon metabolism. This review will outline the relevant mechanisms at the molecular and metabolic levels during fruit set, particularly focusing on tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS), Kojimachi, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Yukako Nomura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Tian S, Zhang Z, Qin G, Xu Y. Parthenocarpy in Cucurbitaceae: Advances for Economic and Environmental Sustainability. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3462. [PMID: 37836203 PMCID: PMC10574560 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Parthenocarpy is an important agricultural trait that not only produces seedless fruits, but also increases the rate of the fruit set under adverse environmental conditions. The study of parthenocarpy in Cucurbitaceae crops has considerable implications for cultivar improvement. This article provides a comprehensive review of relevant studies on the parthenocarpic traits of several major Cucurbitaceae crops and offers a perspective on future developments and research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Zeliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Genji Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
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9
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Israeli A, Schubert R, Man N, Teboul N, Serrani Yarce JC, Rosowski EE, Wu MF, Levy M, Efroni I, Ljung K, Hause B, Reed JW, Ori N. Modulating auxin response stabilizes tomato fruit set. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:2336-2355. [PMID: 37032117 PMCID: PMC10315294 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fruit formation depends on successful fertilization and is highly sensitive to weather fluctuations that affect pollination. Auxin promotes fruit initiation and growth following fertilization. Class A auxin response factors (Class A ARFs) repress transcription in the absence of auxin and activate transcription in its presence. Here, we explore how multiple members of the ARF family regulate fruit set and fruit growth in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Arabidopsis thaliana, and test whether reduction of SlARF activity improves yield stability in fluctuating temperatures. We found that several tomato Slarf mutant combinations produced seedless parthenocarpic fruits, most notably mutants deficient in SlARF8A and SlARF8B genes. Arabidopsis Atarf8 mutants deficient in the orthologous gene had less complete parthenocarpy than did tomato Slarf8a Slarf8b mutants. Conversely, Atarf6 Atarf8 double mutants had reduced fruit growth after fertilization. AtARF6 and AtARF8 likely switch from repression to activation of fruit growth in response to a fertilization-induced auxin increase in gynoecia. Tomato plants with reduced SlARF8A and SlARF8B gene dosage had substantially higher yield than the wild type under controlled or ambient hot and cold growth conditions. In field trials, partial reduction in the SlARF8 dose increased yield under extreme temperature with minimal pleiotropic effects. The stable yield of the mutant plants resulted from a combination of early onset of fruit set, more fruit-bearing branches and more flowers setting fruits. Thus, ARF8 proteins mediate the control of fruit set, and relieving this control with Slarf8 mutations may be utilized in breeding to increase yield stability in tomato and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Israeli
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ramona Schubert
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Nave Man
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naama Teboul
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Emily E Rosowski
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Miin-Feng Wu
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Matan Levy
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Idan Efroni
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 83, Sweden
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Jason W Reed
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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10
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Chai L, Wang H, Yu H, Pang E, Lu T, Li Y, Jiang W, Li Q. Girdling promotes tomato fruit enlargement by enhancing fruit sink strength and triggering cytokinin accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1174403. [PMID: 37396637 PMCID: PMC10312241 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1174403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Girdling is a horticultural technique that enhances fruit size by allocating more carbohydrates to fruits, yet its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, girdling was applied to the main stems of tomato plants 14 days after anthesis. Following girdling, there was a significant increase in fruit volume, dry weight, and starch accumulation. Interestingly, although sucrose transport to the fruit increased, the fruit's sucrose concentration decreased. Girdling also led to an increase in the activities of enzymes involved in sucrose hydrolysis and AGPase, and to an upregulation in the expression of key genes related to sugar transport and utilization. Moreover, the assay of carboxyfluorescein (CF) signal in detached fruit indicated that girdled fruits exhibited a greater ability to take up carbohydrates. These results indicate that girdling improves sucrose unloading and sugar utilization in fruit, thereby enhancing fruit sink strength. In addition, girdling induced cytokinin (CK) accumulation, promoted cell division in the fruit, and upregulated the expression of genes related to CK synthesis and activation. Furthermore, the results of a sucrose injection experiment suggested that increased sucrose import induced CK accumulation in the fruit. This study sheds light on the mechanisms by which girdling promotes fruit enlargement and provides novel insights into the interaction between sugar import and CK accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiang Li
- *Correspondence: Qiang Li, ; Weijie Jiang,
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11
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Seedlessness Trait and Genome Editing—A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065660. [PMID: 36982733 PMCID: PMC10057249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parthenocarpy and stenospermocarpy are the two mechanisms underlying the seedless fruit set program. Seedless fruit occurs naturally and can be produced using hormone application, crossbreeding, or ploidy breeding. However, the two types of breeding are time-consuming and sometimes ineffective due to interspecies hybridization barriers or the absence of appropriate parental genotypes to use in the breeding process. The genetic engineering approach provides a better prospect, which can be explored based on an understanding of the genetic causes underlying the seedlessness trait. For instance, CRISPR/Cas is a comprehensive and precise technology. The prerequisite for using the strategy to induce seedlessness is identifying the crucial master gene or transcription factor liable for seed formation/development. In this review, we primarily explored the seedlessness mechanisms and identified the potential candidate genes underlying seed development. We also discussed the CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing approaches and their improvements.
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12
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Kaur H, Manchanda P, Kumar P, Dhall RK, Chhuneja P, Weng Y. Genome-wide identification and characterization of parthenocarpic fruit set-related gene homologs in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Sci Rep 2023; 13:2403. [PMID: 36765113 PMCID: PMC9918540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), a major horticultural crop, in the family Cucurbitaceae is grown and consumed globally. Parthenocarpy is an ideal trait for many fruit and vegetables which produces seedless fruit desired by consumers. The seedlessness occurs when fruit develops without fertilization which can be either natural or induced. So far, a limited number of genes regulating parthenocarpic fruit set have been reported in several fruit or vegetable crops, most of which are involved in hormone biosynthesis or signalling. Although parthenocarpic cucumber has been widely used in commercial production for a long time; its genetic basis is not well understood. In this study, we retrieved thirty five parthenocarpy fruit-set related genes (PRGs) from bibliomic data in various plants. Thirty-five PRG homologs were identified in the cucumber genome via homology-based search. An in silico analysis was performed on phylogenetic tree, exon-intron structure, cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region, and conserved domains of their deduced proteins, which provided insights into the genetic make-up of parthenocarpy-related genes in cucumber. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) sequences were mined in these PRGs, and 31 SSR markers were designed. SSR genotyping identified three SSRs in two polymorphic genes. Quantitative real-time PCR of selected genes was conducted in five cucumber lines with varying degrees of parthenocarpic fruit set capacities, which revealed possible association of their expression with parthenocarpy. The results revealed that homologs CsWD40 and CsPIN-4 could be considered potential genes for determination of parthenocarpy as these genes showed parental polymorphism and differential gene expression in case of parthenocarpic and non-parthenocarpic parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Pooja Manchanda
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Rajinder Kumar Dhall
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Parveen Chhuneja
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Yiqun Weng
- USDA-ARS Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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13
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Cheng Z, Song W, Zhang X. Genic male and female sterility in vegetable crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 10:uhac232. [PMID: 36643746 PMCID: PMC9832880 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable crops are greatly appreciated for their beneficial nutritional and health components. Hybrid seeds are widely used in vegetable crops for advantages such as high yield and improved resistance, which require the participation of male (stamen) and female (pistil) reproductive organs. Male- or female-sterile plants are commonly used for production of hybrid seeds or seedless fruits in vegetables. In this review we will focus on the types of genic male sterility and factors affecting female fertility, summarize typical gene function and research progress related to reproductive organ identity and sporophyte and gametophyte development in vegetable crops [mainly tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus)], and discuss the research trends and application perspectives of the sterile trait in vegetable breeding and hybrid production, in order to provide a reference for fertility-related germplasm innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Cheng
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weiyuan Song
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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14
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Molesini B, Pennisi F, Cressoni C, Vitulo N, Dusi V, Speghini A, Pandolfini T. Nanovector-mediated exogenous delivery of dsRNA induces silencing of target genes in very young tomato flower buds. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4542-4553. [PMID: 36341284 PMCID: PMC9595187 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00478j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a post-translational regulatory mechanism that controls gene expression in plants. This process can be artificially induced by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules with sequence homology to target mRNAs. Exogenously applied dsRNA on leaves has been shown to silence virulence genes of fungi and viruses, conferring protection to plants. Coupling dsRNA to nanoparticles has been demonstrated to prolong the silencing effect. The ability of exogenous dsRNA to silence endogenous genes in plants is currently under debate, mainly due to the difficulty in delivering dsRNA into plant tissues and organs. Our study aims to develop a method based on the exogenous application of dsRNA on tomato flowers for silencing endogenous genes controlling ovary growth. Two methods of dsRNA delivery into tomato flower buds (i.e., pedicel soaking and injection) were compared to test their efficacy in silencing the tomato Aux/IAA9 (SlIAA9) gene, which encodes for a known repressor of ovary growth. We examined the silencing effect of dsRNA alone and coupled to layered double hydroxide (LDHs) nanoparticles. We found that injection into the pedicel led to the silencing of SlIAA9 and the efficacy of the method was confirmed by choosing a different ovary growth repressor gene (SlAGAMOUS-like 6; SlAGL6). The coupling of dsRNA to LDHs increased the silencing effect in the case of SlIAA9. Silencing of the two repressors caused an increase in ovary size only when flower buds were treated with dsRNA coupled to LDHs. RNA-Seq of small RNAs showed that induction of RNAi was caused by the processing of injected dsRNA. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that exogenous dsRNA coupled to LDHs can induce post-transcriptional gene silencing in the young tomato ovary by injection into the flower pedicel. This method represents a silencing tool for the study of the molecular changes occurring during the early stages of ovary/fruit growth as a consequence of downregulation of target genes, without the need to produce transgenic plants stably expressing RNAi constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Molesini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona Strada Le Grazie, 15 37134 Verona Italy
| | - F Pennisi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona Strada Le Grazie, 15 37134 Verona Italy
| | - C Cressoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona Strada Le Grazie, 15 37134 Verona Italy
| | - N Vitulo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona Strada Le Grazie, 15 37134 Verona Italy
| | - V Dusi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona Strada Le Grazie, 15 37134 Verona Italy
| | - A Speghini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona Strada Le Grazie, 15 37134 Verona Italy
| | - T Pandolfini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona Strada Le Grazie, 15 37134 Verona Italy
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15
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Vignati E, Lipska M, Dunwell JM, Caccamo M, Simkin AJ. Options for the generation of seedless cherry, the ultimate snacking product. PLANTA 2022; 256:90. [PMID: 36171415 PMCID: PMC9519733 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript identifies cherry orthologues of genes implicated in the development of pericarpic fruit and pinpoints potential options and restrictions in the use of these targets for commercial exploitation of parthenocarpic cherry fruit. Cherry fruit contain a large stone and seed, making processing of the fruit laborious and consumption by the consumer challenging, inconvenient to eat 'on the move' and potentially dangerous for children. Availability of fruit lacking the stone and seed would be potentially transformative for the cherry industry, since such fruit would be easier to process and would increase consumer demand because of the potential reduction in costs. This review will explore the background of seedless fruit, in the context of the ambition to produce the first seedless cherry, carry out an in-depth analysis of the current literature around parthenocarpy in fruit, and discuss the available technology and potential for producing seedless cherry fruit as an 'ultimate snacking product' for the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Vignati
- NIAB East Malling, Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, New Road, West Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6EU, UK
| | - Marzena Lipska
- NIAB East Malling, Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, New Road, West Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - Jim M Dunwell
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6EU, UK
| | - Mario Caccamo
- NIAB, Cambridge Crop Research, Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Andrew J Simkin
- NIAB East Malling, Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, New Road, West Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK.
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK.
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16
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Roles of Auxin in the Growth, Development, and Stress Tolerance of Horticultural Plants. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172761. [PMID: 36078168 PMCID: PMC9454831 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin, a plant hormone, regulates virtually every aspect of plant growth and development. Many current studies on auxin focus on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, or on field crops, such as rice and wheat. There are relatively few studies on what role auxin plays in various physiological processes of a range of horticultural plants. In this paper, recent studies on the role of auxin in horticultural plant growth, development, and stress response are reviewed to provide novel insights for horticultural researchers and cultivators to improve the quality and application of horticultural crops.
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17
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Peng Z, Zhao C, Li S, Guo Y, Xu H, Hu G, Liu Z, Chen X, Chen J, Lin S, Su W, Yang X. Integration of genomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics identifies candidate loci underlying fruit weight in loquat. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac037. [PMID: 35137085 PMCID: PMC9071381 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fruit weight is an integral part of fruit-quality traits and directly influences commodity values and economic returns of fruit crops. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanisms underlying fruit weight remain understudied, especially for perennial fruit tree crops such as cultivated loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). Auxin is known to regulate fruit development, whereas its role and metabolism in fruit development remain obscure in loquat. In this study, we applied a multi-omics approach, integrating whole-genome resequencing-based quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping with an F1 population, population genomics analysis using germplasm accessions, transcriptome analysis, and metabolic profiling to identify the genomic regions potentially associated with fruit weight in loquat. We identified three major loci associated with fruit weight, supported by both QTL mapping and comparative genomic analysis between small- and big-fruited loquat cultivars. Comparison between two genotypes with contrasting fruit weight performance through transcriptomic and metabolic profiling revealed an important role of auxin in regulating fruit development, especially at the fruit enlarging stage. The multi-omics approach identified two homologs of ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 4 (EjEIN4) and TORNADO 1 (EjTRN1) as promising candidates controlling fruit weight. Moreover, three single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were closely associated with fruit weight. Results from this study provided insights from multiple perspectives into the genetic and metabolic controls of fruit weight in loquat. The candidate genomic regions, genes, and sequence variants will facilitate understanding the molecular basis of fruit weight and lay a foundation for future breeding and manipulation of fruit weight in loquat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Chongbin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Shuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yihan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Hongxia Xu
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China
| | - Guibing Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Zongli Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Junwei Chen
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China
| | - Shunquan Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Wenbing Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Xianghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
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18
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Sharif R, Su L, Chen X, Qi X. Hormonal interactions underlying parthenocarpic fruit formation in horticultural crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:6497882. [PMID: 35031797 PMCID: PMC8788353 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In some horticultural crops, such as Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, and Rosaceae species, fruit set and development can occur without the fertilization of ovules, a process known as parthenocarpy. Parthenocarpy is an important agricultural trait that can not only mitigate fruit yield losses caused by environmental stresses but can also induce the development of seedless fruit, which is a desirable trait for consumers. In the present review, the induction of parthenocarpic fruit by the application of hormones such as auxins (2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; naphthaleneacetic acid), cytokinins (forchlorfenuron; 6-benzylaminopurine), gibberellic acids, and brassinosteroids is first presented. Then, the molecular mechanisms of parthenocarpic fruit formation, mainly related to plant hormones, are presented. Auxins, gibberellic acids, and cytokinins are categorized as primary players in initiating fruit set. Other hormones, such as ethylene, brassinosteroids, and melatonin, also participate in parthenocarpic fruit formation. Additionally, synergistic and antagonistic crosstalk between these hormones is crucial for deciding the fate of fruit set. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps and suggest future directions of research on parthenocarpic fruit formation in horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Sharif
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ,
| | - Xiaohua Qi
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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19
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Mazzoni-Putman SM, Brumos J, Zhao C, Alonso JM, Stepanova AN. Auxin Interactions with Other Hormones in Plant Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a039990. [PMID: 33903155 PMCID: PMC8485746 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Auxin is a crucial growth regulator that governs plant development and responses to environmental perturbations. It functions at the heart of many developmental processes, from embryogenesis to organ senescence, and is key to plant interactions with the environment, including responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. As remarkable as auxin is, it does not act alone, but rather solicits the help of, or is solicited by, other endogenous signals, including the plant hormones abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellic acid, jasmonates, salicylic acid, and strigolactones. The interactions between auxin and other hormones occur at multiple levels: hormones regulate one another's synthesis, transport, and/or response; hormone-specific transcriptional regulators for different pathways physically interact and/or converge on common target genes; etc. However, our understanding of this crosstalk is still fragmentary, with only a few pieces of the gigantic puzzle firmly established. In this review, we provide a glimpse into the complexity of hormone interactions that involve auxin, underscoring how patchy our current understanding is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serina M Mazzoni-Putman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Javier Brumos
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Chengsong Zhao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Jose M Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Anna N Stepanova
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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20
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Backiyarani S, Sasikala R, Sharmiladevi S, Uma S. Decoding the molecular mechanism of parthenocarpy in Musa spp. through protein-protein interaction network. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14592. [PMID: 34272422 PMCID: PMC8285514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Banana, one of the most important staple fruit among global consumers is highly sterile owing to natural parthenocarpy. Identification of genetic factors responsible for parthenocarpy would facilitate the conventional breeders to improve the seeded accessions. We have constructed Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network through mining differentially expressed genes and the genes used for transgenic studies with respect to parthenocarpy. Based on the topological and pathway enrichment analysis of proteins in PPI network, 12 candidate genes were shortlisted. By further validating these candidate genes in seeded and seedless accession of Musa spp. we put forward MaAGL8, MaMADS16, MaGH3.8, MaMADS29, MaRGA1, MaEXPA1, MaGID1C, MaHK2 and MaBAM1 as possible target genes in the study of natural parthenocarpy. In contrary, expression profile of MaACLB-2 and MaZEP is anticipated to highlight the difference in artificially induced and natural parthenocarpy. By exploring the PPI of validated genes from the network, we postulated a putative pathway that bring insights into the significance of cytokinin mediated CLAVATA(CLV)-WUSHEL(WUS) signaling pathway in addition to gibberellin mediated auxin signaling in parthenocarpy. Our analysis is the first attempt to identify candidate genes and to hypothesize a putative mechanism that bridges the gaps in understanding natural parthenocarpy through PPI network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthanthiram Backiyarani
- grid.465009.e0000 0004 1768 7371ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
| | - Rajendran Sasikala
- grid.465009.e0000 0004 1768 7371ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
| | - Simeon Sharmiladevi
- grid.465009.e0000 0004 1768 7371ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
| | - Subbaraya Uma
- grid.465009.e0000 0004 1768 7371ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
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21
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Hu G, Huang B, Wang K, Frasse P, Maza E, Djari A, Benhamed M, Gallusci P, Li Z, Zouine M, Bouzayen M. Histone posttranslational modifications rather than DNA methylation underlie gene reprogramming in pollination-dependent and pollination-independent fruit set in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:902-919. [PMID: 32875585 PMCID: PMC7821339 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fruit formation comprises a series of developmental transitions among which the fruit set process is essential in determining crop yield. Yet, our understanding of the epigenetic landscape remodelling associated with the flower-to-fruit transition remains poor. We investigated the epigenetic and transcriptomic reprogramming underlying pollination-dependent and auxin-induced flower-to-fruit transitions in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using combined genomewide transcriptomic profiling, global ChIP-sequencing and whole genomic DNA bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). Variation in the expression of the overwhelming majority of genes was associated with change in histone mark distribution, whereas changes in DNA methylation concerned a minor fraction of differentially expressed genes. Reprogramming of genes involved in processes instrumental to fruit set correlated with their H3K9ac or H3K4me3 marking status but not with changes in cytosine methylation, indicating that histone posttranslational modifications rather than DNA methylation are associated with the remodelling of the epigenetic landscape underpinning the flower-to-fruit transition. Given the prominent role previously assigned to DNA methylation in reprogramming key genes of the transition to ripening, the outcome of the present study supports the idea that the two main developmental transitions in fleshy fruit and the underlying transcriptomic reprogramming are associated with different modes of epigenetic regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojian Hu
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
| | - Baowen Huang
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
| | - Keke Wang
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
| | - Pierre Frasse
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
| | - Elie Maza
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
| | - Anis Djari
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐SaclayCNRSINRAUniversity Paris‐SudUniversity of EvryUniversity Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayBatiment 630Orsay91405France
| | - Philippe Gallusci
- UMR EGFVBordeaux Sciences AgroINRAUniversité de Bordeaux210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008Villenave d’Ornon33882France
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Center of Plant Functional GenomicsInstitute of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesChongqing UniversityChongqing401331China
| | - Mohamed Zouine
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
- Center of Plant Functional GenomicsInstitute of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesChongqing UniversityChongqing401331China
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How Hormones and MADS-Box Transcription Factors Are Involved in Controlling Fruit Set and Parthenocarpy in Tomato. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121441. [PMID: 33265980 PMCID: PMC7760363 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit set is the earliest phase of fruit growth and represents the onset of ovary growth after successful fertilization. In parthenocarpy, fruit formation is less affected by environmental factors because it occurs in the absence of pollination and fertilization, making parthenocarpy a highly desired agronomic trait. Elucidating the genetic program controlling parthenocarpy, and more generally fruit set, may have important implications in agriculture, considering the need for crops to be adaptable to climate changes. Several phytohormones play an important role in the transition from flower to fruit. Further complexity emerges from functional analysis of floral homeotic genes. Some homeotic MADS-box genes are implicated in fruit growth and development, displaying an expression pattern commonly observed for ovary growth repressors. Here, we provide an overview of recent discoveries on the molecular regulatory gene network underlying fruit set in tomato, the model organism for fleshy fruit development due to the many genetic and genomic resources available. We describe how the genetic modification of components of this network can cause parthenocarpy, discussing the contribution of hormonal signals and MADS-box transcription factors.
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Musseau C, Jorly J, Gadin S, Sørensen I, Deborde C, Bernillon S, Mauxion JP, Atienza I, Moing A, Lemaire-Chamley M, Rose JKC, Chevalier C, Rothan C, Fernandez-Lochu L, Gévaudant F. The Tomato Guanylate-Binding Protein SlGBP1 Enables Fruit Tissue Differentiation by Maintaining Endopolyploid Cells in a Non-Proliferative State. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3188-3205. [PMID: 32753430 PMCID: PMC7534463 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate maintenance is an integral part of plant cell differentiation and the production of functional cells, tissues, and organs. Fleshy fruit development is characterized by the accumulation of water and solutes in the enlarging cells of parenchymatous tissues. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), this process is associated with endoreduplication in mesocarp cells. The mechanisms that preserve this developmental program, once initiated, remain unknown. We show here that analysis of a previously identified tomato ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutant that exhibits abnormal mesocarp cell differentiation could help elucidate determinants of fruit cell fate maintenance. We identified and validated the causal locus through mapping-by-sequencing and gene editing, respectively, and performed metabolic, cellular, and transcriptomic analyses of the mutant phenotype. The data indicate that disruption of the SlGBP1 gene, encoding GUANYLATE BINDING PROTEIN1, induces early termination of endoreduplication followed by late divisions of polyploid mesocarp cells, which consequently acquire the characteristics of young proliferative cells. This study reveals a crucial role of plant GBPs in the control of cell cycle genes, and thus, in cell fate maintenance. We propose that SlGBP1 acts as an inhibitor of cell division, a function conserved with the human hGBP-1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Musseau
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Joana Jorly
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphanie Gadin
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Catherine Deborde
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- PMB-Metabolome, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2018, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- PMB-Metabolome, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2018, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Mauxion
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Isabelle Atienza
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Annick Moing
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- PMB-Metabolome, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2018, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Martine Lemaire-Chamley
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Christian Chevalier
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Lucie Fernandez-Lochu
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Quinet M, Angosto T, Yuste-Lisbona FJ, Blanchard-Gros R, Bigot S, Martinez JP, Lutts S. Tomato Fruit Development and Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1554. [PMID: 31850035 PMCID: PMC6895250 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family and is the second most important fruit or vegetable crop next to potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). It is cultivated for fresh fruit and processed products. Tomatoes contain many health-promoting compounds including vitamins, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. In addition to its economic and nutritional importance, tomatoes have become the model for the study of fleshy fruit development. Tomato is a climacteric fruit and dramatic metabolic changes occur during its fruit development. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of tomato fruit metabolism. We begin by detailing the genetic and hormonal control of fruit development and ripening, after which we document the primary metabolism of tomato fruits, with a special focus on sugar, organic acid, and amino acid metabolism. Links between primary and secondary metabolic pathways are further highlighted by the importance of pigments, flavonoids, and volatiles for tomato fruit quality. Finally, as tomato plants are sensitive to several abiotic stresses, we briefly summarize the effects of adverse environmental conditions on tomato fruit metabolism and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Quinet
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Trinidad Angosto
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Fernando J. Yuste-Lisbona
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Rémi Blanchard-Gros
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Servane Bigot
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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25
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Guan L, Tayengwa R, Cheng ZM, Peer WA, Murphy AS, Zhao M. Auxin regulates adventitious root formation in tomato cuttings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:435. [PMID: 31638898 PMCID: PMC6802334 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adventitious root (AR) formation is a critical developmental process in cutting propagation for the horticultural industry. While auxin has been shown to regulate this process, the exact mechanism and details preceding AR formation remain unclear. Even though AR and lateral root (LR) formation share common developmental processes, there are exist some differences that need to be closely examined at the cytological level. Tomato stem cuttings, which readily form adventitious roots, represent the perfect system to study the influence of auxin on AR formation and to compare AR and LR organogenesis. RESULTS Here we show the progression by which AR form from founder cells in the basal pericycle cell layers in tomato stem cuttings. The first disordered clumps of cells assumed a dome shape that later differentiated into functional AR cell layers. Further growth resulted in emergence of mature AR through the epidermis following programmed cell death of epidermal cells. Auxin and ethylene levels increased in the basal stem cutting within 1 h. Tomato lines expressing the auxin response element DR5pro:YFP showed an increase in auxin distribution during the AR initiation phase, and was mainly concentrated in the meristematic cells of the developing AR. Treatment of stem cuttings with auxin, increased the number of AR primordia and the length of AR, while stem cuttings treated with the pre-emergent herbicide/auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) occasionally developed thick, agravitropic AR. Hormone profile analyses showed that auxin positively regulated AR formation, whereas perturbations to zeatin, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid homeostasis suggested minor roles during tomato stem rooting. The gene expression of specific auxin transporters increased during specific developmental phases of AR formation. CONCLUSION These data show that AR formation in tomato stems is a complex process. Upon perception of a wounding stimulus, expression of auxin transporter genes and accumulation of auxin at founder cell initiation sites in pericycle cell layers and later in the meristematic cells of the AR primordia were observed. A clear understanding and documentation of these events in tomato is critical to resolve AR formation in recalcitrant species like hardwoods and improve stem cutting propagation efficiency and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guan
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Reuben Tayengwa
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Zongming Max Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Wendy Ann Peer
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Agriculture Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Angus S Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Agriculture Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mizhen Zhao
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
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26
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Recent Advances in Hormonal Regulation and Cross-Talk during Non-Climacteric Fruit Development and Ripening. HORTICULTURAE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae5020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits are characterized by having a developmentally and genetically controlled, highly intricate ripening process, leading to dramatic modifications in fruit size, texture, color, flavor, and aroma. Climacteric fruits such as tomato, pear, banana, and melon show a ripening-associated increase in respiration and ethylene production and these processes are well-documented. In contrast, the hormonal mechanism of fruit development and ripening in non-climacteric fruit, such as strawberry, grape, raspberry, and citrus, is not well characterized. However, recent studies have shown that non-climacteric fruit development and ripening, involves the coordinated action of different hormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellins, ethylene, and others. In this review, we discuss and evaluate the recent research findings concerning the hormonal regulation of non-climacteric fruit development and ripening and their cross-talk by taking grape, strawberry, and raspberry as reference fruit species.
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27
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Gan Z, Feng Y, Wu T, Wang Y, Xu X, Zhang X, Han Z. Downregulation of the auxin transporter gene SlPIN8 results in pollen abortion in tomato. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:561-573. [PMID: 30734902 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
SlPIN8 is expressed specifically within tomato pollen, and that it is involved in tomato pollen development and intracellular auxin homeostasis. The auxin (IAA) transport protein PIN-FORMED (PIN) plays key roles in various aspects of plant development. The biological role of the auxin transporter SlPIN8 in tomato development remains unclear. Here, we examined the expression pattern of the SlPIN8 gene in vegetative and reproductive organs of tomato. RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic lines specifically silenced for the SlPIN8 gene were generated to identify the role of SlPIN8 in pollen development. We found that SlPIN8 mRNA is expressed specifically within tomato pollen. In the anthers, the highest mRNA expression and β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity of promoter-SlPIN8-GUS was detected during late stages of anther development, when pollen maturation occurred. The downregulation of SlPIN8 did not drastically affect the vegetative growth of tomato. However, in SlPIN8-RNAi transgenic plants, approximately 80% of the pollen grains were identified to be abnormal and lack viability; they were shriveled and flattened. Furthermore, the downregulation of SlPIN8 affected the gene expression of some anther development-specific proteins. SlPIN8-RNAi transgenic plants induced seedless fruits because of defective pollen function rather than defective female gametophyte function. In addition, SlPIN8 was found to localize to the endoplasmic reticulum, consistent with the changes in the auxin levels of SlPIN8-RNAi lines, whereas the level of free IAA was increased in SlPIN8-overexpressing protoplasts, indicating that SlPIN8 is involved in intracellular auxin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyu Gan
- Institute of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Feng
- Institute of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Institute of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- Institute of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Picarella ME, Mazzucato A. The Occurrence of Seedlessness in Higher Plants; Insights on Roles and Mechanisms of Parthenocarpy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1997. [PMID: 30713546 PMCID: PMC6345683 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Parthenocarpy in a broad sense includes those processes that allow the production of seedless fruits. Such fruits are favorable to growers, because they are set independently of successful pollination, and to processors and consumers, because they are easier to deal with and to eat. Seedless fruits however represent a biological paradox because they do not contribute to offspring production. In this work, the occurrence of parthenocarpy in Angiosperms was investigated by conducting a bibliographic survey. We distinguished monospermic (single seeded) from plurispermic (multiseeded) species and wild from cultivated taxa. Out of 96 seedless taxa, 66% belonged to plurispermic species. Of these, cultivated species were represented six times higher than wild species, suggesting a selective pressure for parthenocarpy during domestication and breeding. In monospermic taxa, wild and cultivated species were similarly represented. The occurrence of parthenocarpy in wild species suggests that seedlessness may have an adaptive role. In monospermic species, seedless fruits are proposed to reduce seed predation through deceptive mechanisms. In plurispermic fruit species, parthenocarpy may exert an adaptive advantage under suboptimal pollination regimes, when too few embryos are formed to support fruit growth. In this situation, parthenocarpy offers the opportunity to accomplish the production and dispersal of few seeds, thus representing a selective advantage. Approximately 20 sources of seedlessness have been described in tomato. Excluding the EMS induced mutation parthenocarpic fruit (pat), the parthenocarpic phenotype always emerged in biparental populations derived from wide crosses between cultivated tomato and wild relatives. Following a theory postulated for apomictic species, we argument that wide hybridization could also be the force driving parthenocarpy, following the disruption of synchrony in time and space of reproductive developmental events, from sporogenesis to fruit development. The high occurrence of polyploidy among parthenocarpic species supported this suggestion. Other commonalities between apomixis and parthenocarpy emerged from genetic and molecular studies of the two phenomena. Such insights may improve the understanding of the mechanisms underlying these two reproductive variants of great importance to modern breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Mazzucato
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies of Vegetable Crops, Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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29
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Rojas-Gracia P, Roque E, Medina M, López-Martín MJ, Cañas LA, Beltrán JP, Gómez-Mena C. The DOF Transcription Factor SlDOF10 Regulates Vascular Tissue Formation During Ovary Development in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:216. [PMID: 30863420 PMCID: PMC6399211 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The formation of fruits is an important step in the life cycle of flowering plants. The process of fruit development is highly regulated and involves the interaction of a complex regulatory network of genes in both space and time. To identify regulatory genes involved in fruit initiation in tomato we analyzed the transcriptomic profile of ovaries from the parthenocarpic PsEND1:barnase transgenic line. This line was generated using the cytotoxic gene barnase targeted to the anthers with the PsEND1 anther-specific promoter from pea. Among the differentially expressed genes we identified SlDOF10, a gene coding a DNA-binding with one finger (DOF) transcription factor which is activated in unpollinated ovaries of the parthenocarpic plants. SlDOF10 is preferentially expressed in the vasculature of the cotyledons and young leaves and in the root tip. During floral development, expression is visible in the vascular tissue of the sepals, the flower pedicel and in the ovary connecting the placenta with the developing ovules. The induction of the gene was observed in response to exogenous gibberellins and auxins treatments. To evaluate the gene function during reproductive development, we have generated SlDOF10 overexpressing and silencing stable transgenic lines. In particular, down-regulation of SlDOF10 activity led to a decrease in the area occupied by individual vascular bundles in the flower pedicel. Associated with this phenotype we observed induction of parthenocarpic fruit set. In summary, expression and functional analyses revealed a role for SlDOF10 gene in the development of the vascular tissue specifically during reproductive development highlighting the importance of this tissue in the process of fruit set.
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30
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Batista-Silva W, Nascimento VL, Medeiros DB, Nunes-Nesi A, Ribeiro DM, Zsögön A, Araújo WL. Modifications in Organic Acid Profiles During Fruit Development and Ripening: Correlation or Causation? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1689. [PMID: 30524461 PMCID: PMC6256983 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The pivotal role of phytohormones during fruit development and ripening is considered established knowledge in plant biology. Perhaps less well-known is the growing body of evidence suggesting that organic acids play a key function in plant development and, in particular, in fruit development, maturation and ripening. Here, we critically review the connection between organic acids and the development of both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. By analyzing the metabolic content of different fruits during their ontogenetic trajectory, we noticed that the content of organic acids in the early stages of fruit development is directly related to the supply of substrates for respiratory processes. Although different organic acid species can be found during fruit development in general, it appears that citrate and malate play major roles in this process, as they accumulate on a broad range of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. We further highlight the functional significance of changes in organic acid profile in fruits due to either the manipulation of fruit-specific genes or the use of fruit-specific promoters. Despite the complexity behind the fluctuation in organic acid content during fruit development and ripening, we extend our understanding on the importance of organic acids on fruit metabolism and the need to further boost future research. We suggest that engineering organic acid metabolism could improve both qualitative and quantitative traits of crop fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Batista-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Vitor L. Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - David B. Medeiros
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Dimas M. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Agustín Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Wagner L. Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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31
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Ofori PA, Geisler M, di Donato M, Pengchao H, Otagaki S, Matsumoto S, Shiratake K. Tomato ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter SlABCB4 Is Involved in Auxin Transport in the Developing Fruit. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7030065. [PMID: 30104476 PMCID: PMC6161087 DOI: 10.3390/plants7030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters are membrane proteins that are important for transporting a wide range of compounds, including secondary metabolites and phytohormones. In Arabidopsis, some members of the ABCB subfamily of ABC transporter, also known as Multi-Drug Resistance proteins (MDRs), have been implicated in auxin transport. However, reports on the roles of the auxin-mediated ABCBs in fleshy fruit development are rare. Here, we present that SlABCB4, a member of the tomato ABCB subfamily, transports auxin in the developing fruit of tomato. Transient expression of SlABCB4-GFP fusion proteins in tobacco cells showed plasma membrane localization. The transport activity of SlABCB4, expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts, revealed substrate specificity for indole-3-acetic acid export. Gene expression analysis of SlABCB4 revealed high expression levels at the early stages of fruit development. Therefore, SlABCB4 is considered to facilitate auxin distribution in tomato fruit, which is important for tomato fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Amoako Ofori
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Martin di Donato
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Hao Pengchao
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Shungo Otagaki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Shogo Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiro Shiratake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Joldersma D, Liu Z. The making of virgin fruit: the molecular and genetic basis of parthenocarpy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:955-962. [PMID: 29325151 PMCID: PMC6018997 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fruit set-the commitment of an angiosperm plant to develop fruit-is a key developmental process that normally occurs following successful fertilization. Parthenocarpy arises when fruit automatically develop in the absence of fertilization. This review uses parthenocarpic fruit development as a focal device through which to recapitulate and understand the molecular effectors that mediate and regulate fruit set. The review demonstrates that studies of parthenocarpy are providing vital insight into plant development, signaling and, potentially, high-value agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Joldersma
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Correspondence:
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Molesini B, Rotino GL, Dusi V, Chignola R, Sala T, Mennella G, Francese G, Pandolfini T. Two metallocarboxypeptidase inhibitors are implicated in tomato fruit development and regulated by the Inner No Outer transcription factor. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 266:19-26. [PMID: 29241563 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The TCMP-1 and TCMP-2 genes of tomato code for metallocarboxypeptidase inhibitors and show sequential, tightly regulated expression patterns during flower and fruit development. In particular, TCMP-1 is highly expressed in flower buds before anthesis, while TCMP-2 in ripe fruits. Their expression pattern suggests that they might play a role in fruit development. Here, to investigate their function, we altered their endogenous levels by generating transgenic plants harbouring a chimeric gene expressing the TCMP-1 coding sequence under the control of the TCMP-2 promoter. The expression of the transgene caused an earlier fruit setting with no visible phenotypic effects on plant and fruit growth. The altered TCMP-1 regulation determines an increased level of TCMP-1 in the fruit and unexpected changes in the levels of both TCMPs in flower buds before anthesis, suggesting a mechanism of transcriptional cross-regulation. We in silico analysed TCMPs promoter regions for the presence of common cis acting elements related to ovary/fruit development and we found that both promoters contain putative binding sites for INNER NO OUTER (INO), a transcription factor implicated in ovule development. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, we proved that INO binds to TCMP-1 and TCMP-2 promoters, thereby representing a candidate regulatory factor for coordinated control of TCMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Molesini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - G L Rotino
- CREA Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Montanaso Lombardo, Lodi, Italy
| | - V Dusi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - R Chignola
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - T Sala
- CREA Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Montanaso Lombardo, Lodi, Italy
| | - G Mennella
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Pontecagnano-Faiano, Salerno, Italy
| | - G Francese
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Pontecagnano-Faiano, Salerno, Italy
| | - T Pandolfini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Liu W, Xiao Z, Fan C, Jiang N, Meng X, Xiang X. Cloning and Characterization of a Flavonol Synthase Gene From Litchi chinensis and Its Variation Among Litchi Cultivars With Different Fruit Maturation Periods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:567. [PMID: 29922308 PMCID: PMC5996885 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is an important subtropical fruit tree with high commercial value. However, the short and centralized fruit maturation period of litchi cultivars represents a bottleneck for litchi production. Therefore, the development of novel cultivars with extremely early fruit maturation period is critical. Previously, we showed that the genotypes of extremely early-maturing (EEM), early-maturing (EM), and middle-to-late-maturing (MLM) cultivars at a specific locus SNP51 (substitution type C/T) were consistent with their respective genetic background at the whole-genome level; a homozygous C/C genotype at SNP51 systematically differentiated EEM cultivars from others. The litchi gene on which SNP51 was located was annotated as flavonol synthase (FLS), which catalyzes the formation of flavonols. Here, we further elucidate the variation of the FLS gene from L. chinensis (LcFLS) among EEM, EM, and MLM cultivars. EEM cultivars with a homozygous C/C genotype at SNP51 all contained the same 2,199-bp sequence of the LcFLS gene. For MLM cultivars with a homozygous T/T genotype at SNP51, the sequence lengths of the LcFLS gene were 2,202-2,222 bp. EM cultivars with heterozygous C/T genotypes at SNP51 contained two different alleles of the LcFLS gene: a 2,199-bp sequence identical to that in EEM cultivars and a 2,205-bp sequence identical to that in MLM cultivar 'Heiye.' Moreover, the coding regions of LcFLS genes of other MLM cultivars were almost identical to that of 'Heiye.' Therefore, the LcFLS gene coding region may be used as a source of diagnostic SNP markers to discriminate or identify genotypes with the EEM trait. The expression pattern of the LcFLS gene and accumulation pattern of flavonol from EEM, EM, and MLM cultivars were analyzed and compared using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for mature leaves, flower buds, and fruits, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after anthesis. Flavonol content and LcFLS gene expression levels were positively correlated in all three cultivars: both decreased from the EEM to MLM cultivars, with moderate levels in the EM cultivars. LcFLS gene function could be further analyzed to elucidate its correlation with phenotype variation among litchi cultivars with different fruit maturation periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhidan Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Fan
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nonghui Jiang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangchun Meng
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Xiang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xu Xiang,
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Li YL, Lin YS, Huang PL, Do YY. Two Paralogous Genes Encoding Auxin Efflux Carrier Differentially Expressed in Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia). Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112343. [PMID: 29113110 PMCID: PMC5713312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin regulates various developmental programs in plants, including cell growth, cell division and cell differentiation. The auxin efflux carriers are essential for the auxin transport. To show an involvement of auxin transporters in the coordination of fruit development in bitter gourd, a juicy fruit, we isolated novel cDNAs (referred as McPIN) encoding putative auxin efflux carriers, including McPIN1, McPIN2 (allele of McPIN1) and McPIN3, from developing fruits of bitter gourd. Both McPIN1 and McPIN3 genes possess six exons and five introns. Hydropathy analysis revealed that both polypeptides have two hydrophobic regions with five transmembrane segments and a predominantly hydrophilic core. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that McPIN1 shared the highest homology to the group of Arabidopsis, cucumber and tomato PIN1, while McPIN3 belonged to another group, including Arabidopsis and tomato PIN3 as well as PIN4. This suggests different roles for McPIN1 and McPIN3 in auxin transport involved in the fruit development of bitter gourd. Maximum mRNA levels for both genes were detected in staminate and pistillate flowers. McPIN1 is expressed in a particular period of early fruit development but McPIN3 continues to be expressed until the last stage of fruit ripening. Moreover, these two genes are auxin-inducible and qualified as early auxin-response genes. Their expression patterns suggest that these two auxin transporter genes play a pivotal role in fruit setting and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Li Li
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Shan Lin
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Pung-Ling Huang
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Yin Do
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Xie X, Qin G, Si P, Luo Z, Gao J, Chen X, Zhang J, Wei P, Xia Q, Lin F, Yang J. Analysis of Nicotiana tabacum PIN genes identifies NtPIN4 as a key regulator of axillary bud growth. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 160:222-239. [PMID: 28128458 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux proteins have been well characterized in many plant species, where they are crucial in the regulation of auxin transport in various aspects of plant development. However, little is known about the exact roles of the PIN genes during plant development in Nicotiana species. This study investigated the PIN genes in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and in two ancestral species (Nicotiana sylvestris and Nicotiana tomentosiformis). Genome-wide analysis of the N. tabacum genome identified 20 genes of the PIN family. An in-depth phylogenetic analysis of the PIN genes of N. tabacum, N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis was conducted. NtPIN4 expression was strongly induced by the application of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), but was downregulated by the application of ABA, a strigolactone analogue, and cytokinin, as well as by decapitation treatments, suggesting that the NtPIN4 expression level is likely positively regulated by auxin. Expression analysis indicated that NtPIN4 was highly expressed in tobacco stems and shoots, which was further validated through analysis of the activity of the NtPIN4 promoter. We used CRISPR-Cas9 technology to generate mutants for NtPIN4 and observed that both T0 and T1 plants had a significantly increased axillary bud growth phenotype, as compared with the wild-type plants. Therefore, NtPIN4 offers an opportunity for studying auxin-dependent branching processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xie
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- College of Physical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guangyong Qin
- College of Physical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ping Si
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Zhaopeng Luo
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Junping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xia Chen
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Pan Wei
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Gascuel Q, Diretto G, Monforte AJ, Fortes AM, Granell A. Use of Natural Diversity and Biotechnology to Increase the Quality and Nutritional Content of Tomato and Grape. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:652. [PMID: 28553296 PMCID: PMC5427129 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Improving fruit quality has become a major goal in plant breeding. Direct approaches to tackling fruit quality traits specifically linked to consumer preferences and environmental friendliness, such as improved flavor, nutraceutical compounds, and sustainability, have slowly been added to a breeder priority list that already includes traits like productivity, efficiency, and, especially, pest and disease control. Breeders already use molecular genetic tools to improve fruit quality although most advances have been made in producer and industrial quality standards. Furthermore, progress has largely been limited to simple agronomic traits easy-to-observe, whereas the vast majority of quality attributes, specifically those relating to flavor and nutrition, are complex and have mostly been neglected. Fortunately, wild germplasm, which is used for resistance against/tolerance of environmental stresses (including pathogens), is still available and harbors significant genetic variation for taste and health-promoting traits. Similarly, heirloom/traditional varieties could be used to identify which genes contribute to flavor and health quality and, at the same time, serve as a good source of the best alleles for organoleptic quality improvement. Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) produce fleshy, berry-type fruits, among the most consumed in the world. Both have undergone important domestication and selection processes, that have dramatically reduced their genetic variability, and strongly standardized fruit traits. Moreover, more and more consumers are asking for sustainable production, incompatible with the wide range of chemical inputs. In the present paper, we review the genetic resources available to tomato/grape breeders, and the recent technological progresses that facilitate the identification of genes/alleles of interest within the natural or generated variability gene pool. These technologies include omics, high-throughput phenotyping/phenomics, and biotech approaches. Our review also covers a range of technologies used to transfer to tomato and grape those alleles considered of interest for fruit quality. These include traditional breeding, TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes), genetic engineering, or NPBT (New Plant Breeding Technologies). Altogether, the combined exploitation of genetic variability and innovative biotechnological tools may facilitate breeders to improve fruit quality tacking more into account the consumer standards and the needs to move forward into more sustainable farming practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Gascuel
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Toulouse UniversityCastanet Tolosan, France
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research CentreRome, Italy
| | - Antonio J. Monforte
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Ana M. Fortes
- Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Instituto de Biossistemas e Ciências Integrativas (BioISI), Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
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Rojas-Gracia P, Roque E, Medina M, Rochina M, Hamza R, Angarita-Díaz MP, Moreno V, Pérez-Martín F, Lozano R, Cañas L, Beltrán JP, Gómez-Mena C. The parthenocarpic hydra mutant reveals a new function for a SPOROCYTELESS-like gene in the control of fruit set in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1198-1212. [PMID: 28134991 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fruit set is an essential process to ensure successful sexual plant reproduction. The development of the flower into a fruit is actively repressed in the absence of pollination. However, some cultivars from a few species are able to develop seedless fruits overcoming the standard restriction of unpollinated ovaries to growth. We report here the identification of the tomato hydra mutant that produces seedless (parthenocarpic) fruits. Seedless fruit production in hydra plants is linked to the absence of both male and female sporocyte development. The HYDRA gene is therefore essential for the initiation of sporogenesis in tomato. Using positional cloning, virus-induced gene silencing and expression analysis experiments, we identified the HYDRA gene and demonstrated that it encodes the tomato orthologue of SPOROCYTELESS/NOZZLE (SPL/NZZ) of Arabidopsis. We found that the precocious growth of the ovary is associated with changes in the expression of genes involved in gibberellin (GA) metabolism. Our results support the conservation of the function of SPL-like genes in the control of sporogenesis in plants. Moreover, this study uncovers a new function for the tomato SlSPL/HYDRA gene in the control of fruit initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rojas-Gracia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ing. Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia, 46011, Spain
| | - Edelin Roque
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ing. Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia, 46011, Spain
| | - Mónica Medina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ing. Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia, 46011, Spain
| | - Maricruz Rochina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ing. Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia, 46011, Spain
| | - Rim Hamza
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ing. Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia, 46011, Spain
| | - María Pilar Angarita-Díaz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ing. Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia, 46011, Spain
| | - Vicente Moreno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ing. Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia, 46011, Spain
| | - Fernando Pérez-Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Luis Cañas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ing. Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia, 46011, Spain
| | - José Pío Beltrán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ing. Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia, 46011, Spain
| | - Concepción Gómez-Mena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ing. Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia, 46011, Spain
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Song H, Zhao X, Hu W, Wang X, Shen T, Yang L. Comparative Transcriptional Analysis of Loquat Fruit Identifies Major Signal Networks Involved in Fruit Development and Ripening Process. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111837. [PMID: 27827928 PMCID: PMC5133838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is an important non-climacteric fruit and rich in essential nutrients such as minerals and carotenoids. During fruit development and ripening, thousands of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from various metabolic pathways cause a series of physiological and biochemical changes. To better understand the underlying mechanism of fruit development, the Solexa/Illumina RNA-seq high-throughput sequencing was used to evaluate the global changes of gene transcription levels. More than 51,610,234 high quality reads from ten runs of fruit development were sequenced and assembled into 48,838 unigenes. Among 3256 DEGs, 2304 unigenes could be annotated to the Gene Ontology database. These DEGs were distributed into 119 pathways described in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. A large number of DEGs were involved in carbohydrate metabolism, hormone signaling, and cell-wall degradation. The real-time reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR analyses revealed that several genes related to cell expansion, auxin signaling and ethylene response were differentially expressed during fruit development. Other members of transcription factor families were also identified. There were 952 DEGs considered as novel genes with no annotation in any databases. These unigenes will serve as an invaluable genetic resource for loquat molecular breeding and postharvest storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huwei Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiangxiang Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weicheng Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ting Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liming Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
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Kühn N, Serrano A, Abello C, Arce A, Espinoza C, Gouthu S, Deluc L, Arce-Johnson P. Regulation of polar auxin transport in grapevine fruitlets (Vitis vinifera L.) and the proposed role of auxin homeostasis during fruit abscission. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:234. [PMID: 27793088 PMCID: PMC5084367 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most abundant auxin, is a growth promoter hormone involved in several developmental processes. Auxin homeostasis is very important to its function and this is achieved through the regulation of IAA biosynthesis, conjugation, degradation and transport. In grapevine, IAA plays an essential role during initial stages of berry development, since it delays fruitlet abscission by reducing the ethylene sensitivity in the abscission zone. For this reason, Continuous polar IAA transport to the pedicel is required. This kind of transport is controlled by IAA, which regulates its own movement by modifying the expression and localization of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux facilitators that localize asymmetrically within the cell. On the other hand, the hormone gibberellin (GA) also activates the polar auxin transport by increasing PIN stability. In Vitis vinifera, fruitlet abscission occurs during the first two to three weeks after flowering. During this time, IAA and GA are present, however the role of these hormones in the control of polar auxin transport is unknown. RESULTS In this work, the use of radiolabeled IAA showed that auxin is basipetally transported during grapevine fruitlet abscission. This observation was further supported by immunolocalization of putative VvPIN proteins that display a basipetal distribution in pericarp cells. Polar auxin transport and transcripts of four putative VvPIN genes decreased in conjunction with increased abscission, and the inhibition of polar auxin transport resulted in fruit drop. GA3 and IAA treatments reduced polar auxin transport, but only GA3 treatment decreased VvPIN transcript abundance. When GA biosynthesis was blocked, IAA was capable to increase polar auxin transport, suggesting that its effect depends on GA content. Finally, we observed significant changes in the content of several IAA-related compounds during the abscission period. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that auxin homeostasis plays a central role during grapevine initial fruit development and that GA and IAA controls auxin homeostasis by reducing polar auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kühn
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Serrano
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Abello
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aníbal Arce
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Espinoza
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Laurent Deluc
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Patricio Arce-Johnson
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
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Ocarez N, Mejía N. Suppression of the D-class MADS-box AGL11 gene triggers seedlessness in fleshy fruits. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:239-54. [PMID: 26563346 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Seedlessness, one of the most desired traits in fleshy fruits, can be obtained altering solely AGL11 gene, a D -class MADS-box. Opposite to overlapping functions described for ovule identity. AGAMOUS like-11 (AGL11) is a D-class MADS-box gene that determines ovule identity in model species. In grapevine, VviAGL11 has been proposed as the main candidate gene responsible for seedlessness because ovules develop into seeds after fertilization. Here, we demonstrate that AGL11 has a direct role in the determination of the seedless phenotype. In grapevine, broad expression analysis revealed very low expression levels of the seedless allele compared to the seeded allele at the pea-size berry stage. Heterozygous genotypes have lower transcript accumulation than expected considering the diploid nature of grapevine, thereby revealing that the dominant phenotype previously described for seedlessness is based on its expression level. In a seeded somatic variant of Sultanina (Thompson Seedless) that has well-developed seeds, Sultanine Monococco, structural differences were identified in the regulatory region of VviAGL11. These differences affect transcript accumulation levels and explain the phenotypic differences between the two varieties. Functional experiments in tomato demonstrated that SlyAGL11 gene silencing produces seedless fruits and that the degree of seed development is proportional to transcript accumulation levels. Furthermore, the genes involved in seed coat development, SlyVPE1 and SlyVPE2 in tomato and VviVPE in grapevine, that are putatively controlled by SlyAGL11 and VviAGL11, respectively, are expressed at lower levels in silenced tomato lines and in seedless grapevine genotypes. In conclusion, this work provides evidence that the D-class MADS-box AGL11 plays a major and direct role in seed development in fleshy fruits, providing a valuable tool for further analysis of fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nallatt Ocarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA -Chile), La Platina Research Centre, Av. Santa Rosa 11, 610, P.O. Box 439-3, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nilo Mejía
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA -Chile), La Platina Research Centre, Av. Santa Rosa 11, 610, P.O. Box 439-3, Santiago, Chile.
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Ruiu F, Picarella ME, Imanishi S, Mazzucato A. A transcriptomic approach to identify regulatory genes involved in fruit set of wild-type and parthenocarpic tomato genotypes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 89:263-78. [PMID: 26319515 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The tomato parthenocarpic fruit (pat) mutation associates a strong competence for parthenocarpy with homeotic transformation of anthers and aberrancy of ovules. To dissect this complex floral phenotype, genes involved in the pollination-independent fruit set of the pat mutant were investigated by microarray analysis using wild-type and mutant ovaries. Normalized expression data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and 2499 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) displaying a >1.5 log-fold change in at least one of the pairwise comparisons analyzed were detected. DEGs were categorized into 20 clusters and clusters classified into five groups representing transcripts with similar expression dynamics. The "regulatory function" group (685 DEGs) contained putative negative or positive fruit set regulators, "pollination-dependent" (411 DEGs) included genes activated by pollination, "fruit growth-related" (815 DEGs) genes activated at early fruit growth. The last groups listed genes with different or similar expression pattern at all stages in the two genotypes. qRT-PCR validation of 20 DEGs plus other four selected genes assessed the high reliability of microarray expression data; the average correlation coefficient for the 20 DEGs was 0.90. In all the groups were evidenced relevant transcription factors encoding proteins regulating meristem differentiation and floral organ development, genes involved in metabolism, transport and response of hormones, genes involved in cell division and in primary and secondary metabolism. Among pathways related to secondary metabolites emerged genes related to the synthesis of flavonoids, supporting the recent evidence that these compounds are important at the fruit set phase. Selected genes showing a de-regulated expression pattern in pat were studied in other four parthenocarpic genotypes either genetically anonymous or carrying lesions in known gene sequences. This comparative approach offered novel insights for improving the present molecular understanding of fruit set and parthenocarpy in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ruiu
- Department of Science and Technologies for Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S.C. de Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Maurizio Enea Picarella
- Department of Science and Technologies for Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S.C. de Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Shunsuke Imanishi
- NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 360 Kusawa, Ano, Tsu, Mie, 514-2392, Japan
| | - Andrea Mazzucato
- Department of Science and Technologies for Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S.C. de Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
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de Jong M, Wolters-Arts M, Schimmel BCJ, Stultiens CLM, de Groot PFM, Powers SJ, Tikunov YM, Bovy AG, Mariani C, Vriezen WH, Rieu I. Solanum lycopersicum AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 9 regulates cell division activity during early tomato fruit development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3405-16. [PMID: 25883382 PMCID: PMC4449553 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of the ovary into a fruit after successful completion of pollination and fertilization has been associated with many changes at transcriptomic level. These changes are part of a dynamic and complex regulatory network that is controlled by phytohormones, with a major role for auxin. One of the auxin-related genes differentially expressed upon fruit set and early fruit development in tomato is Solanum lycopersicum AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 9 (SlARF9). Here, the functional analysis of this ARF is described. SlARF9 expression was found to be auxin-responsive and SlARF9 mRNA levels were high in the ovules, placenta, and pericarp of pollinated ovaries, but also in other plant tissues with high cell division activity, such as the axillary meristems and root meristems. Transgenic plants with increased SlARF9 mRNA levels formed fruits that were smaller than wild-type fruits because of reduced cell division activity, whereas transgenic lines in which SlARF9 mRNA levels were reduced showed the opposite phenotype. The expression analysis, together with the phenotype of the transgenic lines, suggests that, in tomato, ARF9 negatively controls cell division during early fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike de Jong
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Wolters-Arts
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernardus C J Schimmel
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina L M Stultiens
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter F M de Groot
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Powers
- Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Yury M Tikunov
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University & Research Plant Breeding, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud G Bovy
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University & Research Plant Breeding, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Celestina Mariani
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H Vriezen
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Rieu
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Molesini B, Mennella G, Martini F, Francese G, Pandolfini T. Involvement of the Putative N-Acetylornithine Deacetylase from Arabidopsis thaliana in Flowering and Fruit Development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1084-96. [PMID: 25713174 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the non-proteinogenic amino acid ornithine is the precursor of arginine and polyamines (PAs). The final step of ornithine biosynthesis occurs in plants via a cyclic pathway catalyzed by N(2)-acetylornithine:N-acetylglutamate acetyltransferase (NAOGAcT). An alternative route for ornithine formation, the linear pathway, has been reported for enteric bacteria and a few other organisms; the acetyl group of N(2)-acetylornithine is released as acetate by N(2)-acetylornithine deacetylase (NAOD). NAOD activity has never been demonstrated in plants, although many putative NAOD-like genes have been identified. In this investigation, we examined the effect of down-regulation of the putative Arabidopsis thaliana NAOD gene by using AtNAOD-silenced (sil#17) and T-DNA insertional mutant (atnaod) plants. The ornithine content was consistently reduced in sil#17 and atnaod plants compared with wild-type plants, suggesting that in addition to NAOGAcT action, AtNAOD contributes to the regulation of ornithine levels in plant cells. Ornithine depletion was associated with altered levels of putrescine and spermine. Reduced AtNAOD expression resulted in alterations at the reproductive level, causing early flowering and impaired fruit setting. In this regard, the highest level of AtNAOD expression was observed in unfertilized ovules. Our findings suggest that AtNAOD acts as a positive regulator of fruit setting and agree with those obtained in tomato auxin-synthesizing parthenocarpic plants, where induction of SlNAOD was associated with the onset of ovary growth. Thus, here we have uncovered the first hints of the functions of AtNAOD by connecting its role in flower and fruit development with the regulation of ornithine and PA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Molesini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mennella
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, CRA-ORT Centro di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura, via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano-Faiano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Flavio Martini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Francese
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, CRA-ORT Centro di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura, via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano-Faiano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Tiziana Pandolfini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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45
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Tang N, Deng W, Hu G, Hu N, Li Z. Transcriptome profiling reveals the regulatory mechanism underlying pollination dependent and parthenocarpic fruit set mainly mediated by auxin and gibberellin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125355. [PMID: 25909657 PMCID: PMC4409352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit set is a key process for crop production in tomato which occurs after successful pollination and fertilization naturally. However, parthenocarpic fruit development can be uncoupled from fertilization triggered by exogenous auxin or gibberellins (GAs). Global transcriptome knowledge during fruit initiation would help to characterize the molecular mechanisms by which these two hormones regulate pollination-dependent and -independent fruit set. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this work, digital gene expression tag profiling (DGE) technology was applied to compare the transcriptomes from pollinated and 2, 4-D/GA3-treated ovaries. Activation of carbohydrate metabolism, cell division and expansion as well as the down-regulation of MADS-box is a comprehensive regulatory pathway during pollination-dependent and parthenocarpic fruit set. The signaling cascades of auxin and GA are significantly modulated. The feedback regulations of Aux/IAAs and DELLA genes which functioned to fine-tune auxin and GA response respectively play fundamental roles in triggering fruit initiation. In addition, auxin regulates GA synthesis via up-regulation of GA20ox1 and down-regulation of KNOX. Accordingly, the effect of auxin on fruit set is mediated by GA via ARF2 and IAA9 down-regulation, suggesting that both pollination-dependent and parthenocarpic fruit set depend on the crosstalk between auxin and GA. SIGNIFICANCE This study characterizes the transcriptomic features of ovary development and more importantly unravels the integral roles of auxin and GA on pollination-dependent and parthenocarpic fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Guojian Hu
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- * E-mail:
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Azzi L, Deluche C, Gévaudant F, Frangne N, Delmas F, Hernould M, Chevalier C. Fruit growth-related genes in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1075-86. [PMID: 25573859 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) represents a model species for all fleshy fruits due to its biological cycle and the availability of numerous genetic and molecular resources. Its importance in human nutrition has made it one of the most valuable worldwide commodities. Tomato fruit size results from the combination of cell number and cell size, which are determined by both cell division and expansion. As fruit growth is mainly driven by cell expansion, cells from the (fleshy) pericarp tissue become highly polyploid according to the endoreduplication process, reaching a DNA content rarely encountered in other plant species (between 2C and 512C). Both cell division and cell expansion are under the control of complex interactions between hormone signalling and carbon partitioning, which establish crucial determinants of the quality of ripe fruit, such as the final size, weight, and shape, and organoleptic and nutritional traits. This review describes the genes known to contribute to fruit growth in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Azzi
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Cynthia Deluche
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Frangne
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Delmas
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Michel Hernould
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- INRA, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, CS20032, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
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Yu P, Hegeman AD, Cohen JD. A facile means for the identification of indolic compounds from plant tissues. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:1065-75. [PMID: 25040570 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The bulk of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in plants is found in the form of conjugated molecules, yet past research on identifying these compounds has largely relied on methods that were both laborious and inefficient. Using recent advances in analytical instrumentation, we have developed a simple yet powerful liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based method for the facile characterization of the small IAA conjugate profile of plants. The method uses the well-known quinolinium ion (m/z 130.0651) generated in MS processes as a signature with high mass accuracy that can be used to screen plant extracts for indolic compounds, including IAA conjugates. We reinvestigated Glycine max (soybean) for its indoles and found indole-3-acetyl-trytophan (IA-Trp) in addition to the already known indole-3-acetyl-aspartic acid (IA-Asp) and indole-3-acetyl-glutamic acid (IA-Glu) conjugates. Surprisingly, several organic acid conjugates of tryptophan were also discovered, many of which have not been reported in planta before. These compounds may have important physiological roles in tryptophan metabolism, which in turn can affect human nutrition. We also demonstrated the general applicability of this method by identifying indolic compounds in different plant tissues of diverse phylogenetic origins. It involves minimal sample preparation but can work in conjunction with sample enrichment techniques. This method enables quick screening of IAA conjugates in both previously characterized as well as uncharacterized species, and facilitates the identification of indolic compounds in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Plant Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Department of Horticultural Science, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Kumar R, Khurana A, Sharma AK. Role of plant hormones and their interplay in development and ripening of fleshy fruits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4561-75. [PMID: 25028558 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones have been extensively studied for their roles in the regulation of various aspects of plant development. However, in the last decade important new insights have been made into their action during development and ripening, in both dry and fleshy fruits. Emerging evidence suggests that relative functions of plant hormones are not restricted to a particular stage, and a complex network of more than one plant hormone is involved in controlling various aspects of fruit development. Though some areas are extensively covered, considerable gaps in our knowledge and understanding still exist in the control of hormonal networks and crosstalk between different hormones during fruit expansion, maturation, and various other aspects of ripening. Here, we evaluate the new knowledge on their relative roles during tomato fruit development with a view to understand their mechanism of action in fleshy fruits. For a better understanding, pertinent evidences available on hormonal crosstalk during fruit development in other species are also discussed. We envisage that such detailed knowledge will help design new strategies for effective manipulation of fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India. Current address: Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Ashima Khurana
- Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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Sotelo-Silveira M, Marsch-Martínez N, de Folter S. Unraveling the signal scenario of fruit set. PLANTA 2014; 239:1147-58. [PMID: 24659051 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Long-term goals to impact or modify fruit quality and yield have been the target of researchers for many years. Different approaches such as traditional breeding,mutation breeding, and transgenic approaches have revealed a regulatory network where several hormones concur in a complex way to regulate fruit set and development,and these networks are shared in some way among species with different kinds of fruits. Understanding the molecular and biochemical networks of fruit set and development could be very useful for breeders to meet the current and future challenges of agricultural problems.
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50
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Pattison RJ, Csukasi F, Catalá C. Mechanisms regulating auxin action during fruit development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:62-72. [PMID: 24329770 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Auxin controls many aspects of fruit development, including fruit set and growth, ripening and abscission. However, the mechanisms by which auxin regulates these processes are still poorly understood. While it is generally agreed that precise spatial and temporal control of auxin distribution and signaling are required for fruit development, the dynamics of auxin biosynthesis and the mechanisms for its transport to different fruit tissues are mostly unknown. Despite major advances in elucidating many aspects of auxin biology in vegetative tissues, until recently, the nature and importance of auxin metabolism, transport and signaling during fruit ontogeny remained obscure. In this review, we summarize recent research that has started to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which auxin is produced and transported in the fruit and to unravel the complexity of auxin signaling during fruit development. We also discuss recent approaches used to reveal the genes and regulatory networks that mediate cell and tissue-specific control of auxin levels in the developing fruit.
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