1
|
Ladeira C, Møller P, Giovannelli L, Gajski G, Haveric A, Bankoglu EE, Azqueta A, Gerić M, Stopper H, Cabêda J, Tonin FS, Collins A. The Comet Assay as a Tool in Human Biomonitoring Studies of Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemicals-A Systematic Scoping Review. TOXICS 2024; 12:270. [PMID: 38668493 PMCID: PMC11054096 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Biomonitoring of human populations exposed to chemical substances that can act as potential mutagens or carcinogens, may enable the detection of damage and early disease prevention. In recent years, the comet assay has become an important tool for assessing DNA damage, both in environmental and occupational exposure contexts. To evidence the role of the comet assay in human biomonitoring, we have analysed original research studies of environmental or occupational exposure that used the comet assay in their assessments, following the PRISMA-ScR method (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews). Groups of chemicals were designated according to a broad classification, and the results obtained from over 300 original studies (n = 123 on air pollutants, n = 14 on anaesthetics, n = 18 on antineoplastic drugs, n = 57 on heavy metals, n = 59 on pesticides, and n = 49 on solvents) showed overall higher values of DNA strand breaks in the exposed subjects in comparison with the unexposed. In summary, our systematic scoping review strengthens the relevance of the use of the comet assay in assessing DNA damage in human biomonitoring studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ladeira
- H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Goran Gajski
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (G.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Anja Haveric
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (E.E.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Marko Gerić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (G.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (E.E.B.); (H.S.)
| | - José Cabêda
- Guarda Nacional Republicana, Destacamento Territorial de Vila Franca de Xira, Núcleo de Proteção Ambiental, 1500-124 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Fernanda S. Tonin
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Universidad de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Møller P, Roursgaard M. Gastrointestinal tract exposure to particles and DNA damage in animals: A review of studies before, during and after the peak of nanotoxicology. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2024; 793:108491. [PMID: 38522822 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2024.108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Humans ingest particles and fibers on daily basis. Non-digestible carbohydrates are beneficial to health and food additives are considered safe. However, titanium dioxide (E171) has been banned in the European Union because the European Food Safety Authority no longer considers it non-genotoxic. Ingestion of microplastics and nanoplastics are novel exposures; their potential hazardous effects to humans have been under the radar for many years. In this review, we have assessed the association between oral exposure to man-made particles/fibers and genotoxicity in gastrointestinal tract cells and secondary tissues. We identified a total of 137 studies on oral exposure to particles and fibers. This was reduced to 49 papers with sufficient quality and relevance, including exposures to asbestos, diesel exhaust particles, titanium dioxide, silver nanoparticles, zinc oxide, synthetic amorphous silica and certain other nanomaterials. Nineteen studies show positive results, 25 studies show null results, and 5 papers show equivocal results on genotoxicity. Recent studies seem to show null effects, whereas there is a higher proportion of positive genotoxicity results in early studies. Genotoxic effects seem to cluster in studies on diesel exhaust particles and titanium dioxide, whereas studies on silver nanoparticles, zinc oxide and synthetic amorphous silica seem to show mainly null effects. The most widely used genotoxic tests are the alkaline comet assay and micronucleus assay. There are relatively few results on genotoxicity using reliable measurements of oxidatively damaged DNA, DNA double strand breaks (γH2AX assay) and mutations. In general, evidence suggest that oral exposure to particles and fibers is associated with genotoxicity in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen K DK-1014, Denmark.
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen K DK-1014, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wils RS, Jacobsen NR, Vogel U, Roursgaard M, Jensen A, Møller P. Pleural inflammatory response, mesothelin content and DNA damage in mice at one-year after intra-pleural carbon nanotube administration. Toxicology 2023; 499:153662. [PMID: 37923288 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Many in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that exposure to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and genotoxicity, although there is a paucity of studies on these effects in the pleural cavity. In the present study, we investigated adverse outcomes of pleural exposure to multi-walled CNTs (MWCNT-7, NM-401 and NM-403) and single-walled CNTs (NM-411). Female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 0.2 or 5 µg of CNTs by intra-pleural injection and sacrificed one-year post-exposure. Exposure to long and straight types of MWCNTs (i.e. MWCNT-7 and NM-401) was associated with decreased number of macrophages and increased number of neutrophils and eosinophils in pleural lavage fluid. Increased protein content in the pleural lavage fluid was also observed in mice exposed to MWCNT-7 and NM-401. The concentration of mesothelin was increased in mice exposed to MWCNT-7 and NM-411. Levels of DNA strand breaks and DNA oxidation damage, measured by the comet assay, were unaltered in cells from pleural scrape. Extra-pleural effects were seen in CNT exposed mice, including enlarged and pigmented mediastinal lymph nodes (all four types of CNTs), pericardial plaques (MWCNT-7 and NM-401), macroscopic abnormalities on the liver (MWCNT-7) and ovaries/uterus (NM-411). In conclusion, the results demonstrate that intra-pleural exposure to long and straight MWCNTs is associated with adverse outcomes. Certain observations such as increased content of mesothelin in pleural lavage fluid and ovarian/uterine abnormalities in mice exposed to NM-411 suggests that exposure to SWCNTs may also be associated with some adverse outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regitze Sølling Wils
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5 A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark; The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nicklas Raun Jacobsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; DTU Food, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5 A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Annie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5 A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5 A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alzaben M, Burve R, Loeschner K, Møller P, Roursgaard M. Nanoplastics from ground polyethylene terephthalate food containers: Genotoxicity in human lung epithelial A549 cells. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 892:503705. [PMID: 37973296 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous pollution of plastic particles in most environmental matrices leads to concern about any potential adverse effects on human health. Most studies on the toxicological effect of nanoplastics has focused on standard particles of polystyrene. In reality humans are exposed to a large variety of different types and sizes of plastic material via oral intake and inhalation. In this study, we investigated the effect of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanoplastic particles from ground food containers from a supermarket. The aim was to investigate a possible link between exposure to PET nanoplastics and genotoxic response in a cell model of the human airway epithelial (A549) cells. Further, we investigated the combined effect of PET and chemicals known to alter the cellular redox state, as a model of partially compromised antioxidant defense system. DNA damage was assessed by the alkaline comet assay. The ground PET nanoplastics have a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 136 nm in water. The results showed that PET exposure led to increased reactive oxygen species production (approximately 30 % increase compared to unexposed cells). In addition, exposure to PET nanoplastic increased the level of DNA strand breaks (net increase = 0.10 lesions/106 base pair, 95 % confidence interval: 0.01, 0.18 lesions/106 base pair). Pre- or post-exposure to hydrogen peroxide or buthionine sulfoximine did not lead to a higher level of DNA damage. Overall, the study shows that exposure to PET nanoplastics increases both intracellular reactive oxygen production and DNA damage in A549 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alzaben
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Regina Burve
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 301, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katrin Loeschner
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 201, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gupta AD, Gupta T. A review on potential approach for in silico toxicity analysis of respirable fraction of ambient particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1216. [PMID: 37715017 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and toxicological studies have shown the adverse effect of ambient particulate matter (PM) on respiratory and cardiovascular systems inside the human body. Various cellular and acellular assays in literature use indicators like ROS generation, cell inflammation, mutagenicity, etc., to assess PM toxicity and associated health effects. The presence of toxic compounds in respirable PM needs detailed studies for proper understanding of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion mechanisms inside the body as it is difficult to accurately imitate or simulate these mechanisms in lab or animal models. The leaching kinetics of the lung fluid, PM composition, retention time, body temperature, etc., are hard to mimic in an artificial experimental setup. Moreover, the PM size fraction also plays an important role. For example, the ultrafine particles may directly enter systemic circulations while coarser PM10 may be trapped and deposited in the tracheo-bronchial region. Hence, interpretation of these results in toxicity models should be done judiciously. Computational models predicting PM toxicity are rare in the literature. The variable composition of PM and lack of proper understanding for their synergistic role inside the body are prime reasons behind it. This review explores different possibilities of in silico modeling and suggests possible approaches for the risk assessment of PM particles. The toxicity testing approach for engineered nanomaterials, drugs, food industries, etc., have also been investigated for application in computing PM toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aman Deep Gupta
- Atmospheric Particle Technology Lab at Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering and Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Pin-208016, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Atmospheric Particle Technology Lab at Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering and Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Pin-208016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rothmann MH, Møller P, Essig YJ, Gren L, Malmborg VB, Tunér M, Pagels J, Krais AM, Roursgaard M. Genotoxicity by rapeseed methyl ester and hydrogenated vegetable oil combustion exhaust products in lung epithelial (A549) cells. Mutagenesis 2023; 38:238-249. [PMID: 37232551 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gead016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofuel is an attractive substitute for petrodiesel because of its lower environmental footprint. For instance, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) emission per fuel energy content is lower for rapeseed methyl ester (RME) than for petrodiesel. This study assesses genotoxicity by extractable organic matter (EOM) of exhaust particles from the combustion of petrodiesel, RME, and hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) in lung epithelial (A549) cells. Genotoxicity was assessed as DNA strand breaks by the alkaline comet assay. EOM from the combustion of petrodiesel and RME generated the same level of DNA strand breaks based on the equal concentration of total PAH (i.e. net increases of 0.13 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.002, 0.25, and 0.12 [95% CI: 0.01, 0.24] lesions per million base pairs, respectively). In comparison, the positive control (etoposide) generated a much higher level of DNA strand breaks (i.e. 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.97) lesions per million base pairs. Relatively low concentrations of EOM from RME and HVO combustion particles (<116 ng/ml total PAH) did not cause DNA strand breaks in A549 cells, whereas benzo[a]pyrene and PAH-rich EOM from petrodiesel combusted using low oxygen inlet concentration were genotoxic. The genotoxicity was attributed to high molecular weight PAH isomers with 5-6 rings. In summary, the results show that EOM from the combustion of petrodiesel and RME generate the same level of DNA strand breaks on an equal total PAH basis. However, the genotoxic hazard of engine exhaust from on-road vehicles is lower for RME than petrodiesel because of lower PAH emission per fuel energy content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hezareh Rothmann
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Yona J Essig
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Louise Gren
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Vilhelm B Malmborg
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Tunér
- Division of Combustion Engines, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Møller P, Roursgaard M. Exposure to nanoplastic particles and DNA damage in mammalian cells. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2023; 792:108468. [PMID: 37666295 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
There is concern about human exposure to nanoplastics from intentional use or degradation of plastics in the environment. This review assesses genotoxic effects of nanoplastics, defined as particles with a primary size of less than 1000 nm. The majority of results on genotoxicity come from studies on polystyrene (PS) particles in mammalian cell cultures. Most studies have measured DNA strand breaks (standard comet assay), oxidatively damaged DNA (Fpg-modified comet assay) and micronuclei. Twenty-nine out of 60 results have shown statistically significant genotoxic effects by PS exposure in cell cultures. A statistical analysis indicates that especially modified PS particles are genotoxic (odds ratio = 8.6, 95 % CI: 1.6, 46) and immune cells seems to be more sensitive to genotoxicity than other cell types such as epithelial cells (odds ratio = 8.0, 95 % CI: 1.6, 39). On the contrary, there is not a clear association between statistically significant effects in genotoxicity tests and the primary size of PS particles, (i.e. smaller versus larger than 100 nm) or between the type of genotoxic endpoint (i.e. repairable versus permanent DNA lesions). Three studies of PS particle exposure in animals have shown increased level of DNA strand breaks in leukocytes and prefrontal cortex cells. Nanoplastics from polyethylene, propylene, polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene terephthalate have been investigated in very few studies and it is currently not possible to draw conclusion about their genotoxic hazard. In summary, there is some evidence suggesting that PS particles may be genotoxic in mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mišík M, Staudinger M, Kundi M, Worel N, Nersesyan A, Ferk F, Dusinska M, Azqueta A, Møller P, Knasmueller S. Use of the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay for the Detection of DNA-protective Dietary Factors: Results of Human Intervention Studies. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2023; 791:108458. [PMID: 37031732 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The single cell gel electrophoresis technique is based on the measurement of DNA migration in an electric field and enables to investigate via determination of DNA-damage the impact of foods and their constituents on the genetic stability. DNA-damage leads to adverse effects including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and infertility. In the last 25 years approximately 90 human intervention trials have been published in which DNA-damage, formation of oxidized bases, alterations of the sensitivity towards reactive oxygen species and chemicals and of repair functions were investigated with this technique. In approximately 50% of the studies protective effects were observed. Pronounced protection was found with certain plant foods (spinach, kiwi fruits, onions), coffee, green tea, honey and olive oil. Also diets with increased contents of vegetables caused positive effects. Small amounts of certain phenolics (gallic acid, xanthohumol) prevented oxidative damage of DNA; with antioxidant vitamins and cholecalciferol protective effects were only detected after intake of doses that exceed the recommended daily uptake values. The evaluation of the quality of the studies showed that many have methodological shortcomings (lack of controls, no calibration of repair enzymes, inadequate control of the compliance and statistical analyses) which should be avoided in future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Mišík
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlen Staudinger
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kundi
- Center for Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Worel
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Armen Nersesyan
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Ferk
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2002 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siegfried Knasmueller
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Macrì M, Gea M, Piccini I, Dessì L, Santovito A, Bonelli S, Schilirò T, Bonetta S. Cabbage butterfly as bioindicator species to investigate the genotoxic effects of PM 10. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:45285-45294. [PMID: 36705823 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution poses a serious threat to environment and human health, and particulate matter (PM) is one of the major contributors. Biological effects induced by PM are investigated through in vitro assays using cells and by in vivo tests with laboratory model animals. However, also the estimation of adverse effects of pollutants, including airborne ones, on wild animals, such as insects, is an essential component of environmental risk assessment. Among insects, butterflies are sensitive to environmental changes and are important wild pollinators, so they might be suitable as environmental bioindicator species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of a wild cabbage butterfly species (Pieris brassicae) as a bioindicator organism to assess the genotoxic effects of PM10 collected in different sites. PM10 was collected from April to September in urban, suburban, and rural sites. P. brassicae larvae were reared in laboratory under controlled conditions on cabbage plants and exposed to PM10 organic extracts or dimethyl sulfoxide (controls) through vaporization. After exposure, larvae were dissected, and cells were used for comet assay. All PM extracts induced significant DNA damage in exposed larvae compared to controls and the extract collected in the most polluted site caused the highest genotoxic effect. In conclusion, the study suggested that butterflies, such as P. brassicae, could be applied as sensitive and promising bioindicators to investigate air quality and PM genotoxicity. Indeed, the use of these organisms allows the detection of genotoxic effects induced by PM sampled also in low-polluted areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Macrì
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Gea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 Bis, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Irene Piccini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Dessì
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Alfredo Santovito
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Bonelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 Bis, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 Bis, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Collins A, Møller P, Gajski G, Vodenková S, Abdulwahed A, Anderson D, Bankoglu EE, Bonassi S, Boutet-Robinet E, Brunborg G, Chao C, Cooke MS, Costa C, Costa S, Dhawan A, de Lapuente J, Bo' CD, Dubus J, Dusinska M, Duthie SJ, Yamani NE, Engelward B, Gaivão I, Giovannelli L, Godschalk R, Guilherme S, Gutzkow KB, Habas K, Hernández A, Herrero O, Isidori M, Jha AN, Knasmüller S, Kooter IM, Koppen G, Kruszewski M, Ladeira C, Laffon B, Larramendy M, Hégarat LL, Lewies A, Lewinska A, Liwszyc GE, de Cerain AL, Manjanatha M, Marcos R, Milić M, de Andrade VM, Moretti M, Muruzabal D, Novak M, Oliveira R, Olsen AK, Owiti N, Pacheco M, Pandey AK, Pfuhler S, Pourrut B, Reisinger K, Rojas E, Rundén-Pran E, Sanz-Serrano J, Shaposhnikov S, Sipinen V, Smeets K, Stopper H, Teixeira JP, Valdiglesias V, Valverde M, van Acker F, van Schooten FJ, Vasquez M, Wentzel JF, Wnuk M, Wouters A, Žegura B, Zikmund T, Langie SAS, Azqueta A. Measuring DNA modifications with the comet assay: a compendium of protocols. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:929-989. [PMID: 36707722 PMCID: PMC10281087 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The comet assay is a versatile method to detect nuclear DNA damage in individual eukaryotic cells, from yeast to human. The types of damage detected encompass DNA strand breaks and alkali-labile sites (e.g., apurinic/apyrimidinic sites), alkylated and oxidized nucleobases, DNA-DNA crosslinks, UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and some chemically induced DNA adducts. Depending on the specimen type, there are important modifications to the comet assay protocol to avoid the formation of additional DNA damage during the processing of samples and to ensure sufficient sensitivity to detect differences in damage levels between sample groups. Various applications of the comet assay have been validated by research groups in academia, industry and regulatory agencies, and its strengths are highlighted by the adoption of the comet assay as an in vivo test for genotoxicity in animal organs by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The present document includes a series of consensus protocols that describe the application of the comet assay to a wide variety of cell types, species and types of DNA damage, thereby demonstrating its versatility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Goran Gajski
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Soňa Vodenková
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Abdulhadi Abdulwahed
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Diana Anderson
- Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CoE CERAD 223268/50), Oslo, Norway
| | - Christy Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Carla Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Solange Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Alok Dhawan
- Centre of BioMedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Joaquin de Lapuente
- Toxicology Department, AC MARCA Group, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Del Bo'
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Julien Dubus
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix-Marseille, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Susan J Duthie
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Naouale El Yamani
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Bevin Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Isabel Gaivão
- Genetics and Biotechnology Department and Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roger Godschalk
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Guilherme
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Kristine B Gutzkow
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CoE CERAD 223268/50), Oslo, Norway
| | - Khaled Habas
- School of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bradford University, Bradford, UK
| | - Alba Hernández
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola de Vallès, Spain
| | - Oscar Herrero
- Biology and Environmental Toxicology Group, Faculty of Science, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Isidori
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Siegfried Knasmüller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Internal Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingeborg M Kooter
- Department Circular Economy and Environment, the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research-TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Carina Ladeira
- H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Blanca Laffon
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo DICOMOSA, CICA - Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, A Coruña, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marcelo Larramendy
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Museum, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ludovic Le Hégarat
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Fougeres Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères, France
| | - Angélique Lewies
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Anna Lewinska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Guillermo E Liwszyc
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Museum, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mugimane Manjanatha
- Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola de Vallès, Spain
| | - Mirta Milić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vanessa Moraes de Andrade
- Translational Biomedicine Laboratory, Graduate Program of Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, Brazil
| | - Massimo Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Unit of Public Health, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Damian Muruzabal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matjaž Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rui Oliveira
- Department of Biology, CBMA-Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ann-Karin Olsen
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CoE CERAD 223268/50), Oslo, Norway
| | - Norah Owiti
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mário Pacheco
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alok K Pandey
- Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Stefan Pfuhler
- Global Product Stewardship - Human Safety, The Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bertrand Pourrut
- Laboratoire Ecologie fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Emilio Rojas
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Julen Sanz-Serrano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ville Sipinen
- Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karen Smeets
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo NanoToxGen, CICA - Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Mahara Valverde
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Biology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Annelies Wouters
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- Biocev, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine A S Langie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Azqueta A, Stopper H, Zegura B, Dusinska M, Møller P. Do cytotoxicity and cell death cause false positive results in the in vitro comet assay? MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 881:503520. [PMID: 36031332 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The comet assay is used to measure DNA damage induced by chemical and physical agents. High concentrations of test agents may cause cytotoxicity or cell death, which may give rise to false positive results in the comet assay. Systematic studies on genotoxins and cytotoxins (i.e. non-genotoxic poisons) have attempted to establish a threshold of cytotoxicity or cell death by which DNA damage results measured by the comet assay could be regarded as a false positive result. Thresholds of cytotoxicity/cell death range from 20% to 50% in various publications. Curiously, a survey of the latest literature on comet assay results from cell culture studies suggests that one-third of publications did not assess cytotoxicity or cell death. We recommend that it should be mandatory to include results from at least one type of assay on cytotoxicity, cell death or cell proliferation in publications on comet assay results. A combination of cytotoxicity (or cell death) and proliferation (or colony forming efficiency assay) is preferable in actively proliferating cells because it covers more mechanisms of action. Applying a general threshold of cytotoxicity/cell death to all types of agents may not be applicable; however, 25% compared to the concurrent negative control seems to be a good starting value to avoid false positive comet assay results. Further research is needed to establish a threshold value to distinguish between true and potentially false positive genotoxic effects detected by the comet assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31009 Pamplona, Spain and IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bojana Zegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2002 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Roursgaard M, Hezareh Rothmann M, Schulte J, Karadimou I, Marinelli E, Møller P. Genotoxicity of Particles From Grinded Plastic Items in Caco-2 and HepG2 Cells. Front Public Health 2022; 10:906430. [PMID: 35875006 PMCID: PMC9298925 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.906430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Large plastic litters degrade in the environment to micro- and nanoplastics, which may then enter the food chain and lead to human exposure by ingestion. The present study explored ways to obtain nanoplastic particles from real-life food containers. The first set of experiments gave rise to polypropylene nanoplastic suspensions with a hydrodynamic particle size range between 100 and 600 nm, whereas the same grinding process of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) produced suspensions of particles with a primary size between 100 and 300 nm. The exposure did not cause cytotoxicity measured by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and water soluble tetrazolium 1 (WST-1) assays in Caco-2 and HepG2 cells. Nanoplastics of transparent PET food containers produced a modest concentration-dependent increase in DNA strand breaks, measured by the alkaline comet assay [net induction of 0.28 lesions/106 bp at the highest concentration (95% CI: 0.04; 0.51 lesions/106 base pair)]. The exposure to nanoplastics from transparent polypropylene food containers was also positively associated with DNA strand breaks [i.e., net induction of 0.10 lesions/106 base pair (95% CI: −0.04; 0.23 lesions/106 base pair)] at the highest concentration. Nanoplastics from grinding of black colored PET food containers demonstrated no effect on HepG2 and Caco-2 cells in terms of cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species production or changes in cell cycle distribution. The net induction of DNA strand breaks was 0.43 lesions/106 bp (95% CI: 0.09; 0.78 lesions/106 bp) at the highest concentration of nanoplastics from black PET food containers. Collectively, the results indicate that exposure to nanoplastics from real-life consumer products can cause genotoxicity in cell cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Roursgaard
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Monika Hezareh Rothmann
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juliane Schulte
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ioanna Karadimou
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Marinelli
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Measurement of oxidatively damaged DNA in mammalian cells using the comet assay: Reflections on validity, reliability and variability. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 873:503423. [PMID: 35094807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The comet assay is a simple technique for measurements of low levels of DNA damage and repair in single cells. However, there is variation in background levels of DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This variation has been documented by inter-laboratory ring-trials where identical samples have been analysed in different laboratories using the formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg)-modified comet assay. The coefficient of variation of background levels of Fpg-sensitive sites was 128 % in the first inter-laboratory validation trial called European Standards Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage. The variation was reduced to 44 % by the end of the project. Subsequent ring-trials by the European Comet Assay Validation Group showed similar inter-laboratory variation in Fpg-sensitive sites in PBMCs (45 %). The lowest inter-laboratory variation in Fpg-sensitive sites in PBMCs was 12 % when using calibration to standardize comet assay descriptors. Introduction of standard comet assay procedures was surprisingly unsuccessful as certain laboratories experienced technical problems using unaccustomed assay conditions. This problem was alleviated by using flexible assay standard conditions rather than a standard protocol in a ring-trial by the hCOMET group. The approach reduced technical problems, but the inter-laboratory variation in Fpg-sensitive sites was not reduced. The ring-trials have not pinpointed specific assay steps as major determinants of the variation in DNA damage levels. It is likely that small differences in several steps cause inter-laboratory variation. Although this variation in reported DNA damage levels causes concern, ring-trials have also shown that the comet assay is a reliable tool in biomonitoring studies.
Collapse
|
14
|
Møller P, Roursgaard M. Biomarkers of DNA Oxidation Products: Links to Exposure and Disease in Public Health Studies. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2235-2250. [PMID: 34704445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposure can increase the production of reactive oxygen species and deplete cellular antioxidants in humans, resulting in oxidatively generated damage to DNA that is both a useful biomarker of oxidative stress and indicator of carcinogenic hazard. Methods of oxidatively damaged DNA analysis have been developed and used in public health research since the 1990s. Advanced techniques detect specific lesions, but they might not be applicable to complex matrixes (e.g., tissues), small sample volume, and large-scale studies. The most reliable methods are characterized by (1) detecting relevant DNA oxidation products (e.g., premutagenic lesions), (2) not harboring technical problems, (3) being applicable to complex biological mixtures, and (4) having the ability to process a large number of samples in a reasonable period of time. Most effort has been devoted to the measurements of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanine (8-oxodG), which can be analyzed by chromatographic, enzymic, and antibody-based methods. Results from validation trials have shown that certain chromatographic and enzymic assays (namely the comet assay) are superior techniques. The enzyme-modified comet assay has been popular because it is technically simpler than chromatographic assays. It is widely used in public health studies on environmental exposures such as outdoor air pollution. Validated biomarker assays on oxidatively damaged DNA have been used to fill knowledge gaps between findings in prospective cohort studies and hazards from contemporary sources of air pollution exposures. Results from each of these research fields feed into public health research as approaches to conduct primary prevention of diseases caused by environmental or occupational agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Di Ianni E, Erdem JS, Møller P, Sahlgren NM, Poulsen SS, Knudsen KB, Zienolddiny S, Saber AT, Wallin H, Vogel U, Jacobsen NR. In vitro-in vivo correlations of pulmonary inflammogenicity and genotoxicity of MWCNT. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:25. [PMID: 34301283 PMCID: PMC8299626 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have received attention due to extraordinary properties, resulting in concerns for occupational health and safety. Costs and ethical concerns of animal testing drive a need for in vitro models with predictive power in respiratory toxicity. The aim of this study was to assess pro-inflammatory response (Interleukin-8 expression, IL-8) and genotoxicity (DNA strand breaks) caused by MWCNT with different physicochemical properties in different pulmonary cell models and correlate these to previously published in vivo data. Seven MWCNT were selected; two long/thick (NRCWE-006/Mitsui-7 and NM-401), two short/thin (NM-400 and NM-403), a pristine (NRCWE-040) and two surface modified; hydroxylated (NRCWE-041) and carboxylated (NRCWE-042). Carbon black Printex90 (CB) was included as benchmark material. Human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) and monocyte-derived macrophages (THP-1a) were exposed to nanomaterials (NM) in submerged conditions, and two materials (NM-400 and NM-401) in co-cultures of A549/THP-1a and lung fibroblasts (WI-38) in an air-liquid interface (ALI) system. Effective doses were quantified by thermo-gravimetric-mass spectrometry analysis (TGA-MS). To compare genotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, we developed a scoring system based on a categorization of effects into standard deviation (SD) units (< 1, 1, 2, 3 or 4 standard deviation increases) for the increasing genotoxicity. Results Effective doses were shown to be 25 to 53%, and 21 to 57% of the doses administered to A549 and THP-1a, respectively. In submerged conditions (A549 and THP-1a cells), all NM induced dose-dependent IL-8 expression. NM-401 and NRCWE-006 caused the strongest pro-inflammatory response. In the ALI-exposed co-culture, only NM-401 caused increased IL-8 expression, and no DNA strand breaks were observed. Strong correlations were found between in vitro and in vivo inflammation when doses were normalized by surface area (also proxy for diameter and length). Significantly increased DNA damage was found for all MWCNT in THP-1a cells, and for short MWCNT in A549 cells. A concordance in genotoxicity of 83% was obtained between THP-1a cells and broncho-alveolar lavaged (BAL) cells. Conclusion This study shows correlations of pro-inflammatory potential in A549 and THP-1a cells with neutrophil influx in mice, and concordance in genotoxic response between THP-1a cells and BAL cells, for seven MWCNT. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-021-00413-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Di Ianni
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sarah Søs Poulsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina Bram Knudsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Evaxion Biotech, DK-1260, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Thoustrup Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Håkan Wallin
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,DTU Food, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicklas Raun Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wils RS, Jacobsen NR, Vogel U, Roursgaard M, Møller P. Inflammatory response, reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in mice after intrapleural exposure to carbon nanotubes. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:184-194. [PMID: 34086969 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are speculated to cause mesothelioma by persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, tissue injury and genotoxicity. To investigate pleural response to CNTs, we exposed C57BL/6 mice by intrapleural injection of 0.2 or 5 µg multi-walled CNTs (MWCNT-7, NM-401 and NM-403) or single-walled CNTs (NM-411). Inflammatory response, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of pleural lavage cells and genotoxicity in cells from the mesothelial surface were assessed at day 1 and 90 after the exposure. Long and rigid types of MWCNTs (MWCNT-7 and NM-401) caused acute inflammation, characterized by influx of macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils into the pleural cavity. The inflammation was still evident at 90 days after the exposure, although it had reduced dramatically. The cellular ROS production was increased at day 90 after the exposure to MWCNT-7 and NM-401. The short and tangled type of MWCNT (i.e. NM-403) did not cause pleural inflammation or ROS production in pleural fluid cells. The exposure to NM-411 did not cause consistent inflammation responses or cellular ROS production. Levels of DNA strand breaks and DNA oxidation damage were unaltered, except for NM-411-exposed mice that had increased level of DNA strand breaks at 90 days after the exposure. In conclusion, the long and rigid CNTs caused prolonged inflammatory response and increased ROS production in pleural lavage cells, yet it was not reflected in higher levels of DNA damage in pleural tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regitze Sølling Wils
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.,The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nicklas Raun Jacobsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Department of Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Disturbance of cellular homeostasis as a molecular risk evaluation of human endothelial cells exposed to nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3849. [PMID: 33589697 PMCID: PMC7884700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though application of nanoparticles in medicine seems to provide unique solutions for drug delivery and diagnosis diseases, understanding interactions between nanoscale materials and biological systems is imperative. Therefore, this study determined the effect of different types of nanoparticles (NPs) on human endothelial cells and examined the types of toxicity responses they can induce. Four different types of NPs were tested (PLA/MMT/TRASTUZUMAB, PLA/EDTMP, PLGA/MDP, and Pluronic F127 MICELLES), representing three putative areas of application: anticancer therapy, scintigraphy, and cosmetology. The experiments were performed on immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC-STs). Light contrast phase microscopy as well as cell viability assays showed that only Pluronic F127 MICELLES decreased the number of HUVEC-STs in contrast to PLA/MMT/TRASTUZUMAB, PLA/EDTMP, and PLGA/MDP NPs, which altered cell morphology, but not their confluency. The tested NPs induced not only DNA strand-breaks and alkali-labile sites, but also internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, visualized as a DNA ladder pattern typical of apoptosis. Moreover, generation of free radicals and subsequent mitochondrial membrane potential collapse showed the significance of free radical production during interactions between NPs and endothelial cells. High concentrations of NPs had different degrees of toxicity in human endothelial cells and affected cell proliferation, redox homeostasis, and triggered mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
|
18
|
Chao MR, Evans MD, Hu CW, Ji Y, Møller P, Rossner P, Cooke MS. Biomarkers of nucleic acid oxidation - A summary state-of-the-art. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101872. [PMID: 33579665 PMCID: PMC8113048 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidatively generated damage to DNA has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases. Increasingly, interest is also focusing upon the effects of damage to the other nucleic acids, RNA and the (2′-deoxy-)ribonucleotide pools, and evidence is growing that these too may have an important role in disease. LC-MS/MS has the ability to provide absolute quantification of specific biomarkers, such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyGuo (8-oxodG), in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and 8-oxoGuo in RNA. However, significant quantities of tissue are needed, limiting its use in human biomonitoring studies. In contrast, the comet assay requires much less material, and as little as 5 μL of blood may be used, offering a minimally invasive means of assessing oxidative stress in vivo, but this is restricted to nuclear DNA damage only. Urine is an ideal matrix in which to non-invasively study nucleic acid-derived biomarkers of oxidative stress, and considerable progress has been made towards robustly validating these measurements, not least through the efforts of the European Standards Committee on Urinary (DNA) Lesion Analysis. For urine, LC-MS/MS is considered the gold standard approach, and although there have been improvements to the ELISA methodology, this is largely limited to 8-oxodG. Emerging DNA adductomics approaches, which either comprehensively assess the totality of adducts in DNA, or map DNA damage across the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, offer the potential to considerably advance our understanding of the mechanistic role of oxidatively damaged nucleic acids in disease. Oxidatively damaged nucleic acids are implicated in the pathogenesis of disease. LC-MS/MS, comet assay and ELISA are often used to study oxidatively damaged DNA. Urinary oxidatively damaged nucleic acids non-invasively reflect oxidative stress. DNA adductomics will aid understanding the role of ROS damaged DNA in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Rong Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Mark D Evans
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, United Kingdom
| | - Chiung-Wen Hu
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Yunhee Ji
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK, 1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Pavel Rossner
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Muruzabal D, Collins A, Azqueta A. The enzyme-modified comet assay: Past, present and future. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 147:111865. [PMID: 33217526 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme-modified comet assay was developed in order to detect DNA lesions other than those detected by the standard version (single and double strand breaks and alkali-labile sites). Various lesion-specific enzymes, from the DNA repair machinery of bacteria and humans, have been combined with the comet assay, allowing detection of different oxidized and alkylated bases as well as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, mis-incorporated uracil and apurinic/apyrimidinic sites. The enzyme-modified comet assay has been applied in different fields - human biomonitoring, environmental toxicology, and genotoxicity testing (both in vitro and in vivo) - as well as in basic research. Up to now, twelve enzymes have been employed; here we describe the enzymes and give examples of studies in which they have been applied. The bacterial formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg) and endonuclease III (EndoIII) have been extensively used while others have been used only rarely. Adding further enzymes to the comet assay toolbox could potentially increase the variety of DNA lesions that can be detected. The enzyme-modified comet assay can play a crucial role in the elucidation of the mechanism of action of both direct and indirect genotoxins, thus increasing the value of the assay in the regulatory context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damián Muruzabal
- Universidad de Navarra, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Irunlarrea 1, 310008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Universidad de Navarra, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Irunlarrea 1, 310008, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tian S, Li K, Møller P, Ying SC, Wang L, Li Z, Roursgaard M, Liang T. Assessment of reactive oxygen species production and genotoxicity of rare earth mining dust: Implications for public health and mining management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:139759. [PMID: 32569908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mining rare earth elements (REEs) can release large amounts of metal(loid)-rich dust, which can pose significant health risks to local residents. However, compared to other types of particulates, toxicity of mining dust has been largely overlooked. To provide experimental evidence on toxicity of REE mine dust, the study assessed the oxidative stress potential and genotoxicity of inhalable particles collected in a REE mining area, and associated toxicological response with source compositions. Both source types (i.e., mine and tailing area) and distances from source (i.e., industrial and residential areas) were considered when selecting the 44 sampling sites. The particle samples contained 2.3-3.5 folds higher concentrations of tested metal(loid)s than background concentrations in soil. Specially, elevated Fe, REEs, Cd, Pb were found. In spite of low cytotoxicity in lung epithelial A549 cells, there was increased cellular ROS production by of particle exposure. Samples with higher mining-originated source contributions (Provenance Index <0.3) had higher cellular ROS production (1.72 fold, 95%CI: 1.66-1.79 fold) than samples with lower mining contributions (1.58 fold, 95%CI: 1.52-1.65 fold). The factors soil (~46%), mine (~22%), and heavy metal (~20%) sources were recognized by source apportionment analysis as the main contributors to cellular ROS production; importantly, mine and heavy metal sources counted more in industrial samples. While samples generated genotoxicity, there were no differences in DNA damage between the location groups of sampling. Collectively, the results indicate that particles in mining areas may cause ROS production and DNA damage in lung cells depending on mine dust. Coupled with the long-range transportation potential of mine dust, safety measures on open pit and dust disposal sites should be adopted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kexin Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Samantha C Ying
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Lingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Tao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The impact of comet assay data normalization in human biomonitoring studies outcomes. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
22
|
Abstract
Environmental exposures have long been known to impact public health and safety. For example, exposures to airborne particulates, heavy metals in water, or certain industrial chemicals can contribute to aging and to risk of developing cancer and other diseases. Environmental factors can impact health in a variety of ways, but a key concern is DNA damage, which can lead to mutations that cause cancer. Cancer can take years to develop following chemical exposure; however, one way to predict carcinogenicity in a more practical time frame is by studying the chemical's ability to induce DNA damage. The comet assay (or single-cell gel electrophoresis assay) has been used successfully for genotoxicity testing. The comet assay allows for the detection of DNA strand breaks via analysis of DNA migration during electrophoresis. Previously, the Engelward laboratory, in collaboration with the Bhatia laboratory, developed the CometChip for measurements of DNA damage and repair. The CometChip is a high-throughput comet assay that improves user reproducibility and significantly shortens total assay time. Here, we describe how the high-throughput CometChip platform can be used to measure DNA damage in established cell lines, animal models, and human samples. We also discuss technical challenges associated with these studies and provide recommendations on how to achieve optimal results for researchers interested in adopting this assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christy Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Møller P, Scholten RH, Roursgaard M, Krais AM. Inflammation, oxidative stress and genotoxicity responses to biodiesel emissions in cultured mammalian cells and animals. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:383-401. [PMID: 32543270 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biodiesel fuels are alternatives to petrodiesel, especially in the transport sector where they have lower carbon footprint. Notwithstanding the environmental benefit, biodiesel fuels may have other toxicological properties than petrodiesel. Particulate matter (PM) from petrodiesel causes cancer in the lung as a consequence of delivery of genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxidative stress and inflammation. We have reviewed articles from 2002 to 2019 (50% of the articles since 2015) that have described toxicological effects in terms of genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation of biodiesel exhaust exposure in humans, animals and cell cultures. The studies have assessed first generation biodiesel from different feedstock (e.g. rapeseed and soy), certain second generation fuels (e.g. waste oil), and hydrogenated vegetable oil. It is not possible to rank the potency of toxicological effects of specific biodiesel fuels. However, exposure to biodiesel exhaust causes oxidative stress, inflammation and genotoxicity in cell cultures. Three studies in animals have not indicated genotoxicity in lung tissue. The database on oxidative stress and inflammation in animal studies is larger (13 studies); ten studies have reported increased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers or inflammation, although the effects have been modest in most studies. The cell culture and animal studies have not consistently shown a different potency in effect between biodiesel and petrodiesel exhausts. Both increased and decreased potency have been reported, which might be due to differences in feedstock or combustion conditions. In conclusion, combustion products from biodiesel and petrodiesel fuel may evoke similar toxicological effects on genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Harnung Scholten
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jensen DM, Løhr M, Sheykhzade M, Lykkesfeldt J, Wils RS, Loft S, Møller P. Telomere length and genotoxicity in the lung of rats following intragastric exposure to food-grade titanium dioxide and vegetable carbon particles. Mutagenesis 2020; 34:203-214. [PMID: 30852617 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetable carbon (E153) and titanium dioxide (E171) are widely used as black and white food colour additives. The aim of this study was to assess gastrointestinal tight junction and systemic genotoxic effects in rats following exposure to E153 and E171 for 10 weeks by oral gavage once a week. The expression of tight junction proteins was assessed in intestinal tissues. Levels of DNA strand breaks, oxidatively damaged DNA and telomere length were assessed in secondary organs. Hydrodynamic suspensions of E153 and E173 indicated mean particles sizes of 230 and 270 nm, respectively, and only E153 gave rise to intracellular production of reactive oxygen species in colon epithelial (Caco-2) cells. Rats exposed to E153 (6.4 mg/kg/week) or E171 (500 mg/kg/week) had decreased gene expression of the tight junction protein TJP1 (P < 0.05). E153 (6.4 mg/kg/week) also decreased OCLN (P < 0.05) in the colon and occludin protein expression in the small intestine (P < 0.05). Furthermore, E153 or E171 exposed rats had shorter telomeres in the lung (P < 0.05). Plasma from particle-exposed rats also produced telomere shortening in cultured lung epithelial cells. There were unaltered levels of oxidatively damaged DNA in the liver and lung and no changes in the DNA repair activity of oxidatively damaged DNA in the lung. Altogether, these results indicate that intragastric exposure to E153 and E171 is associated with reduced tight junction protein expression in the intestinal barrier and telomere length shortening in the lung in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Marie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mille Løhr
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Majid Sheykhzade
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Section of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Regitze Sølling Wils
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Section of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Heddagaard FE, Møller P. Hazard assessment of small-size plastic particles: is the conceptual framework of particle toxicology useful? Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 136:111106. [PMID: 31899364 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to plastic particles, but there are no studies on environmental plastics in cell cultures or animals. The toxicological understanding arises from model particles like polystyrene, polyethylene or non-plastic particles like food-grade titanium dioxide. The majority of studies on polystyrene particles show toxicological effects on measures of oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal dysfunction and apoptosis. The toxic effects in cell cultures mainly occur at high concentrations. Polyethylene particles seem to generate inflammatory reactions, whereas other toxicological effects have not been assessed. There are very few studies on effects of polystyrene particles in animal models and these have not demonstrated overt indices of toxicity. Studies in animals are the likely way for hazard assessment of micro- or nanoplastics. However, co-culture systems that mimic the complex architecture of mammalian tissues can cost-efficiently determine the hazards of micro- and nanoplastics. Future studies should include low doses of micro- and nanoplastic particles, which are more relevant in the assessment of health risk than the extrapolation of effects from high doses to realistic doses. Based on studies on model particles, environmental exposure to micro- and nanoplastic particles may be a hazard to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederikke Emilie Heddagaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
García-Rodríguez A, Rubio L, Vila L, Xamena N, Velázquez A, Marcos R, Hernández A. The Comet Assay as a Tool to Detect the Genotoxic Potential of Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9101385. [PMID: 31569740 PMCID: PMC6835278 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The interesting physicochemical characteristics of nanomaterials (NMs) has brought about their increasing use and, consequently, their increasing presence in the environment. As emergent contaminants, there is an urgent need for new data about their potential side-effects on human health. Among their potential effects, the potential for DNA damage is of paramount relevance. Thus, in the context of the EU project NANoREG, the establishment of common robust protocols for detecting genotoxicity of NMs became an important aim. One of the developed protocols refers to the use of the comet assay, as a tool to detect the induction of DNA strand breaks. In this study, eight different NMs—TiO2NP (2), SiO2NP (2), ZnONP, CeO2NP, AgNP, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)—were tested using two different human lung epithelial cell lines (A549 and BEAS-2B). The comet assay was carried out with and without the use of the formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG) enzyme to detect the induction of oxidatively damaged DNA bases. As a high throughput approach, we have used GelBond films (GBF) instead of glass slides, allowing the fitting of 48 microgels on the same GBF. The results confirmed the suitability of the comet assay as a powerful tool to detect the genotoxic potential of NMs. Specifically, our results indicate that most of the selected nanomaterials showed mild to significant genotoxic effects, at least in the A549 cell line, reflecting the relevance of the cell line used to determine the genotoxic ability of a defined NM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba García-Rodríguez
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Laura Rubio
- Nanobiology Laboratory, Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, PUCMM, Santiago de los Caballeros 50000, Dominican Republic.
| | - Laura Vila
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Noel Xamena
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain.
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonia Velázquez
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain.
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain.
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Hernández
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain.
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brown DM, Danielsen PH, Derr R, Moelijker N, Fowler P, Stone V, Hendriks G, Møller P, Kermanizadeh A. The mechanism-based toxicity screening of particles with use in the food and nutrition sector via the ToxTracker reporter system. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104594. [PMID: 31279906 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of the incorporation of nano-sized materials in consumer products overlaps with the necessity for high-throughput reliable screening tools for the identification of the potential hazardous properties of the nanomaterials. The ToxTracker assay (mechanism-based reporter assay based on embryonic stem cells that uses GFP-tagged biomarkers for detection of DNA damage, oxidative stress and general cellular stress) is one such tool, which could prove useful in the field of particle toxicology allowing for high throughput screening. Here, ToxTracker was utilised to evaluate the potential hazardous properties of two particulates currently used in the food industry (vegetable carbon (E153) and food-grade TiO2 (E171)). Due to the fact that ToxTracker is based on a stem cell format, it is crucial that the data generated is assessed for its suitability and comparability to more conventionally used relevant source of cells - in this case cells from the gastrointestinal tract and the liver. Therefore, the cell reporter findings were compared to data from traditional assays (cytotoxicity, anti-oxidant depletion and DNA damage) and tissue relevant cell types. The data showed E171 to be the most cytotoxic, decreased intracellular glutathione and the most significant with regards to genotoxic effects. The ToxTracker data showed comparability to conventional toxicity and oxidative stress assays; however, some discrepancies were evident between the findings from ToxTracker and the comet assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Brown
- Heriot Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pernille Høgh Danielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Vicki Stone
- Heriot Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Peter Møller
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- Heriot Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Andersen MHG, Frederiksen M, Saber AT, Wils RS, Fonseca AS, Koponen IK, Johannesson S, Roursgaard M, Loft S, Møller P, Vogel U. Health effects of exposure to diesel exhaust in diesel-powered trains. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:21. [PMID: 31182122 PMCID: PMC6558821 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term controlled exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) in chamber studies have shown mixed results on lung and systemic effects. There is a paucity of studies on well-characterized real-life DE exposure in humans. In the present study, 29 healthy volunteers were exposed to DE while sitting as passengers in diesel-powered trains. Exposure in electric trains was used as control scenario. Each train scenario consisted of three consecutive days (6 h/day) ending with biomarker samplings. RESULTS Combustion-derived air pollutants were considerably higher in the passenger carriages of diesel trains compared with electric trains. The concentrations of black carbon and ultrafine particles were 8.5 μg/m3 and 1.2-1.8 × 105 particles/cm3 higher, respectively, in diesel as compared to electric trains. Net increases of NOx and NO2 concentrations were 317 μg/m3 and 36 μg/m3. Exposure to DE was associated with reduced lung function and increased levels of DNA strand breaks in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), whereas there were unaltered levels of oxidatively damaged DNA, soluble cell adhesion molecules, acute phase proteins in blood and urinary excretion of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Also the microvascular function was unaltered. An increase in the low frequency of heart rate variability measures was observed, whereas time-domain measures were unaltered. CONCLUSION Exposure to DE inside diesel-powered trains for 3 days was associated with reduced lung function and systemic effects in terms of altered heart rate variability and increased levels of DNA strand breaks in PBMCs compared with electric trains. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.Gov ( NCT03104387 ). Registered on March 23rd 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Guerra Andersen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark. .,The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Marie Frederiksen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anne Thoustrup Saber
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Regitze Sølling Wils
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.,The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ana Sofia Fonseca
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ismo K Koponen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Sandra Johannesson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,DTU Health Tech., Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gea M, Bonetta S, Iannarelli L, Giovannozzi AM, Maurino V, Bonetta S, Hodoroaba VD, Armato C, Rossi AM, Schilirò T. Shape-engineered titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs): cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in bronchial epithelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:89-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
30
|
Andersen MHG, Saber AT, Clausen PA, Pedersen JE, Løhr M, Kermanizadeh A, Loft S, Ebbehøj N, Hansen ÅM, Pedersen PB, Koponen IK, Nørskov EC, Møller P, Vogel U. Association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA damage in human volunteers during fire extinction exercises. Mutagenesis 2018; 33:105-115. [PMID: 29045708 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated a number of biomarkers, associated with systemic inflammation as well as genotoxicity, in 53 young and healthy subjects participating in a course to become firefighters, while wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). The exposure period consisted of a 3-day training course where the subjects participated in various live-fire training exercises. The subjects were instructed to extinguish fires of either wood or wood with electrical cords and mattresses. The personal exposure was measured as dermal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP). The subjects were primarily exposed to particulate matter (PM) in by-stander positions, since the self-contained breathing apparatus effectively prevented pulmonary exposure. There was increased dermal exposure to pyrene (68.1%, 95% CI: 52.5%, 83.8%) and sum of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ƩPAH; 79.5%, 95% CI: 52.5%, 106.6%), and increased urinary excretion of 1-OHP (70.4%, 95% CI: 52.5%; 106.6%) after the firefighting exercise compared with the mean of two control measurements performed 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after the firefighting course, respectively. The level of Fpg-sensitive sites in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was increased by 8.0% (95% CI: 0.02%, 15.9%) compared with control measurements. The level of DNA strand breaks was positively associated with dermal exposure to pyrene and ƩPAHs, and urinary excretion of 1-OHP. Fpg-sensitive sites were only associated positively with PAHs. Biomarkers of inflammation and lung function showed no consistent response. In summary, the study demonstrated that PAH exposure during firefighting activity was associated with genotoxicity in PBMCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Guerra Andersen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Anne Thoustrup Saber
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Per Axel Clausen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Julie Elbæk Pedersen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mille Løhr
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Niels Ebbehøj
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Åse Marie Hansen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Section of Social Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Peter Bøgh Pedersen
- Danish Technological Institute, Teknologiparken, Kongsvang Allé, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ismo Kalevi Koponen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Eva-Carina Nørskov
- Danish Technological Institute, Teknologiparken, Kongsvang Allé, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Møller P. The comet assay: ready for 30 more years. Mutagenesis 2018; 33:1-7. [PMID: 29325088 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last 30 years, the comet assay has become widely used for the measurement of DNA damage and repair in cells and tissues. A landmark achievement was reached in 2016 when the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development adopted a comet assay guideline for in vivo testing of DNA strand breaks in animals. However, the comet assay has much more to offer than being an assay for testing DNA strand breaks in animal organs. The use of repair enzymes increases the range of DNA lesions that can be detected with the assay. It can also be modified to measure DNA repair activity. Still, despite the long-term use of the assay, there is a need for studies that assess the impact of variation in specific steps of the procedure. This is particularly important for the on-going efforts to decrease the variation between experiments and laboratories. The articles in this Special Issue of Mutagenesis cover important technical issues of the comet assay procedure, nanogenotoxicity and ionising radiation sensitivity on plant cells. The included biomonitoring studies have assessed seasonal variation and certain predictors for the basal level of DNA damage in white blood cells. Lastly, the comet assay has been used in studies on genotoxicity of environmental and occupational exposures in human biomonitoring studies and animal models. Overall, the articles in this Special Issue demonstrate the versatility of the comet assay and they hold promise that the assay is ready for the next 30 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
de Santana SL, Verçosa CJ, de Araújo Castro ÍF, de Amorim ÉM, da Silva AS, da Rocha Bastos TM, da Silva Neto LJ, Dos Santos TO, De França EJ, Rohde C. Drosophila melanogaster as model organism for monitoring and analyzing genotoxicity associated with city air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:32409-32417. [PMID: 30229497 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the genotoxic potential of atmospheric pollution associated with urbanization using the model organism Drosophila melanogaster and the Comet assay with hemolymph cells. Larvae were exposed to atmospheric compounds in an urban and a rural area in the municipality of Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil, for 6 days (from the embryo stage to the third larval stage) in April 2015 and April 2017. The results were compared to a negative environmental control group exposed to a preserved area (Catimbau National Park) and to a negative control exposed to the laboratory room conditions. The Comet assay demonstrated significant genetic damage in the organisms exposed to the urban area compared with those exposed to the rural area and negative control groups. The evidences were supported by particulate matter analysis showing higher photopeaks of chemical elements such as aluminum, silicon, sulfur, potassium, calcium, titanium, and iron, associated to road dust fraction in urban environment. Once again, the results confirm D. melanogaster an ideal bioindicator organism to monitor genotoxic hazard associated with atmospheric pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lima de Santana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Humana e Meio Ambiente, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória (CAV), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua do Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bairro Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, CEP 51608-680, Brazil
| | - Cícero Jorge Verçosa
- Laboratório de Genética, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua do Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bairro Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, CEP 51608-680, Brazil
| | - Ícaro Fillipe de Araújo Castro
- Laboratório de Genética, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua do Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bairro Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, CEP 51608-680, Brazil
| | - Érima Maria de Amorim
- Laboratório de Genética, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua do Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bairro Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, CEP 51608-680, Brazil
| | - André Severino da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua do Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bairro Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, CEP 51608-680, Brazil
| | - Thiago Moura da Rocha Bastos
- Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste (CRCN-NE), Av. Prof. Luiz Freire, 200, Bairro Cidade Universitária, Recife, CEP 50740-545, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Luiz Joaquim da Silva Neto
- Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste (CRCN-NE), Av. Prof. Luiz Freire, 200, Bairro Cidade Universitária, Recife, CEP 50740-545, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thiago Oliveira Dos Santos
- Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste (CRCN-NE), Av. Prof. Luiz Freire, 200, Bairro Cidade Universitária, Recife, CEP 50740-545, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Elvis Joacir De França
- Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste (CRCN-NE), Av. Prof. Luiz Freire, 200, Bairro Cidade Universitária, Recife, CEP 50740-545, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Claudia Rohde
- Laboratório de Genética, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua do Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bairro Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, CEP 51608-680, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cortés-Eslava J, Gómez-Arroyo S, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. The effects of organophosphorus insecticides and heavy metals on DNA damage and programmed cell death in two plant models. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:77-86. [PMID: 29729572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of pollutants, such as agrochemicals and heavy metals, constitute a serious risk to human health. To evaluate the induction of DNA damage and programmed cell death (PCD), root cells of Allium cepa and Vicia faba were treated with two organophosphate insecticides (OI), fenthion and malathion, and with two heavy metal (HM) salts, nickel nitrate and potassium dichromate. An alkaline variant of the comet assay was performed to identify DNA breaks; the results showed comets in a dose-dependent manner, while higher concentrations induced clouds following exposure to OIs and HMs. Similarly, treatments with higher concentrations of OIs and HMs were analyzed by immunocytochemistry, and several structural characteristics of PCD were observed, including chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear shrinkage, condensation of the protoplast away from the cell wall, and nuclei fragmentation with apoptotic-like corpse formation. Abiotic stress also caused other features associated with PCD, such as an increase of active caspase-3-like protein, changes in the location of cytochrome C (Cyt C) toward the cytoplasm, and decreases in extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) expression. Genotoxicity results setting out an oxidative via of DNA damage and evidence the role of the high affinity of HM and OI by DNA molecule as underlying cause of genotoxic effect. The PCD features observed in root cells of A. cepa and V. faba suggest that PCD takes place through a process that involves ERK inactivation, culminating in Cyt C release and caspase-3-like activation. The sensitivity of both plant models to abiotic stress was clearly demonstrated, validating their role as good biosensors of DNA breakage and PCD induced by environmental stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Cortés-Eslava
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Sandra Gómez-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Maria C Risueño
- Laboratory of Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), C.S.I.C., Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Laboratory of Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), C.S.I.C., Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cao Y. The Toxicity of Nanoparticles to Human Endothelial Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1048:59-69. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72041-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
35
|
Møller P, Jensen DM, Wils RS, Andersen MHG, Danielsen PH, Roursgaard M. Assessment of evidence for nanosized titanium dioxide-generated DNA strand breaks and oxidatively damaged DNA in cells and animal models. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:1237-1256. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1406549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Marie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Regitze Sølling Wils
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Pernille Høgh Danielsen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Stone V, Miller MR, Clift MJD, Elder A, Mills NL, Møller P, Schins RPF, Vogel U, Kreyling WG, Alstrup Jensen K, Kuhlbusch TAJ, Schwarze PE, Hoet P, Pietroiusti A, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Baeza-Squiban A, Teixeira JP, Tran CL, Cassee FR. Nanomaterials Versus Ambient Ultrafine Particles: An Opportunity to Exchange Toxicology Knowledge. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:106002. [PMID: 29017987 PMCID: PMC5933410 DOI: 10.1289/ehp424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rich body of literature exists that has demonstrated adverse human health effects following exposure to ambient air particulate matter (PM), and there is strong support for an important role of ultrafine (nanosized) particles. At present, relatively few human health or epidemiology data exist for engineered nanomaterials (NMs) despite clear parallels in their physicochemical properties and biological actions in in vitro models. OBJECTIVES NMs are available with a range of physicochemical characteristics, which allows a more systematic toxicological analysis. Therefore, the study of ultrafine particles (UFP, <100 nm in diameter) provides an opportunity to identify plausible health effects for NMs, and the study of NMs provides an opportunity to facilitate the understanding of the mechanism of toxicity of UFP. METHODS A workshop of experts systematically analyzed the available information and identified 19 key lessons that can facilitate knowledge exchange between these discipline areas. DISCUSSION Key lessons range from the availability of specific techniques and standard protocols for physicochemical characterization and toxicology assessment to understanding and defining dose and the molecular mechanisms of toxicity. This review identifies a number of key areas in which additional research prioritization would facilitate both research fields simultaneously. CONCLUSION There is now an opportunity to apply knowledge from NM toxicology and use it to better inform PM health risk research and vice versa. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP424.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Stone
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark R Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Alison Elder
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang G Kreyling
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Epidemiology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Thomas A J Kuhlbusch
- Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology Unit, Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
- Federal Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Hoet
- Center for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonio Pietroiusti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea De Vizcaya-Ruiz
- Departmento de Toxicología, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), México City, México
| | | | - João Paulo Teixeira
- National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto–Epidemiology (ISPUP-EPI) Unit, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Møller P, Jacobsen NR. Weight of evidence analysis for assessing the genotoxic potential of carbon nanotubes. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:867-884. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1367755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Møller P, Jantzen K, Løhr M, Andersen MH, Jensen DM, Roursgaard M, Danielsen PH, Jensen A, Loft S. Searching for assay controls for the Fpg- and hOGG1-modified comet assay. Mutagenesis 2017; 33:9-19. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Kim Jantzen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Mille Løhr
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Maria Helena Andersen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ditte Marie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Pernille Høgh Danielsen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Annie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu F, Ye W, Wang J, Song F, Cheng Y, Zhang B. Parallel comparative studies on toxicity of quantum dots synthesized and surface engineered with different methods in vitro and in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5135-5148. [PMID: 28790821 PMCID: PMC5529378 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s137637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have been considered to be promising probes for biosensing, bioimaging, and diagnosis. However, their toxicity issues caused by heavy metals in QDs remain to be addressed, in particular for their in vivo biomedical applications. In this study, a parallel comparative investigation in vitro and in vivo is presented to disclose the impact of synthetic methods and their following surface modifications on the toxicity of QDs. Cellular assays after exposure to QDs were conducted including cell viability assessment, DNA breakage study in a single cellular level, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) receptor measurement, and transmission electron microscopy to evaluate their toxicity in vitro. Mice experiments after QD administration, including analysis of hemobiological indices, pharmacokinetics, histological examination, and body weight, were further carried out to evaluate their systematic toxicity in vivo. Results show that QDs fabricated by the thermal decomposition approach in organic phase and encapsulated by an amphiphilic polymer (denoted as QDs-1) present the least toxicity in acute damage, compared with those of QDs surface engineered by glutathione-mediated ligand exchange (denoted as QDs-2), and the ones prepared by coprecipitation approach in aqueous phase with mercaptopropionic acid capped (denoted as QDs-3). With the extension of the investigation time of mice respectively injected with QDs, we found that the damage caused by QDs to the organs can be gradually recovered. This parallel comparative investigation suggests that synthetic methods and their resulting surface microenvironment play vital roles in the acute toxicity profiles of QDs. The present study provides updated insights into the fabrication and surface engineering of QDs for their translational applications in theranostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjun Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center
| | - Wen Ye
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Fengxiang Song
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center
| | - Yingsheng Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbo Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lung inflammation and genotoxicity in mice lungs after pulmonary exposure to candle light combustion particles. Toxicol Lett 2017; 276:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
41
|
Papavasileiou KD, Avramopoulos A, Leonis G, Papadopoulos MG. Computational investigation of fullerene-DNA interactions: Implications of fullerene’s size and functionalization on DNA structure and binding energetics. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 74:177-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
42
|
Collins A, El Yamani N, Dusinska M. Sensitive detection of DNA oxidation damage induced by nanomaterials. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:69-76. [PMID: 28161308 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
From a toxicological point of view, nanomaterials are of interest; because - on account of their great surface area relative to mass - they tend to be more reactive than the bulk chemicals from which they are derived. They might in some cases have the potential to damage DNA directly, or could act via the induction of oxidative stress. The comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis) is widely used to measure DNA strand breaks and also oxidised bases, by including in the procedure digestion with lesion-specific enzymes such as formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (which converts oxidised purines to breaks) or endonuclease III (recognising oxidised pyrimidines). We summarise reports in which these enzymes have been used to study a variety of nanomaterials in diverse cell types. We also stress that it is important to carry out tests of cell viability alongside the genotoxicity assay, since cytotoxicity can lead to adventitious DNA damage. Different concentrations of nanomaterials should be investigated, concentrating on a non-cytotoxic range; and incubating for short and longer periods can give valuable information about the mode of damage induction. The use of lesion-specific enzymes can substantially enhance the sensitivity of the comet assay in detecting genotoxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Collins
- University of Oslo, Department of Nutrition, Oslo, Norway; NorGenotech AS, Skreia, Norway.
| | - Naouale El Yamani
- NorGenotech AS, Skreia, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Kjeller, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cao Y, Gong Y, Liu L, Zhou Y, Fang X, Zhang C, Li Y, Li J. The use of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as an in vitro
model to assess the toxicity of nanoparticles to endothelium: a review. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:1359-1369. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Changsha 410205 China
| | - Yu Gong
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Liangliang Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Changsha 410205 China
| | - Yiwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Changsha 410205 China
| | - Xin Fang
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Changsha 410205 China
| | - Cao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Yining Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kuempel ED, Jaurand MC, Møller P, Morimoto Y, Kobayashi N, Pinkerton KE, Sargent LM, Vermeulen RCH, Fubini B, Kane AB. Evaluating the mechanistic evidence and key data gaps in assessing the potential carcinogenicity of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:1-58. [PMID: 27537422 PMCID: PMC5555643 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1206061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In an evaluation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the IARC Monograph 111, the Mechanisms Subgroup was tasked with assessing the strength of evidence on the potential carcinogenicity of CNTs in humans. The mechanistic evidence was considered to be not strong enough to alter the evaluations based on the animal data. In this paper, we provide an extended, in-depth examination of the in vivo and in vitro experimental studies according to current hypotheses on the carcinogenicity of inhaled particles and fibers. We cite additional studies of CNTs that were not available at the time of the IARC meeting in October 2014, and extend our evaluation to include carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Finally, we identify key data gaps and suggest research needs to reduce uncertainty. The focus of this review is on the cancer risk to workers exposed to airborne CNT or CNF during the production and use of these materials. The findings of this review, in general, affirm those of the original evaluation on the inadequate or limited evidence of carcinogenicity for most types of CNTs and CNFs at this time, and possible carcinogenicity of one type of CNT (MWCNT-7). The key evidence gaps to be filled by research include: investigation of possible associations between in vitro and early-stage in vivo events that may be predictive of lung cancer or mesothelioma, and systematic analysis of dose-response relationships across materials, including evaluation of the influence of physico-chemical properties and experimental factors on the observation of nonmalignant and malignant endpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen D Kuempel
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Marie-Claude Jaurand
- b Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche , UMR 1162 , Paris , France
- c Labex Immuno-Oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Descartes , Paris , France
- d University Institute of Hematology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Diderot , Paris , France
- e University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Saint-Denis , France
| | - Peter Møller
- f Department of Public Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Yasuo Morimoto
- g Department of Occupational Pneumology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu City , Japan
| | | | - Kent E Pinkerton
- i Center for Health and the Environment, University of California , Davis , California , USA
| | - Linda M Sargent
- j National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia , USA
| | - Roel C H Vermeulen
- k Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Bice Fubini
- l Department of Chemistry and "G.Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Agnes B Kane
- m Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nelson BC, Wright CW, Ibuki Y, Moreno-Villanueva M, Karlsson HL, Hendriks G, Sims CM, Singh N, Doak SH. Emerging metrology for high-throughput nanomaterial genotoxicology. Mutagenesis 2016; 32:215-232. [PMID: 27565834 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of the engineered nanomaterial (ENM) manufacturing industry has accelerated the incorporation of ENMs into a wide variety of consumer products across the globe. Unintentionally or not, some of these ENMs may be introduced into the environment or come into contact with humans or other organisms resulting in unexpected biological effects. It is thus prudent to have rapid and robust analytical metrology in place that can be used to critically assess and/or predict the cytotoxicity, as well as the potential genotoxicity of these ENMs. Many of the traditional genotoxicity test methods [e.g. unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test, etc.,] for determining the DNA damaging potential of chemical and biological compounds are not suitable for the evaluation of ENMs, due to a variety of methodological issues ranging from potential assay interferences to problems centered on low sample throughput. Recently, a number of sensitive, high-throughput genotoxicity assays/platforms (CometChip assay, flow cytometry/micronucleus assay, flow cytometry/γ-H2AX assay, automated 'Fluorimetric Detection of Alkaline DNA Unwinding' (FADU) assay, ToxTracker reporter assay) have been developed, based on substantial modifications and enhancements of traditional genotoxicity assays. These new assays have been used for the rapid measurement of DNA damage (strand breaks), chromosomal damage (micronuclei) and for detecting upregulated DNA damage signalling pathways resulting from ENM exposures. In this critical review, we describe and discuss the fundamental measurement principles and measurement endpoints of these new assays, as well as the modes of operation, analytical metrics and potential interferences, as applicable to ENM exposures. An unbiased discussion of the major technical advantages and limitations of each assay for evaluating and predicting the genotoxic potential of ENMs is also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryant C Nelson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Material Measurement Laboratory - Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA,
| | - Christa W Wright
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue Building 1/Room 1309, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuko Ibuki
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Maria Moreno-Villanueva
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Molecular Toxicology Group, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giel Hendriks
- Toxys, Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher M Sims
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Material Measurement Laboratory - Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Neenu Singh
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK and
| | - Shareen H Doak
- Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science, Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University Medical School, Wales SA2 8PP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Roursgaard M, Knudsen KB, Northeved H, Persson M, Christensen T, Kumar PEK, Permin A, Andresen TL, Gjetting T, Lykkesfeldt J, Vesterdal LK, Loft S, Møller P. In vitro toxicity of cationic micelles and liposomes in cultured human hepatocyte (HepG2) and lung epithelial (A549) cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:164-171. [PMID: 27497994 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cationic micelle and liposome drug delivery systems on liver and lung cells in a toxicological in vitro screening model, with observations on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. A screening battery was established for assessment of a broad range of parameters related to adverse effects. Clear concentration response effects were observed related to impairment of mitochondrial function, membrane integrity and oxidative stress markers, but no effect was observed on genotoxicity. The adverse effects were highest for the liposomes. The High Content Screening seems optimal for initial screening of adverse effects, and combined with standard cytotoxicity measurements initial screening can be performed for predictive toxicological screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Roursgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kristina Bram Knudsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; National Research Center for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark; H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Pramod E K Kumar
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Permin
- DTU Food, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Torben Gjetting
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise K Vesterdal
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Comet assay: an essential tool in toxicological research. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2315-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
48
|
Di Bucchianico S, Cappellini F, Le Bihanic F, Zhang Y, Dreij K, Karlsson HL. Genotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles assessed by mini-gel comet assay and micronucleus scoring with flow cytometry. Mutagenesis 2016; 32:127-137. [PMID: 27382040 PMCID: PMC5180169 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread production and use of nanoparticles calls for faster and more reliable methods to assess their safety. The main aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxicity of three reference TiO2 nanomaterials (NM) within the frame of the FP7-NANoREG project, with a particular focus on testing the applicability of mini-gel comet assay and micronucleus (MN) scoring by flow cytometry. BEAS-2B cells cultured under serum-free conditions were exposed to NM100 (anatase, 50–150nm), NM101 (anatase, 5–8nm) and NM103 (rutile, 20–28nm) for 3, 24 or 48h mainly at concentrations 1–30 μg/ml. In the mini-gel comet assay (eight gels per slide), we included analysis of (i) DNA strand breaks, (ii) oxidised bases (Fpg-sensitive sites) and (iii) light-induced DNA damage due to photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, MN assays were used and we compared the results of more high-throughput MN scoring with flow cytometry to that of cytokinesis-block MN cytome assay scored manually using a microscope. Various methods were used to assess cytotoxic effects and the results showed in general no or low effects at the doses tested. A weak genotoxic effect of the tested TiO2 materials was observed with an induction of oxidised bases for all three materials of which NM100 was the most potent. When the comet slides were briefly exposed to lab light, a clear induction of DNA strand breaks was observed for the anatase materials, but not for the rutile. This highlights the risk of false positives when testing photocatalytically active materials if light is not properly avoided. A slight increase in MN formation for NM103 was observed in the different MN assays at the lower doses tested (1 and 5 μg/ml). We conclude that mini-gel comet assay and MN scoring using flow cytometry successfully can be used to efficiently study cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden and
| | - Francesca Cappellini
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden and
| | - Florane Le Bihanic
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden and
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden and.,Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Teknikringen 42, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden and
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden and
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kermanizadeh A, Gosens I, MacCalman L, Johnston H, Danielsen PH, Jacobsen NR, Lenz AG, Fernandes T, Schins RPF, Cassee FR, Wallin H, Kreyling W, Stoeger T, Loft S, Møller P, Tran L, Stone V. A Multilaboratory Toxicological Assessment of a Panel of 10 Engineered Nanomaterials to Human Health--ENPRA Project--The Highlights, Limitations, and Current and Future Challenges. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2016; 19:1-28. [PMID: 27030582 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2015.1126210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ENPRA was one of the earlier multidisciplinary European Commission FP7-funded projects aiming to evaluate the risks associated with nanomaterial (NM) exposure on human health across pulmonary, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, and developmental systems. The outputs from this project have formed the basis of this review. A retrospective interpretation of the findings across a wide range of in vitro and in vivo studies was performed to identify the main highlights from the project. In particular, focus was placed on informing what advances were made in the hazard assessment of NM, as well as offering some suggestions on the future of "nanotoxicology research" based on these observations, shortcomings, and lessons learned from the project. A number of issues related to the hazard assessment of NM are discussed in detail and include use of appropriate NM for nanotoxicology investigations; characterization and dispersion of NM; use of appropriate doses for all related investigations; need for the correct choice of experimental models for risk assessment purposes; and full understanding of the test systems and correct interpretation of data generated from in vitro and in vivo systems. It is hoped that this review may assist in providing information in the implementation of guidelines, model systems, validation of assessment methodology, and integrated testing approaches for risk assessment of NM. It is vital to learn from ongoing and/or completed studies to avoid unnecessary duplication and offer suggestions that might improve different aspects of experimental design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kermanizadeh
- a Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- b School of Life Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Ilse Gosens
- c Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Laura MacCalman
- d Institute of Occupational Medicine , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Helinor Johnston
- b School of Life Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Pernille H Danielsen
- a Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Nicklas R Jacobsen
- e National Research Centre for the Working Environment , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anke-Gabriele Lenz
- f Comprehensive Pneumology Center , Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München , Munich , Germany
| | - Teresa Fernandes
- b School of Life Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Roel P F Schins
- g IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- c Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Håkan Wallin
- a Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- e National Research Centre for the Working Environment , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Kreyling
- h Helmholtz Zentrum München , Institute of Epidemiology II , Munich , Germany
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- f Comprehensive Pneumology Center , Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München , Munich , Germany
| | - Steffen Loft
- a Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- a Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Lang Tran
- d Institute of Occupational Medicine , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Vicki Stone
- b School of Life Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hemmingsen JG, Jantzen K, Møller P, Loft S. No oxidative stress or DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after exposure to particles from urban street air in overweight elderly. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:635-42. [PMID: 25904586 PMCID: PMC4540789 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traffic-related particulate matter (PM) has been associated with increased risk of lung disease, cancer and cardiovascular disease especially in elderly and overweight subjects. The proposed mechanisms involve intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation and oxidation-induced DNA damage studied mainly in young normal-weight subjects. We performed a controlled cross-over, randomised, single-blinded, repeated-measure study where 60 healthy subjects (25 males and 35 females) with age 55–83 years and body mass index above 25kg/m2 were exposed for 5h to either particle-filtered or sham-filtered air from a busy street with number of concentrations and PM2.5 levels of 1800/cm3 versus 23 000/cm3 and 3 µg/m3 versus 24 µg/m3, respectively. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected and assayed for production of ROS with and without ex vivo exposure to nanosized carbon black as well as expression of genes related to inflammation (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, interleukin-8 and tumour necrosis factor), oxidative stress response (heme oxygenase (decycling)-1) and DNA repair (oxoguanine DNA glycosylase). DNA strand breaks and oxidised purines were assayed by the alkaline comet assay. No statistically significant differences were found for any biomarker immediately after exposure to PM from urban street air although strand breaks and oxidised purines combined were significantly associated with the particle number concentration during exposure. In conclusion, 5h of controlled exposure to PM from urban traffic did not change the gene expression related to inflammation, oxidative stress or DNA repair, ROS production or oxidatively damaged DNA in PBMCs from elderly overweight human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jette Gjerke Hemmingsen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Jantzen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|