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Kim SY, Surh YJ, Lee YS. Effects of Exhaustive Exercise on Inflammatory, Apoptotic, and Antioxidative Signaling Pathways in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Cancer Prev 2023; 28:3-11. [PMID: 37033330 PMCID: PMC10080013 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2023.28.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of exhaustive exercise and recovery on inflammatory, pro-apoptotic, and anti-oxidative responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Sixteen volunteers participated in a guided physical activity program in which they were subjected to progressive exercise on the treadmill until they were exhausted followed by an 1-hour recovery period. Isolated human PBMCs were collected before exercise, immediately after exercise, and after 1-hour recovery. Exhaustive exercise induced expression of heme oxygenase-1 and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit and activation of NF-κB and NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2). Apoptosis, as measured by activity and cleavage of caspase-3 and its substrate PARP also significantly increased. However, induction of redox signaling and the pro-apoptotic response fully returned to the baseline level during the 1-hour recovery period. On the other hand, COX-2 expression was continuously elevated after exercise cessation throughout the 1-hour recovery period. Taking all these findings into account, we conclude that exhaustive exercise transiently induces Nrf2-mediated antioxidant gene expression and eliminates damaged cells through apoptosis as part of an adaptive cytoprotective response against oxidative and inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Young-Joon Surh, E-mail: , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8310-1795 Young-Soo Lee, E-mail: , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2275-2660
| | - Young-Soo Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Sejong University College of Arts & Physical Education, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Young-Joon Surh, E-mail: , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8310-1795 Young-Soo Lee, E-mail: , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2275-2660
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2
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Tryfidou DV, McClean C, Nikolaidis MG, Davison GW. DNA Damage Following Acute Aerobic Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:103-127. [PMID: 31529301 PMCID: PMC6942015 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is widely recognised for its health enhancing benefits. Despite this, an overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), outstripping antioxidant defence mechanisms, can lead to a state of (chronic) oxidative stress. DNA is a vulnerable target of RONS attack and, if left unrepaired, DNA damage may cause genetic instability. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to systematically investigate and assess the overall effect of studies reporting DNA damage following acute aerobic exercise. METHODS Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched until April 2019. Outcomes included (1) multiple time-points (TPs) of measuring DNA damage post-exercise, (2) two different quantification methods (comet assay and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine; 8-OHdG), and (3) protocols of high intensity (≥ 75% of maximum rate of oxygen consumption; VO2-max) and long distance (≥ 42 km). RESULTS Literature search identified 4316 non-duplicate records of which 35 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The evidence was strong, showcasing an increase in DNA damage immediately following acute aerobic exercise with a large-effect size at TP 0 (0 h) (SMD = 0.875; 95% CI 0.5, 1.25; p < 0.05). When comparing between comet assay and 8-OHdG at TP 0, a significant difference was observed only when using the comet assay. Finally, when isolating protocols of long-distance and high-intensity exercise, increased DNA damage was only observed in the latter. (SMD = 0.48; 95% CI - 0.16, 1.03; p = 0.15 and SMD = 1.18; 95% CI 0.71, 1.65; p < 0.05 respectively). CONCLUSIONS A substantial increase in DNA damage occurs immediately following acute aerobic exercise. This increase remains significant between 2 h and 1 day, but not within 5-28 days post-exercise. Such an increase was not observed in protocols of a long-distance. The relationship between exercise and DNA damage may be explained through the hormesis theory, which is somewhat one-dimensional, and thus limited. The hormesis theory describes how exercise modulates any advantageous or harmful effects mediated through RONS, by increasing DNA oxidation between the two end-points of the curve: physical inactivity and overtraining. We propose a more intricate approach to explain this relationship: a multi-dimensional model, to develop a better understanding of the complexity of the relationship between DNA integrity and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina V Tryfidou
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Conor McClean
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK.
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3
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Application of the comet assay in human biomonitoring: An hCOMET perspective. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 783:108288. [PMID: 32192646 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.108288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The comet assay is a well-accepted biomonitoring tool to examine the effect of dietary, lifestyle, environmental and occupational exposure on levels of DNA damage in human cells. With such a wide range of determinants for DNA damage levels, it becomes challenging to deal with confounding and certain factors are inter-related (e.g. poor nutritional intake may correlate with smoking status). This review describes the effect of intrinsic (i.e. sex, age, tobacco smoking, occupational exposure and obesity) and extrinsic (season, environmental exposures, diet, physical activity and alcohol consumption) factors on the level of DNA damage measured by the standard or enzyme-modified comet assay. Although each factor influences at least one comet assay endpoint, the collective evidence does not indicate single factors have a large impact. Thus, controlling for confounding may be necessary in a biomonitoring study, but none of the factors is strong enough to be regarded a priori as a confounder. Controlling for confounding in the comet assay requires a case-by-case approach. Inter-laboratory variation in levels of DNA damage and to some extent also reproducibility in biomonitoring studies are issues that have haunted the users of the comet assay for years. Procedures to collect specimens, and their storage, are not standardized. Likewise, statistical issues related to both sample-size calculation (before sampling of specimens) and statistical analysis of the results vary between studies. This review gives guidance to statistical analysis of the typically complex exposure, co-variate, and effect relationships in human biomonitoring studies.
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Russo P, Lamonaca P, Milic M, Rojas E, Prinzi G, Cardaci V, Vitiello L, Proietti S, Santoro A, Tomino C, Fini M, Bonassi S. Biomarkers of DNA damage in COPD patients undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation: Integrating clinical parameters with genomic profiling. Mutat Res 2019; 843:111-117. [PMID: 31421732 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by severe respiratory symptoms. COPD shows several hallmarks of aging, and an increased oxidative stress, which is responsible for different clinical and molecular COPD features, including an increased frequency of DNA damage. The current pharmacological treatment options for COPD are mostly symptomatic, and generally do not influence disease progression and survival. In this framework, pulmonary rehabilitation is the most effective therapeutic strategy to improve physical performance, reducing hospital readmissions and mortality. Response to rehabilitation may greatly differ among patients calling for a personalized treatment. In this paper we will investigate in a group of COPD patients those variables that may predict the response to a program of pulmonary rehabilitation, integrating clinical parameters with cellular and molecular measurements, offering the potential for more effective and individualized treatment options. A group of 89 consecutive COPD patients admitted to a 3-weeks Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR) program were evaluated for clinical and biological parameters at baseline and after completion of PR. DNA fragmentation in cryopreserved lymphocytes was compared by visual scoring and using the Comet Assay IV analysis system. The comparison of DNA damage before and after PR showed a highly significant increase from 19.6 ± 7.3 at admission to 21.8 ± 7.2 after three weeks of treatment, with a significant increase of 2.46 points (p < 0.001). Higher levels of DNA damage were observed in the group of non- responders and in those patients receiving oxygen therapy. The overall variation of %TI during treatment significantly correlated with the level of pCO2 at admission and negatively with the level of IL-6 at admission. Measuring the frequency of DNA damage in COPD patients undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation may provide a meaningful biological marker of response and should be considered as additional diagnostic and prognostic criterion for personalized rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Russo
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy
| | - Palma Lamonaca
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy
| | - Mirta Milic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emilio Rojas
- Departamento de Medicina Genòmica y Toxicologìa Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autònoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico
| | - Giulia Prinzi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy
| | - Vittorio Cardaci
- Unit of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Unit of Flow Cytometry IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Santoro
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Tomino
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Fini
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.
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5
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Møller P. The comet assay: ready for 30 more years. Mutagenesis 2018; 33:1-7. [PMID: 29325088 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last 30 years, the comet assay has become widely used for the measurement of DNA damage and repair in cells and tissues. A landmark achievement was reached in 2016 when the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development adopted a comet assay guideline for in vivo testing of DNA strand breaks in animals. However, the comet assay has much more to offer than being an assay for testing DNA strand breaks in animal organs. The use of repair enzymes increases the range of DNA lesions that can be detected with the assay. It can also be modified to measure DNA repair activity. Still, despite the long-term use of the assay, there is a need for studies that assess the impact of variation in specific steps of the procedure. This is particularly important for the on-going efforts to decrease the variation between experiments and laboratories. The articles in this Special Issue of Mutagenesis cover important technical issues of the comet assay procedure, nanogenotoxicity and ionising radiation sensitivity on plant cells. The included biomonitoring studies have assessed seasonal variation and certain predictors for the basal level of DNA damage in white blood cells. Lastly, the comet assay has been used in studies on genotoxicity of environmental and occupational exposures in human biomonitoring studies and animal models. Overall, the articles in this Special Issue demonstrate the versatility of the comet assay and they hold promise that the assay is ready for the next 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
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6
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Corrêa MDS, Gelaleti RB, Bento GF, Damasceno DC, Peraçoli JC. DNA damage in Wistar Kyoto rats exercised during pregnancy. Acta Cir Bras 2017; 32:388-395. [PMID: 28591368 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020170050000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate DNA damage levels in pregnant rats undergoing a treadmill exercise program. Methods: Wistar Kyoto rats were allocated into two groups (n= 5 animals/group): non-exercise and exercise. The pregnant rats were underwent an exercise protocol on a treadmill throughout pregnancy. Exercise intensity was set at 50% of maximal capacity during maximal exercise testing performed before mating. Body weight, blood pressure and glucose levels, and triglyceride concentration were measured during pregnancy. At day 10 post-natal, the animals were euthanized and maternal blood samples were collected for DNA damage. Results: Blood pressure and glucose levels and biochemical measurements showed no significant differences. Increased DNA damage levels were found in exercise group compared to those of non-exercise group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The exercise intensity protocol used in the study might have been exhaustive leading to maternal increased DNA damage levels, demonstrating the relevance of an adequate protocol of physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela da Silva Corrêa
- Fellow Master degree, Postgraduate Program in Ginecology, Obstetrics and Mastology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brazil. Scientific, intellectual, conception and design of the study; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; manuscript preparation
| | - Rafael Bottaro Gelaleti
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Ginecology, Obstetrics and Mastology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, technical procedures, statistics analysis, manuscript preparation, critical revision
| | - Giovana Fernanda Bento
- Graduate student, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study, acquisition of data, technical procedures
| | - Débora Cristina Damasceno
- Full Professor, CNPq Researcher Followship 2, Postgraduate Program in Ginecology, Obstetrics and Mastology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil. Scientific, intellectual, conception and design of the study; analysis and interpretation of data; statistics analysis; manuscript preparation; critical revision; final approval
| | - José Carlos Peraçoli
- Full Professor and Head, CNPq Researcher Fellowship 2, Postgraduate Program in Ginecology, Obstetrics and Mastology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil. Scientific, intellectual, conception and design of the study; analysis and interpretation of data; critical revision; final approval
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7
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Soares-Miranda L, Abreu S, Silva M, Peixoto A, Ramalho R, da Silva PC, Costa C, Teixeira JP, Gonçalves C, Moreira P, Mota J, Macedo G. Cancer Survivor Study (CASUS) on colorectal patients: longitudinal study on physical activity, fitness, nutrition, and its influences on quality of life, disease recurrence, and survival. Rationale and design. Int J Colorectal Dis 2017; 32:75-81. [PMID: 27730356 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-016-2671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence suggests that being physically active in combination with a healthy diet contributes to diminish colorectal cancer risk. However, if this is true for colorectal cancer primary prevention, the same is not clear for its recurrence after colorectal cancer treatments. Data on cancer survival are scarce, and there is a need for greater attention on these survivors' lifestyle behavior. This manuscript describes rationale and design of the Cancer Survival Study (CASUS) on colorectal patients, a longitudinal observational study with the aim of investigating how physical activity, physical fitness, and dietary intake are related with their quality of life, disease recurrence, and survival. METHODS The CASUS on colorectal patients is a longitudinal cohort study on colorectal survivors, aged 18 years or older, recruited 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. Upon recruitment, patients fill in a battery of questionnaires about physical activity, dietary intake, and quality of life, donate blood samples, do physical fitness tests, and use an accelerometer during 7 days. Repeated analyses will be performed to assess changes over time in physical activity, physical fitness, dietary intake, and other factors in relation to recurrence and survival. CONCLUSIONS Results will contribute to highlight the role of physical activity, physical fitness, and nutrition in the quality of life of colorectal cancer survivors, recurrence, and survival. This study will provide important information for policymakers on the potential benefits of future physical activity and nutritional interventions, which are inexpensive, as a way to improve general health of colorectal cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Soares-Miranda
- Research Center in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Abreu
- Research Center in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco Silva
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Armando Peixoto
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosa Ramalho
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Carla Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Public Health, Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Public Health, Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Gonçalves
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Moreira
- Research Center in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Center in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Macedo
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
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Nersesyan A, Hoelzl C, Ferk F, Mišík M, Al-Serori H, Setayesh T, Knasmueller S. Use of Single-cell Gel Electrophoresis Assays in Dietary Intervention Trials. THE COMET ASSAY IN TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622895-00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) technique has been frequently used to investigate the impact of consumption of complex foods and individual constituents on DNA stability in humans. Since no division or cultivation of the indicator cells (in most studies lymphocytes) is required, this approach is less costly and time consuming than cytogenetic methods. Apart from single- and double-stand breaks and apurinic sites, which can be detected under standard conditions, it is also possible to assess the formation of oxidized DNA bases and alterations of DNA repair as well as protection of the DNA against chemical carcinogens. In total, 93 studies have been published since the first use of the Comet assay in this field in 1997. The results which emerged from these studies show that human foods contain specific highly protective components (e.g. gallic acid, xanthohumol, isoflavones); promising results were also obtained with beverages (coffee and other drinks), while mixed diets with vegetables and fruits conferred no or moderate protection; however, individual plant foods (e.g. kiwis and specific cruciferous vegetables) were highly protective. It is notable that prevention of DNA damage was rarely detected under standard conditions while evidence for reduced formation of oxidized DNA bases was found in approximately 30% of the trials. In some investigations it was possible to identify the modes of action by which specific compounds prevented damage of the genetic material in additional mechanistic experiments. The currently available data show that SCGE assays are a valuable tool for identifying dietary factors which improve the stability of the genetic material and prevent adverse health effects which are causally related to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Nersesyan
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Christine Hoelzl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Franziska Ferk
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Miroslav Mišík
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Halh Al-Serori
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Tahereh Setayesh
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Siegfried Knasmueller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
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9
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Souza LDCM, da Cruz LA, Cerqueira EDMM, Meireles J. Micronucleus as biomarkers of cancer risk in anabolic androgenic steroids users. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:302-310. [PMID: 27198677 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116650005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has grown among practitioners of recreational bodybuilding, with significant contributions of designer steroids, aiming muscle hypertrophy in healthy subjects. The abusive use of AAS in general is associated with adverse effects; one of the most worrisome is cancer development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) test in human lymphocytes in identifying risk groups for cancer development in users of AAS. Blood was collected from 15 AAS users bodybuilders (G1), 20 non-users bodybuilders (G2) and 20 non-users sedentary (G3). MN analysis was performed on a minimum of 1000 binucleated lymphocytes. The occurrence of MN was significantly higher ( p < 0.05) in individuals of G1 compared to G2 and G3. The results indicate the sensitivity of CBMN in human lymphocytes in the identification of chromosomal damage in consequence of AAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L A da Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Feira de Santana State University, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Jrc Meireles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Feira de Santana State University, Bahia, Brazil
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10
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Lippi G, Buonocore R, Tarperi C, Montagnana M, Festa L, Danese E, Benati M, Salvagno GL, Bonaguri C, Roggenbuck D, Schena F. DNA injury is acutely enhanced in response to increasing bulks of aerobic physical exercise. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 460:146-51. [PMID: 27374303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate DNA damage in response to increasing bulks of aerobic physical exercise. Fifteen adult and trained athletes performed four sequential trials with increasing running distance (5-, 10-, 21- and 42-km) in different periods of the year. The γ-H2AX foci parameters were analyzed before and 3h after the end of each trial. The values of all γ-H2AX foci parameters were enhanced after the end of each trial, with values gradually increasing from the 5- to the 42-km trial. Interestingly, a minor increase of γ-H2AX foci was still evident after 5- to 10-km running, but a much higher increase occurred when the running distance exceeded 21km. The generation of DNA injury was then magnified by running up to 42-km. The increase of each γ-H2AX foci parameter was then found to be associated with both running distance and average intensity. In multivariate linear regression analysis, the running distance was significantly associated with average intensity and post-run variation in the percentage of cells with γ-H2AX foci. We can hence conclude that aerobic exercise may generate an acute DNA damage in trained athletes, which is highly dependent upon running distance and average intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Ruggero Buonocore
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Hospital of Parma, Italy
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Luca Festa
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Danese
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Benati
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Bonaguri
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Hospital of Parma, Italy
| | - Dirk Roggenbuck
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty 2, Brandenburg Technical University, Senftenberg, Germany and Medipan GmbH, Dahlewitz/Berlin, Germany
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Center for Research in Mountain, Sport and Health (CeRISM), Rovereto, Italy
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11
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Davison GW. Exercise and Oxidative Damage in Nucleoid DNA Quantified Using Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis: Present and Future Application. Front Physiol 2016; 7:249. [PMID: 27445841 PMCID: PMC4916202 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High intensity exercise can enhance the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen free radical species, which may cause a number of perturbations to cellular integrity, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) modification. In the absence of adequate DNA repair, it is theoretically possible that several biological disorders may ensue, in addition to premature aging. This striking hypothesis and supposition can only be realized in the presence of sound methodology for the quantification of DNA damage and repair. The alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis or "comet assay" is a simple and reliable method for measuring the components of DNA stability in eukaryotic cells. The assay is commonly used in research associated with genotoxicology and in human bio-monitoring studies concerned with gene-environment interactions; but is currently less appreciated and under-utilized in the domain of exercise science. No exercise related study for example, has incorporated the comet assay combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization methodology to detect and investigate whole genome, telomeric DNA, or gene region-specific DNA damage and repair in cells. Our laboratory and others have used the comet assay in conjunction with lesion-specific endonucleases to measure DNA strand breaks and oxidized bases to confirm that high intensity exercise can damage and destabilize DNA. Thus, the primary function of this review is to highlight recent advances and innovation with the comet assay, in order to enhance our future understanding of the complex interrelationship between exercise and DNA modification in eukaryotic cells. A brief synopsis of the current literature addressing DNA stability as a function of continuous aerobic exercise is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University Belfast, UK
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12
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Habermann N, Makar KW, Abbenhardt C, Xiao L, Wang CY, Utsugi HK, Alfano CM, Campbell KL, Duggan C, Foster-Schubert KE, Mason CE, Imayama I, Blackburn GL, Potter JD, McTiernan A, Ulrich CM. No effect of caloric restriction or exercise on radiation repair capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:896-904. [PMID: 25160845 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maintenance of normal weight and higher levels of physical activity are associated with a reduced risk of several types of cancer. Because genomic instability is regarded as a hallmark of cancer development, one proposed mechanism is improvement of DNA repair function. We investigated links between dietary weight loss, exercise, and strand break rejoining in an ancillary study to a randomized-controlled trial. METHODS Overweight/obese postmenopausal women (n = 439) were randomized to the following: a) reduced calorie weight loss diet ("diet," n = 118), b) moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise ("exercise," n = 117), c) a combination ("diet + exercise," n = 117), or d) control (n = 87). The reduced calorie diet had a 10% weight loss goal. The exercise intervention consisted of 45 min of moderate to vigorous aerobic activity 5 d·wk for 12 months. DNA repair capacity was measured in a subset of 226 women at baseline and 12 months from cryopreserved peripheral mononuclear cells using the comet assay. Anthropometric and body composition measures were performed at baseline and 12 months. RESULTS DNA repair capacity did not change significantly with any of the 12-month interventions compared with control; there were also no significant changes when stratified by changes in body composition or aerobic fitness (V˙O2max). At baseline, DNA repair capacity was positively associated with weight, body mass index, and fat mass (r = 0.20, P = 0.003; r = 0.19, P = 0.004; r = 0.13, P = 0.04, respectively) and inversely with lean body mass (r = -0.14, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION In conclusion, DNA repair capacity in cryopreserved PBMCs (Comet Assay) did not change with dietary weight loss or exercise interventions in postmenopausal women within a period of 12 months. Other assays that capture different facets of DNA repair function may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Habermann
- 1Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, GERMANY; 2Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; 3Office of Cancer Survivorship, National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; 4Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CANADA; 5School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; 6Division of Nutrition, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; 7Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; 8School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and 9Center for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, NEW ZEALAND
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Ryu JH, Paik IY, Woo JH, Shin KO, Cho SY, Roh HT. Impact of different running distances on muscle and lymphocyte DNA damage in amateur marathon runners. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:450-5. [PMID: 27065529 PMCID: PMC4792989 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different marathon
running distances (10 km, 21 km, and 42.195 km) on muscle and lymphocyte DNA damage in
amateur marathon runners. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty male amateur runners were randomly
assigned to 10 km, 21 km, and 42 km groups, with 10 subjects in each group. Blood samples
were collected before and after the races and on the 3rd day of recovery to examine levels
of muscle damage (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) and lymphocyte DNA damage
(DNA in the tail, tail length, and tail moment). [Results] Serum creatine kinase, serum
lactate dehydrogenase, and tail moment were significantly higher after the races compared
with before the races in all groups. In addition, the 42 km group showed significantly
higher levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and tail moment than the 10 km
and 21 km groups after the races. [Conclusion] Strenuous endurance exercise can cause
muscle and lymphocyte DNA damage, and the extent of such damage can increase as running
distance increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Ryu
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Young Paik
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Woo
- Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University: 37 Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ok Shin
- Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University: 37 Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Youn Cho
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Tae Roh
- Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University: 37 Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
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Franzke B, Halper B, Hofmann M, Oesen S, Jandrasits W, Baierl A, Tosevska A, Strasser EM, Wessner B, Wagner KH. The impact of six months strength training, nutritional supplementation or cognitive training on DNA damage in institutionalised elderly. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:147-53. [PMID: 25527737 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging and its aligned loss of muscle mass are associated with higher levels of DNA damage and deteriorated antioxidant defence. To improve the body's overall resistance against DNA damage, maintaining a healthy and active lifestyle is desirable, especially in the elderly. As people age, many have to change their residence from home living to an institution, which is often accompanied by malnutrition, depression and inactivity. The current study aimed at investigating the effect of a 6-month progressive resistance training (RT), with or without protein and vitamin supplementation (RTS), or cognitive training (CT), on DNA strand breaks in 105 Austrian institutionalised women and men (65-98 years). DNA damage was detected by performing the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. Physical fitness was assessed using the chair rise, the 6-min-walking and the handgrip strength test. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) were analysed. Basal DNA damage (lysis) increased significantly after 3 months of intervention in the RT group (T1 - T2 + 20%, P = 0.001) and the RTS group (T1 - T2 + 17%, P = 0.002) and showed a similar tendency in the CT group (T1 - T2 + 21%, P = 0.059). %DNA in tail decreased in cells exposed to H2O2 significantly in the RT (T1 - T2 - 24%, P = 0.030; T1 - T3 - 18%, P = 0.019) and CT (T1 - T2 - 21%, P = 0.004; T1 - T3 - 13%, P = 0.038) groups. Only RT and RTS groups showed significant differences overtime in enzyme activity (RT + 22% CAT-activity T1 - T3, P = 0.013; RTS + 6% SOD-activity T2 - T3, P = 0.005). Contrary to the time effects, no difference between groups was detected for any parameter at any time point. Our results suggest that both CT and RT improve resistance against H2O2 induced DNA damage and that a nutritional supplement has no further protective effect in institutionalised elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Franzke
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Halper
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Hofmann
- Department of Sport and Exercise Physiology, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Oesen
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Waltraud Jandrasits
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Baierl
- Institute for Statistics and Operations Research, University of Vienna, Grillparzerstraße 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria and
| | - Anela Tosevska
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Strasser
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Remobilization and Functional Health/Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaiser Franz Joseph Spital, SMZ-Süd, Kundratstraße 3, 1100 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Wessner
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Department of Sport and Exercise Physiology, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria,
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15
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Recent physical activity in relation to DNA damage and repair using the comet assay. J Phys Act Health 2014; 11:770-6. [PMID: 25078521 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2012-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited evidence suggests that very high-intensity exercise is positively associated with DNA damage but moderate exercise may be associated with DNA repair. METHODS Participants were 220 healthy, Washington State 50- to 76-year-olds in the validity/biomarker substudy of the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort, who provided blood samples and completed questionnaires assessing recent physical activity and demographic and health factors. Measures included nested activity subsets: total activity, moderate- plus high-intensity activity, and high-intensity activity. DNA damage (n = 122) and repair (n = 99) were measured using the comet assay. Multivariate linear regression was used to estimate regression coefficients and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for relationships between MET-hours per week of activity and each DNA outcome (damage, and 15- and 60-minute repair capacities). RESULTS DNA damage was not associated with any measure of activity. However, 60-minute DNA repair was positively associated with both total activity (β = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.0057-0.412; P = .044) and high-intensity activity (β = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.20-0.60; P = .036), adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and current multivitamin use. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to assess broad ranges of activity intensity levels related to DNA damage and repair. Physical activity was unrelated to DNA damage but was associated with increased repair.
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16
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Evaluations of the mutagenicity of a pigment extract from bulb culture of Hippeastrum reticulatum. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:237-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lu Y, Takeshita T, Morimoto K. Single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCG)-A review and discussion. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 2:53-8. [PMID: 21432452 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/1997] [Accepted: 03/06/1997] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCG) is a simple, sensitive and effective technique. Being able to reflect quantitatively the genotoxicity of many hazardous agents, it is promising for application in environmental genotoxic monitoring and the study of carcinogenesis. In clinics, it can be used to evaluate the DNA repair ability and monitor DNA breaks during cancer therapy. As a biomarker, it has its own merits and limitations, being different from other biomarkers such as sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test and micronuclei (MN) assay. In many studies, it is more sensitive than SCE or MN. Combination studies with other biomarkers like SCE, MN, chromosomal aberration, bcl-2 and genetic polymorphisms have begun to demonstrate its great importance for the understanding of carcinogenesis and the genotoxicities of environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lu
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Osaka University School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565, Osaka, Japan
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Acute and chronic watercress supplementation attenuates exercise-induced peripheral mononuclear cell DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:293-301. [PMID: 22475430 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological antioxidant vitamins have previously been investigated for a prophylactic effect against exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, large doses are often required and may lead to a state of pro-oxidation and oxidative damage. Watercress contains an array of nutritional compounds such as β-carotene and α-tocopherol which may increase protection against exercise-induced oxidative stress. The present randomised controlled investigation was designed to test the hypothesis that acute (consumption 2 h before exercise) and chronic (8 weeks consumption) watercress supplementation can attenuate exercise-induced oxidative stress. A total of ten apparently healthy male subjects (age 23 (SD 4) years, stature 179 (SD 10) cm and body mass 74 (SD 15) kg) were recruited to complete the 8-week chronic watercress intervention period (and then 8 weeks of control, with no ingestion) of the experiment before crossing over in order to compete the single-dose acute phase (with control, no ingestion). Blood samples were taken at baseline (pre-supplementation), at rest (pre-exercise) and following exercise. Each subject completed an incremental exercise test to volitional exhaustion following chronic and acute watercress supplementation or control. The main findings show an exercise-induced increase in DNA damage and lipid peroxidation over both acute and chronic control supplementation phases (P< 0.05 v. supplementation), while acute and chronic watercress attenuated DNA damage and lipid peroxidation and decreased H₂O₂ accumulation following exhaustive exercise (P< 0.05 v. control). A marked increase in the main lipid-soluble antioxidants (α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and xanthophyll) was observed following watercress supplementation (P< 0.05 v. control) in both experimental phases. These findings suggest that short- and long-term watercress ingestion has potential antioxidant effects against exercise-induced DNA damage and lipid peroxidation.
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20
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Abd Hamid NA, Hasrul MA, Ruzanna RJ, Ibrahim IA, Baruah PS, Mazlan M, Yusof YAM, Ngah WZW. Effect of vitamin E (Tri E®) on antioxidant enzymes and DNA damage in rats following eight weeks exercise. Nutr J 2011; 10:37. [PMID: 21513540 PMCID: PMC3107782 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise is beneficial to health, but during exercise the body generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are known to result in oxidative stress. The present study analysed the effects of vitamin E (Tri E®) on antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (Cat) activity and DNA damage in rats undergoing eight weeks exercise. Methods Twenty four Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 320-370 gm) were divided into four groups; a control group of sedentary rats which were given a normal diet, second group of sedentary rats with oral supplementation of 30 mg/kg/d of Tri E®, third group comprised of exercised rats on a normal diet, and the fourth group of exercised rats with oral supplementation of 30 mg/kg/d of Tri E®. The exercising rats were trained on a treadmill for 30 minutes per day for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken before and after 8 weeks of the study to determine SOD, GPx, Cat activities and DNA damage. Results SOD activity decreased significantly in all the groups compared to baseline, however both exercised groups showed significant reduction in SOD activity as compared to the sedentary groups. Sedentary control groups showed significantly higher GPx and Cat activity compared to baseline and exercised groups. The supplemented groups, both exercised and non exercised groups, showed significant decrease in Cat activity as compared to their control groups with normal diet. DNA damage was significantly higher in exercising rats as compared to sedentary control. However in exercising groups, the DNA damage in supplemented group is significantly lower as compared to the non-supplemented group. Conclusions In conclusion, antioxidant enzymes activity were generally reduced in rats supplemented with Tri E® probably due to its synergistic anti-oxidative defence, as evidenced by the decrease in DNA damage in Tri E® supplemented exercise group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Aini Abd Hamid
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Cyberjaya College of Medical Sciences, No 3410, Jalan Teknokrat 3, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Park KS, Sedlock DA, Navalta JW, Lee MG, Kim SH. Leukocyte apoptosis and pro-/anti-apoptotic proteins following downhill running. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:2349-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fogarty MC, Hughes CM, Burke G, Brown JC, Trinick TR, Duly E, Bailey DM, Davison GW. Exercise-induced lipid peroxidation: Implications for deoxyribonucleic acid damage and systemic free radical generation. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2011; 52:35-42. [PMID: 20839226 DOI: 10.1002/em.20572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-induced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage is often associated with an increase in free radicals; however, there is a lack of evidence examining the two in parallel. This study tested the hypothesis that high-intensity exercise has the ability to produce free radicals that may be capable of causing DNA damage. Twelve apparently healthy male subjects (age: 23 ± 4 years; stature: 181 ± 8 cm; body mass: 80 ± 9 kg; and VO(2max) : 49 ± 5 ml/kg/min) performed three 5 min consecutive and incremental stages (40, 70, and 100% of VO(2max) ) of aerobic exercise with a 15-min period separating each stage. Blood was drawn after each bout of exercise for the determination of ex vivo free radicals, DNA damage, protein carbonyls, lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) concentration, and a range of lipid-soluble antioxidants. Lipid-derived oxygen-centered free radicals (hyperfine coupling constants a(Nitrogen) = 13.7 Gauss (G) and aβ(Hydrogen) = 1.8 G) increased as a result of acute moderate and high-intensity exercise (P < 0.05), while DNA damage was also increased (P < 0.05). Systemic changes were observed in LOOH and for lipid-soluble antioxidants throughout exercise (P < 0.05); however, there was no observed change in protein carbonyl concentration (P > 0.05). These findings identify lipid-derived free radical species as possible contributors to peripheral mononuclear cell DNA damage in the human exercising model. This damage occurs in the presence of lipid oxidation but in the absence of any change to protein carbonyl concentration. The significance of these findings may have relevance in terms of immune function, the aging process, and the pathology of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Fogarty
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Newtownabbey, County Antrim, United Kingdom
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Pozzi R, Rosa JC, Eguchi R, Oller do Nascimento CM, Oyama LM, Aguiar O, Chaves MD, Ribeiro DA. Genetic damage in multiple organs of acutely exercised rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:632-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mišík M, Hoelzl C, Wagner KH, Cavin C, Moser B, Kundi M, Simic T, Elbling L, Kager N, Ferk F, Ehrlich V, Nersesyan A, Dušinská M, Schilter B, Knasmüller S. Impact of paper filtered coffee on oxidative DNA-damage: results of a clinical trial. Mutat Res 2010; 692:42-8. [PMID: 20709087 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is among the most frequently consumed beverages worldwide and epidemiological studies indicate that its consumption is inversely related to the incidence of diseases in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved (liver cirrhosis, certain forms of cancer and neurodegenerative disorders). It has been postulated that antioxidant properties of coffee may account for this phenomenon. To find out if consumption of paper filtered coffee which is the most widely consumed form in Central Europe and the US protects humans against oxidative DNA-damage, a controlled intervention trial with a cross-over design was conducted in which the participants (n=38) consumed 800ml coffee or water daily over 5 days. DNA-damage was measured in peripheral lymphocytes in single cell gel electrophoresis assays. The extent of DNA-migration attributable to formation of oxidised purines (formamidopyrimidine glycosylase sensitive sites) was decreased after coffee intake by 12.3% (p=0.006). Biochemical parameters of the redox status (malondialdehyde, 3-nitrotyrosine and the total antioxidant levels in plasma, glutathione concentrations in blood, intracellular ROS levels and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in lymphocytes) were not markedly altered at the end of the trial, also the urinary 8-isoprostaglandine F2α concentrations were not affected. Overall, the results indicate that coffee consumption prevents endogenous formation of oxidative DNA-damage in human, this observation may be causally related to beneficial health effects of coffee seen in earlier studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Mišík
- Department of Inner Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Groff AA, Silva JD, Nunes EA, Ianistcki M, Guecheva TN, Oliveira AMD, Oliveira CPFD, Val AL, Henriques JA. UVA/UVB-induced genotoxicity and lesion repair in Colossoma macropomum and Arapaima gigas Amazonian fish. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 99:93-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Falcioni ML, Nasuti C, Bergamini C, Fato R, Lenaz G, Gabbianelli R. The primary role of glutathione against nuclear DNA damage of striatum induced by permethrin in rats. Neuroscience 2010; 168:2-10. [PMID: 20359525 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are one of the most widely used class of insecticides and their toxicity is dominated by pharmacological actions upon the CNS. This study reports as the subchronic treatment (60 days) with permethrin (PERM) (1/10 of LD(50)) induced nuclear DNA damage in rat striatum cells. Comet assay outcomes showed that PERM produced single- and double-strand breaks in striatum cells, the DNA damage was not related to oxidation at pyrimidine and purine bases. Vitamin E (280 mg/kg body weight/day) and vitamin E+coenzyme Q(10) (10 mg/kg/3 ml) supplementation could protect PERM treated rats against nuclear DNA damage. With the aim to evaluate the cause of nuclear DNA damage observed in striatum of rat treated with PERM, in vitro studies on striatum submitochondrial particles (SMPs) and on striatum cells treated with 10 muM PERM alone or plus 16 or 32 nM GSH were performed. SMPs incubated with PERM showed a decrease in superoxide anion release from the electron transport chain by inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. The effect could be related to the decrease of membrane fluidity measured in the hydrophilic-hydrophobic region of the mitochondrial membrane. This result discarded the involvement of the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the nuclear DNA damage. On the contrary, GSH played a crucial role on striatum since it was able to protect the cells against nuclear DNA damage induced by PERM. In conclusion our outcomes suggested that nuclear DNA damage of striatum cells was directly related to GSH depletion due to PERM insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Falcioni
- School of Advanced Studies "Ageing and Nutrition", University of Camerino, Camerino, MC, Italy
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McArt DG, McKerr G, Saetzler K, Howard CV, Downes CS, Wasson GR. Comet sensitivity in assessing DNA damage and repair in different cell cycle stages. Mutagenesis 2010; 25:299-303. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Reichhold S, Neubauer O, Hoelzl C, Stadlmayr B, Valentini J, Ferk F, Kundi M, Knasmüller S, Wagner KH. DNA damage in response to an Ironman triathlon. Free Radic Res 2010; 43:753-60. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760903040628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Well-trained, healthy triathletes experience no adverse health risks regarding oxidative stress and DNA damage by participating in an ultra-endurance event. Toxicology 2009; 278:211-6. [PMID: 19766696 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Also physical exercise in general is accepted to be protective, acute and strenuous exercise has been shown to induce oxidative stress. Enhanced formation of free radicals leads to oxidation of macromolecules and to DNA damage. On the other hand ultra-endurance events which require strenuous exercise are very popular and the number of participants is continuously increasing worldwide. Since only few data exists on Ironman triathletes, who are prototypes of ultra-endurance athletes, this study was aimed at assessing the risk of oxidative stress and DNA damage after finishing a triathlon and to predict a possible health risk. Blood samples of 42 male athletes were taken 2 days before, within 20 min after the race, 1, 5 and 19 days post-race. Oxidative stress marker increased only moderately after the race and returned to baseline after 5 days. Marker of DNA damage measured by the SCGE assay with and without restriction enzymes as well as by the sister chromatid exchange assay did either show no change or deceased within the first day after the race. Due to intake during the race and the release by the cells plasma concentrations of vitamin C and α-tocopherol increased after the event and returned to baseline 1 day after. This study indicates that despite a temporary increase in some oxidative stress markers, there is no persistent oxidative stress and no DNA damage in response to an Ironman triathlon in trained athletes, mainly due to an appropriate antioxidant intake and general protective alterations in the antioxidant defence system.
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Nersesyan A, Hoelzl C, Ferk F, Mišík M, Knasmueller S. Comet Assays in Dietary Intervention Trials. THE COMET ASSAY IN TOXICOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847559746-00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Armen Nersesyan
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Christine Hoelzl
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Franziska Ferk
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Miroslav Mišík
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Siegfried Knasmueller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
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Blood as a reactive species generator and redox status regulator during exercise. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 490:77-84. [PMID: 19712664 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The exact origin of reactive species and oxidative damage detected in blood is largely unknown. Blood interacts with all organs and tissues and, consequently, with many possible sources of reactive species. In addition, a multitude of oxidizable substrates are already in blood. A muscle-centric approach is frequently adopted to explain reactive species generation, which obscures the possibility that sources of reactive species and oxidative damage other than skeletal muscle may be also at work during exercise. Plasma and blood cells can autonomously produce significant amounts of reactive species at rest and during exercise. The major reactive species generators located in blood during exercise may be erythrocytes (mainly due to their quantity) and leukocytes (mainly due to their drastic activation during exercise). Therefore, it is plausible to assume that oxidative stress/damage measured frequently in blood after exercise or any other experimental intervention derives, at least in part, from the blood.
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Hofer T, Karlsson HL, Möller L. DNA oxidative damage and strand breaks in young healthy individuals: A gender difference and the role of life style factors. Free Radic Res 2009; 40:707-14. [PMID: 16983997 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500525807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze background levels of DNA damage in young (19-31 years) non-smoking individuals and to correlate damage to gender and life style. DNA single strand breaks (SSB) and alkali labile sites (ALS) were measured in 99 subjects living in Stockholm, Sweden. Further, oxidative DNA damage was analyzed using the DNA repair glycosylase FPG as well as HPLC-ECD for specific analysis of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG). We found that males had higher (P < 0.001) levels of SSB + ALS than females, but no difference was seen for oxidative lesions. There was no correlation between FPG sites and 8-oxodG. For females, there was a positive correlation between FPG levels and body mass index and a negative correlation between SSB + ALS and fruit intake. We conclude that the background level of oxidative DNA damage, analyzed with improved methods, is low and that gender, fruit intake and BMI can affect DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hofer
- Department of Biosciences at Novum, Karolinska Institute, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
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Reichhold S, Neubauer O, Bulmer AC, Knasmüller S, Wagner KH. Endurance exercise and DNA stability: is there a link to duration and intensity? Mutat Res 2009; 682:28-38. [PMID: 19699460 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that regular moderate intensity physical activity reduces the risk of developing many diseases. Counter intuitively, however, evidence also exists for oxidative stress resulting from acute and strenuous exercise. Enhanced formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species may lead to oxidatively modified lipids, proteins and nucleic acids and possibly disease. Currently, only a few studies have investigated the influence of exercise on DNA stability and damage with conflicting results, small study groups and the use of different sample matrices or methods and result units. This is the first review to address the effect of exercise of various intensities and durations on DNA stability, focusing on human population studies. Furthermore, this article describes the principles and limitations of commonly used methods for the assessment of oxidatively modified DNA and DNA stability. This review is structured according to the type of exercise conducted (field or laboratory based) and the intensity performed (i.e. competitive ultra/endurance exercise or maximal tests until exhaustion). The findings presented here suggest that competitive ultra-endurance exercise (>4h) does not induce persistent DNA damage. However, when considering the effects of endurance exercise (<4h), no clear conclusions could be drawn. Laboratory studies have shown equivocal results (increased or no oxidative stress) after endurance or exhaustive exercise. To clarify which components of exercise participation (i.e. duration, intensity and training status of subjects) have an impact on DNA stability and damage, additional carefully designed studies combining the measurement of DNA damage, gene expression and DNA repair mechanisms before, during and after exercise of differing intensities and durations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Reichhold
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Paik IY, Jin CH, Jin HE, Kim YI, Cho SY, Roh HT, Suh AR, Suh SH. Effects of the NADPH oxidase p22phox C242T polymorphism on endurance exercise performance and oxidative DNA damage in response to aerobic exercise training. Mol Cells 2009; 27:557-62. [PMID: 19466604 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of the NADPH oxidase p22phox C242T polymorphism on endurance exercise performance and oxidative DNA damage in response to acute and chronic exercises. One hundred three subjects were recruited, among which 26 healthy subjects (CC: 12, TC: 12, and TT: 2) were studied during rest, exercise at 85% VO(2)max, and recovery before and after 8 weeks of tread-mill running. Lymphocyte DNA damage increased significantly in response to exercise (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in plasma MDA, SOD concentrations and lymphocyte DNA damage between CC genotype and T allele group, but significant endurance training differences were observed. Endurance training increased exercise time to exhaustion in both the CC genotype and T allele groups (p < 0.05) but no significant difference was found between groups. The results of the current study with young, healthy, Korean men are interpreted to mean that 1) the majority had the CC genotype of the NADPH oxidase p22phox C242T polymorphism (82.5%: CC, 15.5%: TC, 1.9%: TT), 2) acute exercise increased lymphocyte DNA damage, 3) endurance training significantly increased exercise time to exhaustion, and alleviated lymphocyte DNA damage, and 4) The NADPH oxidase p22phox C242T polymorphism, however, did not alter lymphocyte DNA damage or exercise performance at rest, immediately after exercise, or during recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Young Paik
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Stambuk A, Pavlica M, Vignjević G, Bolarić B, Klobucar GIV. Assessment of genotoxicity in polluted freshwaters using caged painter's mussel, Unio pictorum. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2009; 18:430-439. [PMID: 19199111 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the applicability of caged painter's mussel, Unio pictorum for freshwater environmental genotoxicity assessment. Mussels in cages were exposed for 3 weeks in 2002-2004 to polluted sites in two large rivers in the Croatia, the Sava and Drava, and on the respective reference sites. DNA damage was assessed in haemocytes of the exposed mussels by the comet and micronucleus assays. Both assays provided good discriminative power between polluted and control sites and showed the same gradation of sites according to their genotoxic properties, with high concordance between investigated years. Background levels of the DNA damage in haemocytes of painter's mussels are defined for both assays for easier detection of contamination-related genotoxicity. U. pictorum is found to be a very suitable sentinel species, sufficiently sensitive to the impact of pollution but at the same time unsusceptible to stress caused by translocation or cage exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Stambuk
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Gandhi G, Chopra G. DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes of physically active individuals as measured by the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:291-303. [PMID: 19177500 DOI: 10.1002/em.20457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage induced by physical activity and/or exercise has been reported under different conditions but not for individuals maintaining physical fitness by regular strenuous exercise. Therefore, we compared levels of DNA damage in blood leukocytes of 40 healthy individuals (35 males, 5 females) who regularly exercised in gymnasiums/health clubs and 15 healthy sedentary controls who had never exercised. The former group was selected (after informed consent) on the basis of how long they had been exercising on a regular basis as well as their exercise schedule and regimen. The length of time since starting a regular exercise regimen ranged from 2 months to 9 years, whereas the daily exercise duration ranged from 40 min to 3 hrs and warm-up sessions ranged from none to 90 min. The length of DNA migration (44.66 +/- 2.68 microm in males, 29.62 +/- 1.69 microm in females) and the percentage of cells with tails (79.86 +/-1.27% in males, 67.20 +/- 0.96% in females) in peripheral blood leukocytes of physically active individuals were increased significantly (P < 0.001) with respect to corresponding values in control males and females (18.85 +/- 1.79 microm, 23.37 +/- 3.94 microm; 24.50 +/- 1.98%, 33.00 +/- 4.44%, respectively). Highly significant differences for DNA damage were also observed between physically active males and females. These observations, in the absence of any other exposures, indicate a correlation between strenuous exercise to keep fit and increased levels of DNA damage. This finding may have relevance in terms of the ageing process, with diseases associated with aging, and with carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursatej Gandhi
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India.
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Fisher-Wellman K, Bloomer RJ. Acute exercise and oxidative stress: a 30 year history. DYNAMIC MEDICINE : DM 2009; 8:1. [PMID: 19144121 PMCID: PMC2642810 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5918-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The topic of exercise-induced oxidative stress has received considerable attention in recent years, with close to 300 original investigations published since the early work of Dillard and colleagues in 1978. Single bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise can induce an acute state of oxidative stress. This is indicated by an increased presence of oxidized molecules in a variety of tissues. Exercise mode, intensity, and duration, as well as the subject population tested, all can impact the extent of oxidation. Moreover, the use of antioxidant supplements can impact the findings. Although a single bout of exercise often leads to an acute oxidative stress, in accordance with the principle of hormesis, such an increase appears necessary to allow for an up-regulation in endogenous antioxidant defenses. This review presents a comprehensive summary of original investigations focused on exercise-induced oxidative stress. This should provide the reader with a well-documented account of the research done within this area of science over the past 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Fisher-Wellman
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, 161F Elma Neal Roane Fieldhouse, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Richard J Bloomer
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, 161F Elma Neal Roane Fieldhouse, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Gröger M, Öter S, Simkova V, Bolten M, Koch A, Warninghoff V, Georgieff M, Muth CM, Speit G, Radermacher P. DNA damage after long-term repetitive hyperbaric oxygen exposure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:311-5. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90737.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A single exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), i.e., pure oxygen breathing at supra-atmospheric pressures, causes oxidative DNA damage in humans in vivo as well as in isolated lymphocytes of human volunteers. These DNA lesions, however, are rapidly repaired, and an adaptive protection is triggered against further oxidative stress caused by HBO exposure. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that long-term repetitive exposure to HBO would modify the degree of DNA damage. Combat swimmers and underwater demolition team divers were investigated because their diving practice comprises repetitive long-term exposure to HBO over years. Nondiving volunteers with and without endurance training served as controls. In addition to the measurement of DNA damage in peripheral blood (comet assay), blood antioxidant enzyme activities, and the ratio of oxidized and reduced glutathione content, we assessed the DNA damage and superoxide anion radical (O2•−) production induced by a single ex vivo HBO exposure of isolated lymphocytes. All parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidative capacity in vivo were comparable in the four different groups. Exposure to HBO increased both the level of DNA damage and O2•− production in lymphocytes, and this response was significantly more pronounced in the cells obtained from the combat swimmers than in all the other groups. However, in all groups, DNA damage was completely removed within 1 h. We conclude that, at least in healthy volunteers with endurance training, long-term repetitive exposure to HBO does not modify the basal blood antioxidant capacity or the basal level of DNA strand breaks. The increased ex vivo HBO-related DNA damage in isolated lymphocytes from these subjects, however, may reflect enhanced susceptibility to oxidative DNA damage.
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Tanimura Y, Shimizu K, Tanabe K, Otsuki T, Yamauchi R, Matsubara Y, Iemitsu M, Maeda S, Ajisaka R. Exercise-induced oxidative DNA damage and lymphocytopenia in sedentary young males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40:1455-62. [PMID: 18614946 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31817242cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Post high-intensity exercise lymphocytopenia is well documented, but its underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. A possible mechanism is a reactive oxygen species-induced DNA damage after high-intensity exercise. Furthermore, lymphocyte apoptosis related to DNA damage might contribute to exercise-induced lymphocytopenia. PURPOSE This study examined lymphocytopenia, lymphocyte oxidative DNA damage, and apoptosis in young healthy sedentary males after acute high-intensity exercise. METHOD Fifteen subjects exercised on bicycle ergometers for 1 h at 75% of their VO2max. Venous blood samples were taken before exercise (PRE) and hourly after exercise until 4 h (P0-P4). Lymphocyte counts, oxidative DNA damage evaluated using the Comet assay with human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase, and serum lipid peroxide (LPO) concentration were measured. Furthermore, lymphocyte superoxide, Fas receptor (CD95), and Annexin-V-positive lymphocyte apoptosis cells were measured in 10 subjects who exercised and gave blood samples as described above. RESULTS Lymphocyte counts became significantly lower than the PRE value (P < 0.05): 20.4% at P1, 24.3% at P2, and 16.3% at P3. Moreover, LPO significantly increased by P2 (P < 0.05): 1.6-fold. The % DNA in tail, indicating oxidative DNA damage, was significantly higher at P3 (54.3 +/- 12.8%) than at PRE (42.6 +/- 11.1%, P < 0.05). The lymphocyte superoxide level was significantly higher (51.3%) than the PRE value (P < 0.05). Neither CD95 nor Annexin-V-positive cells were significantly different than the PRE value. CONCLUSION Results of this study suggest that lymphocyte oxidative DNA damage can relate to lymphocytopenia, although DNA damage was not associated with apoptosis in healthy young sedentary males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tanimura
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Reichhold S, Neubauer O, Ehrlich V, Knasmüller S, Wagner KH. No acute and persistent DNA damage after an Ironman triathlon. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1913-9. [PMID: 18708380 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During acute and strenuous exercise, the enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species can induce damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an Ironman triathlon (3.8 km swim, 180 km cycle, 42 km run), as a prototype of ultra-endurance exercise, on DNA stability. As biomarkers of genomic instability, the number of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds were measured within the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay in once-divided peripheral lymphocytes of 20 male triathletes. Blood samples were taken 2 days before, within 20 min after the race, and 5 and 19 days post-race. Overall, the number of micronuclei decreased (P < 0.05) after the race, remained at a low level until 5 days post-race, and declined further to 19 days post-race (P < 0.01). The frequency of nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds did not change immediately after the triathlon. The number of nucleoplasmic bridge declined from 2 days pre-race to 19 days post-exercise (P < 0.05). The frequency of nuclear buds increased after the triathlon, peaking 5 days post-race (P < 0.01) and decreased to basic levels 19 days after the race (P < 0.01). The results suggest that an Ironman triathlon does not cause long-lasting DNA damage in well-trained athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Reichhold
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Nikolaidis MG, Jamurtas AZ, Paschalis V, Fatouros IG, Koutedakis Y, Kouretas D. The effect of muscle-damaging exercise on blood and skeletal muscle oxidative stress: magnitude and time-course considerations. Sports Med 2008; 38:579-606. [PMID: 18557660 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838070-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to present the effects of acute muscle-damaging exercise on oxidative stress/damage of animal and human tissues using a quantitative approach and focusing on the time-course of exercise effects. The reviewed studies employed eccentric contractions on a dynamometer or downhill running. The statistical power of each study to detect a 20% or 40% post-exercise change compared with pre-exercise value in each oxidative stress/damage biomarker was calculated. Muscle-damaging exercise can increase free radical levels and augment oxidation of lipids, proteins, glutathione and possibly DNA in the blood. In contrast, the effect of muscle-damaging exercise on concentration of antioxidants in the blood, except for glutathione, was little. Muscle-damaging exercise induces oxidative stress/damage in skeletal muscle, even though this is not fully supported by the original statistical analysis of some studies. In contrast, muscle-damaging exercise does not appear to affect--at least to similar extent as the oxidative stress/damage markers--the levels of antioxidants in skeletal muscle. Based on the rather limited data available, the oxidative stress response of skeletal muscle to exercise was generally independent of muscle fibre type. Most of the changes in oxidative stress/damage appeared and were sustained for days after muscle-damaging exercise. The major part of the delayed oxidative stress/damage production that follows muscle-damaging exercise probably comes from phagocytic cells that are activated and recruited to the site of the initial damage. A point that emerged and potentially explains much of the lack of consensus among studies is the low statistical power of many of them. In summary, muscle-damaging exercise can increase oxidative stress/damage in blood and skeletal muscle of rats and humans that may persist for and/or appear several days after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Institute of Human Performance and Rehabilitation, Center for Research and Technology-Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.
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Rundle AG, Orjuela M, Mooney L, Tang D, Kim M, Calcagnotto A, Richie JP, Perera F. Preliminary studies on the effect of moderate physical activity on blood levels of glutathione. Biomarkers 2008; 10:390-400. [PMID: 16243723 DOI: 10.1080/13547500500272663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular epidemiological approaches are being used to study how physical activity may protect against cancer. Prior epidemiological data suggest that physical activity protects against lung cancer; however, interpretation of these data is complicated by potential confounding by smoking. Glutathione (GSH) detoxifies cigarette smoke carcinogens and the paper tests whether physical activity levels are associated with blood GSH levels. Study subjects were enrolled in a chemoprevention trial testing whether antioxidant micronutrient supplementation reduces genetic damage from cigarette smoking. Physical activity data were collected by questionnaire from 178 subjects at 12 months of follow-up in the trial. Total GSH (tGSH), which is the sum of free and protein-bound GSH and glutathione disulfide levels, was measured using the 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzenoic acid) colormetric assay with red blood cell samples collected at the 12-month time point. In multivariate linear regression analyses that controlled for gender and cigarettes smoked per day, tGSH was positively associated with hours per week of moderate intensity activity (beta=0.005, p=0.02). Hours per week of vigorous intensity activity were unassociated with tGSH and the effect of moderate activity remained after control for vigorous activity. The results are consistent with prior research showing differential effects of moderate and vigorous activity and suggest a mechanism through which physical activity may influence lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Rundle
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Battershill JM, Burnett K, Bull S. Factors affecting the incidence of genotoxicity biomarkers in peripheral blood lymphocytes: impact on design of biomonitoring studies. Mutagenesis 2008; 23:423-37. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gen040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Afzalpour M, Gharakhanlou R, Gaeini A, Mohebbi H, Hedayati M, Khazaei M. The effects of aerobic exercises on the serum oxidized LDL and total antioxidant capacity in non-active men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvdpc.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hoelzl C, Glatt H, Meinl W, Sontag G, Haidinger G, Kundi M, Simic T, Chakraborty A, Bichler J, Ferk F, Angelis K, Nersesyan A, Knasmüller S. Consumption of Brussels sprouts protects peripheral human lymphocytes against 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and oxidative DNA-damage: results of a controlled human intervention trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:330-41. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Knickelbein KZ, Flint M, Jenkins F, Baum A. Psychological Stress and Oxidative Damage in Lymphocytes of Aerobically Fit and Unfit Individuals1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9861.2008.00025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Andreazza AC, Frey BN, Valvassori SS, Zanotto C, Gomes KM, Comim CM, Cassini C, Stertz L, Ribeiro LC, Quevedo J, Kapczinski F, Berk M, Gonçalves CA. DNA damage in rats after treatment with methylphenidate. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31:1282-8. [PMID: 17614179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylphenidate (MPH) is a widely prescribed psychostimulant for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Recently, some studies have addressed the genotoxic potential of the MPH, but the results have been contradictory. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the index of cerebral and peripheral DNA damage in young and adult rats after acute and chronic MPH exposure. METHODS We used (1) single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) to measure early DNA damage in hippocampus, striatum and total blood, and (2) micronucleus test in total blood samples. RESULTS Our results showed that MPH increased the peripheral index of early DNA damage in young and adult rats, which was more pronounced with chronic treatment and in the striatum compared to the hippocampus. Neither acute nor chronic MPH treatment increased micronucleus frequency in young or in adult rats. Peripheral DNA damage was positively correlated with striatal DNA damage. CONCLUSION These results suggest that MPH may induce central and peripheral early DNA damage, but this early damage may be repaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Andreazza
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 / Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Da Silva GN, De Camargo EA, Salvadori DMF, Ribeiro DA. Genetic damage in human peripheral lymphocytes exposed to antimicrobial endodontic agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 104:e58-61. [PMID: 17560139 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, or calcium hydroxide have been widely used in dental practice to eradicate bacteria and consequently to produce root canal disinfection. Taking into consideration strong evidence for a relationship between DNA damage and carcinogenesis, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects of antimicrobial endodontic compounds in human peripheral lymphocytes by single-cell gel (comet) assay. This technique detects DNA strand breaks in individual cells. STUDY DESIGN A total of 10 microL of the tested substance solution (formocreso1, paramonochlorofeno1, and calcium hydroxide at 100-microg/mL concentration) was added to human peripheral lymphocytes from 10 volunteers for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. The negative control group was treated with vehicle control (PBS) for 1 hour at 37 degrees C, as well. For the positive control group, lymphocytes were exposed to hydrogen peroxide at 100 microM during 5 minutes on ice. RESULTS No DNA breakage was detected after a treatment of peripheral lymphocytes by formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, or calcium hydroxide at 100 microg/mL. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results indicate that exposure to formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, or calcium hydroxide may not be a factor that increases the level of DNA lesions in human peripheral lymphocytes as detected by single-cell gel (comet) assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda N Da Silva
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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49
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Hwang ES, Bowen PE. DNA damage, a biomarker of carcinogenesis: its measurement and modulation by diet and environment. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2007; 47:27-50. [PMID: 17364694 DOI: 10.1080/10408390600550299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals and other reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are constantly generated in vivo and can cause oxidative damage to DNA. This damage has been implicated to be important in many diseases, including cancer. The assessment of damage in various biological matrices, such as tissues, cells, and urine, is vital to understanding this role and subsequently devising intervention strategies. During the last 20 years, many analytical techniques have been developed to monitor oxidative DNA base damage. High-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are the two pioneering contributions to the field. Currently, the arsenal of methods available include the promising high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique, capillary electrophoresis, 32P-postlabeling, antibody-base immunoassays, and assays involving the use of DNA repair glycosylases such as the comet assay. The objective of this review is to discuss the biological significance of oxidative DNA damage, evaluate the effectiveness of several techniques for measurement of oxidative DNA damage in various biological samples and review current research on factors (dietary and non-dietary) that influence DNA oxidative damage using these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sun Hwang
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago. Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Palazzetti S, Rousseau AS, Richard MJ, Favier A, Margaritis I. Antioxidant supplementation preserves antioxidant response in physical training and low antioxidant intake. Br J Nutr 2007; 91:91-100. [PMID: 14748941 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20031027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present controlled-training double-blind study (supplemented (S) group,n7; placebo (P) group,n10) was designed to investigate whether an antioxidant mixture (Se 150 μg, retinyl acetate mg, ascorbic acid 120 mg, α-tocopheryl succinate) would allow overloaded triathletes to avoid adaptation failure in the antioxidant system. Dietary intakes were recorded. The supplement of Se, and vitamins A and E provided 100 % of the French RDA. Four weeks of overloaded training (OT) followed 4 weeks of normal training (NT). After NT and OT, biological studies were conducted at rest and after a duathlon test (run 5 km, cycle 20 km, run 5 km). During the 4-week period of NT, blood levels of GSH levels increased in response to supplementation (P<0·05) and remained elevated during OT. Plasma glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly higher in the S group in all situations after NT and OT (P<0·01). The S group had increased erythrocyte Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase activity in response to OT (P<0·05). Supplementation significantly reduced (P<0·05) the magnitude in duathlon-induced creatine kinase isoenzyme MB mass increase, which tended to be higher with OT (P=0·09). We conclude that the antioxidant mixture helped to preserve the antioxidant system during an OT-induced stress in subjects with initially low antioxidant intakes. Effects of supplementation during NT and/or OT are shown mostly by the alleviated muscle damage. The effects of the antioxidant mixture were observed for doses that can be provided by a diversified and well-balanced diet. The maintenance of normal nutritional status with regard to the antioxidant intake (Se, vitamins C and E) plays a key role in antioxidant adaptive effects during NT and OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Palazzetti
- Laboratoire Physiologie des Adaptations, Performance Motrice et Santé, Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, France
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