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The Roles of MiRNAs (MicroRNAs) in Melanoma Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314775. [PMID: 36499102 PMCID: PMC9736803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, characterized by life-threatening and rapidly spreading progression. Traditional targeted therapy can alleviate tumors by inactivating hyperactive kinases such as BRAF or MEK but inevitably encounters drug resistance. The advent of immunotherapy has revolutionized melanoma treatment and significantly improved the prognosis of melanoma patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are intricately involved in innate and adaptive immunity and are implicated in melanoma immunotherapy. This systematic review describes the roles of miRNAs in regulating the functions of immune cells in skin and melanoma, as well as the involvement of miRNAs in pharmacology including the effect, resistance and immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors, which are used for treating cutaneous, uveal and mucosal melanoma. The expressions and functions of miRNAs in immunotherapy employing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and Toll-like receptor 9 agonists are also discussed. The prospect of innovative therapeutic strategies such as the combined administration of miRNAs and immune checkpoint inhibitors and the nanotechnology-based delivery of miRNAs are also provided. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between miRNAs and immunotherapy is crucial for the discovery of reliable biomarkers and for the development of novel miRNA-based therapeutics against melanoma.
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Batchu S, Joseph Diaz M, Lucke–Wold B. In Silico Binding Analysis of Cannabinoids with Eph Receptors for Therapeutic Use in Gliomas. MEDPRESS PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2022; 1:mppbs-202209011.. [PMID: 36468933 PMCID: PMC9717618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence suggests overexpression of Eph receptors is associated with malignant human gliomas. Inhibiting interactions of Eph receptors with their ephrin ligands may improve clinical outcomes in glioma patients. The present study investigated the potential of cannabinoids to bind Eph receptors and block Eph/ephrin interactions. Methods Twelve major cannabinoids were computationally docked with ligand binding domains from six glioma-associated Eph receptors through Auto Dock Vina to measure their potential binding affinities. The molecular structures and residue interactions of the most favorable poses for each receptor binding domain were further visually examined. Results Cannabichromene (CBC) exhibited the most favorable binding with EphA2, EphA3, and EphB4 receptor ligand binding domains while tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was predicted to bind favorably with EphB2 and EphB3 receptor ligand binding domains. EphA4 showed the best potential binding affinity with cannabidivarin (CBDV). Further analysis revealed that these cannabinoids bind to specific locations on Eph receptors required for Eph/ephrin interactions. Conclusion The findings suggest that certain cannabinoids can effectively bind to hydrophobic pockets required for ephrin binding and thereby be used to block subsequent Eph/ephrin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brandon Lucke–Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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3
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Xu J, Zheng Y, Wang L, Liu Y, Wang X, Li Y, Chi G. miR-124: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Central Nervous System Injuries and Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 42:2031-2053. [PMID: 33886036 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system injuries and diseases, such as ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, neurodegenerative diseases, glioblastoma, multiple sclerosis, and the resulting neuroinflammation often lead to death or long-term disability. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression in both physiological and pathological cellular processes, including central nervous system injuries and disorders. Studies on miR-124, one of the most abundant microRNAs in the central nervous system, have shown that its dysregulation is related to the occurrence and development of pathology within the central nervous system. Herein, we review the molecular regulatory functions, underlying mechanisms, and effective delivery methods of miR-124 in the central nervous system, where it is involved in pathological conditions. The review also provides novel insights into the therapeutic target potential of miR-124 in the treatment of human central nervous system injuries or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangjia Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Liu
- Clinical Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xishu Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangfan Chi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Ambrosio N, Voci S, Gagliardi A, Palma E, Fresta M, Cosco D. Application of Biocompatible Drug Delivery Nanosystems for the Treatment of Naturally Occurring Cancer in Dogs. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13030116. [PMID: 35997454 PMCID: PMC9397006 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer is a common disease in dogs, with a growing incidence related to the age of the animal. Nanotechnology is being employed in the veterinary field in the same manner as in human therapy. Aim: This review focuses on the application of biocompatible nanocarriers for the treatment of canine cancer, paying attention to the experimental studies performed on dogs with spontaneously occurring cancer. Methods: The most important experimental investigations based on the use of lipid and non-lipid nanosystems proposed for the treatment of canine cancer, such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles containing doxorubicin, paclitaxel and cisplatin, are described and their in vivo fate and antitumor features discussed. Conclusions: Dogs affected by spontaneous cancers are useful models for evaluating the efficacy of drug delivery systems containing antitumor compounds.
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Mucker EM, Thiele-Suess C, Baumhof P, Hooper JW. Lipid nanoparticle delivery of unmodified mRNAs encoding multiple monoclonal antibodies targeting poxviruses in rabbits. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:847-858. [PMID: 35664703 PMCID: PMC9149018 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Poxviruses are a large and complex family of viruses with members such as monkeypox virus and variola virus. The possibility of an outbreak of monkeypox virus (or a related poxvirus) or the misuse of variola virus justifies the development of countermeasures. Furthermore, poxviruses can be a useful surrogate for developing technology involving antibody therapies. In our experiments, we explored the feasibility of utilizing unmodified mRNA that encodes three previously described monoclonal antibodies, c8A, c6C, and c7D11, as countermeasures to smallpox in a relatively large (>3 kg) laboratory animal (rabbits). We confirmed in vitro translation, secretion, and biological activity of mRNA constructs and identified target monoclonal antibody levels from a murine vaccinia virus model that provided a clinical benefit. Individually, we were able to detect c7D11, c8A, and c6C in the serum of rabbits within 1 day of an intramuscular jet injection of lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated mRNA. Injection of a combination of three LNP-formulated mRNA constructs encoding the three different antibodies produced near equivalent serum levels compared with each individual construct administered alone. These data are among the first demonstrating the feasibility of launching multiple antibodies using mRNA constructs in a large, nonrodent species. Based on empirically derived target serum level and the observed decay rate, the antibody levels attained were unlikely to provide protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Mucker
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | - Jay W Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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6
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Webb C, Ip S, Bathula NV, Popova P, Soriano SKV, Ly HH, Eryilmaz B, Nguyen Huu VA, Broadhead R, Rabel M, Villamagna I, Abraham S, Raeesi V, Thomas A, Clarke S, Ramsay EC, Perrie Y, Blakney AK. Current Status and Future Perspectives on MRNA Drug Manufacturing. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1047-1058. [PMID: 35238565 PMCID: PMC8905930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic launched an unprecedented global effort to rapidly develop vaccines to stem the spread of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines were developed quickly by companies that were actively developing mRNA therapeutics and vaccines for other indications, leading to two mRNA vaccines being not only the first SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to be approved for emergency use but also the first mRNA drugs to gain emergency use authorization and to eventually gain full approval. This was possible partly because mRNA sequences can be altered to encode nearly any protein without significantly altering its chemical properties, allowing the drug substance to be a modular component of the drug product. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) technology required to protect the ribonucleic acid (RNA) and mediate delivery into the cytoplasm of cells is likewise modular, as are technologies and infrastructure required to encapsulate the RNA into the LNP. This enabled the rapid adaptation of the technology to a new target. Upon the coattails of the clinical success of mRNA vaccines, this modularity will pave the way for future RNA medicines for cancer, gene therapy, and RNA engineered cell therapies. In this review, trends in the publication records and clinical trial registrations are tallied to show the sharp intensification in preclinical and clinical research for RNA medicines. Demand for the manufacturing of both the RNA drug substance (DS) and the LNP drug product (DP) has already been strained, causing shortages of the vaccine, and the rise in development and translation of other mRNA drugs in the coming years will exacerbate this strain. To estimate demand for DP manufacturing, the dosing requirements for the preclinical and clinical studies of the two approved mRNA vaccines were examined. To understand the current state of mRNA-LNP production, current methods and technologies are reviewed, as are current and announced global capacities for commercial manufacturing. Finally, a vision is rationalized for how emerging technologies such as self-amplifying mRNA, microfluidic production, and trends toward integrated and distributed manufacturing will shape the future of RNA manufacturing and unlock the potential for an RNA medicine revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Webb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and
Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street,
Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Shell Ip
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Nuthan V. Bathula
- Michael Smith Laboratories & School of Biomedical
Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall,
Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Petya Popova
- Michael Smith Laboratories & School of Biomedical
Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall,
Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shekinah K. V. Soriano
- Michael Smith Laboratories & School of Biomedical
Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall,
Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Han Han Ly
- Michael Smith Laboratories & School of Biomedical
Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall,
Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Burcu Eryilmaz
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and
Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street,
Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Viet Anh Nguyen Huu
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Richard Broadhead
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Martin Rabel
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Ian Villamagna
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Suraj Abraham
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Vahid Raeesi
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Anitha Thomas
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Samuel Clarke
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Euan C. Ramsay
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and
Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street,
Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Anna K. Blakney
- Michael Smith Laboratories & School of Biomedical
Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall,
Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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7
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Chen Z, Wu H, Yang H, Fan Y, Zhao S, Zhang M. Identification and validation of RNA-binding protein-related gene signature revealed potential associations with immunosuppression and drug sensitivity in glioma. Cancer Med 2021; 10:7418-7439. [PMID: 34482648 PMCID: PMC8525098 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is the most common central nervous system tumor in adults, and a considerable part of them are high‐degree ones with high malignancy and poor prognosis. At present, the classification and treatment of glioma are mainly based on its histological characteristics, so studies at the molecular level are needed. Methods RNA‐seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets (n = 703) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) were utilized to find out the differentially expressed RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) between normal cerebral tissue and glioma. A prediction system for the prognosis of glioma patients based on 11 RBPs was established and validated using uni‐ and multi‐variate Cox regression analyses. STITCH and CMap databases were exploited to identify putative drugs and their targets. Single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to calculate scores of specific immune‐related gene sets. IC50 of over 20,000 compounds in 60 cancer cell lines was collected from the CellMiner database to test the drug sensitivity prediction value of the RBP‐based signature. Results We established a reliable prediction system for the prognosis of glioma patients based on 11 RBPs including THOC3, LSM11, SARNP, PABPC1L2B, SMN1, BRCA1, ZC3H8, DZIP1L, HEXIM2, LARP4B, and ZC3H12B. These RBPs were primarily associated with ribosome and post‐transcriptional regulation. RBP‐based risk scores were closely related to immune cells and immune function. We also confirmed the potential of the signature to predict the drug sensitivity of currently approved or evaluated drugs. Conclusions Differentially expressed RBPs in glioma can be used as a basis for prognosis prediction, new drugs screening and drug sensitivity prediction. As RBP‐based glioma risk scores were associated with immunity, immunotherapy may become an important treatment for glioma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haiyue Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haojun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yishu Fan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Songfeng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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8
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Chen M, Medarova Z, Moore A. Role of microRNAs in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1707-1723. [PMID: 34434499 PMCID: PMC8378762 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary human brain cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a set of small endogenous non-coding RNA molecules which play critical roles in different biological processes including cancer. The realization of miRNA regulatory functions in GBM has demonstrated that these molecules play a critical role in its initiation, progression and response to therapy. In this review we discuss the studies related to miRNA discovery and function in glioblastoma. We first summarize the typical miRNAs and their roles in GBM. Then we debate the potential for miRNA-based therapy for glioblastoma, including various delivery strategies. We surmise that future directions identified by these studies will point towards the necessity for therapeutic development and optimization to improve the outcomes for patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Zdravka Medarova
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anna Moore
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and is universally lethal with a median survival of less than two years with standard therapy. RNA-based immunotherapies have significant potential to establish a durable treatment response for malignant brain tumors including GBM. RNA offers clear advantages over antigen-focused approaches but cannot often be directly administered due to biological instability. This review will focus on utilization of RNA dendritic cell vaccines and RNA nanoparticle therapies in the treatment of GBM. RNA-pulsed dendritic cell vaccines have been shown to be safe in a small phase I clinical trial and RNA-loaded nanoparticle vaccines will soon be underway in GBM patients (NCT04573140).
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10
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Blakney AK, Ip S, Geall AJ. An Update on Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:97. [PMID: 33525396 PMCID: PMC7911542 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will explore the four major pillars required for design and development of an saRNA vaccine: Antigen design, vector design, non-viral delivery systems, and manufacturing (both saRNA and lipid nanoparticles (LNP)). We report on the major innovations, preclinical and clinical data reported in the last five years and will discuss future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Blakney
- Michael Smith Laboratories, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shell Ip
- Precision NanoSystems Inc., Vancouver, BC V6P 6T7, Canada; (S.I.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Andrew J. Geall
- Precision NanoSystems Inc., Vancouver, BC V6P 6T7, Canada; (S.I.); (A.J.G.)
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11
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Ou A, Ott M, Fang D, Heimberger AB. The Role and Therapeutic Targeting of JAK/STAT Signaling in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:437. [PMID: 33498872 PMCID: PMC7865703 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains one of the deadliest and treatment-refractory human malignancies in large part due to its diffusely infiltrative nature, molecular heterogeneity, and capacity for immune escape. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway contributes substantively to a wide variety of protumorigenic functions, including proliferation, anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, stem cell maintenance, and immune suppression. We review the current state of knowledge regarding the biological role of JAK/STAT signaling in glioblastoma, therapeutic strategies, and future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ou
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Martina Ott
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.O.); (D.F.)
| | - Dexing Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.O.); (D.F.)
| | - Amy B. Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.O.); (D.F.)
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12
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Marisetty A, Wei J, Kong LY, Ott M, Fang D, Sabbagh A, Heimberger AB. MiR-181 Family Modulates Osteopontin in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123813. [PMID: 33348707 PMCID: PMC7765845 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary MicroRNAs can silence a broad set of target genes that may benefit heterogeneous tumors like glioblastoma. We have previously shown that osteopontin has an oncogenic role and may have immune modulatory effects on macrophages. In the current study, we used miRNAs to target osteopontin in tumor cells and modulate immune cells to elicit an antitumor effect. Intravenous delivery of miR-181a to immune competent mice bearing intracranial glioblastoma demonstrated a 22% increase in median survival duration relative to that of control mice. The overexpression of miR-181a in tumor cells led to decreased OPN production and proliferation and increased apoptosis in vitro, and increased survival duration of the mice when compared to its controls. miR-181a controls osteopontin expression in tumor cells by regulating their proliferation and apoptosis. Abstract MiRNAs can silence a wide range of genes, which may be an advantage for targeting heterogenous tumors like glioblastoma. Osteopontin (OPN) plays both an oncogenic role in a variety of cancers and can immune modulate macrophages. We conducted a genome wide profiling and bioinformatic analysis to identify miR-181a/b/c/d as potential miRNAs that target OPN. Luciferase assays confirmed the binding potential of miRNAs to OPN. Expression levels of miR-181a/b/c/d and OPN were evaluated by using quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in mouse and human glioblastomas and macrophages that showed these miRNAs were downregulated in Glioblastoma associated CD11b+ cells compared to their matched blood CD14b+ cells. miRNA mimicking and overexpression using lentiviruses showed that MiR-181a overexpression in glioblastoma cells led to decreased OPN production and proliferation and increased apoptosis in vitro. MiR-181a treatment of immune competent mice bearing intracranial glioblastoma demonstrated a 22% increase in median survival duration relative to that of control mice.
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13
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Grippin AJ, Dyson KA, Qdaisat S, McGuiness J, Wummer B, Mitchell DA, Mendez-Gomez HR, Sayour EJ. Nanoparticles as immunomodulators and translational agents in brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2020; 151:29-39. [PMID: 32757093 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain tumors remain especially challenging to treat due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier. The unique biophysical properties of nanomaterials enable access to the tumor environment with minimally invasive injection methods such as intranasal and systemic delivery. METHODS In this review, we will discuss approaches taken in NP delivery to brain tumors in preclinical neuro-oncology studies and ongoing clinical studies. RESULTS Despite recent development of many promising nanoparticle systems to modulate immunologic function in the preclinical realm, clinical work with nanoparticles in malignant brain tumors has largely focused on imaging, chemotherapy, thermotherapy and radiation. CONCLUSION Review of early preclinical studies and clinical trials provides foundational safety, feasibility and toxicology data that can usher a new wave of nanotherapeutics in application of immunotherapy and translational oncology for patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Grippin
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Kyle A Dyson
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Sadeem Qdaisat
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - James McGuiness
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Brandon Wummer
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Hector R Mendez-Gomez
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Elias J Sayour
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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14
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Mucker EM, Karmali PP, Vega J, Kwilas SA, Wu H, Joselyn M, Ballantyne J, Sampey D, Mukthavaram R, Sullivan E, Chivukula P, Hooper JW. Lipid Nanoparticle Formulation Increases Efficiency of DNA-Vectored Vaccines/Immunoprophylaxis in Animals Including Transchromosomic Bovines. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8764. [PMID: 32472093 PMCID: PMC7260227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nucleic acid as a drug substance for vaccines and other gene-based medicines continues to evolve. Here, we have used a technology originally developed for mRNA in vivo delivery to enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. We demonstrate that neutralizing antibodies produced in rabbits and nonhuman primates injected with lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated Andes virus or Zika virus DNA vaccines are elevated over unformulated vaccine. Using a plasmid encoding an anti-poxvirus monoclonal antibody (as a reporter of protein expression), we showed that improved immunogenicity is likely due to increased in vivo DNA delivery, resulting in more target protein. Specifically, after four days, up to 30 ng/mL of functional monoclonal antibody were detected in the serum of rabbits injected with the LNP-formulated DNA. We pragmatically applied the technology to the production of human neutralizing antibodies in a transchromosomic (Tc) bovine for use as a passive immunoprophylactic. Production of neutralizing antibody was increased by >10-fold while utilizing 10 times less DNA in the Tc bovine. This work provides a proof-of-concept that LNP formulation of DNA vaccines can be used to produce more potent active vaccines, passive countermeasures (e.g., Tc bovine), and as a means to produce more potent DNA-launched immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Mucker
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | | | - Jerel Vega
- Arcturus Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steven A Kwilas
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Matthew Joselyn
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jay W Hooper
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, MD, USA.
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15
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Miller AD, Miller CR, Rossmeisl JH. Canine Primary Intracranial Cancer: A Clinicopathologic and Comparative Review of Glioma, Meningioma, and Choroid Plexus Tumors. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1151. [PMID: 31788444 PMCID: PMC6856054 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the dog, primary intracranial neoplasia represents ~2-5% of all cancers and is especially common in certain breeds including English and French bulldogs and Boxers. The most common types of primary intracranial cancer in the dog are meningioma, glioma, and choroid plexus tumors, generally occurring in middle aged to older dogs. Much work has recently been done to understand the characteristic imaging and clinicopathologic features of these tumors. The gross and histologic landscape of these tumors in the dog compare favorably to their human counterparts with many similarities noted in histologic patterns, subtype, and grades. Data informing the underlying molecular abnormalities in the canine tumors have only begun to be unraveled, but reveal similar pathways are mutated between canine and human primary intracranial neoplasia. This review will provide an overview of the clinicopathologic features of the three most common forms of primary intracranial cancer in the dog, delve into the comparative aspects between the dog and human neoplasms, and provide an introduction to current standard of care while also highlighting novel, experimental treatments that may help bridge the gap between canine and human cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Miller
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - C. Ryan Miller
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center and Comprehensive Neuroscience Center, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John H. Rossmeisl
- Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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16
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Paulmurugan R, Malhotra M, Massoud TF. The protean world of non-coding RNAs in glioblastoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:909-925. [PMID: 31129756 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs) are a diverse group of RNA molecules that are mostly not translated into proteins following transcription. We review the role of ncRNAs in the pathobiology of glioblastoma (GBM), and their potential applications for GBM therapy. Significant advances in our understanding of the protean manifestations of ncRNAs have been made, allowing us to better decipher the molecular complexity of GBM. A large number of regulatory ncRNAs appear to have a greater influence on the molecular pathology of GBM than thought previously. Importantly, also, a range of therapeutic approaches are emerging whereby ncRNA-based systems may be used to molecularly target GBM. The most successful of these is RNA interference, and some of these strategies are being evaluated in ongoing clinical trials. However, a number of limitations exist in the clinical translation of ncRNA-based therapeutic systems, such as delivery mechanisms and cytotoxicity; concerted research endeavors are currently underway in an attempt to overcome these. Ongoing and future studies will determine the potential practical role for ncRNA-based therapeutic systems in the clinical management of GBM. These applications may be especially promising, given that current treatment options are limited and prognosis remains poor for this challenging malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Cellular Pathway Imaging Laboratory (CPIL), Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Meenakshi Malhotra
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Neuroimaging (LEMNI), Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Grant S-031, Stanford, CA, 94305-5105, USA
| | - Tarik F Massoud
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Neuroimaging (LEMNI), Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Grant S-031, Stanford, CA, 94305-5105, USA.
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17
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Krichevsky AM, Uhlmann EJ. Oligonucleotide Therapeutics as a New Class of Drugs for Malignant Brain Tumors: Targeting mRNAs, Regulatory RNAs, Mutations, Combinations, and Beyond. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:319-347. [PMID: 30644073 PMCID: PMC6554258 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-00702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors are rapidly progressive and often fatal owing to resistance to therapies and based on their complex biology, heterogeneity, and isolation from systemic circulation. Glioblastoma is the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumor, has high mortality, and affects both children and adults. Despite significant advances in understanding the pathology, multiple clinical trials employing various treatment strategies have failed. With much expanded knowledge of the GBM genome, epigenome, and transcriptome, the field of neuro-oncology is getting closer to achieve breakthrough-targeted molecular therapies. Current developments of oligonucleotide chemistries for CNS applications make this new class of drugs very attractive for targeting molecular pathways dysregulated in brain tumors and are anticipated to vastly expand the spectrum of currently targetable molecules. In this chapter, we will overview the molecular landscape of malignant gliomas and explore the most prominent molecular targets (mRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and genomic mutations) that provide opportunities for the development of oligonucleotide therapeutics for this class of neurologic diseases. Because malignant brain tumors focally disrupt the blood-brain barrier, this class of diseases might be also more susceptible to systemic treatments with oligonucleotides than other neurologic disorders and, thus, present an entry point for the oligonucleotide therapeutics to the CNS. Nevertheless, delivery of oligonucleotides remains a crucial part of the treatment strategy. Finally, synthetic gRNAs guiding CRISPR-Cas9 editing technologies have a tremendous potential to further expand the applications of oligonucleotide therapeutics and take them beyond RNA targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Krichevsky
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
| | - Erik J Uhlmann
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
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18
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Sharma P, Debinski W. Receptor-Targeted Glial Brain Tumor Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3326. [PMID: 30366424 PMCID: PMC6274942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among primary brain tumors, malignant gliomas are notably difficult to manage. The higher-grade tumors represent an unmet need in medicine. There have been extensive efforts to implement receptor-targeted therapeutic approaches directed against gliomas. These approaches include immunotherapies, such as vaccines, adoptive immunotherapy, and passive immunotherapy. Targeted cytotoxic radio energy and pro-drug activation have been designed specifically for brain tumors. The field of targeting through receptors progressed significantly with the discovery of an interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13RA2) as a tumor-associated receptor over-expressed in most patients with glioblastoma (GBM) but not in normal brain. IL-13RA2 has been exploited in novel experimental therapies with very encouraging clinical responses. Other receptors are specifically over-expressed in many patients with GBM, such as EphA2 and EphA3 receptors, among others. These findings are important in view of the heterogeneity of GBM tumors and multiple tumor compartments responsible for tumor progression and resistance to therapies. The combined targeting of multiple receptors in different tumor compartments should be a preferred way to design novel receptor-targeted therapeutic approaches in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Sharma
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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19
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Thomas A, M Garg S, De Souza RAG, Ouellet E, Tharmarajah G, Reichert D, Ordobadi M, Ip S, Ramsay EC. Microfluidic Production and Application of Lipid Nanoparticles for Nucleic Acid Transfection. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1792:193-203. [PMID: 29797261 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7865-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are established in the biopharmaceutical industry for efficient encapsulation and cytosolic delivery of nucleic acids for potential therapeutics, with several formulations in clinical trials. The advantages of LNPs can also be applied in basic research and discovery with a microfluidic method of preparation now commercially available that allows preparations to be scaled down to quantities appropriate for cell culture. These preparations conserve expensive nucleic acids while maintaining the particle characteristics that have made LNPs successful in later stages of genetic medicine development. Additionally, this method and the resulting LNPs are seamlessly scalable to quantities appropriate for in vivo models and development of nucleic acid therapeutics.The present work describes the methodology for preparing LNPs loaded with siRNA, mRNA or plasmids using a commercially available microfluidic instrument and an accompanying transfection kit. Guidelines for application to cultured cells in a well-plate format are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shell Ip
- Precision NanoSystems, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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