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Ma L, Yuan J, Qin H, Zhang M, Zhang F, Yu F, Tian Z, Wang G. GmMATE100 Is Involved in the Import of Soyasaponins A and B into Vacuoles in Soybean Plants ( Glycine max L.). J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:9994-10004. [PMID: 38648468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins, synthesized via the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway in the cytoplasm, provide protection against pathogens and pests in plants and health benefits for humans. However, the mechanisms by which triterpenoid saponins are transported between cellular compartments remain uncharacterized. Here, we characterize a tonoplast localized multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporter, GmMATE100 (encoded by Glyma.18G143700), from soybean (Glycine max L.). GmMATE100 is co-expressed with soyasaponin biosynthetic genes, and its expression was induced by MeJA treatment, which also led to soyasaponin accumulation in soybean roots. GmMATE100 efficiently transports multiple type-B soyasaponins as well as type-A soyasaponins with low affinity from the cytosol to the vacuole in a yeast system. The GmMATE100 loss-of-function mutant showed a significant decrease in type-A and type-B soyasaponin contents in soybean roots. This study not only characterized the first soybean triterpenoid saponin transporter but also provided new knowledge for the rational engineering of soyasaponin content and composition in soybean plants to modulate their levels within crop environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Ma
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yu
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
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2
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Sakanishi M, Chung SY, Fujiwara K, Kojoma M, Muranaka T, Seki H. Disruption of a licorice cellulose synthase-derived glycosyltransferase gene demonstrates its in planta role in soyasaponin biosynthesis. Plant Cell Rep 2023; 43:15. [PMID: 38135741 PMCID: PMC10746781 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE CRISPR-Cas9-mediated disruption of a licorice cellulose synthase-derived glycosyltransferase gene, GuCSyGT, demonstrated the in planta role of GuCSyGT as the enzyme catalyzing 3-O-glucuronosylation of triterpenoid aglycones in soyasaponin biosynthesis. Triterpenoid glycosides (saponins) are a large, structurally diverse group of specialized metabolites in plants, including the sweet saponin glycyrrhizin produced by licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) and soyasaponins that occur widely in legumes, with various bioactivities. The triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway involves the glycosylation of triterpenoid sapogenins (the non-sugar part of triterpenoid saponins) by glycosyltransferases (GTs), leading to diverse saponin structures. Previously, we identified a cellulose synthase-derived GT (CSyGT), as a newly discovered class of triterpenoid GT from G. uralensis. GuCSyGT expressed in yeast, which could transfer the sugar glucuronic acid to the C3 position of glycyrrhetinic acid and soyasapogenol B, which are the sapogenins of glycyrrhizin and soyasaponin I, respectively. This suggested that GuCSyGT is involved in the biosynthesis of glycyrrhizin and soyasaponin I. However, the in planta role of GuCSyGT in saponin biosynthesis remains unclear. In this study, we generated GuCSyGT-disrupted licorice hairy roots using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing and analyzed the saponin content. This revealed that soyasaponin I was completely absent in GuCSyGT-disrupted lines, demonstrating the in planta role of GuCSyGT in saponin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Sakanishi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Soo Yeon Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fujiwara
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mareshige Kojoma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Kanazawa, Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Yuan J, Ma L, Wang Y, Xu X, Zhang R, Wang C, Meng W, Tian Z, Zhou Y, Wang G. A recently evolved BAHD acetyltransferase, responsible for bitter soyasaponin A production, is indispensable for soybean seed germination. J Integr Plant Biol 2023; 65:2490-2504. [PMID: 37548097 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Soyasaponins are major small molecules that accumulate in soybean (Glycine max) seeds. Among them, type-A soyasaponins, fully acetylated at the terminal sugar of their C22 sugar chain, are responsible for the bitter taste of soybean-derived foods. However, the molecular basis for the acetylation of type-A soyasaponins remains unclear. Here, we identify and characterize GmSSAcT1, encoding a BADH-type soyasaponin acetyltransferase that catalyzes three or four consecutive acetylations on type-A soyasaponins in vitro and in planta. Phylogenetic analysis and biochemical assays suggest that GmSSAcT1 likely evolved from acyltransferases present in leguminous plants involved in isoflavonoid acylation. Loss-of-function mutants of GmSSAcT1 exhibited impaired seed germination, which attribute to the excessive accumulation of null-acetylated type-A soyasaponins. We conclude that GmSSAcT1 not only functions as a detoxification gene for high accumulation of type-A soyasaponins in soybean seeds but is also a promising target for breeding new soybean varieties with lower bitter soyasaponin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Liya Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xindan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institute of Pasteur of Shanghai, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wenxiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhixi Tian
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
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4
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Han BY, Wang ZL, Li J, Jin Q, Wang HT, Chen K, Yi Y, Ågren H, Qiao X, Ye M. A highly selective C-rhamnosyltransferase from Viola tricolor and insights into its mechanisms. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3535-3544. [PMID: 37655315 PMCID: PMC10465961 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
C-Glycosides are important natural products with various bioactivities. In plant biosynthetic pathways, the C-glycosylation step is usually catalyzed by C-glycosyltransferases (CGTs), and most of them prefer to accept uridine 5'-diphosphate glucose (UDP-Glc) as sugar donor. No CGTs favoring UDP-rhamnose (UDP-Rha) as sugar donor has been reported, thus far. Herein, we report the first selective C-rhamnosyltransferase VtCGTc from the medicinal plant Viola tricolor. VtCGTc could efficiently catalyze C-rhamnosylation of 2-hydroxynaringenin 3-C-glucoside, and exhibited high selectivity towards UDP-Rha. Mechanisms for the sugar donor selectivity of VtCGTc were investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and molecular mechanics with generalized Born and surface area solvation (MM/GBSA) binding free energy calculations. Val144 played a vital role in recognizing UDP-Rha, and the V144T mutant could efficiently utilize UDP-Glc. This work provides a new and efficient approach to prepare flavonoid C-rhamnosides such as violanthin and iso-violanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zi-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junhao Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden
| | - Qing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hao-Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing 100191, China
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5
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Sugimoto K, Ono E, Inaba T, Tsukahara T, Matsui K, Horikawa M, Toyonaga H, Fujikawa K, Osawa T, Homma S, Kiriiwa Y, Ohmura I, Miyagawa A, Yamamura H, Fujii M, Ozawa R, Watanabe B, Miura K, Ezura H, Ohnishi T, Takabayashi J. Identification of a tomato UDP-arabinosyltransferase for airborne volatile reception. Nat Commun 2023; 14:677. [PMID: 36755045 PMCID: PMC9908901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatiles from herbivore-infested plants function as a chemical warning of future herbivory for neighboring plants. (Z)-3-Hexenol emitted from tomato plants infested by common cutworms is taken up by uninfested plants and converted to (Z)-3-hexenyl β-vicianoside (HexVic). Here we show that a wild tomato species (Solanum pennellii) shows limited HexVic accumulation compared to a domesticated tomato species (Solanum lycopersicum) after (Z)-3-hexenol exposure. Common cutworms grow better on an introgression line containing an S. pennellii chromosome 11 segment that impairs HexVic accumulation, suggesting that (Z)-3-hexenol diglycosylation is involved in the defense of tomato against herbivory. We finally reveal that HexVic accumulation is genetically associated with a uridine diphosphate-glycosyltransferase (UGT) gene cluster that harbors UGT91R1 on chromosome 11. Biochemical and transgenic analyses of UGT91R1 show that it preferentially catalyzes (Z)-3-hexenyl β-D-glucopyranoside arabinosylation to produce HexVic in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sugimoto
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 2-509-3 Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, 510-2113, Japan.,Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Ono
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seika-dai, Seika, Souraku, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Tamaki Inaba
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Takehiko Tsukahara
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsui
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Manabu Horikawa
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seika-dai, Seika, Souraku, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Hiromi Toyonaga
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seika-dai, Seika, Souraku, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Kohki Fujikawa
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seika-dai, Seika, Souraku, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Tsukiho Osawa
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seika-dai, Seika, Souraku, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Shunichi Homma
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kiriiwa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.,Agri-Intelligence Cultivation Institute, Shizuoka University, Nagoya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Ippei Ohmura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hatsuo Yamamura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Mikio Fujii
- School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Rika Ozawa
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 2-509-3 Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, 510-2113, Japan
| | - Bunta Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.,Chemistry Laboratory, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Kokuryo, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8570, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohnishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan. .,Agri-Intelligence Cultivation Institute, Shizuoka University, Nagoya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan. .,Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan. .,Institute for Tea Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Junji Takabayashi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 2-509-3 Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, 510-2113, Japan.
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6
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Hou M, Nie F, Zhao J, Ju Z, Yang L, Wang Q, Zhao S, Wang Z. New Glycosyltransferases in Panax notoginseng Perfect Main Ginsenosides Biosynthetic Pathways. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:963-973. [PMID: 36548634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the main bioactive ingredients of the Panax genus, are dammarane or oleanane triterpenoids with glycosylated modifications at C3/C6/C20 hydroxyls or C28 carboxyl, and their diverse glycosylation pattern has attracted great attention. However, the biosynthesis of some important saponins is still unclear. In this study, six UGTs were characterized, two of which were novel. PnUGT71A3 catalyzes not only the C6 hydroxyl glycosylation of protopanaxatriol (PPT) and F1 to form Rh1 and Rg1, respectively, but also the C20 hydroxyl glycosylation of protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type Rg3 to generate Rd. Especially, PnUGT94M1 is UDP-β-l-rhamnose (UDP-Rha)-dependent, regioselectively catalyzing the C2' hydroxyl rhamnosylation of C6 glucose of the PPT-type ginsenosides Rg1 and Rh1 to generate ginsenosides Re and Rg2, respectively. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that His21, Asp120, Ser363, and Pro372 are key residues, and the triple mutant (G344S/G345S/L346T) highly improved the activity toward Rg1 and Rh1. The findings in this study, perfect main ginsenosides biosynthetic pathways in the Panax genus, expand the biocatalyst toolbox for ginsenoside production and show that the PSPG motif is one of the options to modify UGTs to improve their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqi Hou
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Nie
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianing Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengcai Ju
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingzhong Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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7
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Yu A, Jiang X, Sun Y, Hu Q, Zhu X, Kang J, Chen L, Liu L, Hao L, Yang Q, Long R, Li M. Genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression analysis of UDP-glycosyltransferase genes associated with secondary metabolism in alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1001206. [PMID: 36254261 PMCID: PMC9568668 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are enzymes that catalyze glycosylation modifications and play an essential role in regulating plant metabolism. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most important legume in the world due to its high yields and protein content; however, the UGT genes in alfalfa have not yet been studied. Identifying UGT genes with metabolic roles in alfalfa is essential for identifying and modifying genetic traits that are relevant to yield and quality. In this study, 90 of the 239 UGT genes identified from the alfalfa "Zhongmu No. 1" genome database were found to be related to secondary metabolism, and a series of gene family characterization analyses were conducted on each. The results demonstrated that all 90 UGT genes were unevenly distributed on eight chromosomes with few introns and that tandem duplications were the crucial driving force expanding the UGT family in alfalfa. Notably, the 90 UGT genes can be clustered into ten evolutionary groups which contain specific PSPG motifs, and genes in these ten groups have specific tissue expressions. This suggests that the UGT genes in each group could have similar glycosylation roles corresponding to analogous secondary metabolites in alfalfa. Additionally, multiple cis-acting elements found in MsUGT promoter regions, such as phytohormone and flavonoids, indicate that 90 UGT members could be induced by these features, which are also related to secondary metabolism. Therefore, our study identified 90 UGT members inten evolutionary groups that are likely related to glycosylation modifications with secondary metabolites in alfalfa. These findings help uncover pivotal regulatory mechanisms associated with secondary metabolism in plant yield and quality and contribute to genetic modification and breeding in alfalfa and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andong Yu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqian Jiang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiannan Hu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junmei Kang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Bayannur Institute of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Linfeng Hao
- Bayannur Institute of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruicai Long
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingna Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Munakata R. Pulses without the Characteristic Distasteful Bitterness: Pea TILLING Lines Lacking the Major β-Amyrin Synthase in Soyasaponin Biosynthesis. Plant Cell Physiol 2021; 62:749-751. [PMID: 34018559 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Munakata
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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9
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Vernoud V, Lebeigle L, Munier J, Marais J, Sanchez M, Pertuit D, Rossin N, Darchy B, Aubert G, Le Signor C, Berdeaux O, Lacaille-Dubois MA, Thompson R. β-Amyrin Synthase1 Controls the Accumulation of the Major Saponins Present in Pea (Pisum sativum). Plant Cell Physiol 2021; 62:784-797. [PMID: 33826728 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of pulses as ingredients for the production of food products rich in plant proteins is increasing. However, protein fractions prepared from pea or other pulses contain significant amounts of saponins, glycosylated triterpenes that can impart an undesirable bitter taste when used as an ingredient in foodstuffs. In this article, we describe the identification and characterization of a gene involved in saponin biosynthesis during pea seed development, by screening mutants obtained from two Pisum sativum TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) populations in two different genetic backgrounds. The mutations studied are located in a gene designated PsBAS1 (β-amyrin synthase1), which is highly expressed in maturing pea seeds and which encodes a protein previously shown to correspond to an active β-amyrin synthase. The first allele is a nonsense mutation, while the second mutation is located in a splice site and gives rise to a mis-spliced transcript encoding a truncated, nonfunctional protein. The homozygous mutant seeds accumulated virtually no saponin without affecting the seed nutritional or physiological quality. Interestingly, BAS1 appears to control saponin accumulation in all other tissues of the plant examined. These lines represent a first step in the development of pea varieties lacking bitterness off-flavors in their seeds. Our work also shows that TILLING populations in different genetic backgrounds represent valuable genetic resources for both crop improvement and functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vernoud
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Ludivine Lebeigle
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
- University of Lausanne, Center for Integrative GenomicsLausanne 1015,Switzerland
| | - Jocelyn Munier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Julie Marais
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Myriam Sanchez
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - David Pertuit
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie EA 4267, Dijon 21079, France
| | - Nadia Rossin
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Brigitte Darchy
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Grégoire Aubert
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Christine Le Signor
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Olivier Berdeaux
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | | | - Richard Thompson
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
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10
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Chung SY, Seki H, Fujisawa Y, Shimoda Y, Hiraga S, Nomura Y, Saito K, Ishimoto M, Muranaka T. A cellulose synthase-derived enzyme catalyses 3-O-glucuronosylation in saponin biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5664. [PMID: 33199711 PMCID: PMC7669905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are specialised metabolites distributed widely in the plant kingdom that consist of one or more sugar moieties attached to triterpenoid aglycones. Despite the widely accepted view that glycosylation is catalysed by UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT), the UGT which catalyses the transfer of the conserved glucuronic acid moiety at the C-3 position of glycyrrhizin and various soyasaponins has not been determined. Here, we report that a cellulose synthase superfamily-derived glycosyltransferase (CSyGT) catalyses 3-O-glucuronosylation of triterpenoid aglycones. Gene co-expression analyses of three legume species (Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Glycine max, and Lotus japonicus) reveal the involvement of CSyGTs in saponin biosynthesis, and we characterise CSyGTs in vivo using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. CSyGT mutants of L. japonicus do not accumulate soyasaponin, but the ectopic expression of endoplasmic reticulum membrane-localised CSyGTs in a L. japonicus mutant background successfully complement soyasaponin biosynthesis. Finally, we produced glycyrrhizin de novo in yeast, paving the way for sustainable production of high-value saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yeon Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujisawa
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Shimoda
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Susumu Hiraga
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Yuhta Nomura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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11
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Yang C, Li C, Wei W, Wei Y, Liu Q, Zhao G, Yue J, Yan X, Wang P, Zhou Z. The unprecedented diversity of UGT94-family UDP-glycosyltransferases in Panax plants and their contribution to ginsenoside biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15394. [PMID: 32958789 PMCID: PMC7506552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 150 ginsenosides have been isolated and identified from Panax plants. Ginsenosides with different glycosylation degrees have demonstrated different chemical properties and bioactivity. In this study, we systematically cloned and characterized 46 UGT94 family UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGT94s) from a mixed Panax ginseng/callus cDNA sample with high amino acid identity. These UGT94s were found to catalyze sugar chain elongation at C3-O-Glc and/or C20-O-Glc of protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type, C20-O-Glc or C6-O-Glc of protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type or both C3-O-Glc of PPD-type and C6-O-Glc of PPT-type or C20-O-Glc of PPD-type and PPT-type ginsenosides with different efficiencies. We also cloned 26 and 51 UGT94s from individual P. ginseng and P. notoginseng plants, respectively; our characterization results suggest that there is a group of UGT94s with high amino acid identity but diverse functions or catalyzing activities even within individual plants. These UGT94s were classified into three clades of the phylogenetic tree and consistent with their catalytic function. Based on these UGT94s, we elucidated the biosynthetic pathway of a group of ginsenosides. Our present results reveal a series of UGTs involved in second sugar chain elongation of saponins in Panax plants, and provide a scientific basis for understanding the diverse evolution mechanisms of UGT94s among plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengshuai Yang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chaojing Li
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Wei
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yongjun Wei
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qunfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianmin Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xing Yan
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Pingping Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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12
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Li W, Wu G, Wang M, Yue A, Du W, Liu D, Zhao J. Colorimetric detection of class A soybean saponins by coupling DNAzyme with the gap ligase chain reaction. Anal Methods 2020; 12:3361-3367. [PMID: 32930223 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00820f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Class A saponins are responsible for the taste of soybean products, and the rapid identification of class A saponins from soybean food is essential for both food safety and cultivar screening. In this study, we propose a colorimetric assay based on the coupling of gap ligase chain reaction (Gap-LCR) with DNAzyme to detect the target GmSg-1 genes of class A soybean saponins with the naked eye, without the involvement of expensive instruments. The limits of detection (LODs) for the GmSg-1a and GmSg-1b genes were determined to be 0.1618 and 0.1625 μM, respectively, with a linear range of 0.2-1.2 μM. The DNAzyme-based Gap LCR assay was successfully employed to identify the target genes from different soybean cultivars, providing a simple means for monitoring the quality of soybean products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Li
- College of Arts and Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Guorui Wu
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Min Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Aiqin Yue
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Weijun Du
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Dingbin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- College of Arts and Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
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13
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Krishnamurthy P, Tsukamoto C, Ishimoto M. Reconstruction of the Evolutionary Histories of UGT Gene Superfamily in Legumes Clarifies the Functional Divergence of Duplicates in Specialized Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1855. [PMID: 32182686 PMCID: PMC7084467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant uridine 5'-diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs) influence the physiochemical properties of several classes of specialized metabolites including triterpenoids via glycosylation. To uncover the evolutionary past of UGTs of soyasaponins (a group of beneficial triterpene glycosides widespread among Leguminosae), the UGT gene superfamily in Medicago truncatula, Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Lotus japonicus, and Trifolium pratense genomes were systematically mined. A total of 834 nonredundant UGTs were identified and categorized into 98 putative orthologous loci (POLs) using tree-based and graph-based methods. Major key findings in this study were of, (i) 17 POLs represent potential catalysts for triterpene glycosylation in legumes, (ii) UGTs responsible for the addition of second (UGT73P2: galactosyltransferase and UGT73P10: arabinosyltransferase) and third (UGT91H4: rhamnosyltransferase and UGT91H9: glucosyltransferase) sugars of the C-3 sugar chain of soyasaponins were resulted from duplication events occurred before and after the hologalegina-millettoid split, respectively, and followed neofunctionalization in species-/ lineage-specific manner, and (iii) UGTs responsible for the C-22-O glycosylation of group A (arabinosyltransferase) and DDMP saponins (DDMPtransferase) and the second sugar of C-22 sugar chain of group A saponins (UGT73F2: glucosyltransferase) may all share a common ancestor. Our findings showed a way to trace the evolutionary history of UGTs involved in specialized metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chigen Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan
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14
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Yano R, Hoshikawa K, Okabe Y, Wang N, Dung PT, Imriani PS, Shiba H, Ariizumi T, Ezura H. Multiplex exome sequencing reveals genome-wide frequency and distribution of mutations in the 'Micro-Tom' Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) mutant library. Plant Biotechnol (Tokyo) 2019; 36:223-231. [PMID: 31983876 PMCID: PMC6978505 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.19.0830a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While the 'Micro-Tom' TILLING mutant library is used for a wide range of purposes, including both basic research of gene function and breeding of commercial cultivars, genome-wide distribution and frequency of mutations have not yet been thoroughly elucidated on a population scale. In this study, we developed a 96-plex exome sequencing method to identify and analyze mutations within the TILLING mutants that were developed in the University of Tsukuba. First, an Illumina paired-end sequencing coupled with 96-plex exome capture resulted in the acquisition of an exome sequence dataset with an average read count of 5.6 million for the 95 mutants. Over 98% of the capture target region could be covered by the short reads with an averaged read depth of 12.8, which enabled us to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms and Indels in a genome-wide manner. By subtracting intra-cultivar DNA variations that are present between wild-type 'Micro-Tom' lines, we identified 241,391 mutation candidates in 95 mutant individuals. Of these, 64,319 and 6,480 mutations were expected to cause protein amino acid substitutions or premature stop codon, respectively. Based on the exome mutation dataset, a mutant line designated 'TOMJPW601' was found to carry a premature stop codon mutation (W261*) in a putative auxin influx carrier gene SlLAX1 (Solyc09G014380), consistent with our previous report of its curly leaf phenotype. Our results suggested that a population-scale mutation database developed by multiplexed exome sequencing could be used for in silico mutant screening, which in turn could contribute to both gene function research and breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Yano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Advanced Analysis Center, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan
- JST PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Okabe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ning Wang
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Pham Thi Dung
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Pulungan Sri Imriani
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiba
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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15
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Orme A, Louveau T, Stephenson MJ, Appelhagen I, Melton R, Cheema J, Li Y, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Fan D, Tian Q, Vickerstaff RJ, Langdon T, Han B, Osbourn A. A noncanonical vacuolar sugar transferase required for biosynthesis of antimicrobial defense compounds in oat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019:201914652. [PMID: 31806756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914652116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce an array of natural products with important ecological functions. These compounds are often decorated with oligosaccharide groups that influence bioactivity, but the biosynthesis of such sugar chains is not well understood. Triterpene glycosides (saponins) are a large family of plant natural products that determine important agronomic traits, as exemplified by avenacins, antimicrobial defense compounds produced by oats. Avenacins have a branched trisaccharide moiety consisting of l-arabinose linked to 2 d-glucose molecules that is critical for antifungal activity. Plant natural product glycosylation is usually performed by uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). We previously characterized the arabinosyltransferase that initiates the avenacin sugar chain; however, the enzymes that add the 2 remaining d-glucose molecules have remained elusive. Here we characterize the enzymes that catalyze these last 2 glucosylation steps. AsUGT91G16 is a classical cytosolic UGT that adds a 1,2-linked d-glucose molecule to l-arabinose. Unexpectedly, the enzyme that adds the final 1,4-linked d-glucose (AsTG1) is not a UGT, but rather a sugar transferase belonging to Glycosyl Hydrolase family 1 (GH1). Unlike classical UGTs, AsTG1 is vacuolar. Analysis of oat mutants reveals that AsTG1 corresponds to Sad3, a previously uncharacterized locus shown by mutation to be required for avenacin biosynthesis. AsTG1 and AsUGT91G16 form part of the avenacin biosynthetic gene cluster. Our demonstration that a vacuolar transglucosidase family member plays a critical role in triterpene biosynthesis highlights the importance of considering other classes of carbohydrate-active enzymes in addition to UGTs as candidates when elucidating pathways for the biosynthesis of glycosylated natural products in plants.
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16
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Nomura Y, Seki H, Suzuki T, Ohyama K, Mizutani M, Kaku T, Tamura K, Ono E, Horikawa M, Sudo H, Hayashi H, Saito K, Muranaka T. Functional specialization of UDP-glycosyltransferase 73P12 in licorice to produce a sweet triterpenoid saponin, glycyrrhizin. Plant J 2019; 99:1127-1143. [PMID: 31095780 PMCID: PMC6851746 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin, a sweet triterpenoid saponin found in the roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza species (licorice), is an important active ingredient in traditional herbal medicine. We previously identified two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, CYP88D6 and CYP72A154, that produce an aglycone of glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, in Glycyrrhiza uralensis. The sugar moiety of glycyrrhizin, which is composed of two glucuronic acids, makes it sweet and reduces its side-effects. Here, we report that UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) 73P12 catalyzes the second glucuronosylation as the final step of glycyrrhizin biosynthesis in G. uralensis; the UGT73P12 produced glycyrrhizin by transferring a glucuronosyl moiety of UDP-glucuronic acid to glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide. We also obtained a natural variant of UGT73P12 from a glycyrrhizin-deficient (83-555) strain of G. uralensis. The natural variant showed loss of specificity for UDP-glucuronic acid and resulted in the production of an alternative saponin, glucoglycyrrhizin. These results are consistent with the chemical phenotype of the 83-555 strain, and suggest the contribution of UGT73P12 to glycyrrhizin biosynthesis in planta. Furthermore, we identified Arg32 as the essential residue of UGT73P12 that provides high specificity for UDP-glucuronic acid. These results strongly suggest the existence of an electrostatic interaction between the positively charged Arg32 and the negatively charged carboxy group of UDP-glucuronic acid. The functional arginine residue and resultant specificity for UDP-glucuronic acid are unique to UGT73P12 in the UGT73P subfamily. Our findings demonstrate the functional specialization of UGT73P12 for glycyrrhizin biosynthesis during divergent evolution, and provide mechanistic insights into UDP-sugar selectivity for the rational engineering of sweet triterpenoid saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhta Nomura
- Department of BiotechnologyGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
- Present address:
RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science2‐1 HirosawaWakoSaitama351‐0198Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of BiotechnologyGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
| | - Tomonori Suzuki
- Department of BiotechnologyGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials ScienceTokyo Institute of Technology2‐12‐1 O‐okayama, Meguro‐kuTokyo152‐8551Japan
| | - Masaharu Mizutani
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceKobe University1‐1 Rokkodai‐cho, Nada‐kuKobeHyogo657‐8501Japan
| | - Tomomi Kaku
- Department of BiotechnologyGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Keita Tamura
- Department of BiotechnologyGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Eiichiro Ono
- Suntory Global Innovation Center LtdResearch Institute8‐1‐1 Seikadai, Seika‐cho, Soraku‐gunKyoto619‐0284Japan
| | - Manabu Horikawa
- Suntory Foundation for Life SciencesBioorganic Research Institute8‐1‐1 Seikadai, Seika‐cho, Soraku‐gunKyoto619‐0284Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sudo
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co., Ltd158 KinokoSakuraChiba285‐0801Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba University1‐8‐1 Inohana, Chuo‐kuChiba260‐8675Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hayashi
- School of PharmacyIwate Medical University2‐1‐1 NishitokutaYahaba, Iwate028‐3694Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba University1‐8‐1 Inohana, Chuo‐kuChiba260‐8675Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of BiotechnologyGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
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17
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Krishnamurthy P, Fujisawa Y, Takahashi Y, Abe H, Yamane K, Mukaiyama K, Son HR, Hiraga S, Kaga A, Anai T, Tsukamoto C, Ishimoto M. High-Throughput Screening and Characterization of a High-Density Soybean Mutant Library Elucidate the Biosynthesis Pathway of Triterpenoid Saponins. Plant Cell Physiol 2019; 60:1082-1097. [PMID: 30753604 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes (C30) constitute one of the diverse class of natural products with potential applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Soyasaponins are oleanane-type triterpenoids widespread among legumes and particularly abundant in soybean seeds. They have associated with various pharmacological implications and undesirable taste properties of soybean-based food products. Uncovering the biosynthetic genes of soyasaponins will provide new opportunities to control the pathway for human benefits. However, the pathway of soyasaponin biosynthesis has not been fully elucidated in part because of a paucity of natural mutants. Here, we applied a structured high-density soybean mutant library for the forward genetic screening of triterpenoid biosynthesis. The seed soyasaponin polymorphism in the mutant library was evaluated using a high-throughput thin-layer chromatography and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. This screening identified 35 mutants (3.85% of 909 mutant lines) with seven unusual soyasaponin phenotypes (Categories 1-7), which was greater than the number of natural mutants reported previously (22 mutants, 0.18% of ∼12,428 accessions). Nine unique intermediates of soyasaponin biosynthesis were identified and their chemical structures were estimated based on their MS/MS fragment patterns. Based on published information, 19 mutants could be associated with loss of function of four individual soyasaponin biosynthesis genes identified through expressed sequence tag mining or positional cloning, whereas the remaining 16 mutants were novel and may facilitate discovery of the unknown biosynthetic genes of soyasaponins. Our approach and library may help to identify new phenotype materials and causative genes associated with specialized metabolite production and other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuya Takahashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hanako Abe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamane
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Hae-Reon Son
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Susumu Hiraga
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akito Kaga
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | | | - Masao Ishimoto
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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18
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Sundaramoorthy J, Park GT, Komagamine K, Tsukamoto C, Chang JH, Lee JD, Kim JH, Seo HS, Song JT. Biosynthesis of DDMP saponins in soybean is regulated by a distinct UDP-glycosyltransferase. New Phytol 2019; 222:261-274. [PMID: 30414191 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2,3-Dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP) saponins are one of the major saponin groups that are widely distributed in legumes such as pea, barrel medic, chickpea, and soybean. The steps involved in DDMP saponin biosynthesis remain uncharacterized at the molecular level. We isolated two recessive mutants that lack DDMP saponins from an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutant population of soybean cultivar Pungsannamul. Segregation analysis showed that the production of DDMP saponins is controlled by a single locus, named Sg-9. The locus was physically mapped to a 130-kb region on chromosome 16. Nucleotide sequence analysis of candidate genes in the region revealed that each mutant has a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the Glyma.16G033700 encoding a UDP-glycosyltransferase UGT73B4. Enzyme assays and mass spectrum-coupled chromatographic analysis reveal that the Sg-9 protein has glycosyltransferase activity, converting sapogenins and group B saponins to glycosylated products, and that mutant proteins had only partial activities. The tissue-specific expression profile of Sg-9 matches the accumulation pattern of DDMP saponins. This is the first report on a new gene and its function in the biosynthesis of DDMP saponins. Our findings indicate that Sg-9 encodes a putative DDMP transferase that plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of DDMP saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gyu Tae Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Kumpei Komagamine
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Chigen Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Jeong Ho Chang
- Department of Biology Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Jeong-Dong Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoe Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Hak Soo Seo
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jong Tae Song
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
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19
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Takagi K, Yano R, Tochigi S, Fujisawa Y, Tsuchinaga H, Takahashi Y, Takada Y, Kaga A, Anai T, Tsukamoto C, Seki H, Muranaka T, Ishimoto M. Genetic and functional characterization of Sg-4 glycosyltransferase involved in the formation of sugar chain structure at the C-3 position of soybean saponins. Phytochemistry 2018; 156:96-105. [PMID: 30261341 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are specialized metabolites, which are abundant in soybean seeds. They have a wide variety of effects on human health and physiology. The composition of sugar chain attached to the aglycone moiety of saponins can be controlled by genetic loci, such as Sg-1, 3, and 4. Among these, the homozygous recessive sg-4 impairs the accumulation of saponins that have an arabinose moiety at the second position of the C-3 sugar chain (i.e., saponins Ad and βa) in the hypocotyls. In this study, we found that sg-4 cultivars are disabled in Glyma.01G046300 expression in hypocotyls. This gene encodes a putative glycosyltransferase (UGT73P10) and is a homolog of GmSGT2 (UGT73P2) whose recombinant protein has been previously shown, in vitro, to conjugate the second galactose moiety at the C-3 position of soyasapogenol B monoglucuronide (SBMG). The sg-4 phenotype (absence of saponins Ad and βa in hypocotyls) was restored by introducing the Glyma.01G046300 genomic DNA fragment that was obtained from the Sg-4 cultivar 'Ibarakimame 7'. Although Glyma.01G046300 is expressed in the cotyledons even in the sg-4 cultivars such as 'Enrei', the induced premature stop codon mutation (W244*) resulted in impaired accumulation of saponin βa in this tissue also in the 'Enrei' genetic background. Furthermore, the recombinant Glyma.01G046300 protein was shown to conjugate the second Ara moiety at the C-3 position of SBMG using UDP-Ara as a sugar donor. These results demonstrate that Sg-4 is responsible for conjugation of the second Ara moiety at the C-3 position of soybean saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Takagi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Yano
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Saeko Tochigi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujisawa
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan; Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tsuchinaga
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuya Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Takada
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Zentsuji, Kagawa, 765-8508, Japan
| | - Akito Kaga
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan; Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Chigen Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan; Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
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