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Sequeiros-Borja C, Surpeta B, Thirunavukarasu AS, Dongmo Foumthuim CJ, Marchlewski I, Brezovsky J. Water will Find Its Way: Transport through Narrow Tunnels in Hydrolases. J Chem Inf Model 2024. [PMID: 38669675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
An aqueous environment is vital for life as we know it, and water is essential for nearly all biochemical processes at the molecular level. Proteins utilize water molecules in various ways. Consequently, proteins must transport water molecules across their internal network of tunnels to reach the desired action sites, either within them or by functioning as molecular pipes to control cellular osmotic pressure. Despite water playing a crucial role in enzymatic activity and stability, its transport has been largely overlooked, with studies primarily focusing on water transport across membrane proteins. The transport of molecules through a protein's tunnel network is challenging to study experimentally, making molecular dynamics simulations the most popular approach for investigating such events. In this study, we focused on the transport of water molecules across three different α/β-hydrolases: haloalkane dehalogenase, epoxide hydrolase, and lipase. Using a 5 μs adaptive simulation per system, we observed that only a few tunnels were responsible for the majority of water transport in dehalogenase, in contrast to a higher diversity of tunnels in other enzymes. Interestingly, water molecules could traverse narrow tunnels with subangstrom bottlenecks, which is surprising given the commonly accepted water molecule radius of 1.4 Å. Our analysis of the transport events in such narrow tunnels revealed a markedly increased number of hydrogen bonds formed between the water molecules and protein, likely compensating for the steric penalty of the process. Overall, these commonly disregarded narrow tunnels accounted for ∼20% of the total water transport observed, emphasizing the need to surpass the standard geometrical limits on the functional tunnels to properly account for the relevant transport processes. Finally, we demonstrated how the obtained insights could be applied to explain the differences in a mutant of the human soluble epoxide hydrolase associated with a higher incidence of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sequeiros-Borja
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw 02-109, Poland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Interactions and Transport, Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Surpeta
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw 02-109, Poland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Interactions and Transport, Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Aravind Selvaram Thirunavukarasu
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw 02-109, Poland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Interactions and Transport, Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | | | - Igor Marchlewski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw 02-109, Poland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Interactions and Transport, Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Jan Brezovsky
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw 02-109, Poland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Interactions and Transport, Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań 61-614, Poland
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2
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Gunn KH, Neher SB. Structure of dimeric lipoprotein lipase reveals a pore adjacent to the active site. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2569. [PMID: 37142573 PMCID: PMC10160067 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes triglycerides from circulating lipoproteins, releasing free fatty acids. Active LPL is needed to prevent hypertriglyceridemia, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM), we determined the structure of an active LPL dimer at 3.9 Å resolution. This structure reveals an open hydrophobic pore adjacent to the active site residues. Using modeling, we demonstrate that this pore can accommodate an acyl chain from a triglyceride. Known LPL mutations that lead to hypertriglyceridemia localize to the end of the pore and cause defective substrate hydrolysis. The pore may provide additional substrate specificity and/or allow unidirectional acyl chain release from LPL. This structure also revises previous models on how LPL dimerizes, revealing a C-terminal to C-terminal interface. We hypothesize that this active C-terminal to C-terminal conformation is adopted by LPL when associated with lipoproteins in capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn H Gunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Saskia B Neher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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3
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Gunn KH, Neher SB. Structure of Dimeric Lipoprotein Lipase Reveals a Pore for Hydrolysis of Acyl Chains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.21.533650. [PMID: 36993689 PMCID: PMC10055231 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.21.533650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes triglycerides from circulating lipoproteins, releasing free fatty acids. Active LPL is needed to prevent hypertriglyceridemia, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM), we determined the structure of an active LPL dimer at 3.9 Ã… resolution. This is the first structure of a mammalian lipase with an open, hydrophobic pore adjacent to the active site. We demonstrate that the pore can accommodate an acyl chain from a triglyceride. Previously, it was thought that an open lipase conformation was defined by a displaced lid peptide, exposing the hydrophobic pocket surrounding the active site. With these previous models after the lid opened, the substrate would enter the active site, be hydrolyzed and then released in a bidirectional manner. It was assumed that the hydrophobic pocket provided the only ligand selectivity. Based on our structure, we propose a new model for lipid hydrolysis, in which the free fatty acid product travels unidirectionally through the active site pore, entering and exiting opposite sides of the protein. By this new model, the hydrophobic pore provides additional substrate specificity and provides insight into how LPL mutations in the active site pore may negatively impact LPL activity, leading to chylomicronemia. Structural similarity of LPL to other human lipases suggests that this unidirectional mechanism could be conserved but has not been observed due to the difficulty of studying lipase structure in the presence of an activating substrate. We hypothesize that the air/water interface formed during creation of samples for cryoEM triggered interfacial activation, allowing us to capture, for the first time, a fully open state of a mammalian lipase. Our new structure also revises previous models on how LPL dimerizes, revealing an unexpected C-terminal to C-terminal interface. The elucidation of a dimeric LPL structure highlights the oligomeric diversity of LPL, as now LPL homodimer, heterodimer, and helical filament structures have been elucidated. This diversity of oligomerization may provide a form of regulation as LPL travels from secretory vesicles in the cell, to the capillary, and eventually to the liver for lipoprotein remnant uptake. We hypothesize that LPL dimerizes in this active C-terminal to C-terminal conformation when associated with mobile lipoproteins in the capillary.
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4
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Alejaldre L, Lemay-St-Denis C, Pelletier JN, Quaglia D. Tuning Selectivity in CalA Lipase: Beyond Tunnel Engineering. Biochemistry 2023; 62:396-409. [PMID: 36580299 PMCID: PMC9851156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Engineering studies of Candida (Pseudozyma) antarctica lipase A (CalA) have demonstrated the potential of this enzyme in the selective hydrolysis of fatty acid esters of different chain lengths. CalA has been shown to bind substrates preferentially through an acyl-chain binding tunnel accessed via the hydrolytic active site; it has also been shown that selectivity for substrates of longer or shorter chain length can be tuned, for instance by modulating steric hindrance within the tunnel. Here we demonstrate that, whereas the tunnel region is certainly of paramount importance for substrate recognition, residues in distal regions of the enzyme can also modulate substrate selectivity. To this end, we investigate variants that carry one or more substitutions within the substrate tunnel as well as in distal regions. Combining experimental determination of the substrate selectivity using natural and synthetic substrates with computational characterization of protein dynamics and of tunnels, we deconvolute the effect of key substitutions and demonstrate that epistatic interactions contribute to procuring selectivity toward either long-chain or short/medium-chain fatty acid esters. We demonstrate that various mechanisms contribute to the diverse selectivity profiles, ranging from reshaping tunnel morphology and tunnel stabilization to obstructing the main substrate-binding tunnel, highlighting the dynamic nature of the substrate-binding region. This work provides important insights into the versatility of this robust lipase toward diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorea Alejaldre
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering
and Applications, https://proteo.ca/en/
- CGCC, Center
in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, QC, CanadaG1V 0A6
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, CanadaH3T 1J4
| | - Claudèle Lemay-St-Denis
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering
and Applications, https://proteo.ca/en/
- CGCC, Center
in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, QC, CanadaG1V 0A6
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, CanadaH3T 1J4
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering
and Applications, https://proteo.ca/en/
- CGCC, Center
in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, QC, CanadaG1V 0A6
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, CanadaH3T 1J4
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, CanadaH2V 0B3
| | - Daniela Quaglia
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering
and Applications, https://proteo.ca/en/
- CGCC, Center
in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, QC, CanadaG1V 0A6
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, CanadaH2V 0B3
- Department
of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, CanadaK1S 5B6
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5
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Altering the Chain Length Specificity of a Lipase from Pleurotus citrinopileatus for the Application in Cheese Making. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172608. [PMID: 36076794 PMCID: PMC9455245 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In traditional cheese making, pregastric lipolytic enzymes of animal origin are used for the acceleration of ripening and the formation of spicy flavor compounds. Especially for cheese specialities, such as Pecorino, Provolone, or Feta, pregastric esterases (PGE) play an important role. A lipase from Pleurotus citrinopileatus could serve as a substitute for these animal-derived enzymes, thus offering vegetarian, kosher, and halal alternatives. However, the hydrolytic activity of this enzyme towards long-chain fatty acids is slightly too high, which may lead to off-flavors during long-term ripening. Therefore, an optimization via protein engineering (PE) was performed by changing the specificity towards medium-chain fatty acids. With a semi-rational design, possible mutants at eight different positions were created and analyzed in silico. Heterologous expression was performed for 24 predicted mutants, of which 18 caused a change in the hydrolysis profile. Three mutants (F91L, L302G, and L305A) were used in application tests to produce Feta-type brine cheese. The sensory analyses showed promising results for cheeses prepared with the L305A mutant, and SPME-GC-MS analysis of volatile free fatty acids supported these findings. Therefore, altering the chain length specificity via PE becomes a powerful tool for the replacement of PGEs in cheese making.
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6
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Li W, Bilal M, Singh AK, Sher F, Ashraf SS, Franco M, Américo-Pinheiro JHP, Iqbal HMN. Broadening the Scope of Biocatalysis Engineering by Tailoring Enzyme Microenvironment: A Review. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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8
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Wang HT, Bharadwaj VS, Yang JY, Curry TM, Moremen KW, Bomble YJ, Urbanowicz BR. Rational enzyme design for controlled functionalization of acetylated xylan for cell-free polymer biosynthesis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118564. [PMID: 34560975 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Xylan O-acetyltransferase 1 (XOAT1) is involved in O-acetylating the backbone of hemicellulose xylan. Recent structural analysis of XOAT1 showed two unequal lobes forming a cleft that is predicted to accommodate and position xylan acceptors into proximity with the catalytic triad. Here, we used docking and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the optimal orientation of xylan in the binding cleft of XOAT1 and identify putative key residues (Gln445 and Arg444 on Minor lobe & Asn312, Met311 and Asp403 on Major lobe) involved in substrate interactions. Site-directed mutagenesis coupled with biochemical analyses revealed the major lobe of XOAT1 is important for xylan binding. Mutation of single key residues yielded XOAT1 variants with various enzymatic efficiencies that are applicable to one-pot synthesis of xylan polymers with different degrees of O-acetylation. Taken together, our results demonstrate the effectiveness of computational modeling in guiding enzyme engineering aimed at modulating xylan and redesigning plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Tzu Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Vivek S Bharadwaj
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Thomas M Curry
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yannick J Bomble
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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9
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Ahmad S, Strunk CH, Schott-Verdugo SN, Jaeger KE, Kovacic F, Gohlke H. Substrate Access Mechanism in a Novel Membrane-Bound Phospholipase A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Concordant with Specificity and Regioselectivity. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:5626-5643. [PMID: 34748335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PlaF is a cytoplasmic membrane-bound phospholipase A1 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa that alters the membrane glycerophospholipid (GPL) composition and fosters the virulence of this human pathogen. PlaF activity is regulated by a dimer-to-monomer transition followed by tilting of the monomer in the membrane. However, how substrates reach the active site and how the characteristics of the active site tunnels determine the activity, specificity, and regioselectivity of PlaF for natural GPL substrates have remained elusive. Here, we combined unbiased and biased all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and configurational free-energy computations to identify access pathways of GPL substrates to the catalytic center of PlaF. Our results map out a distinct tunnel through which substrates access the catalytic center. PlaF variants with bulky tryptophan residues in this tunnel revealed decreased catalysis rates due to tunnel blockage. The MD simulations suggest that GPLs preferably enter the active site with the sn-1 acyl chain first, which agrees with the experimentally demonstrated PLA1 activity of PlaF. We propose that the acyl chain-length specificity of PlaF is determined by the structural features of the access tunnel, which results in favorable free energy of binding of medium-chain GPLs. The suggested egress route conveys fatty acid (FA) products to the dimerization interface and, thus, contributes to understanding the product feedback regulation of PlaF by FA-triggered dimerization. These findings open up opportunities for developing potential PlaF inhibitors, which may act as antibiotics against P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabahuddin Ahmad
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Heinrich Strunk
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan N Schott-Verdugo
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular (CBSM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.,John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry) & Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Filip Kovacic
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry) & Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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10
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Korasick DA, Christgen SL, Qureshi IA, Becker DF, Tanner JJ. Probing the function of a ligand-modulated dynamic tunnel in bifunctional proline utilization A (PutA). Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 712:109025. [PMID: 34506758 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In many bacteria, the reactions of proline catabolism are catalyzed by the bifunctional enzyme known as proline utilization A (PutA). PutA catalyzes the two-step oxidation of l-proline to l-glutamate using distinct proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) and l-glutamate-γ-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (GSALDH) active sites, which are separated by over 40 Å and connected by a complex tunnel system. The tunnel system consists of a main tunnel that connects the two active sites and functions in substrate channeling, plus six ancillary tunnels whose functions are unknown. Here we used tunnel-blocking mutagenesis to probe the role of a dynamic ancillary tunnel (tunnel 2a) whose shape is modulated by ligand binding to the PRODH active site. The 1.90 Å resolution crystal structure of Geobacter sulfurreducens PutA variant A206W verified that the side chain of Trp206 cleanly blocks tunnel 2a without perturbing the surrounding structure. Steady-state kinetic measurements indicate the mutation impaired PRODH activity without affecting the GSALDH activity. Single-turnover experiments corroborated a severe impairment of PRODH activity with flavin reduction decreased by nearly 600-fold in A206W relative to wild-type. Substrate channeling is also significantly impacted as A206W exhibited a 3000-fold lower catalytic efficiency in coupled PRODH-GSALDH activity assays, which measure NADH formation as a function of proline. The structure suggests that Trp206 inhibits binding of the substrate l-proline by preventing the formation of a conserved glutamate-arginine ion pair and closure of the PRODH active site. Our data are consistent with tunnel 2a serving as an open space through which the glutamate of the ion pair travels during the opening and closing of the active site in response to binding l-proline. These results confirm the essentiality of the conserved ion pair in binding l-proline and support the hypothesis that the ion pair functions as a gate that controls access to the PRODH active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Korasick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States
| | - Shelbi L Christgen
- Department Biochemistry and the Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States
| | - Insaf A Qureshi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Donald F Becker
- Department Biochemistry and the Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States.
| | - John J Tanner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States.
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11
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Nemati R, Molakarimi M, Mohseni A, Taghdir M, Khalifeh K, H. Sajedi R. Thermostability of Ctenophore and Coelenterate Ca 2+-Regulated Apo-photoproteins: A Comparative Study. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1538-1545. [PMID: 34181382 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The stabilities of Ca2+-regulated ctenophore and coelenterate apo-photoproteins, apo-mnemiopsin (apo-Mne) and apo-aequorin (apo-Aeq), respectively, were compared biochemically, biophysically, and structurally. Despite high degrees of structural and functional conservation, drastic variations in stability and structural dynamics were found between the two proteins. Irreversible thermoinactivation experiments were performed upon incubation of apo-photoproteins at representative temperatures. The inactivation rate constants (kinact) at 50 °C were determined to be 0.001 and 0.004 min-1 for apo-Mne and apo-Aeq, respectively. Detailed analysis of the inactivation process suggests that the higher thermostability of apo-Mne is due to the higher activation energy (Ea) and subsequently higher values of ΔH* and ΔG* at a given temperature. According to molecular dynamics simulation studies, the higher hydrogen bond, electrostatic, and van der Waals energies in apo-Mne can validate the relationship between the thermal adaptation of apo-Mne and the energy barrier for the inactivation process. Our results show that favorable residues for protein thermostability such as hydrophobic, charged, and adopted α-helical structure residues are more frequent in the apo-Mne structure. Although the effect of acrylamide on fluorescence quenching suggests that the local flexibility in regions around Trp and Tyr residues of apo-Aeq is higher than that of apo-Mne, which results in it having a better ability to penetrate acrylamide molecules, the root-mean-square fluctuation of helix A in apo-Mne is higher than that in apo-Aeq. It seems that the greater flexibility of apo-Mne in these regions may be considered as a determining factor, affecting the thermal stability of apo-Mne through a balance between structural rigidity and flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robabeh Nemati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran
| | - Maryam Molakarimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran
| | - Ammar Mohseni
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran
| | - Majid Taghdir
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran
| | - Khosrow Khalifeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran
| | - Reza H. Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran
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12
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Influence of the chain length of the fatty acids present in different oils and the pore diameter of the support on the catalytic activity of immobilized lipase for ethyl ester production. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Menden A, Crynen S, Mathura V, Paris D, Crawford F, Mullan M, Ait-Ghezala G. Novel, natural allosteric inhibitors and enhancers of Candida rugosa lipase activity. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104732. [PMID: 33639364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) is an enzyme commonly used in medicinal and biotechnological applications. Allosteric modulators of CRL could aid in modifying lipase-related diseases as well as improving biotechnological processes. Thus, a combinatorial approach of computational in-silico and high-throughput in-vitro screening was used to identify allosteric modulators of CRL. The screening of natural product libraries resulted in 132 compounds of which 53 were tested in-vitro. Subsequently, four inhibitors and three enhancers were identified of which rutin and cynaroside represented the strongest inhibitors of CRL activity (IC50: 227 ± 26 µM and 446 ± 15 µM, respectively) and NP-008496 the strongest enhancer (EC50: 425 ± 18 µM). All three compounds were predicted to bind the same allosteric site suggesting a common mechanism. Therefore, the present study demonstrated a reliable work-flow, identified an allosteric site of CRL and determined inhibitors and enhancers with numerous potential medical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Menden
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, 34243, United States; Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton-Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom.
| | - Stefan Crynen
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, 34243, United States; Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton-Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel Paris
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, 34243, United States; Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton-Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, 34243, United States; Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton-Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Mullan
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, 34243, United States; Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton-Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Ghania Ait-Ghezala
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, 34243, United States; Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton-Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
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14
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Box-Behnken design optimisation of a green novel nanobio-based reagent for rapid visualisation of latent fingerprints on wet, non-porous substrates. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:881-898. [PMID: 33389272 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-03052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Optimisation of the green novel nanobio-based reagent (NBR) for rapid visualisation of groomed fingerprints on wet non-porous substrates using response surface methodology and assessment of its stability and sensitivity were attempted for forensic applications. RESULTS Scanning electron microscopy images demonstrated successful attachments of NBR onto the constituents of fingerprints on the substrates. The highest average quality of visualised fingerprints was attained at the optimum condition (100 mg of CRL; 75 mg of acid-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes; 5 h of immobilisation). The NBR produced comparable average quality of fingerprints with the commercially available small particle reagent, even after 4 weeks of storage (without any preservatives) in both chilled and sultry conditions. The NBR was sensitive enough to visualise the increasingly weaker fingerprints, particularly on glass slides. CONCLUSION The optimised novel NBR could be the relatively greener option for visualising latent fingerprints on wet, non-porous substrates for forensic applications.
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Wahab RA, Puspanadan JK, Mahat NA, Azman AR, Ismail D. Potassium triiodide enhanced multi-walled carbon nanotubes supported lipase for expediting a greener forensic visualization of wetted fingerprints. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Azman AR, Mahat NA, Abdul Wahab R, Ahmad WA, Mohamed Huri MA, Abdul Hamid AA, Adamu A, Mat Saat GA. Characterisation and computational analysis of a novel lipase nanobio-based reagent for visualising latent fingerprints on water-immersed glass slides. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Microbial lipases represent one of the most important groups of biotechnological biocatalysts. However, the high-level production of lipases requires an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of gene expression, folding, and secretion processes. Stable, selective, and productive lipase is essential for modern chemical industries, as most lipases cannot work in different process conditions. However, the screening and isolation of a new lipase with desired and specific properties would be time consuming, and costly, so researchers typically modify an available lipase with a certain potential for minimizing cost. Improving enzyme properties is associated with altering the enzymatic structure by changing one or several amino acids in the protein sequence. This review detailed the main sources, classification, structural properties, and mutagenic approaches, such as rational design (site direct mutagenesis, iterative saturation mutagenesis) and direct evolution (error prone PCR, DNA shuffling), for achieving modification goals. Here, both techniques were reviewed, with different results for lipase engineering, with a particular focus on improving or changing lipase specificity. Changing the amino acid sequences of the binding pocket or lid region of the lipase led to remarkable enzyme substrate specificity and enantioselectivity improvement. Site-directed mutagenesis is one of the appropriate methods to alter the enzyme sequence, as compared to random mutagenesis, such as error-prone PCR. This contribution has summarized and evaluated several experimental studies on modifying the substrate specificity of lipases.
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Moharana TR, Rao NM. Substrate structure and computation guided engineering of a lipase for omega-3 fatty acid selectivity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231177. [PMID: 32271820 PMCID: PMC7145112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrichment of omega-3 fatty acids (ɷ-3 FAs) in natural oils is important to realize their health benefits. Lipases are promising catalysts to perform this enrichment, however, fatty acid specificity of lipases is poor. We attempted to improve the fatty acid selectivity of a lipase from Geobacillus thermoleovorans (GTL) by two approaches. In a semi-rational approach, amino acid positions critical for binding were identified by docking the substrate to the GTL and best substitutes at these positions were identified by site saturation mutagenesis followed by screening to obtain a variant of GTL (CM-GTL). In the second approach based on rational design, a variant of GTL was designed (DM-GTL) wherein the active site was narrowed by incorporating two heavier amino acids in the lining of acyl-binding pocket to hinder access to bulky ɷ-3 FAs. The affinities DM-GTL with designed substrates were evaluated in silico. Both, CM-GTL and DM-GTL have shown excellent ability to discriminate against the ɷ-3 FAs during hydrolysis of oils. Engineering the binding pocket of an enzyme of a complex substrate, such as a triglyceride, by incorporating the information on substrate structure and computationally derived binding modes, has resulted in designing two efficient lipase variants with improved substrate selectivity.
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Menden A, Hall D, Paris D, Mathura V, Crawford F, Mullan M, Crynen S, Ait-Ghezala G. A fast, miniaturised in-vitro assay developed for quantification of lipase enzyme activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1474-1480. [PMID: 31414611 PMCID: PMC6713963 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1651312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of allosteric modulators is a multi-disciplinary approach, which is time-
and cost-intensive. High-throughput screening combined with novel computational tools can
reduce these factors. Thus, we developed an enzyme activity assay, which can be included
in the drug discovery work-flow subsequent to the in-silico library
screening. While the in-silico screening yields in the identification of
potential allosteric modulators, the developed in-vitro assay allows for
the characterisation of them. Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), a glyceride
hydrolysing enzyme, has been selected for the pilot development. The assay conditions were
adjusted to CRL’s properties including pH, temperature and substrate specificity for two
different substrates. The optimised assay conditions were validated and were used to
characterise Tropolone, which was identified as an allosteric modulator. In conclusion,
the assay is a reliable, reproducible, and robust tool, which can be streamlined with
in-silico screening and incorporated in an automated high-throughput
screening workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Menden
- a Department of Genomics, Roskamp Institute , Sarasota , FL , USA.,b ARC, Open University , Milton-Keynes , United Kingdom
| | - Davane Hall
- a Department of Genomics, Roskamp Institute , Sarasota , FL , USA
| | - Daniel Paris
- a Department of Genomics, Roskamp Institute , Sarasota , FL , USA.,b ARC, Open University , Milton-Keynes , United Kingdom
| | | | - Fiona Crawford
- a Department of Genomics, Roskamp Institute , Sarasota , FL , USA.,b ARC, Open University , Milton-Keynes , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Mullan
- a Department of Genomics, Roskamp Institute , Sarasota , FL , USA.,b ARC, Open University , Milton-Keynes , United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Crynen
- a Department of Genomics, Roskamp Institute , Sarasota , FL , USA.,b ARC, Open University , Milton-Keynes , United Kingdom
| | - Ghania Ait-Ghezala
- a Department of Genomics, Roskamp Institute , Sarasota , FL , USA.,b ARC, Open University , Milton-Keynes , United Kingdom
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Oroz‐Guinea I, Zorn K, Bornscheuer UT. Enhancement of Lipase CAL‐A Selectivity by Protein Engineering for the Hydrolysis of Erucic Acid from
Crambe
Oil. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Oroz‐Guinea
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 417487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Katja Zorn
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 417487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 417487 GreifswaldGermany
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21
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Kokkonen P, Bednar D, Pinto G, Prokop Z, Damborsky J. Engineering enzyme access tunnels. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107386. [PMID: 31026496 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are efficient and specific catalysts for many essential reactions in biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries. Many times, the natural enzymes do not display the catalytic efficiency, stability or specificity required for these industrial processes. The current enzyme engineering methods offer solutions to this problem, but they mainly target the buried active site where the chemical reaction takes place. Despite being many times ignored, the tunnels and channels connecting the environment with the active site are equally important for the catalytic properties of enzymes. Changes in the enzymatic tunnels and channels affect enzyme activity, specificity, promiscuity, enantioselectivity and stability. This review provides an overview of the emerging field of enzyme access tunnel engineering with case studies describing design of all the aforementioned properties. The software tools for the analysis of geometry and function of the enzymatic tunnels and channels and for the rational design of tunnel modifications will also be discussed. The combination of new software tools and enzyme engineering strategies will provide enzymes with access tunnels and channels specifically tailored for individual industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Kokkonen
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gaspar Pinto
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Gacemi S, Benarous K, Imperial S, Yousfi M. Lepidine B & E as New Target Inhibitors from Lepidium Sativum Seeds Against Four Enzymes of the Pathogen Candida albicans: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 20:127-138. [PMID: 30987578 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190415141520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The present paper aims to study the inhibition of Candida albicans growth as candidiasis treatment, using seeds of Lepidium sativum as source. METHODS In vitro assays were carried out on the antifungal activity of three kinds of extracts from L. sativum seeds against four strains of C. albicans, then testing the same phytochemicals on the inhibition of Lipase (LCR). A new in silico study was achieved using molecular docking, with Autodock vina program, to find binding affinity of two important and major lepidine alkaloids (lepidine E and B) towards the four enzymes secreted by C. albicans as target drugs, responsible of vitality and virulence of this yeast cells: Lipase, Serine/threonine phosphatase, Phosphomannose isomerase and Sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51). RESULTS The results of the microdillution assay show that the hexanic and alkaloidal extracts have an antifungal activity with MICs: 2.25 mg/ml and 4.5mg/ml, respectively. However, Candida rugosa lipase assay gives a remarkable IC50 values for the hexanic extract (1.42± 0.04 mg/ml) followed by 1.7± 0.1 and 2.29 ± 0.09 mg/ml of ethyl acetate and alkaloidal extracts respectively. The molecular docking confirms a significant correlation between C. albicans growth and inhibition of crucial enzymes involved in the invasion mechanism and cellular metabolisms, for the first time there were an interesting and new positive results on binding modes of lepidine E and B on the four studied enzymes. CONCLUSION Through this work, we propose Lepidine B & E as potent antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Gacemi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Laghouat BP37G 03000, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Khedidja Benarous
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Laghouat BP37G 03000, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Santiago Imperial
- Department of biochemistry, Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology. University of Barcelona, Avenue de Diagonal, 643 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohamed Yousfi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Laghouat BP37G 03000, Laghouat, Algeria
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Zorn K, Oroz-Guinea I, Bornscheuer UT. Strategies for enriching erucic acid from Crambe abyssinica oil by improved Candida antarctica lipase A variants. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Filling the Void: Introducing Aromatic Interactions into Solvent Tunnels To Enhance Lipase Stability in Methanol. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02143-18. [PMID: 30217852 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02143-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An enhanced stability of enzymes in organic solvents is desirable under industrial conditions. The potential of lipases as biocatalysts is mainly limited by their denaturation in polar alcohols. In this study, we focused on selected solvent tunnels in lipase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus T6 to improve its stability in methanol during biodiesel synthesis. Using rational mutagenesis, bulky aromatic residues were incorporated to occupy solvent channels and induce aromatic interactions leading to a better inner core packing. The chemical and structural characteristics of each solvent tunnel were systematically analyzed. Selected residues were replaced with Phe, Tyr, or Trp. Overall, 16 mutants were generated and screened in 60% methanol, from which 3 variants showed an enhanced stability up to 81-fold compared with that of the wild type. All stabilizing mutations were found in the longest tunnel detected in the "closed-lid" X-ray structure. The combination of Phe substitutions in an A187F/L360F double mutant resulted in an increase in unfolding temperature (Tm ) of 7°C in methanol and a 3-fold increase in biodiesel synthesis yield from waste chicken oil. A kinetic analysis with p-nitrophenyl laurate revealed that all mutants displayed lower hydrolysis rates (k cat), though their stability properties mostly determined the transesterification capability. Seven crystal structures of different variants were solved, disclosing new π-π or CH/π intramolecular interactions and emphasizing the significance of aromatic interactions for improved solvent stability. This rational approach could be implemented for the stabilization of other enzymes in organic solvents.IMPORTANCE Enzymatic synthesis in organic solvents holds increasing industrial opportunities in many fields; however, one major obstacle is the limited stability of biocatalysts in such a denaturing environment. Aromatic interactions play a major role in protein folding and stability, and we were inspired by this to redesign enzyme voids. The rational protein engineering of solvent tunnels of lipase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus is presented here, offering a promising approach to introduce new aromatic interactions within the enzyme core. We discovered that longer tunnels leading from the surface to the enzyme active site were more beneficial targets for mutagenesis for improving lipase stability in methanol during biodiesel biosynthesis. A structural analysis of the variants confirmed the generation of new interactions involving aromatic residues. This work provides insights into stability-driven enzyme design by targeting the solvent channel void.
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Zorn K, Oroz‐Guinea I, Brundiek H, Dörr M, Bornscheuer UT. Alteration of Chain Length Selectivity of Candida antarctica Lipase A by Semi-Rational Design for the Enrichment of Erucic and Gondoic Fatty Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2018; 360:4115-4131. [PMID: 30555288 PMCID: PMC6283244 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnological strategies using renewable materials as starting substrates are a promising alternative to traditional oleochemical processes for the isolation of different fatty acids. Among them, long chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids are especially interesting in industrial lipid modification, since they are precursors of several economically relevant products, including detergents, plastics and lubricants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an enzymatic method in order to increase the percentage of long chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids from Camelina and Crambe oil ethyl ester derivatives, by using selective lipases. Specifically, the focus was on the enrichment of gondoic (C20:1 cisΔ11) and erucic acid (C22:1 cisΔ13) from Camelina and Crambe oil derivatives, respectively. The pursuit of this goal entailed several steps, including: (i) the choice of a suitable lipase scaffold to serve as a protein engineering template (Candida antarctica lipase A); (ii) the identification of potential amino acid targets to disrupt the binding tunnel at the adequate location; (iii) the design, creation and high-throughput screening of lipase mutant libraries; (iv) the study of the selectivity towards different chain length p-nitrophenyl fatty acid esters of the best hits found, as well as the analysis of the contribution of each amino acid change and the outcome of combining several of the aforementioned residue alterations and, finally, (v) the selection and application of the most promising candidates for the fatty acid enrichment biocatalysis. As a result, enrichment of C22:1 from Crambe ethyl esters was achieved either, in the free fatty acid fraction (wt, 78%) or in the esterified fraction (variants V1, 77%; V9, 78% and V19, 74%). Concerning the enrichment of C20:1 when Camelina oil ethyl esters were used as substrate, the best variant was the single mutant V290W, which doubled its content in the esterified fraction from approximately 15% to 34%. A moderately lower increase was achieved by V9 and its two derived triple mutant variants V19 and V20 (27%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Zorn
- University of Greifswald, Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Isabel Oroz‐Guinea
- University of Greifswald, Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | | | - Mark Dörr
- University of Greifswald, Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- University of Greifswald, Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
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26
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Tanaka SI, Takahashi T, Koide A, Iwamoto R, Koikeda S, Koide S. Monobody-Mediated Alteration of Lipase Substrate Specificity. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1487-1492. [PMID: 29757606 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the catalytic properties of enzymes remain an important challenge in chemistry and biotechnology. We have recently established a strategy for altering enzyme specificity in which the addition of proxy monobodies, synthetic binding proteins, modulates the specificity of an otherwise unmodified enzyme. Here, in order to examine its broader applicability, we employed the strategy on Candida rugosa lipase 1 (CRL1), an enzyme with a tunnel-like substrate binding site. We successfully identified proxy monobodies that restricted the substrate specificity of CRL1 toward short-chain fatty acids. The successes with this enzyme system and a β-galactosidase used in the previous work suggest that our strategy can be applied to diverse enzymes with distinct architectures of substrate binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-ichi Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Frontier Research Department, Gifu R&D Center, Amano Enzyme, Inc., Gifu 509-0109, Japan
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takahashi
- Frontier Research Department, Gifu R&D Center, Amano Enzyme, Inc., Gifu 509-0109, Japan
| | - Akiko Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Riki Iwamoto
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koikeda
- Frontier Research Department, Gifu R&D Center, Amano Enzyme, Inc., Gifu 509-0109, Japan
| | - Shohei Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
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Ding X, Zheng RC, Tang XL, Zheng YG. Engineering of Talaromyces thermophilus lipase by altering its crevice-like binding site for highly efficient biocatalytic synthesis of chiral intermediate of Pregablin. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:330-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Infanzón B, Sotelo PH, Martínez J, Diaz P. Rational evolution of the unusual Y-type oxyanion hole of Rhodococcus sp. CR53 lipase LipR. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 108:26-33. [PMID: 29108624 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhodococcus sp CR-53 lipase LipR was the first characterized member of bacterial lipase family X. Interestingly, LipR displays some similarity with α/β-hydrolases of the C. antartica lipase A (CAL-A)-like superfamily (abH38), bearing a Y-type oxyanion hole, never found before among bacterial lipases. In order to explore this unusual Y-type oxyanion hole, and to improve LipR performance, two modification strategies based on site directed or saturation mutagenesis were addressed. Initially, a small library of mutants was designed to convert LipR Y-type oxyanion hole (YDS) into one closer to those most frequently found in bacteria (GGG(X)). However, activity was completely lost in all mutants obtained, indicating that the Y-type oxyanion hole of LipR is required for activity. A second approach was addressed to modify the two main oxyanion hole residues Tyr110 and Asp111, previously described for CAL-A as the most relevant amino acids involved in stabilization of the enzyme-substrate complex. A saturation mutagenesis library was prepared for each residue (Tyr110 and Asp111), and activity of the resulting variants was assayed on different chain length substrates. No functional LipR variants could be obtained when Tyr110 was replaced by any other amino acids, indicating that this is a crucial residue for catalysis. However, among the Asp111 variants obtained, LipR D111G produced a functional enzyme. Interestingly, this LipR-YGS variant showed less activity than wild type LipR on short- or mid- chain substrates but displayed a 5.6-fold increased activity on long chain length substrates. Analysis of the 3D model and in silico docking studies of this enzyme variant suggest that substitution of Asp by Gly produces a wider entrance tunnel that would allow for a better and tight accommodation of larger substrates, thus justifying the experimental results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Infanzón
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo H Sotelo
- Department of Biotechnology, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Campus Universitario, P.0. Box 1055, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Josefina Martínez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Diaz
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Spain.
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30
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Yaacob N, Ahmad Kamarudin NH, Leow ATC, Salleh AB, Raja Abd Rahman RNZ, Mohamad Ali MS. The Role of Solvent-Accessible Leu-208 of Cold-Active Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain AMS8 Lipase in Interfacial Activation, Substrate Accessibility and Low-Molecular Weight Esterification in the Presence of Toluene. Molecules 2017; 22:E1312. [PMID: 28805665 PMCID: PMC6152135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkaline cold-active lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens AMS8 undergoes major structural changes when reacted with hydrophobic organic solvents. In toluene, the AMS8 lipase catalytic region is exposed by the moving hydrophobic lid 2 (Glu-148 to Gly-167). Solvent-accessible surface area analysis revealed that Leu-208, which is located next to the nucleophilic Ser-207 has a focal function in influencing substrate accessibility and flexibility of the catalytic pocket. Based on molecular dynamic simulations, it was found that Leu-208 strongly facilitates the lid 2 opening via its side-chain. The KM and Kcat/KM of L208A mutant were substrate dependent as it preferred a smaller-chain ester (pNP-caprylate) as compared to medium (pNP-laurate) or long-chain (pNP-palmitate) esters. In esterification of ethyl hexanoate, L208A promotes a higher ester conversion rate at 20 °C but not at 30 °C, as a 27% decline was observed. Interestingly, the wild-type (WT) lipase's conversion rate was found to increase with a higher temperature. WT lipase AMS8 esterification was higher in toluene as compared to L208A. Hence, the results showed that Leu-208 of AMS8 lipase plays an important role in steering a broad range of substrates into its active site region by regulating the flexibility of this region. Leu-208 is therefore predicted to be crucial for its role in interfacial activation and catalysis in toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhayati Yaacob
- Enzyme Technology/Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Hafizah Ahmad Kamarudin
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Adam Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Department of Cell Biology and Molecule, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Abu Bakar Salleh
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
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31
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Laguerre M, Nlandu Mputu M, Brïys B, Lopez M, Villeneuve P, Dubreucq E. Regioselectivity and fatty acid specificity of crude lipase extracts fromPseudozyma tsukubaensis,Geotrichum candidum,andCandida rugosa. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benoît Brïys
- Ets. J Soufflet; Quai Sarrail; Nogent-sur-Seine France
| | - Michel Lopez
- Ets. J Soufflet; Quai Sarrail; Nogent-sur-Seine France
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32
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Marques SM, Daniel L, Buryska T, Prokop Z, Brezovsky J, Damborsky J. Enzyme Tunnels and Gates As Relevant Targets in Drug Design. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:1095-1139. [PMID: 27957758 DOI: 10.1002/med.21430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many enzymes contain tunnels and gates that are essential to their function. Gates reversibly switch between open and closed conformations and thereby control the traffic of small molecules-substrates, products, ions, and solvent molecules-into and out of the enzyme's structure via molecular tunnels. Many transient tunnels and gates undoubtedly remain to be identified, and their functional roles and utility as potential drug targets have received comparatively little attention. Here, we describe a set of general concepts relating to the structural properties, function, and classification of these interesting structural features. In addition, we highlight the potential of enzyme tunnels and gates as targets for the binding of small molecules. The different types of binding that are possible and the potential pharmacological benefits of such targeting are discussed. Twelve examples of ligands bound to the tunnels and/or gates of clinically relevant enzymes are used to illustrate the different binding modes and to explain some new strategies for drug design. Such strategies could potentially help to overcome some of the problems facing medicinal chemists and lead to the discovery of more effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M Marques
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Daniel
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Buryska
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brezovsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
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33
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Kaushik S, Prokop Z, Damborsky J, Chaloupkova R. Kinetics of binding of fluorescent ligands to enzymes with engineered access tunnels. FEBS J 2016; 284:134-148. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangi Kaushik
- Loschmidt Laboratories Department of Experimental Biology Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX) Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories Department of Experimental Biology Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX) Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center St. Anne's University Hospital Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories Department of Experimental Biology Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX) Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center St. Anne's University Hospital Brno Czech Republic
| | - Radka Chaloupkova
- Loschmidt Laboratories Department of Experimental Biology Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX) Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center St. Anne's University Hospital Brno Czech Republic
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34
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Cao X, Xu S, Ni Y, Lu YY, Li HH, Chen KQ, Ouyang PK. Increasing the hydrolytic activity of lipase in oil/water two-phase system using surfactant–enzyme nanocomposite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Trbojević Ivić J, Veličković D, Dimitrijević A, Bezbradica D, Dragačević V, Gavrović Jankulović M, Milosavić N. Design of biocompatible immobilized Candida rugosa lipase with potential application in food industry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:4281-4287. [PMID: 26801832 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biocatalysts are a promising alternative for the production of natural flavor compounds. Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) is a particularly important biocatalyst owing to its remarkable efficiency in both hydrolysis and synthesis. However, additional stabilization is necessary for successful industrial implementation. This study presents an easy and time-saving method for immobilizing this valuable enzyme on hydroxyapatite (HAP), a biomaterial with high protein-binding capacity. RESULTS Targeted immobilized CRL was obtained in high yield of ≥98%. Significant lipase stabilization was observed upon immobilization: at 60 °C, immobilized lipase (HAP-CRL) retained almost unchanged activity after 3 h, while free CRL lost 50% of its initial activity after only 30 min. The same trend was observed with tested organic solvents. Methanol and hexane had the most pronounced effect: after 3 h, only HAP-CRL was stable and active, while CRL was completely inactivated. The practical value of the prepared catalyst was tested in the synthesis of the aroma ester methyl acetate in hexane. Reaction yields were 2.6 and 52.5% for CRL and HAP-CRL respectively. CONCLUSION This research has successfully combined an industrially prominent biocatalyst, CRL, and a biocompatible, environmentally suitable carrier, HAP, into an immobilized preparation with improved catalytic properties. The obtained CRL preparation has excellent potential for the food and flavor industries, major consumers in the global enzyme market. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Trbojević Ivić
- Innovation Center, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Veličković
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Dimitrijević
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Dejan Bezbradica
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Dragačević
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Nenad Milosavić
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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36
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Structural traits and catalytic versatility of the lipases from the Candida rugosa-like family: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:874-885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Zorn K, Oroz-Guinea I, Brundiek H, Bornscheuer UT. Engineering and application of enzymes for lipid modification, an update. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:153-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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38
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Yukselen O, Timucin E, Sezerman U. Predicting the impact of mutations on the specific activity of Bacillus thermocatenulatus lipase using a combined approach of docking and molecular dynamics. J Mol Recognit 2016; 29:466-75. [PMID: 27074770 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lipases are important biocatalysts owing to their ability to catalyze diverse reactions with exceptional substrate specificities. A combined docking and molecular dynamics (MD) approach was applied to study the chain-length selectivity of Bacillus thermocatenulatus lipase (BTL2) towards its natural substrates (triacylglycerols). A scoring function including electrostatic, van der Waals (vdW) and desolvation energies along with conformational entropy was developed to predict the impact of mutation. The native BTL2 and its 6 mutants (F17A, V175A, V175F, D176F, T178V and I320F) were experimentally analyzed to determine their specific activities towards tributyrin (C4) or tricaprylin (C8), which were used to test our approach. Our scoring methodology predicted the chain-length selectivity of BTL2 with 85.7% (6/7) accuracy with a positive correlation between the calculated scores and the experimental activity values (r = 0.82, p = 0.0004). Additionally, the impact of mutation on activity was predicted with 75% (9/12) accuracy. The described study represents a fast and reliable approach to accurately predict the effect of mutations on the activity and selectivity of lipases and also of other enzymes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Yukselen
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Emel Timucin
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Ugur Sezerman
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey.
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39
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Volkova N, Li X, Zhu LH, Adlercreutz P. Combination of modern plant breeding and enzyme technology to obtain highly enriched erucic acid from Crambe oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40508-016-0045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Borrelli GM, Trono D. Recombinant Lipases and Phospholipases and Their Use as Biocatalysts for Industrial Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20774-840. [PMID: 26340621 PMCID: PMC4613230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases and phospholipases are interfacial enzymes that hydrolyze hydrophobic ester linkages of triacylglycerols and phospholipids, respectively. In addition to their role as esterases, these enzymes catalyze a plethora of other reactions; indeed, lipases also catalyze esterification, transesterification and interesterification reactions, and phospholipases also show acyltransferase, transacylase and transphosphatidylation activities. Thus, lipases and phospholipases represent versatile biocatalysts that are widely used in various industrial applications, such as for biodiesels, food, nutraceuticals, oil degumming and detergents; minor applications also include bioremediation, agriculture, cosmetics, leather and paper industries. These enzymes are ubiquitous in most living organisms, across animals, plants, yeasts, fungi and bacteria. For their greater availability and their ease of production, microbial lipases and phospholipases are preferred to those derived from animals and plants. Nevertheless, traditional purification strategies from microbe cultures have a number of disadvantages, which include non-reproducibility and low yields. Moreover, native microbial enzymes are not always suitable for biocatalytic processes. The development of molecular techniques for the production of recombinant heterologous proteins in a host system has overcome these constraints, as this allows high-level protein expression and production of new redesigned enzymes with improved catalytic properties. These can meet the requirements of specific industrial process better than the native enzymes. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of the structural and functional features of lipases and phospholipases, to describe the recent advances in optimization of the production of recombinant lipases and phospholipases, and to summarize the information available relating to their major applications in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia M Borrelli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura, S.S. 673 Km 25, 200-71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Daniela Trono
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura, S.S. 673 Km 25, 200-71122 Foggia, Italy.
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41
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Tanaka SI, Takahashi T, Koide A, Ishihara S, Koikeda S, Koide S. Monobody-mediated alteration of enzyme specificity. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:762-4. [PMID: 26322825 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current methods for engineering enzymes modify enzymes themselves and require a detailed mechanistic understanding or a high-throughput assay. Here, we describe a new approach where catalytic properties are modulated with synthetic binding proteins, termed monobodies, directed to an unmodified enzyme. Using the example of a β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans, we efficiently identified monobodies that restricted its substrates for its transgalactosylation reaction and selectively enhanced the production of small oligosaccharide prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ichi Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Frontier Research Department, Gifu R&D Center, Amano Enzyme, Inc., Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takahashi
- Frontier Research Department, Gifu R&D Center, Amano Enzyme, Inc., Gifu, Japan
| | - Akiko Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Satoru Ishihara
- Frontier Research Department, Gifu R&D Center, Amano Enzyme, Inc., Gifu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koikeda
- Frontier Research Department, Gifu R&D Center, Amano Enzyme, Inc., Gifu, Japan
| | - Shohei Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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42
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Yang G, Xie Y, Xu L, An J, Cui L, Feng Y. Modulation of the thermostability and substrate specificity of Candida rugosa lipase1 by altering the acyl-binding residue Gly414 at the α-helix-connecting bend. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 82:34-41. [PMID: 26672446 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Candida rugosa Lipase1 (LIP1) is widely used in industrial applications. Optimizing its catalytic performance is still a challenging goal for protein engineers. Mutagenesis of key residues in the active site of the enzyme may provide an effective strategy for enhancing stability and altering substrate specificity. In this study, multiple sequence alignment and structural analysis revealed that the acyl-binding residue, Gly414, of LIP1, which is located at a bend connecting α-helixes, was the non-conserved residue in five other isoenzymes. Using saturation mutagenesis, four mutants with improved stability (G414A, G414M, G414H and G414W) were obtained. Compared to the wild type, the best mutant (G414W) exhibited a remarkable 6.5-fold enhancement in half-life at 60 °C and a 14 °C higher T50(15). Its optimum temperature was increased by 15 °C. Simultaneously, G414W displayed a shift in substrate preference from medium-chain to short-chain pNP-ester. Modeling analysis showed that the multiple interactions formed by hydrophobic clusters and hydrogen bonds in the acyl-binding tunnel might lead to the observed thermostability improvement. Additionally, the bulky tryptophan substitution formed a strong steric hindrance to the accommodation of long-chain substrates in the tunnel. These results indicate that the key acyl-binding residues at the α-helix-connecting bend could mediate enzyme stability and catalytic substrate spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing (SCICB), East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lishi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiao An
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Li Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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43
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Lan D, Popowicz GM, Pavlidis IV, Zhou P, Bornscheuer UT, Wang Y. Conversion of a Mono- and Diacylglycerol Lipase into a Triacylglycerol Lipase by Protein Engineering. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1431-4. [PMID: 25955297 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that most lipases are believed to be active against triacylglycerides, there is a small group of lipases that are active only on mono- and diacylglycerides. The reason for this difference in substrate scope is not clear. We tried to identify the reasons for this in the lipase from Malassezia globosa. By protein engineering, and with only one mutation, we managed to convert this enzyme into a typical triacylglycerol lipase (the wild-type lipase does not accept triacylglycerides). The variant Q282L accepts a broad spectrum of triacylglycerides, although the catalytic behavior is altered to some extent. From in silico analysis it seems that specific hydrophobic interactions are key to the altered substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Lan
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641 (China)
| | - Grzegorz Maria Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim (Germany)
| | - Ioannis V Pavlidis
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487 Greifswald (Germany)
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006 (China)
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487 Greifswald (Germany)
| | - Yonghua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641 (China).
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44
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Kingsley LJ, Lill MA. Substrate tunnels in enzymes: structure-function relationships and computational methodology. Proteins 2015; 83:599-611. [PMID: 25663659 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In enzymes, the active site is the location where incoming substrates are chemically converted to products. In some enzymes, this site is deeply buried within the core of the protein, and, in order to access the active site, substrates must pass through the body of the protein via a tunnel. In many systems, these tunnels act as filters and have been found to influence both substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism. Identifying and understanding how these tunnels exert such control has been of growing interest over the past several years because of implications in fields such as protein engineering and drug design. This growing interest has spurred the development of several computational methods to identify and analyze tunnels and how ligands migrate through these tunnels. The goal of this review is to outline how tunnels influence substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency in enzymes with buried active sites and to provide a brief summary of the computational tools used to identify and evaluate these tunnels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Kingsley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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45
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46
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Molecular and functional diversity of yeast and fungal lipases: Their role in biotechnology and cellular physiology. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 57:40-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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47
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Bornscheuer UT. Enzymes in lipid modification: Past achievements and current trends. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry; Greifswald University; Greifswald Germany
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48
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Divakar K, Gautam P. A multisubstrate assay for lipases/esterases: assessing acyl chain length selectivity by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 2013; 448:38-40. [PMID: 24316114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipases and esterases are hydrolytic enzymes and are known to hydrolyze esters with unique substrate specificity and acyl chain length selectivity. We have developed a simple competitive multiple substrate assay for determination of acyl chain length selectivity of lipases/esterases using RP-HPLC with UV detection. A method for separation and quantification of 4-nitrophenyl fatty acid esters (C4-C18) was developed and validated. The chain length selectivity of five lipases and two esterases was determined in a multisubstrate reaction system containing equimolar concentrations of 4-nitrophenyl esters (C4-C18). This assay is simple, reproducible, and a useful tool for determining chain length selectivity of lipases/esterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Divakar
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Pennathur Gautam
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India.
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49
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Neang PM, Subileau M, Perrier V, Dubreucq E. Peculiar features of four enzymes of the CaLA superfamily in aqueous media: Differences in substrate specificities and abilities to catalyze alcoholysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Gora
- Loschmidt Laboratories,
Department
of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in
the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brezovsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories,
Department
of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in
the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories,
Department
of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in
the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Centre for Clinical
Research, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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