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Li F, Zafar A, Luo L, Denning AM, Gu J, Bennett A, Yuan F, Zhang Y. R-Loops in Genome Instability and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4986. [PMID: 37894353 PMCID: PMC10605827 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
R-loops are unique, three-stranded nucleic acid structures that primarily form when an RNA molecule displaces one DNA strand and anneals to the complementary DNA strand in a double-stranded DNA molecule. R-loop formation can occur during natural processes, such as transcription, in which the nascent RNA molecule remains hybridized with the template DNA strand, while the non-template DNA strand is displaced. However, R-loops can also arise due to many non-natural processes, including DNA damage, dysregulation of RNA degradation pathways, and defects in RNA processing. Despite their prevalence throughout the whole genome, R-loops are predominantly found in actively transcribed gene regions, enabling R-loops to serve seemingly controversial roles. On one hand, the pathological accumulation of R-loops contributes to genome instability, a hallmark of cancer development that plays a role in tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and therapeutic resistance. On the other hand, R-loops play critical roles in regulating essential processes, such as gene expression, chromatin organization, class-switch recombination, mitochondrial DNA replication, and DNA repair. In this review, we summarize discoveries related to the formation, suppression, and removal of R-loops and their influence on genome instability, DNA repair, and oncogenic events. We have also discussed therapeutical opportunities by targeting pathological R-loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alyan Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Liang Luo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ariana Maria Denning
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ansley Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Fenghua Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yanbin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Moffa JC, Bland IN, Tooley JR, Kalyanaraman V, Heitmeier M, Creed MC, Copits BA. Cell specific single viral vector CRISPR/Cas9 editing and genetically encoded tool delivery in the central and peripheral nervous systems. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.10.561249. [PMID: 37873336 PMCID: PMC10592710 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.10.561249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Gene manipulation strategies using germline knockout, conditional knockout, and more recently CRISPR/Cas9 are crucial tools for advancing our understanding of the nervous system. However, traditional gene knockout approaches can be costly and time consuming, may lack cell-type specificity, and can induce germline recombination. Viral gene editing presents and an exciting alternative to more rapidly study genes of unknown function; however, current strategies to also manipulate or visualize edited cells are challenging due to the large size of Cas9 proteins and the limited packaging capacity of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). To overcome these constraints, we have developed an alternative gene editing strategy using a single AAV vector and mouse lines that express Cre-dependent Cas9 to achieve efficient cell-type specific editing across the nervous system. Expressing Cre-dependent Cas9 in specific cell types in transgenic mouse lines affords more space to package guide RNAs for gene editing together with Cre-dependent, genetically encoded tools to manipulate, map, or monitor neurons using a single virus. We validated this strategy with three commonly used tools in neuroscience: ChRonos, a channelrhodopsin, for manipulating synaptic transmission using optogenetics; GCaMP8f for recording Ca2+ transients using fiber photometry, and mCherry for anatomical tracing of axonal projections. We tested these tools in multiple brain regions and cell types, including GABAergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), glutamatergic neurons projecting from the ventral pallidum (VP) to the lateral habenula (LHb), dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and parvalbumin (PV)-positive proprioceptive neurons in the periphery. This flexible approach should be useful to identify novel genes that affect synaptic transmission, circuit activity, or morphology with a single viral injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C. Moffa
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO
- Washington University Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO
| | - India N. Bland
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO
| | - Jessica R. Tooley
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO
- Washington University Division of Biological and Behavioral Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO
| | - Vani Kalyanaraman
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO
| | - Monique Heitmeier
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO
| | - Meaghan C. Creed
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Bryan A. Copits
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO
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Kim M, Lee SH, Jeon J. A Nucleolar Protein, MoRRP8 Is Required for Development and Pathogenicity in the Rice Blast Fungus. MYCOBIOLOGY 2023; 51:273-280. [PMID: 37929010 PMCID: PMC10621250 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2023.2257996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The nucleolus is the largest, membrane-less organelle within the nucleus of eukaryotic cell that plays a critical role in rRNA transcription and assembly of ribosomes. Recently, the nucleolus has been shown to be implicated in an array of processes including the formation of signal recognition particles and response to cellular stress. Such diverse functions of nucleolus are mediated by nucleolar proteins. In this study, we characterized a gene coding a putative protein containing a nucleolar localization sequence (NoLS) in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. Phylogenetic and domain analysis suggested that the protein is orthologous to Rrp8 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MoRRP8-GFP (translational fusion of MoRRP8 with green fluorescence protein) co-localizes with a nucleolar marker protein, MoNOP1 fused to red fluorescence protein (RFP), indicating that MoRRP8 is a nucleolar protein. Deletion of the MoRRP8 gene caused a reduction in vegetative growth and impinged largely on asexual sporulation. Although the asexual spores of ΔMorrp8 were morphologically indistinguishable from those of wild-type, they showed delay in germination and reduction in appressorium formation. Our pathogenicity assay revealed that the MoRRP8 is required for full virulence and growth within host plants. Taken together, these results suggest that nucleolar processes mediated by MoRRP8 is pivotal for fungal development and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Torii T, Yamauchi J. Molecular Pathogenic Mechanisms of Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophies (HLDs). Neurol Int 2023; 15:1155-1173. [PMID: 37755363 PMCID: PMC10538087 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypomyelinating leukodystrophies (HLDs) represent a group of congenital rare diseases for which the responsible genes have been identified in recent studies. In this review, we briefly describe the genetic/molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of HLD and the normal cellular functions of the related genes and proteins. An increasing number of studies have reported genetic mutations that cause protein misfolding, protein dysfunction, and/or mislocalization associated with HLD. Insight into the mechanisms of these pathways can provide new findings for the clinical treatments of HLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Torii
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji 192-0392, Japan
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe-shi 610-0394, Japan
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe-shi 610-0394, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji 192-0392, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku 157-8535, Japan
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Lagunas-Rangel FA. The nucleolus of Giardia and its ribosomal biogenesis. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1961-1971. [PMID: 37400534 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan intestinal parasite that causes a significant number of infections worldwide each year, particularly in low-income and developing countries. Despite the availability of treatments for this parasitic infection, treatment failures are alarmingly common. As a result, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to effectively combat this disease. On the other hand, within the eukaryotic nucleus, the nucleolus stands out as the most prominent structure. It plays a crucial role in coordinating ribosome biogenesis and is involved in vital processes such as maintaining genome stability, regulating cell cycle progression, controlling cell senescence, and responding to stress. Given its significance, the nucleolus presents itself as a valuable target for selectively inducing cell death in undesirable cells, making it a potential avenue for anti-Giardia treatments. Despite its potential importance, the Giardia nucleolus remains poorly studied and often overlooked. In light of this, the objective of this study is to provide a detailed molecular description of the structure and function of the Giardia nucleolus, with a primary focus on its involvement in ribosomal biogenesis. Likewise, it discusses the targeting of the Giardia nucleolus as a therapeutic strategy, its feasibility, and the challenges involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Alejandro Lagunas-Rangel
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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6
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Gal'chinsky NV, Yatskova EV, Novikov IA, Useinov RZ, Kouakou NJ, Kouame KF, Kra KD, Sharmagiy AK, Plugatar YV, Laikova KV, Oberemok VV. Icerya purchasi Maskell (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) Control Using Low Carbon Footprint Oligonucleotide Insecticides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11650. [PMID: 37511407 PMCID: PMC10380692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change creates favourable conditions for the growth of insect populations. Today, the world is seeing an increase in the number of insect pest infestations associated with a long-term increase in the average temperature of climatic systems. For example, local invasions of Icerya purchasi Maskell, a citrus pest recognized worldwide, have increased in size and number in recent years. Controlling this pest is complicated because not all chemical insecticides are effective, and their use is undesirable since citrus fruit is used for food and chemical agents cumulatively harm human health. In this article, we demonstrated for the first time the successful use of a short single-stranded fragment of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene called "oligoICER-11" to control cottony cushion scale, and we propose the use of green oligonucleotide insecticides with a low carbon footprint for large-scale implementation in agriculture and forestry. Using the contact oligonucleotide insecticide oligoICER-11 at a concentration of 100 ng/μL on I. purchasi larvae resulted in a mortality of 70.55 ± 0.77% within 10 days. Thus, climate change is driving the need in both agriculture and forestry for oligonucleotide insecticides (DNA insecticides, olinscides): safe, effective, affordable insecticides with a low carbon footprint and long operational life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita V Gal'chinsky
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295007, Crimea
| | - Ekaterina V Yatskova
- Laboratory of Entomology and Phytopathology, Dendrology and Landscape Architecture, Nikita Botanical Gardens-National Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yalta 298648, Crimea
| | - Ilya A Novikov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295007, Crimea
| | - Refat Z Useinov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295007, Crimea
| | - Nanan J Kouakou
- Centre National de Floristique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan 01 BP V 34, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kra F Kouame
- Centre National de Floristique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan 01 BP V 34, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kouadio D Kra
- Biology Laboratory and Animal Cytology, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan 02 BP 801, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Alexander K Sharmagiy
- Laboratory of Entomology and Phytopathology, Dendrology and Landscape Architecture, Nikita Botanical Gardens-National Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yalta 298648, Crimea
| | - Yuri V Plugatar
- Department of Natural Ecosystems, Nikita Botanical Garden-National Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yalta 298648, Crimea
| | - Kateryna V Laikova
- Department of Biochemistry, S.I. Georgievsky Medical Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295015, Crimea
| | - Volodymyr V Oberemok
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295007, Crimea
- Laboratory of Entomology and Phytopathology, Dendrology and Landscape Architecture, Nikita Botanical Gardens-National Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yalta 298648, Crimea
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7
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Lee YS, Lee YS. nc886, an RNA Polymerase III-Transcribed Noncoding RNA Whose Expression Is Dynamic and Regulated by Intriguing Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108533. [PMID: 37239877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
nc886 is a medium-sized non-coding RNA that is transcribed by RNA polymerase III (Pol III) and plays diverse roles in tumorigenesis, innate immunity, and other cellular processes. Although Pol III-transcribed ncRNAs were previously thought to be expressed constitutively, this concept is evolving, and nc886 is the most notable example. The transcription of nc886 in a cell, as well as in human individuals, is controlled by multiple mechanisms, including its promoter CpG DNA methylation and transcription factor activity. Additionally, the RNA instability of nc886 contributes to its highly variable steady-state expression levels in a given situation. This comprehensive review discusses nc886's variable expression in physiological and pathological conditions and critically examines the regulatory factors that determine its expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Su Lee
- Rare Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sun Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
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8
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Yan F, Xiao X, Long C, Tang L, Wang C, Zhang M, Zhang J, Lin H, Huang H, Zhang Y, Li S. Molecular Characterization of U6 Promoters from Orange-Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus coioides) and Its Application in DNA Vector-Based RNAi Technology. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023:10.1007/s10126-023-10212-9. [PMID: 37154998 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The U6 promoter, a typical RNA polymerase III promoter, is widely used to transcribe small RNAs in vector-based siRNA systems. The RNAi efficiency is mainly dependent on the transcriptional activity of the U6 promoter. However, studies have found that U6 promoters isolated from some fishes do not work well in distantly related species. To isolate a U6 promoter with high transcriptional efficiency from fish, in this study, we cloned five U6 promoters in orange-spotted grouper, of which only the grouper U6-1 (GU6-1) promoter contains the OCT element in the distant region. Functional studies revealed that the GU6-1 promoter has high transcriptional ability, which could efficiently transcribe shRNA and result in target gene knockdown in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, the deletion or mutation of the OCT motif resulted in a significant decrease in promoter transcriptional activity, demonstrating that the OCT element plays an important role in enhancing the grouper U6 promoter transcription. Moreover, the transcriptional activity of the GU6-1 promoter showed little species specificity. It not only works in the grouper but also possesses high transcriptional activity in the zebrafish. Knockdown of the mstn gene in zebrafish and grouper through shRNA driven by the GU6-1 promoter could promote fish growth, suggesting that the GU6-1 promoter can be used as a potential molecular tool in aquaculture practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xin Gang Xi Road, Haizhu District, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinxun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xin Gang Xi Road, Haizhu District, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chen Long
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xin Gang Xi Road, Haizhu District, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xin Gang Xi Road, Haizhu District, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chongwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xin Gang Xi Road, Haizhu District, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xin Gang Xi Road, Haizhu District, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xin Gang Xi Road, Haizhu District, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xin Gang Xi Road, Haizhu District, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266373, Qingdao, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, 572022, Sanya, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xin Gang Xi Road, Haizhu District, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266373, Qingdao, China.
| | - Shuisheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xin Gang Xi Road, Haizhu District, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Gavrilova AA, Fefilova AS, Vishnyakov IE, Kuznetsova IM, Turoverov KK, Uversky VN, Fonin AV. On the Roles of the Nuclear Non-Coding RNA-Dependent Membrane-Less Organelles in the Cellular Stress Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098108. [PMID: 37175815 PMCID: PMC10179167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
At the beginning of the 21st century, it became obvious that radical changes had taken place in the concept of living matter and, in particular, in the concept of the organization of intracellular space. The accumulated data testify to the essential importance of phase transitions of biopolymers (first of all, intrinsically disordered proteins and RNA) in the spatiotemporal organization of the intracellular space. Of particular interest is the stress-induced reorganization of the intracellular space. Examples of organelles formed in response to stress are nuclear A-bodies and nuclear stress bodies. The formation of these organelles is based on liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and non-coding RNA. Despite their overlapping composition and similar mechanism of formation, these organelles have different functional activities and physical properties. In this review, we will focus our attention on these membrane-less organelles (MLOs) and describe their functions, structure, and mechanism of formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A Gavrilova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna S Fefilova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Innokentii E Vishnyakov
- Group of Molecular Cytology of Prokaryotes and Bacterial Invasion, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina M Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Konstantin K Turoverov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Alexander V Fonin
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
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10
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Kor SD, Chowdhury N, Keot AK, Yogendra K, Chikkaputtaiah C, Sudhakar Reddy P. RNA Pol III promoters-key players in precisely targeted plant genome editing. Front Genet 2023; 13:989199. [PMID: 36685866 PMCID: PMC9845283 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.989199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein Cas) system is a powerful and highly precise gene-editing tool in basic and applied research for crop improvement programs. CRISPR/Cas tool is being extensively used in plants to improve crop yield, quality, and nutritional value and make them tolerant to environmental stresses. CRISPR/Cas system consists of a Cas protein with DNA endonuclease activity and one CRISPR RNA transcript that is processed to form one or several short guide RNAs that direct Cas9 to the target DNA sequence. The expression levels of Cas proteins and gRNAs significantly influence the editing efficiency of CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing. This review focuses on insights into RNA Pol III promoters and their types that govern the expression levels of sgRNA in the CRISPR/Cas system. We discussed Pol III promoters structural and functional characteristics and their comparison with Pol II promoters. Further, the use of synthetic promoters to increase the targeting efficiency and overcome the structural, functional, and expressional limitations of RNA Pol III promoters has been discussed. Our review reports various studies that illustrate the use of endogenous U6/U3 promoters for improving editing efficiency in plants and the applicative approach of species-specific RNA pol III promoters for genome editing in model crops like Arabidopsis and tobacco, cereals, legumes, oilseed, and horticultural crops. We further highlight the significance of optimizing these species-specific promoters' systematic identification and validation for crop improvement and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance through CRISPR/Cas mediated genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Dharmendra Kor
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Naimisha Chowdhury
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Keot
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, Assam, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kalenahalli Yogendra
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, Assam, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Palakolanu Sudhakar Reddy
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India,*Correspondence: Palakolanu Sudhakar Reddy, ,
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11
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Jacobs RQ, Carter ZI, Lucius AL, Schneider DA. Uncovering the mechanisms of transcription elongation by eukaryotic RNA polymerases I, II, and III. iScience 2022; 25:105306. [PMID: 36304104 PMCID: PMC9593817 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes express three nuclear RNA polymerases (Pols I, II, and III) that are essential for cell survival. Despite extensive investigation of the three Pols, significant knowledge gaps regarding their biochemical properties remain because each Pol has been evaluated independently under disparate experimental conditions and methodologies. To advance our understanding of the Pols, we employed identical in vitro transcription assays for direct comparison of their elongation rates, elongation complex (EC) stabilities, and fidelities. Pol I is the fastest, most likely to misincorporate, forms the least stable EC, and is most sensitive to alterations in reaction buffers. Pol II is the slowest of the Pols, forms the most stable EC, and negligibly misincorporated an incorrect nucleotide. The enzymatic properties of Pol III were intermediate between Pols I and II in all assays examined. These results reveal unique enzymatic characteristics of the Pols that provide new insights into their evolutionary divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Q. Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Zachariah I. Carter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Aaron L. Lucius
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - David A. Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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12
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Doratt BM, Vance E, Malherbe DC, Ebbert MT, Messaoudi I. Transcriptional response to VZV infection is modulated by RNA polymerase III in lung epithelial cell lines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:943587. [PMID: 35959363 PMCID: PMC9359802 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.943587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancestral RNA polymerase III (Pol III) is a multi-subunit polymerase responsible for transcription of short non-coding RNA, such as double-stranded short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs). Although SINE ncRNAs are generally transcriptionally repressed, they can be induced in response to viral infections and can stimulate immune signaling pathways. Indeed, mutations in RNA Pol III have been associated with poor antiviral interferon response following infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). In this study, we probed the role of Pol III transcripts in the detection and initial immune response to VZV by characterizing the transcriptional response following VZV infection of wild type A549 lung epithelial cells as well as A549 cells lacking specific RNA sensors MAVS and TLR3, or interferon-stimulated genes RNase L and PKR in presence or absence of functional RNA Pol III. Multiple components of the antiviral sensing and interferon signaling pathways were involved in restricting VZV replication in lung epithelial cells thus suggesting an innate defense system with built-in redundancy. In addition, RNA Pol III silencing altered the antiviral transcriptional program indicating that it plays an essential role in the sensing of VZV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M. Doratt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Vance
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Delphine C. Malherbe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mark T.W. Ebbert
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Ilhem Messaoudi,
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13
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Firsov SY, Kosherova KA, Mukha DV. Identification and functional characterization of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, short interspersed nuclear elements. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266699. [PMID: 35696390 PMCID: PMC9191728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, experimental data has accumulated indicating that short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) can play a significant functional role in the regulation of gene expression in the host genome. In addition, molecular markers based on SINE insertion polymorphisms have been developed and are widely used for genetic differentiation of populations of eukaryotic organisms. Using routine bioinformatics analysis and publicly available genomic DNA and small RNA-seq data, we first described nine SINEs in the genome of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. All described SINEs have tRNA promoters, and the start of their transcription begins 11 bp upstream of an “A” box of these promoters. The number of copies of the described SINEs in the B. germanica genome ranges from several copies to more than a thousand copies in a SINE-specific manner. Some of the described SINEs and their degenerate copies can be localized both in the introns of genes and loci known as piRNA clusters. piRNAs originating from piRNA clusters are shown to be mapped to seven of the nine types of SINEs described, including copies of SINEs localized in gene introns. We speculate that SINEs, localized in the introns of certain genes, may regulate the level of expression of these genes by a PIWI-related molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Yu. Firsov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karina A. Kosherova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Mukha
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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14
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Salatiello F, Gerdol M, Pallavicini A, Locascio A, Sirakov M. Comparative analysis of novel and common reference genes in adult tissues of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:349. [PMID: 35524177 PMCID: PMC9077915 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Real-time quantitative PCR is a widely used method for gene expression analyses in various organisms. Its accuracy mainly relies on the correct selection of reference genes. Any experimental plan involving real-time PCR needs to evaluate the characteristics of the samples to be examined and the relative stability of reference genes. Most studies in mollusks rely on reference genes commonly used in vertebrates. Results In this study, we focused on the transcriptome of the bivalve mollusk Mytilus galloprovincialis in physiological state to identify suitable reference genes in several adult tissues. Candidate genes with highly stable expression across 51 RNA-seq datasets from multiple tissues were selected through genome-wide bioinformatics analysis. This approach led to the identification of three genes (Rpl14, Rpl32 and Rpl34), whose suitability was evaluated together with 7 other reference genes commonly reported in literature (Act, Cyp-A, Ef1α, Gapdh, 18S, 28S and Rps4). The stability analyses performed with geNorm, NormFinder and Bestkeeper identified specific either single or pairs of genes suitable as references for gene expression analyses in specific tissues and revealed the Act/Cyp-A pair as the most appropriate to analyze gene expression across different tissues. Conclusion Mytilus galloprovincialis is a model system increasingly used in ecotoxicology and molecular studies. Our transcriptome-wide approach represents the first comprehensive investigation aimed at the identification of suitable reference genes for expression studies in this species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08553-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Salatiello
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Naples, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Naples, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Annamaria Locascio
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Sirakov
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Naples, Italy.
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15
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Westhof E, Thornlow B, Chan PP, Lowe TM. Eukaryotic tRNA sequences present conserved and amino acid-specific structural signatures. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:4100-4112. [PMID: 35380696 PMCID: PMC9023262 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoan organisms have many tRNA genes responsible for decoding amino acids. The set of all tRNA genes can be grouped in sets of common amino acids and isoacceptor tRNAs that are aminoacylated by corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Analysis of tRNA alignments shows that, despite the high number of tRNA genes, specific tRNA sequence motifs are highly conserved across multicellular eukaryotes. The conservation often extends throughout the isoacceptors and isodecoders with, in some cases, two sets of conserved isodecoders. This study is focused on non-Watson–Crick base pairs in the helical stems, especially GoU pairs. Each of the four helical stems may contain one or more conserved GoU pairs. Some are amino acid specific and could represent identity elements for the cognate aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. Other GoU pairs are found in more than a single amino acid and could be critical for native folding of the tRNAs. Interestingly, some GoU pairs are anticodon-specific, and others are found in phylogenetically-specific clades. Although the distribution of conservation likely reflects a balance between accommodating isotype-specific functions as well as those shared by all tRNAs essential for ribosomal translation, such conservations may indicate the existence of specialized tRNAs for specific translation targets, cellular conditions, or alternative functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Westhof
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, CNRS UPR 9002, 2, allée Konrad Roentgen, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bryan Thornlow
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.,UCSC Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Patricia P Chan
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.,UCSC Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Todd M Lowe
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.,UCSC Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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16
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Ender A, Grafl N, Kolberg T, Findeiß S, Stadler PF, Mörl M. Synthetic riboswitches for the analysis of tRNA processing by eukaryotic RNase P enzymes. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:551-567. [PMID: 35022261 PMCID: PMC8925977 DOI: 10.1261/rna.078814.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Removal of the 5'-leader region is an essential step in the maturation of tRNA molecules in all domains of life. This reaction is catalyzed by various RNase P activities, ranging from ribonucleoproteins with ribozyme activity to protein-only forms. In Escherichia coli, the efficiency of RNase P-mediated cleavage can be controlled by computationally designed riboswitch elements in a ligand-dependent way, where the 5'-leader sequence of a tRNA precursor is either sequestered in a hairpin structure or presented as a single-stranded region accessible for maturation. In the presented work, the regulatory potential of such artificial constructs is tested on different forms of eukaryotic RNase P enzymes-two protein-only RNase P enzymes (PRORP1 and PRORP2) from Arabidopsis thaliana and the ribonucleoprotein of Homo sapiens The PRORP enzymes were analyzed in vitro as well as in vivo in a bacterial RNase P complementation system. We also tested in HEK293T cells whether the riboswitches remain functional with human nuclear RNase P. While the regulatory principle of the synthetic riboswitches applies for all tested RNase P enzymes, the results also show differences in the substrate requirements of the individual enzyme versions. Hence, such designed RNase P riboswitches represent a novel tool to investigate the impact of the structural composition of the 5'-leader on substrate recognition by different types of RNase P enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ender
- Institute for Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadine Grafl
- Institute for Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tim Kolberg
- Institute for Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Findeiß
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter F Stadler
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Science, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA
| | - Mario Mörl
- Institute for Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Kim SC, Kim A, Park JY, Hwang EM. Improved AAV vector system for cell-type-specific RNA interference. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 368:109452. [PMID: 34953938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful technique to effectively silence or knock down gene function in mammalian cells. For better cell-type RNAi experiments in vivo, AAV vector-based RNA interference systems need to be improved. New method: In this study, we developed an AAV vector (CREon shRNA) that expressed CRE-dependent short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and fluorescent proteins simultaneously. RESULTS We verified the Cre-dependent knockdown efficiency of the newly developed CREon shRNA vector in both HEK293T cells overexpressing TREK-1 and PC3 cells with endogenous TREK-1. Next, we packaged this TREK-1 CREon vector with AAV and injected it into the hippocampus of the brain together with a synapsin or GFAP promoter-driven CRE virus, confirming that it works well cell-selectively even in vivo. Finally, this viral vector was applied to an animal model of LPS-induced depression to determine whether behavioral changes occurred. Comparison with existing methods: With the existing pSico or pAAV-Sico-Red vectors, expression of fluorescent protein disappears when shRNA is conditionally activated by CRE recombinase, but our Creon shRNA vector showed simultaneous expression of both shRNA and fluorescent protein. Thus, it offers the advantage of allowing easy visual distinction of knocked-down cells. CONCLUSION The newly improved CREon shRNA vector can be used as a novel research tool for conditional shRNA, and may be useful for various in vivo studies such as cancer and neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chan Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajung Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Park
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Kumar AV, Lapierre LR. Location, location, location: subcellular protein partitioning in proteostasis and aging. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:931-941. [PMID: 35047088 PMCID: PMC8724496 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00890-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic maintenance and cell survival rely on proper protein homeostasis to ensure reliable functions across the cell and to prevent proteome collapse. Maintaining protein folding and solubility is central to proteostasis and is coordinated by protein synthesis, chaperoning, and degradation capacities. An emerging aspect that influences proteostasis is the dynamic protein partitioning across different subcellular structures and compartments. Here, we review recent literature related to nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of proteins, nuclear and cytoplasmic quality control mechanisms, and their impact on the development of age-related diseases. We also highlight new points of entry to modulate spatially-regulated proteostatic mechanisms to delay aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita V. Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Louis R. Lapierre
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 USA
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19
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Davidian AG, Dyomin AG, Galkina SA, Makarova NE, Dmitriev SE, Gaginskaya ER. 45S rDNA Repeats of Turtles and Crocodiles Harbor a Functional 5S rRNA Gene Specifically Expressed in Oocytes. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 39:6432055. [PMID: 34905062 PMCID: PMC8789306 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In most eukaryotic genomes, tandemly repeated copies of 5S rRNA genes are clustered outside the nucleolus organizer region (NOR), which normally encodes three other major rRNAs: 18S, 5.8S, and 28S. Our analysis of turtle rDNA sequences has revealed a 5S rDNA insertion into the NOR intergenic spacer in antisense orientation. The insertion (hereafter called NOR-5S rRNA gene) has a length of 119 bp and coexists with the canonical 5S rDNA clusters outside the NOR. Despite the ∼20% nucleotide difference between the two 5S gene sequences, their internal control regions for RNA polymerase III are similar. Using the turtle Trachemys scripta as a model species, we showed the NOR-5S rDNA specific expression in oocytes. This expression is concurrent with the NOR rDNA amplification during oocyte growth. We show that in vitellogenic oocytes, the NOR-5S rRNA prevails over the canonical 5S rRNA in the ribosomes, suggesting a role of modified ribosomes in oocyte-specific translation. The orders Testudines and Crocodilia seem to be the only taxa of vertebrates with such a peculiar rDNA organization. We speculate that the amplification of the 5S rRNA genes as a part of the NOR DNA during oogenesis provides a dosage balance between transcription of all the four ribosomal RNAs while producing a maternal pool of extra ribosomes. We further hypothesize that the NOR-5S rDNA insertion appeared in the Archelosauria clade during the Permian period and was lost later in the ancestors of Aves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asya G Davidian
- Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander G Dyomin
- Laboratory of Cell Technologies, Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Galkina
- Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nadezhda E Makarova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey E Dmitriev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena R Gaginskaya
- Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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20
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Shino G, Takada S. Modeling DNA Opening in the Eukaryotic Transcription Initiation Complexes via Coarse-Grained Models. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:772486. [PMID: 34869598 PMCID: PMC8636136 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.772486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the molecular mechanisms of transcription initiation have been intensively studied. Especially, the cryo-electron microscopy revealed atomic structure details in key states in the eukaryotic transcription initiation. Yet, the dynamic processes of the promoter DNA opening in the pre-initiation complex remain obscured. In this study, based on the three cryo-electron microscopic yeast structures for the closed, open, and initially transcribing complexes, we performed multiscale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to model structures and dynamic processes of DNA opening. Combining coarse-grained and all-atom MD simulations, we first obtained the atomic model for the DNA bubble in the open complexes. Then, in the MD simulation from the open to the initially transcribing complexes, we found a previously unidentified intermediate state which is formed by the bottleneck in the fork loop 1 of Pol II: The loop opening triggered the escape from the intermediate, serving as a gatekeeper of the promoter DNA opening. In the initially transcribing complex, the non-template DNA strand passes a groove made of the protrusion, the lobe, and the fork of Rpb2 subunit of Pol II, in which several positively charged and highly conserved residues exhibit key interactions to the non-template DNA strand. The back-mapped all-atom models provided further insights on atomistic interactions such as hydrogen bonding and can be used for future simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shoji Takada
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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21
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Haig D. Concerted evolution of ribosomal DNA: Somatic peace amid germinal strife: Intranuclear and cellular selection maintain the quality of rRNA. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100179. [PMID: 34704616 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Most eukaryotes possess many copies of rDNA. Organismal selection alone cannot maintain rRNA function because the effects of mutations in one rDNA are diluted by the presence of many other rDNAs. rRNA quality is maintained by processes that increase homogeneity of rRNA within, and heterogeneity among, germ cells thereby increasing the effectiveness of cellular selection on ribosomal function. A successful rDNA repeat will possess adaptations for spreading within tandem arrays by intranuclear selection. These adaptations reside in the non-coding regions of rDNA. Single-copy genes are predicted to manage processes of intranuclear and cellular selection in the germline to maintain the quality of rRNA expressed in somatic cells of future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Haig
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Luttermann T, Rückert C, Wibberg D, Busche T, Schwarzhans JP, Friehs K, Kalinowski J. Establishment of a near-contiguous genome sequence of the citric acid producing yeast Yarrowia lipolytica DSM 3286 with resolution of rDNA clusters and telomeres. NAR Genom Bioinform 2021; 3:lqab085. [PMID: 34661101 PMCID: PMC8515841 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica is an oleaginous yeast that is particularly suitable for the sustainable production of secondary metabolites. The genome of this yeast is characterized by its relatively large size and its high number of different rDNA clusters located in its telomeric regions. However, due to the presence of long repetitive elements in the sub-telomeric regions, rDNA clusters and telomeres are missing in current genome assemblies of Y. lipolytica. Here, we present the near-contiguous genome sequence of the biotechnologically relevant strain DSM 3286. We employed a hybrid assembly strategy combining Illumina and nanopore sequencing reads to integrate all six rDNA clusters as well as telomeric repeats into the genome sequence. By fine-tuning of DNA isolation and library preparation protocols, we were able to create ultra-long reads that not only contained multiples of mitochondrial genomes but also shed light on the inter- and intra-chromosomal diversity of rDNA cluster types. We show that there are ten different rDNA units present in this strain that additionally appear in a predefined order in a cluster. Based on single reads, we also demonstrate that the number of rDNA repeats in a specific cluster varies from cell to cell within a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Luttermann
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, NRW 33615, Germany
| | - Christian Rückert
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, NRW 33615, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, NRW 33615, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, NRW 33615, Germany
| | | | - Karl Friehs
- Fermentation Engineering, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, NRW 33615, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, NRW 33615, Germany
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23
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Ding S, Greenberg HB. Perspectives for the optimization and utility of the rotavirus reverse genetics system. Virus Res 2021; 303:198500. [PMID: 34331991 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Following Kobayashi and colleagues' seminal paper in 20171, in the past four years the rotavirus (RV) field has witnessed a burst in research and publications based on the use of a fully plasmid-based RV reverse genetics systems and subsequent modifications2,3. However, in most cases, the rotaviral strain under interrogation has been the prototypic simian RV SA11-L2 strain (G3P[2]). Of note, a variety of other weakly-to-modestly replication-competent animal and human RV strains, bioluminescent and fluorescent reporter viruses, and clinical isolates of human RVs have proved hard or impossible to rescue using the original reverse genetics system2,4, highlighting a critical need to further enhance the recovery efficiency and expand the rescue tool kit. A number of further modifications of the initial reverse genetics system have enabled the rescue of other RV strains such as the human RV KU and CDC-9 strains, and a murine RV D6/2-like strain4,5. Here, we discuss future possible modifications of existing RV reverse genetics systems to further increase efficiency based on past experience with the improvement of influenza A virus recovery. The development of RV to accommodate the insertion and expression of heterologous sequences has substantial potential in the design of next-generation RV vaccine candidates and enteric viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Spt4 Promotes Pol I Processivity and Transcription Elongation. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030413. [PMID: 33809333 PMCID: PMC8000598 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerases (Pols) I, II, and III collectively synthesize most of the RNA in a eukaryotic cell. Transcription by Pols I, II, and III is regulated by hundreds of trans-acting factors. One such protein, Spt4, has been previously identified as a transcription factor that influences both Pols I and II. Spt4 forms a complex with Spt5, described as the Spt4/5 complex (or DSIF in mammalian cells). This complex has been shown previously to directly interact with Pol I and potentially affect transcription elongation. The previous literature identified defects in transcription by Pol I when SPT4 was deleted, but the necessary tools to characterize the mechanism of this effect were not available at the time. Here, we use a technique called Native Elongating Transcript Sequencing (NET-seq) to probe for the global occupancy of Pol I in wild-type (WT) and spt4△ Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) cells at single nucleotide resolution in vivo. Analysis of NET-seq data reveals that Spt4 promotes Pol I processivity and enhances transcription elongation through regions of the ribosomal DNA that are particularly G-rich. These data suggest that Spt4/5 may directly affect transcription elongation by Pol I in vivo.
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25
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Venturi G, Montanaro L. How Altered Ribosome Production Can Cause or Contribute to Human Disease: The Spectrum of Ribosomopathies. Cells 2020; 9:E2300. [PMID: 33076379 PMCID: PMC7602531 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of different defects in the process of ribosome production can lead to a diversified spectrum of disorders that are collectively identified as ribosomopathies. The specific factors involved may either play a role only in ribosome biogenesis or have additional extra-ribosomal functions, making it difficult to ascribe the pathogenesis of the disease specifically to an altered ribosome biogenesis, even if the latter is clearly affected. We reviewed the available literature in the field from this point of view with the aim of distinguishing, among ribosomopathies, the ones due to specific alterations in the process of ribosome production from those characterized by a multifactorial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Venturi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Montanaro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Zhao H, Qin Y, Xiao Z, Li Q, Yang N, Pan Z, Gong D, Sun Q, Yang F, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Xu C, Qiu F. Loss of Function of an RNA Polymerase III Subunit Leads to Impaired Maize Kernel Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:359-373. [PMID: 32591429 PMCID: PMC7479876 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Kernel size is an important factor determining grain yield. Although a number of genes affecting kernel development in maize (Zea mays) have been identified by analyzing kernel mutants, most of the corresponding mutants cannot be used in maize breeding programs due to low germination or incomplete seed development. Here, we characterized small kernel7, a recessive small-kernel mutant with a mutation in the gene encoding the second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase III (RNAPΙΙΙ; NRPC2). A frame shift in ZmNRPC2 leads to a premature stop codon, resulting in significantly reduced levels of transfer RNAs and 5S ribosomal RNA, which are transcribed by RNAPΙΙΙ. Loss-of-function nrpc2 mutants created by CRISPR/CAS9 showed significantly reduced kernel size due to altered endosperm cell size and number. ZmNRPC2 affects RNAPIII activity and the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and endoreduplication to control kernel development via physically interacting with RNAPIII subunits RPC53 and AC40, transcription factor class C1 and Floury3. Notably, unlike the semidominant negative mutant floury3, which has defects in starchy endosperm, small kernel7 only affects kernel size but not the composition of kernel storage proteins. Our findings provide novel insights into the molecular network underlying maize kernel size, which could facilitate the genetic improvement of maize in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | | - Ziyi Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Science Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhenyuan Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dianming Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qin Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zuxin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongrui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Science Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fazhan Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Deschamps-Francoeur G, Boivin V, Abou Elela S, Scott MS. CoCo: RNA-seq read assignment correction for nested genes and multimapped reads. Bioinformatics 2020; 35:5039-5047. [PMID: 31141144 PMCID: PMC6901076 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Next-generation sequencing techniques revolutionized the study of RNA expression by permitting whole transcriptome analysis. However, sequencing reads generated from nested and multi-copy genes are often either misassigned or discarded, which greatly reduces both quantification accuracy and gene coverage. Results Here we present count corrector (CoCo), a read assignment pipeline that takes into account the multitude of overlapping and repetitive genes in the transcriptome of higher eukaryotes. CoCo uses a modified annotation file that highlights nested genes and proportionally distributes multimapped reads between repeated sequences. CoCo salvages over 15% of discarded aligned RNA-seq reads and significantly changes the abundance estimates for both coding and non-coding RNA as validated by PCR and bedgraph comparisons. Availability and implementation The CoCo software is an open source package written in Python and available from http://gitlabscottgroup.med.usherbrooke.ca/scott-group/coco. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent Boivin
- Department of Biochemistry and RNA Group, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sherif Abou Elela
- Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Michelle S Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and RNA Group, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Turi Z, Lacey M, Mistrik M, Moudry P. Impaired ribosome biogenesis: mechanisms and relevance to cancer and aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:2512-2540. [PMID: 31026227 PMCID: PMC6520011 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of ribosomes is a complex process that requires the coordinated action of many factors and a huge energy investment from the cell. Ribosomes are essential for protein production, and thus for cellular survival, growth and proliferation. Ribosome biogenesis is initiated in the nucleolus and includes: the synthesis and processing of ribosomal RNAs, assembly of ribosomal proteins, transport to the cytoplasm and association of ribosomal subunits. The disruption of ribosome biogenesis at various steps, with either increased or decreased expression of different ribosomal components, can promote cell cycle arrest, senescence or apoptosis. Additionally, interference with ribosomal biogenesis is often associated with cancer, aging and age-related degenerative diseases. Here, we review current knowledge on impaired ribosome biogenesis, discuss the main factors involved in stress responses under such circumstances and focus on examples with clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia Turi
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Matthew Lacey
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mistrik
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Moudry
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Brooks W. An Epigenetics-Based Hypothesis of Autoantigen Development in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. EPIGENOMES 2020; 4:epigenomes4020006. [PMID: 34968240 PMCID: PMC8594704 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes4020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, we have a limited understanding of mechanisms leading to systemic lupus erythematosus, but we know that genetics, environmental factors, and epigenetics contribute to the disease. One common aspect of the various environmental triggers is that they can cause cellular stress. When extraordinary stress occurs, such as viral activation, a cell's response can include increased nucleolar volume and activity to produce more machinery (e.g., ribosomes) to help the cell recover. However, nucleolar expansion can disrupt the epigenetic control in neighboring heterochromatin that comprises the nucleolar shell. This disruption can open underlying vulnerabilities that provoke an autoimmune reaction. Here, we review the "X chromosome-nucleolus nexus" hypothesis, which explains how nucleolar stress can disrupt epigenetically silenced chromatin, especially the neighboring inactive X chromosome (aka the nucleolar satellite). Chromatin disruption can lead to the expression of sequestered DNA, such as Alu elements and fully functional LINE-1 reverse transcriptase genes. In addition, Alu transcripts can disrupt the nucleolar structural integrity, leading to nucleolar disintegration. Such disintegration can leave nucleolar components and products in autoantigenic forms, such as abnormal conformations or incomplete macromolecular assemblies. Recent research on DNA sensing pathways can now be incorporated into the hypothesis to provide further details explaining how autoantibodies to endogenous nucleic acids arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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30
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Kethoxal-assisted single-stranded DNA sequencing captures global transcription dynamics and enhancer activity in situ. Nat Methods 2020; 17:515-523. [PMID: 32251394 PMCID: PMC7205578 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-0797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transcription is a highly dynamic process that generates single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in the genome as ‘transcription bubbles’. Here we describe a kethoxal-assisted single-stranded DNA sequencing (KAS-seq) approach, based on the fast and specific reaction between N3-kethoxal and guanines in ssDNA in live cells and mouse tissues. KAS-seq enables rapid (within 5 min), sensitive, and genome-wide capture and mapping of ssDNA produced by transcriptionally active RNA polymerases or other processes in situ by using as few as 1,000 cells. KAS-seq defines a group of enhancers that are single-stranded, which enrich unique sequence motifs and are associated with specific transcription factor binding and more enhancer-promotor interactions. Under protein condensation inhibition conditions, KAS-seq uncovers a rapid release of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) from a group of promotors. KAS-seq thus facilitates fast, comprehensive, and accurate analysis of transcription dynamics and enhancer activities simultaneously in a low input and high-throughput manner.
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31
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Determinants of Replication-Fork Pausing at tRNA Genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2020; 214:825-838. [PMID: 32071194 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA) genes are widely studied sites of replication-fork pausing and genome instability in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae tRNAs are extremely highly transcribed and serve as constitutive condensin binding sites. tRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III has previously been identified as stimulating replication-fork pausing at tRNA genes, but the nature of the block to replication has not been incontrovertibly demonstrated. Here, we describe a systematic, genome-wide analysis of the contributions of candidates to replication-fork progression at tDNAs in yeast: transcription factor binding, transcription, topoisomerase activity, condensin-mediated clustering, and Rad18-dependent DNA repair. We show that an asymmetric block to replication is maintained even when tRNA transcription is abolished by depletion of one or more subunits of RNA polymerase III. By contrast, analogous depletion of the essential transcription factor TFIIIB removes the obstacle to replication. Therefore, our data suggest that the RNA polymerase III transcription complex itself represents an asymmetric obstacle to replication even in the absence of RNA synthesis. We additionally demonstrate that replication-fork progression past tRNA genes is unaffected by the global depletion of condensin from the nucleus, and can be stimulated by the removal of topoisomerases or Rad18-dependent DNA repair pathways.
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32
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Conter CC, Mota CA, Dos Santos BA, de Souza Braga L, de Souza Terron M, Navasconi TR, Fernandes ACBS, Demarchi IG, de Castro KRR, Aristides SMA, Lonardoni MVC, Teixeira JJV, Silveira TGV. PCR primers designed for new world Leishmania: A systematic review. Exp Parasitol 2019; 207:107773. [PMID: 31605671 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the primers that were designed to detect New World Leishmania were systematically reviewed to report the characteristics of each target, detection limit, specificity of the primers designed and diagnostic sensibility. The papers identified in the databases PubMed and Web of Science involved 50 studies. Minicircle is the most applied target in molecular research for diagnosis, due to its high sensitivity in detecting Leishmania in different clinical samples, a characteristic that can be partially attributed to the higher number of copies of the minicircle per cell. The other molecular targets shown in this review were less sensitive to diagnostic use because of the lower number of copies of the target gene per cell, but more specific for identification of the subgenus and/or species. The choice of the best target is an important step towards the result of the research. The target allows the design of primers that are specific to the genus, subgenus or a particular species and also imparts sensitivity to the method for diagnosis. The findings of this systematic review provide the advantages and disadvantages of the main molecular targets and primers designed for New World Leishmania, offering information so that the researcher can choose the PCR system best suited to their research need. This is a timely and extremely thorough review of the primers designed for New World Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cella Conter
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Alves Mota
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Laís de Souza Braga
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Taísa Rocha Navasconi
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Izabel Galhardo Demarchi
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Zhang Z, Ruan H, Liu CJ, Ye Y, Gong J, Diao L, Guo AY, Han L. tRic: a user-friendly data portal to explore the expression landscape of tRNAs in human cancers. RNA Biol 2019; 17:1674-1679. [PMID: 31432762 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1657744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) play critical roles in human cancer. Currently, no database provides the expression landscape and clinical relevance of tRNAs across a variety of human cancers. Utilizing miRNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we quantified the relative expression of tRNA genes and merged them into the codon level and amino level across 31 cancer types. The expression of tRNAs is associated with clinical features of patient smoking history and overall survival, and disease stage, subtype, and grade. We further analysed codon frequency and amino acid frequency for each protein coding gene and linked alterations of tRNA expression with protein translational efficiency. We include these data resources in a user-friendly data portal, tRic (tRNA in cancer, https://hanlab.uth.edu/tRic/ or http://bioinfo.life.hust.edu.cn/tRic/), which can be of significant interest to the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hang Ruan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chun-Jie Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Youqiong Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lixia Diao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - An-Yuan Guo
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX, USA
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34
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Systemic delivery of Eg5 shRNA-expressing plasmids using PEGylated DC-Chol/DOPE cationic liposome: Long-term silencing and anticancer effects in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 166:192-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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35
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Xu M, Li J, Xie J, He R, Su Q, Gao G, Tai PW. High-Throughput Quantification of In Vivo Adeno-Associated Virus Transduction with Barcoded Non-Coding RNAs. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:946-956. [PMID: 31072208 PMCID: PMC6703241 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) have become favorable gene delivery vehicles for expressing therapeutic transgenes. Capsid engineering efforts to produce novel AAVs with improved transduction efficiencies, unique tissue specificities, and reduced host immunities are a direct response to the high demand for treatment needs that preexisting rAAVs cannot currently fulfill. New AAV capsids discovered by directed evolution methods, in silico design, or from natural proviral sequences ultimately require extensive characterization in relevant in vivo models. Consequently, quantitative screening of candidate capsid libraries now requires reliable high-throughput sequencing approaches. In this study, we have developed a vector/transgene tracking system that employs the indexing of a non-coding RNA. Specifically, a barcoded Tough Decoy (bcTuD) that express highly stable RNA transcripts that can be used as readouts for transduction efficiency. The pseudo-hairpin structure of the bcTuD contains a variable region that is amenable to barcode insertion, which can be detected by target amplicon sequencing. The described approach, named AAV-bcTuD screening, offers a new alternative for in vivo assessment of rAAV that can accurately quantify vector genomes and transcript abundances in tissues, as exampled by the demonstration in liver and brain infections. Proof-of-concept is provided to show that vector genome and transcript detection in tissues with this method is accurate and consistent for a vector dose range of upwards to four logs in a mixed vector injection, showing that this technique is robust, sensitive, and applicable for multiplexed screening of capsid performance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Xu
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jia Li
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Ran He
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Qin Su
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Phillip W.L. Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Lee S, Ahn HJ. Anti-EpCAM-conjugated adeno-associated virus serotype 2 for systemic delivery of EGFR shRNA: Its retargeting and antitumor effects on OVCAR3 ovarian cancer in vivo. Acta Biomater 2019; 91:258-269. [PMID: 31026519 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a promising vector for systemic delivery of siRNA because of its long-term expression ability without immunogenicity and pathogenicity. However, its broad host tropism and lack of tissue specificity have limited clinical applications such as cancer therapy. Therefore, redirecting the natural tropism of AAV vectors to unique cell surface antigens is an important requirement for in vivo RNAi-based cancer therapy. To use the overexpression property of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in specific cancer types, we herein created anti-EpCAM antibody-conjugated AAV serotype 2 (AAV2) vectors through a streptavidin-biotin bridge. Upon intravenous injection, anti-EpCAM-conjugated AAV2 vectors showed prominent tumor-specific accumulation in EpCAM-positive tumor-bearing mice without undesirable sequestration in liver. In addition, when loaded with transgenes to express shRNA against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), systemically injected anti-EpCAM-conjugated AAV2/shEGFR vectors induced significant downregulation of EGFR expression in tumors and eventually suppressed tumor growth even at the long dosing interval of two weeks. This in vivo antitumor effect represents the increased infection efficacy of tropism-modified AAV2 vectors and prolonged expression of EGFR shRNA in tumor tissues. Thus, this study suggests the great potential of anti-EpCAM-conjugated AAV2/shEGFR vectors as RNAi-based cancer therapeutics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a promising vector for systemic delivery of siRNA, but its broad host tropism has limited clinical applications. By using the overexpression property of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) on tumors, we demonstrate that anti-EpCAM-conjugated AAV2 vectors through a streptavidin-biotin bridge are redirected to EpCAM-positive tumors in vivo. In addition, when loaded with transgenes to express shRNA against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), systemically injected anti-EpCAM-conjugated AAV2/shEGFR vectors significantly downregulate EGFR expression in tumors, eventually suppressing tumor growth for long periods. We herein suggest the potential of anti-EpCAM-AAV2/shEGFR vectors as an antitumor agent. Furthermore, redirection of AAV2 infection through EpCAM would provide a powerful means for systemic delivery of short hairpin RNA to tumor sites.
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37
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Martínez-Calvillo S, Florencio-Martínez LE, Nepomuceno-Mejía T. Nucleolar Structure and Function in Trypanosomatid Protozoa. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050421. [PMID: 31071985 PMCID: PMC6562600 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus is the conspicuous nuclear body where ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase I, pre-ribosomal RNA is processed, and ribosomal subunits are assembled. Other important functions have been attributed to the nucleolus over the years. Here we review the current knowledge about the structure and function of the nucleolus in the trypanosomatid parasites Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania ssp., which represent one of the earliest branching lineages among the eukaryotes. These protozoan parasites present a single nucleolus that is preserved throughout the closed nuclear division, and that seems to lack fibrillar centers. Trypanosomatids possess a relatively low number of rRNA genes, which encode rRNA molecules that contain large expansion segments, including several that are trypanosomatid-specific. Notably, the large subunit rRNA (28S-type) is fragmented into two large and four small rRNA species. Hence, compared to other organisms, the rRNA primary transcript requires additional processing steps in trypanosomatids. Accordingly, this group of parasites contains the highest number ever reported of snoRNAs that participate in rRNA processing. The number of modified rRNA nucleotides in trypanosomatids is also higher than in other organisms. Regarding the structure and biogenesis of the ribosomes, recent cryo-electron microscopy analyses have revealed several trypanosomatid-specific features that are discussed here. Additional functions of the nucleolus in trypanosomatids are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Martínez-Calvillo
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Luis E Florencio-Martínez
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Tomás Nepomuceno-Mejía
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico.
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38
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Oberemok VV, Laikova KV, Gal'chinsky NV, Useinov RZ, Novikov IA, Temirova ZZ, Shumskykh MN, Krasnodubets AM, Repetskaya AI, Dyadichev VV, Fomochkina II, Bessalova EY, Makalish TP, Gninenko YI, Kubyshkin AV. DNA insecticide developed from the Lymantria dispar 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene provides a novel biotechnology for plant protection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6197. [PMID: 30996277 PMCID: PMC6470133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Having observed how botanicals and other natural compounds are used by nature to control pests in the environment, we began investigating natural polymers, DNA and RNA, as promising tools for insect pest management. Over the last decade, unmodified short antisense DNA oligonucleotides have shown a clear potential for use as insecticides. Our research has concentrated mainly on Lymantria dispar larvae using an antisense oligoRING sequence from its inhibitor-of-apoptosis gene. In this article, we propose a novel biotechnology to protect plants from insect pests using DNA insecticide with improved insecticidal activity based on a new antisense oligoRIBO-11 sequence from the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene. This investigational oligoRIBO-11 insecticide causes higher mortality among both L. dispar larvae grown in the lab and those collected from the forest; in addition, it is more affordable and faster acting, which makes it a prospective candidate for use in the development of a ready-to-use preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr V Oberemok
- Department of Biochemistry, Taurida Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Avenue 4, 295007, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
| | - Kateryna V Laikova
- Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Lenin Avenue 5/7, 295051, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
| | - Nikita V Gal'chinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Taurida Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Avenue 4, 295007, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
| | - Refat Z Useinov
- Department of Biochemistry, Taurida Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Avenue 4, 295007, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
| | - Ilya A Novikov
- Department of Biochemistry, Taurida Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Avenue 4, 295007, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
| | - Zenure Z Temirova
- Department of Biochemistry, Taurida Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Avenue 4, 295007, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
| | - Maksym N Shumskykh
- Department of Biochemistry, Taurida Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Avenue 4, 295007, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine.
| | - Alisa M Krasnodubets
- Department of Biochemistry, Taurida Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Avenue 4, 295007, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
| | - Anna I Repetskaya
- Botanical Garden named after N.V. Bagrov, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Avenue 4, 295007, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
| | - Valeriy V Dyadichev
- Engineering Center, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Avenue 4, 295007, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
| | - Iryna I Fomochkina
- Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Lenin Avenue 5/7, 295051, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
| | - Evgenia Y Bessalova
- Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Lenin Avenue 5/7, 295051, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana P Makalish
- Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Lenin Avenue 5/7, 295051, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
| | - Yuri I Gninenko
- All-Russian Research Institute for Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry, Institutskaya Street 15, 141200, Pushkino, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Kubyshkin
- Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Lenin Avenue 5/7, 295051, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
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39
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Ortega-Escalante JA, Jasper R, Miller SM. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis in Volvox carteri. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:661-672. [PMID: 30406958 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Volvox carteri and other volvocine green algae comprise an excellent model for investigating developmental complexity and its origins. Here we describe a method for targeted mutagenesis in V. carteri using CRISPR/Cas9 components expressed from transgenes. We used V. carteri nitrate reductase gene (nitA) regulatory sequences to conditionally express Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9, and V. carteri U6 RNA gene regulatory sequences to constitutively express single-guide RNA (sgRNA) transcripts. Volvox carteri was bombarded with both Cas9 vector and one of several sgRNA vectors programmed to target different test genes (glsA, regA and invA), and transformants were selected for expression of a hygromycin-resistance marker present on the sgRNA vector. Hygromycin-resistant transformants grown with nitrate as sole nitrogen source (inducing for nitA) were tested for Cas9 and sgRNA expression, and for the ability to generate progeny with expected mutant phenotypes. Some transformants of a somatic regenerator (Reg) mutant strain receiving sgRNA plasmid with glsA protospacer sequence yielded progeny (at a rate of ~0.01%) with a gonidialess (Gls) phenotype similar to that observed for previously described glsA mutants, and sequencing of the glsA gene in independent mutants revealed short deletions within the targeted region of glsA, indicative of Cas9-directed non-homologous end joining. Similarly, bombardment of a morphologically wild-type strain with the Cas9 plasmid and sgRNA plasmids targeting regA or invA yielded regA and invA mutant transformants/progeny, respectively (at rates of 0.1-100%). The capacity to make precisely directed frameshift mutations should greatly accelerate the molecular genetic analysis of development in V. carteri, and of developmental novelty in the volvocine algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Ortega-Escalante
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Robyn Jasper
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Stephen M Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
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40
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Benskey MJ, Sandoval IM, Miller K, Sellnow RL, Gezer A, Kuhn NC, Vashon R, Manfredsson FP. Basic Concepts in Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1937:3-26. [PMID: 30706387 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9065-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Today any researcher with the desire can easily purchase a viral vector. However, despite the availability of viral vectors themselves, the requisite knowledge that is absolutely essential to conducting a gene therapy experiment remains somewhat obscure and esoteric. To utilize viral vectors to their full potential, a large number of decisions must be made, in some instances prior to even obtaining the vector itself. For example, critical decisions include selection of the proper virus, selection of the proper expression cassette, whether to produce or purchase a viral vector, proper viral handling and storage, the most appropriate delivery method, selecting the proper controls, how to ensure your virus is expressing properly, and many other complex decisions that are essential to performing a successful gene therapy experiment. The need to make so many important decisions can be overwhelming and potentially prohibitive, especially to the novice gene therapist. In order to aid in this challenging process, here we provide an overview of basic gene therapy modalities and a decision tree that can be used to make oneself aware of the options available to the beginning gene therapist. This information can be used as a road map to help navigate the complex and perhaps confusing process of designing a successful gene therapy experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Benskey
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ivette M Sandoval
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kathryn Miller
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Rhyomi L Sellnow
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Aysegul Gezer
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nathan C Kuhn
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Roslyn Vashon
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
- Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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41
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Ahmadian S, Eslami G, Fatahi A, Hosseini SS, Vakili M, Ajamein Fahadan V, Elloumi M. J- binding protein 1 and J- binding protein 2 expression in clinical Leishmania major no response-antimonial isolates. J Parasit Dis 2018; 43:39-45. [PMID: 30956444 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major disease in many parts of the world. Since no vaccine has been developed, treatment is the best way to control it. In most areas, antimonial resistance whose mechanisms have not been completely understood has been reported. The main aim of this study is gene expression assessing of J-binging protein 1 and J-binding protein 2 in clinical Leishmania major isolates. The patients with CL from central and north Iran were considered for this study. The samples were transferred in RNAlater solution and stored in - 20 °C. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed. The gene expression analysis was done with SYBR Green real-time PCR using ∆∆CT. Written informed consent forms were filled out by patients, and then, information forms were filled out based on the Helsinki Declaration. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS (16.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago) using independent t test, Shapiro-Wilk, and Pearson's and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. The gene expression of JBP1 and JBP2 had no relation with sex and age. The JBP1 gene expression was high in sensitive isolates obtained from north of the country. The JBP2 gene expression was significant in sensitive and no response-antimonial isolates from the north, but no significant differences were detected in sensitive and resistant isolates from central Iran. Differential gene expression of JBP1 and JBP2 in various clinical resistances isolates in different geographical areas shows multifactorial ways of developing resistance in different isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmadian
- 1Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- 2Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Gilda Eslami
- 1Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- 2Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Fatahi
- 2Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Saeede Sadat Hosseini
- 1Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Vakili
- 3Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Vahid Ajamein Fahadan
- 1Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- 2Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mourad Elloumi
- 4Laboratory of Technologies of Information and Communication and Electrical Engineering (LaTICE), University of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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42
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Liu L, Lu Y, Wei L, Yu H, Cao Y, Li Y, Yang N, Song Y, Liang C, Wang T. Transcriptomics analyses reveal the molecular roadmap and long non-coding RNA landscape of sperm cell lineage development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:421-437. [PMID: 30047180 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sperm cell (SC) lineage development from the haploid microspore to SCs represents a unique biological process in which the microspore generates a larger vegetative cell (VC) and a smaller generative cell (GC) enclosed in the VC, then the GC further develops to functionally specified SCs in the VC for double fertilization. Understanding the mechanisms of SC lineage development remains a critical goal in plant biology. We isolated individual cells of the three cell types, and characterized the genome-wide atlas of long non-coding (lnc) RNAs and mRNAs of haploid SC lineage cells. Sperm cell lineage development involves global repression of genes for pluripotency, somatic development and metabolism following asymmetric microspore division and coordinated upregulation of GC/SC preferential genes. This process is accompanied by progressive loss of the active marks H3K4me3 and H3K9ac, and accumulation of the repressive methylation mark H3K9. The SC lineage has a higher ratio of lncRNAs to mRNAs and preferentially expresses a larger percentage of lncRNAs than does the non-SC lineage. A co-expression network showed that the largest set of lncRNAs in these nodes, with more than 100 links, are GC-preferential, and a small proportion of lncRNAs co-express with their neighboring genes. Single molecular fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that several candidate genes may be markers distinguishing the three cell types of the SC lineage. Our findings reveal the molecular programming and potential roles of lncRNAs in SC lineage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingtong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yunlong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liqin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hua Yu
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Research Center for Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yinghao Cao
- Research Center for Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan Li
- Research Center for Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yunyun Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chengzhi Liang
- Research Center for Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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43
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Hiraiwa PM, de Aguiar AM, Ávila AR. Fluorescence-based assay for accurate measurement of transcriptional activity in trypanosomatid parasites. Cytometry A 2018; 93:727-736. [PMID: 30118574 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomatid parasites are causative agents of neglected human diseases. Their lineage diverged early from the common eukaryotic ancestor, and they evolved singular mechanisms of gene expression that are crucial for their survival. Studies on unusual and essential molecular pathways lead to new drug targets. In this respect, assays to analyze transcriptional activity will provide useful information to identify essential and specific factors. However, the current methods are laborious and do not provide global and accurate measures. For this purpose, a previously reported radiolabeling in vitro nascent mRNA methodology was used to establish an alternative fluorescent-based assay that is able to precisely quantify nascent mRNA using both flow cytometry and a high-content image system. The method allowed accurate and global measurements in Trypanosoma brucei, a representative species of trypanosomatid parasites. We obtained data demonstrating that approximately 70% of parasites from a population under normal growth conditions displayed mRNA transcriptional activity, whilst the treatment with α-amanitin (75 µg/ml) inhibited the polymerase II activity. The adaptation of the method also allowed the analyses of the transcriptional activity during the cell cycle. Therefore, the methodology described herein contributes to obtaining precise measurements of transcriptional rates using multiparametric analysis. This alternative method can facilitate investigations of genetic and biochemical processes in trypanosome parasites and consequently provide additional information related to new treatment or prophylaxis strategies involving these important human parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila M Hiraiwa
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratório de Regulação da Expressão Gênica, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M de Aguiar
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Básica de Células-Tronco, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andréa R Ávila
- Laboratório de Regulação da Expressão Gênica, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Paraná, Brazil
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44
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Tamayo-Ordóñez YJ, Narváez-Zapata JA, Tamayo-Ordóñez MC, Sánchez-Teyer LF. Retroelements and DNA Methylation Could Contribute to Diversity of 5S rDNA in Agave L. J Mol Evol 2018; 86:404-423. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-018-9856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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45
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Serrão VHB, Silva IR, da Silva MTA, Scortecci JF, de Freitas Fernandes A, Thiemann OH. The unique tRNASec and its role in selenocysteine biosynthesis. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1145-1167. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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46
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Systematic identification of endogenous RNA polymerase III promoters for efficient RNA guide-based genome editing technologies in maize. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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47
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Zhang X, Hu S, Su J, Xie Z, Li W, Zeng Y. Correlation Analyses Reveal a Limited Role of Transcription in Genome-Wide Differential MicroRNA Expression in Mammals. Front Genet 2018; 9:154. [PMID: 29780403 PMCID: PMC5946028 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription initiates the cascade of gene expression and is often assumed to play a predominant role in determining how much gene products are ultimately expressed. The relationship between mRNA levels and protein levels has been studied extensively to reveal the degrees of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of protein expression. The extent to which transcription globally controls the differential expression of non-coding RNAs, however, is poorly defined. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding RNAs whose biogenesis involves transcription followed by extensive processing. Here, using hundreds of datasets produced from the ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) project we calculated the correlations between transcriptional activity and mature miRNA expression in diverse human cells, human tissues, and mouse tissues. While correlations vary among samples, most correlation coefficients are small. Interestingly, excluding miRNAs that were discovered later or weighting miRNA expression improves the correlations. Our results suggest that transcription contributes only modestly to differential miRNA expression at the genome-wide scale in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Department of Zoology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siling Hu
- Department of Zoology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Su
- Department of Zoology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zixuan Xie
- Department of Zoology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Zoology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Zoology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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48
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Glugoski L, Giuliano-Caetano L, Moreira-Filho O, Vicari MR, Nogaroto V. Co-located hAT transposable element and 5S rDNA in an interstitial telomeric sequence suggest the formation of Robertsonian fusion in armored catfish. Gene 2018; 650:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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49
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Johnston R, D'Costa Z, Ray S, Gorski J, Harkin DP, Mullan P, Panov KI. The identification of a novel role for BRCA1 in regulating RNA polymerase I transcription. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68097-68110. [PMID: 27589844 PMCID: PMC5356541 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The unrestrained proliferation of cancer cells requires a high level of ribosome biogenesis. The first stage of ribosome biogenesis is the transcription of the large ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs); the structural and functional components of the ribosome. Transcription of rRNA is carried out by RNA polymerase I (Pol-I) and its associated holoenzyme complex.Here we report that BRCA1, a nuclear phosphoprotein, and a known tumour suppressor involved in variety of cellular processes such as DNA damage response, transcriptional regulation, cell cycle control and ubiquitylation, is associated with rDNA repeats, in particular with the regulatory regions of the rRNA gene.We demonstrate that BRCA1 interacts directly with the basal Pol-I transcription factors; upstream binding factor (UBF), selectivity factor-1 (SL1) as well as interacting with RNA Pol-I itself. We show that in response to DNA damage, BRCA1 occupancy at the rDNA repeat is decreased and the observed BRCA1 interactions with the Pol-I transcription machinery are weakened.We propose, therefore, that there is a rDNA associated fraction of BRCA1 involved in DNA damage dependent regulation of Pol-I transcription, regulating the stability and formation of the Pol-I holoenzyme during initiation and/or elongation in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Johnston
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Zenobia D'Costa
- The Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Swagat Ray
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.,Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Julia Gorski
- The Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - D Paul Harkin
- The Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Paul Mullan
- The Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Konstantin I Panov
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.,The Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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50
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Martínez-Calvillo S, Romero-Meza G, Vizuet-de-Rueda JC, Florencio-Martínez LE, Manning-Cela R, Nepomuceno-Mejía T. Epigenetic Regulation of Transcription in Trypanosomatid Protozoa. Curr Genomics 2018; 19:140-149. [PMID: 29491742 PMCID: PMC5814962 DOI: 10.2174/1389202918666170911163517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trypanosomatid family includes flagellated parasites that cause fatal human diseases. Remarkably, protein-coding genes in these organisms are positioned in long tandem arrays that are transcribed polycistronically. However, the knowledge about regulation of transcription initiation and termination in trypanosomatids is scarce. The importance of epigenetic regulation in these processes has become evident in the last years, as distinctive histone modifications and histone variants have been found in transcription initiation and termination regions. Moreover, multiple chromatin-related proteins have been identified and characterized in trypanosomatids, including histone-modifying enzymes, effector complexes, chromatin-remodelling enzymes and histone chaperones. Notably, base J, a modified thymine residue present in the nuclear DNA of trypanosomatids, has been implicated in transcriptional regulation. Here we review the current knowledge on epigenetic control of transcription by all three RNA polymerases in this group of early-diverged eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Martínez-Calvillo
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, CP 54090, México
| | - Gabriela Romero-Meza
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, CP 54090, México
| | - Juan C. Vizuet-de-Rueda
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, CP 54090, México
| | - Luis E. Florencio-Martínez
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, CP 54090, México
| | - Rebeca Manning-Cela
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, México, D.F., CP 07360, México
| | - Tomás Nepomuceno-Mejía
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de los Barrios 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, CP 54090, México
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