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Whitlock F, Murcia PR, Newton JR. A Review on Equine Influenza from a Human Influenza Perspective. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061312. [PMID: 35746783 PMCID: PMC9229935 DOI: 10.3390/v14061312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have a main natural reservoir in wild birds. IAVs are highly contagious, continually evolve, and have a wide host range that includes various mammalian species including horses, pigs, and humans. Furthering our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and cross-species transmissions is therefore essential. This review focuses on what is known regarding equine influenza virus (EIV) virology, pathogenesis, immune responses, clinical aspects, epidemiology (including factors contributing to local, national, and international transmission), surveillance, and preventive measures such as vaccines. We compare EIV and human influenza viruses and discuss parallels that can be drawn between them. We highlight differences in evolutionary rates between EIV and human IAVs, their impact on antigenic drift, and vaccine strain updates. We also describe the approaches used for the control of equine influenza (EI), which originated from those used in the human field, including surveillance networks and virological analysis methods. Finally, as vaccination in both species remains the cornerstone of disease mitigation, vaccine technologies and vaccination strategies against influenza in horses and humans are compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Whitlock
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (F.W.); (P.R.M.)
- Equine Infectious Disease Surveillance (EIDS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Pablo R. Murcia
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (F.W.); (P.R.M.)
| | - J. Richard Newton
- Equine Infectious Disease Surveillance (EIDS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
- Correspondence:
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Truyols Vives J, Muncunill J, Toledo Pons N, Baldoví HG, Sala Llinàs E, Mercader Barceló J. SARS-CoV-2 detection in bioaerosols using a liquid impinger collector and ddPCR. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13002. [PMID: 35225399 PMCID: PMC9111801 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The airborne route is the dominant form of COVID-19 transmission, and therefore, the development of methodologies to quantify SARS-CoV-2 in bioaerosols is needed. We aimed to identify SARS-CoV-2 in bioaerosols by using a highly efficient sampler for the collection of 1-3 µm particles, followed by a highly sensitive detection method. 65 bioaerosol samples were collected in hospital rooms in the presence of a COVID-19 patient using a liquid impinger sampler. The SARS-CoV-2 genome was detected by ddPCR using different primer/probe sets. 44.6% of the samples resulted positive for SARS-CoV-2 following this protocol. By increasing the sampled air volume from 339 to 650 L, the percentage of positive samples went from 41% to 50%. We detected five times less positives with a commercial one-step RT-PCR assay. However, the selection of primer/probe sets might be one of the most determining factor for bioaerosol SARS-CoV-2 detection since with the ORF1ab set more than 40% of the samples were positive, compared to <10% with other sets. In conclusion, the use of a liquid impinger collector and ddPCR is an adequate strategy to detect SARS-CoV-2 in bioaerosols. However, there are still some methodological aspects that must be adjusted to optimize and standardize a definitive protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Truyols Vives
- Molecular Biology and One Health research group (MolONE)Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB)PalmaSpain
| | - Josep Muncunill
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa)Balearic IslandsSpain
| | - Núria Toledo Pons
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa)Balearic IslandsSpain
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineHospital Universitari Son Espases (HUSE)Balearic IslandsSpain
| | - Herme G. Baldoví
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat Politècnica de València (UPV)ValenciaSpain
| | - Ernest Sala Llinàs
- Molecular Biology and One Health research group (MolONE)Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB)PalmaSpain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa)Balearic IslandsSpain
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineHospital Universitari Son Espases (HUSE)Balearic IslandsSpain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES)MadridSpain
| | - Josep Mercader Barceló
- Molecular Biology and One Health research group (MolONE)Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB)PalmaSpain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa)Balearic IslandsSpain
- Foners Medicina Veterinària i Innovació SLPPalmaSpain
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Ayuso SA, Soriano IS, Augenstein VA, Shao JM. The AEROsolization of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Phase I. J Surg Res 2022; 274:108-115. [PMID: 35144041 PMCID: PMC8755426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The degree to which Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is aerosolized has yet to be determined. The aim of this study is to prove methods of detection of aerosolization of SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized patients in anticipation of testing for aerosolization in procedural and operative settings. Methods In this prospective study, inpatients with SARS-CoV-2 were identified. Demographic information was obtained, and a symptom questionnaire was completed. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters, which were attached to an air pump, were used to detect viral aerosolization and placed in four locations in each patient’s room. The filters were left in the rooms for a three-hour period. Results There were 10 patients who enrolled in the study, none of whom were vaccinated. Only two patients were more than a week from the onset of symptoms, and half of the patients received treatment for COVID with antivirals and steroids. Among ten RT-PCR positive and hospitalized patients, and four filters per patient, there was only one positive SARS-CoV-2 aerosol sample, and it was directly attached to one of the patients. Overall, there was no correlation between symptoms or symptom onset and aerosolized test result. Conclusions The results of this suggest that there is limited aerosolization of SARS-CoV-2 and provided proof of concept for this filter sampling technique. Further studies with increased sample size should be performed in a procedural and operative setting to provide more information about SARS-CoV-2 aerosolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sullivan A Ayuso
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Ian S Soriano
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vedra A Augenstein
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Jenny M Shao
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Baboli Z, Neisi N, Babaei AA, Ahmadi M, Sorooshian A, Birgani YT, Goudarzi G. On the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and relationship with indoor conditions at a hospital. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2021; 261:118563. [PMID: 34177342 PMCID: PMC8215890 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The limited knowledge about the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is a current challenge on a global scale. Among possible transmission routes, air transfer of the virus is thought to be prominent. To investigate this further, measurements were conducted at Razi hospital in Ahvaz, Iran, which was selected to treat COVID-19 severe cases in the Khuzestan province. Passive and active sampling methods were employed and compared with regard to their efficiency for collection of airborne SARS-COV-2 virus particles. Fifty one indoor air samples were collected in two areas, with distances of less than or equal to 1 m (patient room) and more than 3 m away (hallway and nurse station) from patient beds. A simulation method was used to obtain the virus load released by a regularly breathing or coughing individual including a range of microdroplet emissions. Using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 11.76% (N = 6) of all indoor air samples (N = 51) collected in the COVID-19 ward tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 virus, including 4 cases in patient rooms and 2 cases in the hallway. Also, 5 of the 6 positive cases were confirmed using active sampling methods with only 1 based on passive sampling. The results support airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 bioaerosols in indoor air. Multivariate analysis showed that among 15 parameters studied, the highest correlations with PCR results were obtained for temperature, relative humidity, PM levels, and presence of an air cleaner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Baboli
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Niloofar Neisi
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Alimentary Tract Research Center, Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ahmadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yaser Tahmasebi Birgani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Enderich DA, Hoff BW, Geiler M, Geiler A, Ottesen C, Cohick ZW, McConaha JW, Pohle HH, Franzi MA, Lepell PD, Montoya T, Schrock JA, Luginsland JW, Revelli D, Cox J, Irshad H. Nonlinear transmission line-driven apparatus for short-pulse microwave exposure of aerosolized pathogens. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:064712. [PMID: 34243497 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A system capable of exposing a flowing aerosol stream to short duration (2-4 ns), high-power RF waveforms is described. The system utilizes a C-band gyromagnetic nonlinear transmission line source having peak power outputs ranging as high as 80 kW at a center frequency of 4.2 GHz. RF electric field magnitudes of up to 280 kV/m ± 17% are achieved within the aerosol flow region of the RF exposure apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Enderich
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Brad W Hoff
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Michael Geiler
- Metamagnetics, Inc., Westborough, Massachusetts 01581, USA
| | - Anton Geiler
- Metamagnetics, Inc., Westborough, Massachusetts 01581, USA
| | - Casey Ottesen
- COSMIAC Research Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Zane W Cohick
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Jeremy W McConaha
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Hugh H Pohle
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Matthew A Franzi
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | | | | | - James A Schrock
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | | | - David Revelli
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - Jason Cox
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - Hammad Irshad
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
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Environmental contamination in the isolation rooms of COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation or high-flow oxygen therapy. J Hosp Infect 2020; 106:570-576. [PMID: 32828864 PMCID: PMC7441047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Identifying the extent of environmental contamination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is essential for infection control and prevention. The extent of environmental contamination has not been fully investigated in the context of severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients. Aim To investigate environmental SARS-CoV-2 contamination in the isolation rooms of severe COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation or high-flow oxygen therapy. Methods Environmental swab samples and air samples were collected from the isolation rooms of three COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia. Patients 1 and 2 received mechanical ventilation with a closed suction system, while patient 3 received high-flow oxygen therapy and non-invasive ventilation. Real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (rRT–PCR) was used to detect SARS-CoV-2; viral cultures were performed for samples not negative on rRT–PCR. Findings Of the 48 swab samples collected in the rooms of patients 1 and 2, only samples from the outside surfaces of the endotracheal tubes tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by rRT–PCR. However, in patient 3's room, 13 of the 28 environmental samples (fomites, fixed structures, and ventilation exit on the ceiling) showed positive results. Air samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2. Viable viruses were identified on the surface of the endotracheal tube of patient 1 and seven sites in patient 3's room. Conclusion Environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 may be a route of viral transmission. However, it might be minimized when patients receive mechanical ventilation with a closed suction system. These findings can provide evidence for guidelines for the safe use of personal protective equipment.
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Bulski K. Bioaerosols at plants processing materials of plant origin-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27507-27514. [PMID: 32415447 PMCID: PMC7334269 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to the dynamic development of industry, related to the processing of plant materials and a subsequent significant increase in the number of employees working in this kind of industry, the indoor air quality is of great importance for the human health. The premises of plants processing plant materials are a specific environment, related to exposure to biological agents. The major sources of microbial contamination of premises are employees' activities and the operation of devices used in the production process, quality of plant materials, technological processes, construction materials, ventilation (air-conditioning) systems, and outdoor air. Biological agents (primarily bacteria and fungi) transported in the air can cause numerous adverse health outcomes in exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Bulski
- Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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Covid-19 Airborne Transmission and Its Prevention: Waiting for Evidence or Applying the Precautionary Principle? ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11070710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Besides the predominant ways of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (namely, contacts and large droplets) the airborne one is increasingly taken into consideration as a result of latest research findings. Nevertheless, this possibility has been already suggested by previous studies on other coronaviruses including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. To describe the state of the art of coronaviruses and airborne transmission, a systematic review was carried out using the PRISMA methodology. Overall, 64 papers were selected and classified into three main groups: laboratory experiments (12 papers), air monitoring (22) and epidemiological and airflow model studies (30). The airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is suggested by the studies of the three groups, but none has yet obtained complete evidence. The sampling and detection methods have not been validated, therefore monitoring results are affected by a possible underestimation. Then, epidemiological investigations only hypothesize the airborne transmission as a possible explanation for some illness cases, but without estimating its attributable risk. Nevertheless, while waiting for more evidence, it is urgent to base advice on preventive measures, such as the use of masks, safe distancing and air ventilation, on the precautionary principle.
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Wang X, Bailey ES, Qi X, Yu H, Bao C, Gray GC. Bioaerosol Sampling at a Live Animal Market in Kunshan, China: A Noninvasive Approach for Detecting Emergent Viruses. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa134. [PMID: 32462044 PMCID: PMC7240344 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | - Emily S Bailey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Julia Jones Matthews Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, Texas, USA
| | - Xian Qi
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyan Yu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Nicholas School, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Bailey ES, Fieldhouse JK, Alarja NA, Chen DD, Kovalik ME, Zemke JN, Choi JY, Borkenhagen LK, Toh TH, Lee JSY, Chong KS, Gray GC. First sequence of influenza D virus identified in poultry farm bioaerosols in Sarawak, Malaysia. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2020; 6:5. [PMID: 32190346 PMCID: PMC7069008 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-020-0105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In 2018, our team collected aerosols samples from five poultry farms in Malaysia. Influenza D virus was detected in 14% of samples. One sample had an 86.3% identity score similar to NCBI accession number MH785020.1. This is the first molecular sequence of influenza D virus detected in Southeast Asia from a bioaerosol sample. Our findings indicate that further study of role of IDV in poultry is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Bailey
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA.,3Julia Jones Matthews Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX USA
| | - Jane K Fieldhouse
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Natalie A Alarja
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - David D Chen
- 2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Maria E Kovalik
- 2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Juliana N Zemke
- 2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Jessica Y Choi
- 2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Laura K Borkenhagen
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Teck-Hock Toh
- 4Clinical Research Center, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak Malaysia.,5Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Kuek-Sen Chong
- 5Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor Malaysia.,Divisional Health Office, Sibu, Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Gregory C Gray
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA.,7Global Health Research Center, Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.,8Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Airborne Influenza A Virus Exposure in an Elementary School. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1859. [PMID: 32024882 PMCID: PMC7002614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza contributes significantly to childhood morbidity and mortality. Given the magnitude of the school-aged child population, a sizeable proportion of influenza virus transmission events are expected to occur within school settings. However, influenza virus activity in schools is not well-understood, likely due to our limited ability to accurately monitor for respiratory viruses without disrupting the school environment. In this study, we evaluated the use of a bioaerosol sampling method to noninvasively detect and quantify airborne influenza A virus (IAV) densities in a public elementary school. Air samples were collected from multiple locations in the school, two days per week, throughout an eight-week sampling period during influenza season. Real-time RT-PCR targeting the IAV M gene revealed detectable IAV on five occasions in densities ranging from 2.0 × 10−1 to 1.9 × 104. No significant differences in IAV densities were related to student presence/absence. The majority of IAV-associated particles were ≤4 μm in diameter, and theoretical calculations indicate infectious thresholds after minutes of exposure. Our study represents the first identification and quantification of airborne influenza virus in an elementary school, and the results suggest that airborne IAV has the potential to circulate in schools during influenza season, in large enough doses known to cause infection.
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Bøifot KO, Gohli J, Moen LV, Dybwad M. Performance evaluation of a new custom, multi-component DNA isolation method optimized for use in shotgun metagenomic sequencing-based aerosol microbiome research. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2020; 15:1. [PMID: 33902731 PMCID: PMC8067373 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-019-0349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerosol microbiome research advances our understanding of bioaerosols, including how airborne microorganisms affect our health and surrounding environment. Traditional microbiological/molecular methods are commonly used to study bioaerosols, but do not allow for generic, unbiased microbiome profiling. Recent studies have adopted shotgun metagenomic sequencing (SMS) to address this issue. However, SMS requires relatively large DNA inputs, which are challenging when studying low biomass air environments, and puts high requirements on air sampling, sample processing and DNA isolation protocols. Previous SMS studies have consequently adopted various mitigation strategies, including long-duration sampling, sample pooling, and whole genome amplification, each associated with some inherent drawbacks/limitations. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate a new custom, multi-component DNA isolation method optimized for SMS-based aerosol microbiome research. The method achieves improved DNA yields from filter-collected air samples by isolating DNA from the entire filter extract, and ensures a more comprehensive microbiome representation by combining chemical, enzymatic and mechanical lysis. Benchmarking against two state-of-the-art DNA isolation methods was performed with a mock microbial community and real-world air samples. All methods demonstrated similar performance regarding DNA yield and community representation with the mock community. However, with subway samples, the new method obtained drastically improved DNA yields, while SMS revealed that the new method reported higher diversity. The new method involves intermediate filter extract separation into a pellet and supernatant fraction. Using subway samples, we demonstrate that supernatant inclusion results in improved DNA yields. Furthermore, SMS of pellet and supernatant fractions revealed overall similar taxonomic composition but also identified differences that could bias the microbiome profile, emphasizing the importance of processing the entire filter extract. CONCLUSIONS By demonstrating and benchmarking a new DNA isolation method optimized for SMS-based aerosol microbiome research with both a mock microbial community and real-world air samples, this study contributes to improved selection, harmonization, and standardization of DNA isolation methods. Our findings highlight the importance of ensuring end-to-end sample integrity and using methods with well-defined performance characteristics. Taken together, the demonstrated performance characteristics suggest the new method could be used to improve the quality of SMS-based aerosol microbiome research in low biomass air environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Oline Bøifot
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, P.O. Box 25, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Analytics, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Jostein Gohli
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, P.O. Box 25, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Line Victoria Moen
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, P.O. Box 25, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Marius Dybwad
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, P.O. Box 25, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway.
- Department of Analytics, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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Yadana S, Coleman KK, Nguyen TT, Hansen-Estruch C, Kalimuddin S, Thoon KC, Low JGH, Gray GC. Monitoring for airborne respiratory viruses in a general pediatric ward in Singapore. J Public Health Res 2019; 8:1407. [PMID: 31857987 PMCID: PMC6902309 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2019.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that transmission of respiratory viruses occurs through the inhalation of virus-laden particles. Our study describes the use of an aerosol sampling system to monitor the prevalence of airborne viruses in a hospital setting. Using SKC AirCheck Touch pumps, with National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) bioaerosol samplers and SKC filter cassette blanks, 28 aerosol samples were collected in a hospital ward in Singapore. Following DNA/RNA extraction, real-time RT-PCR/PCR was used for the detection of influenza A, B and D viruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses. Airborne virus was detected in nine (32%) of 28 samples. Among the nine positive samples, eight were PCR-positive for adenovirus and one for influenza A virus. Our data suggest that bioaerosol sampling could be valuable in monitoring for airborne respiratory viruses in clinical environments to better understand the risk of infection during a hospital visit. Significance for public health We demonstrated the potential for airborne respiratory viruses to circulate among hospitalized children, nursing staff and visitors. We argue that bioaerosol sampling could serve as a noninvasive and low-cost method to monitor for novel respiratory virus incursions in clinical settings, and better understand the risk of acquiring a respiratory illness during a hospital visit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yadana
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Tham Thi Nguyen
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Shirin Kalimuddin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Koh Cheng Thoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Disease Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jenny Guek Hong Low
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Gregory Charles Gray
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
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14
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Bekking C, Yip L, Groulx N, Doggett N, Finn M, Mubareka S. Evaluation of bioaerosol samplers for the detection and quantification of influenza virus from artificial aerosols and influenza virus-infected ferrets. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:564-573. [PMID: 31541519 PMCID: PMC6800310 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioaerosol sampling devices are necessary for the characterization of infectious bioaerosols emitted by naturally-infected hosts with acute respiratory virus infections. Assessment of these devices under multiple experimental conditions will provide insight for device use. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to assess and compare bioaerosol sampling devices using a) an in vitro, environmentally-controlled artificial bioaerosol system at a range of different RH conditions and b) an in vivo bioaerosol system of influenza virus-infected ferrets under controlled environmental conditions. Secondarily, we also sought to examine the impact of NSAIDs on bioaerosol emission in influenza virus-infected ferrets to address its potential as a determinant of bioaerosol emission. METHODS We examined the performance of low and moderate volume bioaerosol samplers for the collection of viral RNA and infectious influenza virus in vitroand in vivo using artificial bioaerosols and the ferret model of influenza virus infection. The following samplers were tested: the polytetrafluoroethylene filter (PTFE filter), the 2-stage National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health cyclone sampler (NIOSH cyclone sampler) and the 6-stage viable Andersen impactor (Andersen impactor). RESULTS The PTFE filter and NIOSH cyclone sampler collected similar amounts of viral RNA and infectious virus from artificially-generated aerosols under a range of relative humidities (RH). Using the ferret model, the PTFE filter, NIOSH cyclone sampler and the Andersen impactor collected up to 3.66 log10 copies of RNA/L air, 3.84 log10 copies of RNA/L air and 6.09 log10 copies of RNA/L air respectively at peak recovery. Infectious virus was recovered from the PTFE filter and NIOSH cyclone samplers on the peak day of viral RNA recovery. CONCLUSION The PTFE filter and NIOSH cyclone sampler are useful for influenza virus RNA and infectious virus collection and may be considered for clinical and environmental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bekking
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lily Yip
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas Groulx
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Doggett
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mairead Finn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Bailey ES, Choi JY, Zemke J, Yondon M, Gray GC. Molecular surveillance of respiratory viruses with bioaerosol sampling in an airport. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2018; 4:11. [PMID: 30237898 PMCID: PMC6142699 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-018-0071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recognizing that crowded, high-traffic airports and airplanes have been implicated in respiratory disease transmission, we partnered with administrators of Raleigh Durham International Airport (RDU) in conducting a pilot study of aerosol surveillance for respiratory viruses at RDU. From January to March 2018 we used NIOSH 2-stage samplers to collect 150 min aerosol samples in crowded areas at RDU. Four (17%) of the 24 samples were positive for known respiratory pathogens including influenza D virus and adenovirus. These results suggest the feasibility of employing bioaerosol surveillance techniques in public transportation areas, such as airports, as a noninvasive way to detect and characterize novel respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Bailey
- 1Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710 USA.,2Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, North Carolina 27710 USA
| | - Jessica Y Choi
- 1Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710 USA.,2Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, North Carolina 27710 USA
| | - Juliana Zemke
- 1Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710 USA.,2Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, North Carolina 27710 USA
| | - Myagmarsukh Yondon
- 1Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710 USA.,2Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, North Carolina 27710 USA
| | - Gregory C Gray
- 1Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710 USA.,2Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, North Carolina 27710 USA.,3Global Health Research Center, Duke-Kunshan University, No. 8 Duke Avenue, Kunshan, Jiangsu China.,4Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
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16
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Bailey ES, Choi JY, Fieldhouse JK, Borkenhagen LK, Zemke J, Zhang D, Gray GC. The continual threat of influenza virus infections at the human-animal interface: What is new from a one health perspective? EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 2018:192-198. [PMID: 30210800 PMCID: PMC6128238 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This year, in 2018, we mark 100 years since the 1918 influenza pandemic. In the last 100 years, we have expanded our knowledge of public health and increased our ability to detect and prevent influenza; however, we still face challenges resulting from these continually evolving viruses. Today, it is clear that influenza viruses have multiple animal reservoirs (domestic and wild), making infection prevention in humans especially difficult to achieve. With this report, we summarize new knowledge regarding influenza A, B, C and D viruses and their control. We also introduce how a multi-disciplinary One Health approach is necessary to mitigate these threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Bailey
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessica Y Choi
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jane K Fieldhouse
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laura K Borkenhagen
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Juliana Zemke
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dingmei Zhang
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Global Health Research Center, Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.,Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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17
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Choi JY, Zemke J, Philo SE, Bailey ES, Yondon M, Gray GC. Aerosol Sampling in a Hospital Emergency Room Setting: A Complementary Surveillance Method for the Detection of Respiratory Viruses. Front Public Health 2018; 6:174. [PMID: 29963543 PMCID: PMC6011129 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate environmental air sampling as an alternative form of active surveillance for respiratory pathogens in clinical settings. Samples were collected from three locations in the Emergency Department at Duke University Hospital Systems from October 2017 to March 2018. Of the 44 samples collected, 12 were positive for known respiratory pathogens including influenza A, influenza D, and adenovirus. Results suggest bioaerosol sampling may serve as a complement to active surveillance in clinical settings. Additionally, since respiratory viruses were detected in aerosol samples, our results suggest that hospital infection control measures, including the use of N95 respirators, could be used to limit the spread of infectious viruses in the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Choi
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Juliana Zemke
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah E Philo
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Emily S Bailey
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Myagmarsukh Yondon
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Global Health Research Center, Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.,Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Bing-Yuan, Zhang YH, Leung NH, Cowling BJ, Yang ZF. Role of viral bioaerosols in nosocomial infections and measures for prevention and control. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2018; 117:200-211. [PMID: 32226118 PMCID: PMC7094610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The presence of patients with diverse pathologies in hospitals results in an environment that can be rich in various microorganisms including respiratory and enteric viruses, leading to outbreaks in hospitals or spillover infections to the community. All hospital patients are at risk of nosocomial viral infections, but vulnerable groups such as older adults, children and immuno-compromised/-suppressed patients are at particular risk of severe outcomes including prolonged hospitalization or death. These pathogens could transmit through direct or indirect physical contact, droplets or aerosols, with increasing evidence suggesting the importance of aerosol transmission in nosocomial infections of respiratory and enteric viruses. Factors affecting the propensity to transmit and the severity of disease transmitted via the aerosol route include the biological characteristics affecting infectivity of the viruses and susceptibility of the host, the physical properties of aerosol particles, and the environmental stresses that alter these properties such as temperature and humidity. Non-specific systematic and individual-based interventions designed to mitigate the aerosol route are available although empirical evidence of their effectiveness in controlling transmission of respiratory and enteric viruses in healthcare settings are sparse. The relative importance of aerosol transmission in healthcare setting is still an on-going debate, with particular challenge being the recovery of infectious viral bioaerosols from real-life settings and the difficulty in delineating transmission events that may also be a result of other modes of transmission. For the prevention and control of nosocomial infections via the aerosol route, more research is needed on identifying settings, medical procedures or equipment that may be associated with an increased risk of aerosol transmission, including defining which procedures are aerosol-generating; and on the effectiveness of systematic interventions on aerosol transmission of respiratory and enteric viruses in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 151, Yanjiangxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
- Department of Respiration, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, 157, Jinbi Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Yun-Hui Zhang
- Department of Respiration, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, 157, Jinbi Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Nancy H.L. Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Patrick Manson Building (North Wing), 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Benjamin J. Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Patrick Manson Building (North Wing), 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zi-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 151, Yanjiangxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
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19
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Tang JW, Hoyle E, Moran S, Pareek M. Near-Patient Sampling to Assist Infection Control-A Case Report and Discussion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E238. [PMID: 29385031 PMCID: PMC5858307 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Air sampling as an aid to infection control is still in an experimental stage, as there is no consensus about which air samplers and pathogen detection methods should be used, and what thresholds of specific pathogens in specific exposed populations (staff, patients, or visitors) constitutes a true clinical risk. This case report used a button sampler, worn or held by staff or left free-standing in a fixed location, for environmental sampling around a child who was chronically infected by a respiratory adenovirus, to determine whether there was any risk of secondary adenovirus infection to the staff managing the patient. Despite multiple air samples taken on difference days, coinciding with high levels of adenovirus detectable in the child's nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs), none of the air samples contained any detectable adenovirus DNA using a clinically validated diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Although highly sensitive, in-house PCR assays have been developed to detect airborne pathogen RNA/DNA, it is still unclear what level of specific pathogen RNA/DNA constitutes a true clinical risk. In this case, the absence of detectable airborne adenovirus DNA using a conventional diagnostic assay removed the requirement for staff to wear surgical masks and face visors when they entered the child's room. No subsequent staff infections or outbreaks of adenovirus have so far been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian W Tang
- Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK.
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Hoyle
- Infection Prevention and Control, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK.
| | - Sammy Moran
- Leicester Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK.
| | - Manish Pareek
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK.
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20
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Li J, Leavey A, Wang Y, O’Neil C, Wallace MA, Burnham CAD, Boon ACM, Babcock H, Biswas P. Comparing the performance of 3 bioaerosol samplers for influenza virus. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2018; 115:133-145. [PMID: 32287370 PMCID: PMC7125700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viral diseases can be spread when a virus-containing particle (droplet) from one individual is aerosolized and subsequently comes into either direct or indirect contact with another individual. Increasing numbers of studies are examining the occupational risk to healthcare workers due to proximity to patients. Selecting the appropriate air sampling method is a critical factor in assuring the analytical performance characteristics of a clinical study. The objective of this study was to compare the physical collection efficiency and virus collection efficiency of a 5 mL compact SKC BioSampler®, a gelatin filter, and a glass fiber filter, in a laboratory setting. The gelatin filter and the glass fiber filter were housed in a home-made filter holder. Submersion (with vortexing and subsequent centrifugation) was used for the gelatin and glass fiber filters. Swabbing method was also tested to retrieve the viruses from the glass fiber filter. Experiments were conducted using the H1N1 influenza A virus A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (IAV-PR8), and viral recovery was determined using culture and commercial real-time-PCR (BioFire and Xpert). An atomizer was used to aerosolize a solution of influenza virus in PBS for measurement, and two Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers were used to determine particle size distributions. The SKC BioSampler demonstrated a U-shaped physical collection efficiency, lowest for particles around 30-50 nm, and highest at 10 nm and 300-350 nm within the size range examined. The physical collection efficiency of the gelatin filter was strongly influenced by air flow and time: a stable collection across all particle sizes was only observed at 2 L/min for the 9 min sampling time, otherwise, degradation of the filter was observed. The glass fiber filter demonstrated the highest physical collection efficiency (100% for all sizes) of all tested samplers, however, its overall virus recovery efficiency fared the worst (too low to quantify). The highest viral collection efficiencies for the SKC BioSampler and gelatin filter were 5% and 1.5%, respectively. Overall, the SKC BioSampler outperformed the filters. It is important to consider the total concentration of viruses entering the sampler when interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anna Leavey
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Caroline O’Neil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meghan A. Wallace
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carey-Ann D. Burnham
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adrianus CM Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hilary Babcock
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pratim Biswas
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, St. Louis, MO, USA
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21
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Wang X, Anderson BD, Pulscher LA, Bailey ES, Yondon M, Gray GC. Epidemiological study of people living in rural North Carolina for novel respiratory viruses. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:e265-e269. [PMID: 29265702 PMCID: PMC7165517 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the last 10 years, scientists have grown increasingly aware that emerging respiratory viruses are often zoonotic in their origin. These infections can originate from or be amplified in livestock. Less commonly recognized are instances when humans have transmitted their respiratory pathogens to animals (reverse zoonoses). Even with this knowledge of viral exchange at the human–livestock interface, few studies have been conducted to understand this cross‐over. In this pilot study, we examined persons with influenza‐like illness at an outpatient clinic for evidence of infection with novel zoonotic respiratory pathogens in rural North Carolina where there are dense swine and poultry farming. Environmental air sampling was also conducted. From July 2016 to March 2017, a total of 14 human subjects were enrolled and sampled, and 192 bioaerosol samples were collected. Of the 14 human subject samples molecularly tested, three (21.4%) were positive for influenza A, one (7.1%) for influenza B and one (7.1%) for human enterovirus. Of the 192 bioaerosol samples collected and tested by real‐time RT‐PCR or PCR, three (1.6%) were positive for influenza A and two (1.0%) for adenovirus. No evidence was found for novel zoonotic respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - B D Anderson
- Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - L A Pulscher
- Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - E S Bailey
- Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Yondon
- Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G C Gray
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China.,Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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