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Wise TL, Haetinger VS, Alagbe EO, Sorbara JOB, Adeola O. Evaluation of exogenous phytase in high-phytate diets for broiler chickens and pigs. Animal 2024; 18:101135. [PMID: 38636148 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a gap in the understanding of the relationship between dietary phytate levels and the relative efficacy of phytase to improve amino acid (AA) digestibility in pigs and chickens. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of exogenous phytase on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA and the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of P in both standard- (SP) and high-phytate (HP) diets for broilers and swine. There were either 40 cages of Cobb 500 male broilers or 10 crossbred barrows (35 kg) fitted with ileal T-cannulas. Both studies were allotted to five dietary treatments (8 replicates). Treatments consisted of four corn-soybean meal-based diets arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial of standard or high phytate and exogenous phytase at 0 or 1 000 phytase units (FYT)/kg; and one N-free diet. Birds were fed a common starter diet from d 0 to 20 and fed experimental diets from d 20 to 25. Birds were euthanized on d 25 via CO2 asphyxiation, and digesta were collected from the terminal ileum. Pigs were fed for a total of four 7-d periods, where digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. Diet and digesta samples were analyzed for DM, N, Ti, AA, and P to determine AA and P digestibility. The SID of AA was determined by correcting the AID of AA for the basal endogenous losses estimated using the N-free diet. Main effects of the diet type (standard or HP) and phytase (0 or 1 000 FYT/kg), and the interaction of diet type and phytase were evaluated. For both experiments, the HP diets produced lower SID of AA compared to the SP (P < 0.001). For broilers, there was a phytase effect (P < 0.001) for the SID of all AAs evaluated regardless of the diet type. For pigs, phytase improved (P < 0.05) the SID of Met, Lys, Cys, Glu and Ser and tended to improve (P < 0.10) Arg, Leu, Thr, and Tyr. There were no significant interactions for either experiment. For both experiments, AID of P was lower for the HP diets (P < 0.01), and phytase produced greater AID of P for both diet types (P < 0.01). These data indicate that phytase greatly improves the digestibility of P for broilers and pigs and has the ability to significantly increase the digestibility of amino acids for these animals, regardless of the dietary phytate P.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Wise
- Purdue University, Department of Animal Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - V S Haetinger
- Purdue University, Department of Animal Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - E O Alagbe
- Purdue University, Department of Animal Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - O Adeola
- Purdue University, Department of Animal Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Noormohammadi A, Varkoohi S, Seyedabadi HR. Effect of phytase and xylanase enzymes on growth performance and Mucin2 gene expression in broiler chickens. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:1241-1248. [PMID: 36913214 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of exogenous enzymes is one of the most important discoveries in animal nutrition. The supplementation of exogenous enzymes in broiler diets allows for supplying nutrient deficiencies and to decrease endogenous losses. OBJECTIVES The effects of phytase (Hostazym and Phyzyme) and xylanase (Ronozyme) enzymes were investigated on growth performance and Mucin2 gene expression in broilers. METHODS A completely randomized design was applied, including 7 treatments, 4 replicates and 25 birds per replicates. A total of 700 male Ross (308) broiler chickens were fed with similar diets supplemented by Hostazym and Phyzyme (500 and 1000 FTU/kg) and Ronozyme (100 and 200 EXU/kg). Weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined for three phases and entire rearing period. On 42 days of age, four birds per replicate were slaughtered. Total RNA was extracted from jejunum samples, and Mucin2 gene expression was measured by real-time PCR. RESULTS Phytase and xylanase enzymes had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on traits (WG and FCR) in grower and finisher phases and whole rearing period, but FI was not affected by enzymes (p > 0.05). Carcass (74.13 g) and breast (27.76 g) weights by Hostazym (1000 FTU/kg) were higher than other treatments (p < 0.05). Weight of liver, bursa and spleen were significantly influenced by enzymes (p < 0.05). Likewise, bursa and spleen weights in Hostazym (1000 FTU/kg feed) and Ronozyme (200 EXU/kg feed) were significantly higher than other treatments (p < 0.05). Mucin2 gene expression was affected by enzymes in whole treatments. The lowest amount of Mucin2 gene expression belonged to Ronozyme (200 and 100 EXU/kg), and the highest was belonging to Hostazym (1000 FTU/kg). CONCLUSIONS Phytase enzymes have higher effect on broiler performance and Mucin2 gene expression compared to xylanase. High doses of Hostazym (1000 FTU/kg feed) could be supplemented in broiler chicken diets to improve optimum growth and feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arefeh Noormohammadi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sheida Varkoohi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Seyedabadi
- Animal Science Research Institute of IRAN (ASRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Sobotik EB, House GM, Stiewert AM, Bello A, Dersjant-Li Y, Shoesmith E, Remus J, Archer GS. Evaluating a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant on growth performance of broilers fed U.S. commercial diets deficient in nutrients and energy through 63 days of age. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skac407. [PMID: 36516414 PMCID: PMC9904173 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant expressed in Trichoderma reesei (PhyG) in broilers fed corn-soybean meal-based diets with application of dose-specific full nutrient and energy matrix values. Ross 708, straight-run broilers (n = 2,016) were assigned to one of 7 dietary treatments, with 12 replicate pens/diet and 24 birds/pen. Diets were a nutrient adequate control (PC), nutrient reduced negative controls 1, 2, and 3 (NC1, NC2, and NC3) with reductions in available phosphorus (avP) by 0.15%, 0.18%, and 0.19%, calcium (Ca) by 0.17%, 0.20%, and 0.21%, dig amino acids (AA) by 0.02%-0.05%, sodium (Na) by 0.03%-0.05%, and metabolizable energy (ME) by 62.8, 68.8, and 69.5 kcal/kg, respectively. Other diets were the NC1, NC2, and NC3 respectively supplemented with 500 (PhyG500), 1,000 (PhyG1000), and 2,000 (PhyG2000) FTU/kg. Over the 63-day feeding period, decreasing nutrient specifications lowered body weights (P < 0.05) in broilers from 4,518 g in PC to 4,256 g and 4,191 g and increased body weight-corrected feed conversion ratio (FCR, P < 0.05) from 1.92 in PC to 2.06 and 2.08 in the NC2 and NC3, respectively. Compared with PC, PhyG maintained (P > 0.05) BW in broilers fed PhyG500 (4,474 g), PhyG1000 (4,417 g), and PhyG2000 (4,449 g). Moreover, PhyG at all dose-levels maintained (P > 0.05) overall FCR vs. PC. The NC1, NC2, and NC3 diets decreased (P < 0.05) tibia ash vs. PC, and each PhyG500, PhyG1000, and PhyG2000 completely restored tibia ash to the similar levels (P > 0.05) as the PC. Carcass yield was decreased (P < 0.05) by NC1 (80.63%), NC2 (80.51%), and NC3 (80.31%) vs. PC (81.96%) with complete alleviation by PhyG500 (82.11%), PhyG1000 (81.80%), and PhyG2000 (81.54%). In conclusion, the novel consensus phytase variant completely compensated for the reduction in dietary avP, Ca, dig AA, and ME at each dose-level and maintained growth performance, bone quality, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility in a typical corn-soybean mean based diet fed to broilers through 63 days of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Sobotik
- Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - G M House
- Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - A M Stiewert
- Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - A Bello
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, IFF, 2342 BH Oegstgeest, the Netherlands
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, IFF, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Y Dersjant-Li
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, IFF, 2342 BH Oegstgeest, the Netherlands
| | - E Shoesmith
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, IFF, 2342 BH Oegstgeest, the Netherlands
| | - J Remus
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, IFF, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - G S Archer
- Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Nutritional and Functional Roles of Phytase and Xylanase Enhancing the Intestinal Health and Growth of Nursery Pigs and Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233322. [PMID: 36496844 PMCID: PMC9740087 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review paper discussed the nutritional and functional roles of phytase and xylanase enhancing the intestinal and growth of nursery pigs and broiler chickens. There are different feed enzymes that are currently supplemented to feeds for nursery pigs and broiler chickens. Phytase and xylanase have been extensively studied showing consistent results especially related to enhancement of nutrient digestibility and growth performance of nursery pigs and broiler chickens. Findings from recent studies raise the hypothesis that phytase and xylanase could play functional roles beyond increasing nutrient digestibility, but also enhancing the intestinal health and positively modulating the intestinal microbiota of nursery pigs and broiler chickens. In conclusion, the supplementation of phytase and xylanase for nursery pigs and broiler chickens reaffirmed the benefits related to enhancement of nutrient digestibility and growth performance, whilst also playing functional roles benefiting the intestinal microbiota and reducing the intestinal oxidative damages. As a result, it could contribute to a reduction in the feed costs by allowing the use of a wider range of feedstuffs without compromising the optimal performance of the animals, as well as the environmental concerns associated with a poor hydrolysis of antinutritional factors present in the diets for swine and poultry.
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The effects of pelleting process parameters and phytase source on the in-feed stability of phytase. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shi H, Wang J, Teng PY, Tompkins YH, Jordan B, Kim WK. Effects of phytase and coccidial vaccine on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, bone mineralization, and intestinal gene expression of broilers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102124. [PMID: 36130448 PMCID: PMC9489506 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate effects of phytase and coccidial vaccine on growth performance, bone mineralization, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal gene expression of broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 4 completely randomized factorial arrangement with 6 replicates per treatment and 10 birds each. Applications of coccidiosis vaccine and different dietary treatments were the 2 main factors in the current study. The dietary treatments included 1) a positive control (PC; 0.90% Ca and 0.45% available P: avP); 2) a negative control (NC; 0.75% Ca and 0.30% AvP); 3) NC + 500 FTU/kg of phytase (NC + 500PHY); and 4) NC + 1500 FTU/kg of phytase (NC + 1500PHY). Data were analyzed using SAS by 2-way ANOVA via GLM procedure. The statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05, and means were further separated using Tukey's Test. The results indicated that vaccination had no effect on growth performance except for feed intake from 0 to 14 d but negatively (P < 0.05) regulated bone ash and Ca digestibility. Birds fed with the Ca and P-reduced diet (NC) showed a lower BWG and bone ash compared to birds fed with the normal diet (PC), but supplementing phytase mitigated the negative effects on those birds. Broilers fed the NC diet had higher (P < 0.05) total Ca and P digestibility, and phytate degradation; supplementing phytase further increased P digestibility and phytate degradation of the broilers. A significant interaction (P < 0.05) between phytase and vaccination was observed, suggesting the vaccinated birds fed the PC diet and the unvaccinated birds fed the NC + 1500PHY increased calcium-sensing receptor gene expression compared with the unvaccinated birds fed the PC diet. In conclusion, in spite of coccidiosis vaccine, supplementing phytase at 1,500 FTU/kg alleviated the negative effects on growth performance, bone mineralization, and apparent ileal digestibility of P and phytate.
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Gulizia J, Rueda M, Ovi F, Bonilla S, Prasad R, Jackson M, Gutierrez O, Pacheco W. Evaluate the effect of a commercial heat stable phytase on broiler performance, tibia ash, and mineral excretion from 1 to 49 days of age assessed using nutrient reduced diets. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Effects of graded levels of phytase supplementation on growth performance, plasma myo-inositol, tibia mineralization and nutrient digestibility of meat ducks fed phosphorus-deficient diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dang DX, Chun SG, Kim IH. Feeding broiler chicks with S. pombe-expressed phytase-containing diet improves growth performance, phosphorus digestibility, toe ash, and footpad lesions. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:1390-1399. [PMID: 35507852 PMCID: PMC9449394 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Babatunde OO, Bello A, Dersjant-Li Y, Adeola O. Evaluation of the responses of broiler chickens to varying concentrations of phytate phosphorus and phytase. Ⅱ. Grower phase (day 12-23 post hatching). Poult Sci 2021; 101:101616. [PMID: 34991035 PMCID: PMC8741614 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomized complete block design study used 768 male broiler chickens to investigate the effects of phytate P (PP) and a novel consensus bacterial phytase variant (PhyG) concentration on growth performance, bone mineralization, apparent ileal digestibility (AID), and total tract retention (TTR) of nutrients in broiler chickens. Treatments were arranged in a 1 + 3 × 5 factorial with a nutrient-adequate positive control diet (PC) with 2.8 g PP/kg, 3 nutrient-reduced negative control diets (NC: PC minus 88 kcal/kg ME, 0.8 g/kg dig. Lys, 2.0 g/kg available P, 2.0 g/kg Ca and 0.5 g/kg Na) with varying PP (g/kg) levels, mainly from rice bran, at 2.3 (NC1), 2.8 (NC2), or 3.3 (NC3) and 5 PhyG doses at 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 FTU/kg. All treatments had 6 replicate cages with 8 birds/cage. A commercial starter diet was fed from d 0 to 12 and the experimental diets from d 12 to 23 post hatching. Birds fed the NC2 diet without phytase had lower (P < 0.01) BW, BW gain, and feed intake (FI) as compared with birds fed the PC with the same PP level. With increasing phytate, there was a decrease (P < 0.05) in BW, BW gain, and FI. Phytase increased (P < 0.01) BW and feed efficiency of broiler chickens. An interaction (P < 0.05) between PP and phytase concentrations was observed on the AID of Met, Cys, and Thr. Linear decrease (P < 0.01) in the AID and TTR of P and Ca with increasing PP concentrations were observed. Phytase supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.05) the AID of P, Ca, and all AA. The TTR of P, Ca, and Zn was linearly increased (P < 0.01) by 112, 123, and 46%, respectively, when birds fed NC diets with 0 and 4,000 FTU/kg were compared. In conclusion, phytate reduced the growth performance and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens from d 12 to 23 post hatching while phytase ameliorated these negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Babatunde
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - A Bello
- Danisco Animal Nutrition (IFF), Oegstgeest 2342 BH, The Netherlands
| | - Y Dersjant-Li
- Danisco Animal Nutrition (IFF), Oegstgeest 2342 BH, The Netherlands
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Moita VHC, Duarte ME, Kim SW. Supplemental Effects of Phytase on Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in the Jejunum and the Impacts on Nutrient Digestibility, Intestinal Morphology, and Bone Parameters in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3351. [PMID: 34944129 PMCID: PMC8698009 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine supplemental effects of phytase on modulation of the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum, intestinal morphology, nutrient digestibility, bone parameters, and growth performance of broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty newly hatched broiler chickens (Ross 308) (44 ± 2 g BW) were randomly allotted in 6 treatments with 10 birds per cage based on a completely randomized design and fed for 27 d. The treatments consisted of one negative control (NC), diet formulated meeting the requirements suggested by Ross recommendations (2019), and without phytase supplementation. The other treatments consisted of a positive control diet (PC) formulated with 0.15% deficient Ca and P and split into 5 treatments with different phytase inclusion levels (0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 FTU/kg feed). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to feeds as an indigestible marker to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. On d 27, 3 birds were randomly selected from each cage and euthanized to collect samples for analyzing the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum, oxidative stress status, AID, and bone parameters. Data were analyzed using the proc Mixed of SAS 9.4. Phytase supplementation tended to have a quadratic effect (p = 0.078) on the overall ADG (maximum: 41 g/d at 2833 FTU/kg of feed). Supplementation of phytase at 2,000 FTU/kg increased (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and reduced (p < 0.05) Pelomonas. Moreover, it tended to reduce Helicobacter (p = 0.085), Pseudomonas (p = 0.090) Sphingomonas (p = 0.071). Phytase supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the villus height and the AID of CP; and tended to increase (p = 0.086) the AID of P. Phytase supplementation increased (p < 0.05) breaking strength and P content in the tibia. In conclusion, phytase supplementation showed potential benefits on the modulation of the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum by tending to reduce harmful bacteria (Pelomonas, Helicobacter, and Pseudomonas) and increase beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus). In addition, it showed positive effects increasing apparent ileal digestibility of CP and P, enhancing intestinal morphology (villus height), and improving the bone parameters (bone breaking strength, ash, and P content). Phytase supplementation at a range of 38 to 59 FTU/d or 600 to 950 FTU/kg of feed provided the most benefits related to nutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (V.H.C.M.); (M.E.D.)
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Aderibigbe AS, Ajuwon KM, Adeola O. Dietary phosphorus level regulates appetite through modulation of gut and hypothalamic expression of anorexigenic genes in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101591. [PMID: 34890944 PMCID: PMC8665405 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were designed to elucidate gut and hypothalamic molecular regulation of appetite by dietary phosphorus (P) concentration in broiler chickens. Birds (192 Cobb-500 broiler chickens) were randomly assigned to 3 experimental diets in experiment 1 (Exp. 1) and 24 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups in Exp. 2. Each diet comprised 8 replicate cages, with either 8 birds (Exp. 1) or 1 bird (Exp. 2) per replicate cage. In Exp. 1, diets contained 1.2 (P-deficient), 2.8 (P-marginal) or 4.4 (P-adequate) g/kg non-phytate P (nPP). In Exp. 2, birds fed the P-adequate diet were pair-fed (PF) to the feed consumption levels of birds fed the P-deficient diet. Feed intake and BW gain (P < 0.001) decreased in birds fed the P-deficient diet in Exp. 1. Birds fed the P-deficient diet had similar feed intake and BW gain with PF group fed the P-adequate diet (Exp. 2) but was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than birds fed the P-adequate diets. Sodium-phosphate cotransporter (NaPi-IIb) mRNA was upregulated (P < 0.05) in both experiments. Conversely, cholecystokinin (CCK) mRNA was downregulated (P < 0.01) in birds fed P-deficient diets. Anorexia-related hypothalamic cholecystokinin receptor (CCKAR) and melanocortin receptors (MC3R and MC4R) were upregulated (P < 0.05) in birds fed P-deficient diets, in both experiments. The current data show that dietary P deficiency decreases feed intake in broiler chickens by altering the expression of anorexigenic genes in the gut and hypothalamus of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Aderibigbe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - K M Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Wu Y, Xu S, Wang X, Xu H, Liu P, Xing X, Qi Z. Phosphorus equivalency of phytase with various evaluation indicators of meat duck. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101216. [PMID: 34525443 PMCID: PMC8445888 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present experiment was to determine the efficacy and the phosphorus (P) equivalency of phytase in the corn-soybean meal-rapeseed meal diets of Cherry Valley ducks from 1 to 35 d of age. 320 ducks were randomly divided into 8 blocks of 5 cages with 8 ducks per cage. This experiment included eight treatments diets. The available P levels of I to IV treatments were respectively 0.25%, 0.32%, 0.39%, 0.46% (d 1-14) and 0.20%, 0.27%, 0.34%, 0.41% (d 15-35). And 4 levels of phytase added to low-P basal diet (treatment I) with 300, 600, 900, and 1,200 U/kg (treatment V to VIII). Among them, treatment IV was a P-adequate positive control, treatment I was a low-P negative control. The ratio of calcium (Ca) to P was 1.3:1 for all diets. The other nutritional indexes in all diets were basically the same. Ducks were provided ad libitum access to water and experimental diets. The negative control diet reduced (P < 0.05) body weight, carcase weight, eviscerated weigh, breast muscle weight, leg muscle weight, bone ash, tibia Ca and tibia P, and increasing levels of available P and supplementary phytase significantly (P < 0.05) improved the growth performance and slaughtering performance of meat ducks. Phytase supplementation at a dose of 900 U/kg in the low-P basal diet increased the growth performance of ducks to a level comparable to that of a P-adequate diet. The available P level of 0.39% (1-14 d) and 0.34% (15-35 d) could meet the nutritional needs of meat ducks for P, and the apparent P utilization rate was high, and the effective utilization effect of P was the best. In addition, with the evaluation indexes of feed intake, body weight gain, tibia ash, tibia Ca, tibia P, content of blood Ca and P, the addition of 500 U/kg phytase could release available P of 0.02%, 0.02%, 0.02%, 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.04%, and 0.03%, respectively. In the same way, the addition of 1,000 U/kg phytase could release available phosphorus of 0.14%, 0.04%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.02%, 0.12%, and 0.01%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shujing Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongyang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peiyao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoguang Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhili Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Adejumo IO, Bryson B, Olojede OC, Bedford MR, Adedokun SA. Effect of sodium sources and exogenous phytase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and digesta pH of 21-day-old broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101467. [PMID: 34624775 PMCID: PMC8503657 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) and NaCl+sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) and supplemental phytase (0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 FTU/kg) on performance, nutrient digestibility and utilization, and digesta pH of male broiler chickens were investigated in a 2 × 4+1 factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design with 6 replicate cages of 8 birds per replicate. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 4 factorial with contrast between the positive control and the diets containing 0 FTU phytase. Phytase supplementation linearly improved (P < 0.05) average body weigh gain (BWG) and feed intake (d 0-14 and 0-21). Apparent jejunal dry matter (DM) digestibility and digestible energy in birds fed diets containing only NaCl increased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation whereas quadratic (P < 0.05) effect was observed in birds fed diets containing a combination of NaCl and NaHCO3. Phytase supplementation improved (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) apparent ileal nitrogen and P digestibility. Apparent utilization of DM, nitrogen, energy, and metabolizable energy increased (linear; P < 0.05) with increasing level of phytase supplementation. Apparent P utilization increased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) for both sodium sources but calcium utilization only increased (linear; P < 0.05) with the combination of NaCl and NaHCO3. Bone breaking strength (linear and quadratic) and bone ash (linear) increased (P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation. The combination of NaCl and NaHCO3 resulted in lower (P < 0.05) pH of digesta in the proximal ileum whereas the pH of the digesta in the distal ileum (linear) and the average pH of ileal contents (linear and quadratic) increased (P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation. Results from this study showed that birds' performance and utilization of nutrients and energy by broilers in the presence of phytase was, in general, not influenced by the source of sodium in the diet. Data from this study showed that NaHCO3 can replace a portion of NaCl in the diet of broilers supplemented with phytase without any significant negative effect on performance and that the 2,000 FTU phytase level resulted in better BWG and feed intake as well nutrient and energy utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I O Adejumo
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - B Bryson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - O C Olojede
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - S A Adedokun
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Enhancing Growth Performance, Organ Development, Meat Quality, and Bone Mineralisation of Broiler Chickens through Multi-Enzyme Super-Dosing in Reduced Energy Diets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102791. [PMID: 34679813 PMCID: PMC8532949 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The global population is expected to rise from 7.2 billion as of 2019 to 9.7 billion in 2050, putting pressure on farmers to increase production capacity to ensure food security whilst simultaneously improving food sustainability. Poultry is an important meat, as chickens have high feed efficiencies and short production cycles, making it an affordable, nutritious source of protein. Strategies to improve the production performance of broilers will require significant research; one nutritional strategy is improving the efficiency of feed utilization via the addition of exogenous enzymes into diets. This study aimed to identify the optimal multienzyme, Natuzyme, dose rate at three energy levels based on production performance, organ development, meat quality, and bone mineralization in broiler chickens. Results revealed that all dose rates of Natuzyme were able to mitigate the negative effect of energy reductions. Organ development and meat quality remained consistent across treatment groups, except for the gizzard and meat moisture content, which were affected by super-dosing Natuzyme. Bone mineralization was restored with the inclusion of Natuzyme. In conclusion, super-dosing Natuzyme in reduced energy diets at a dose rate of 700 g/t can improve performance parameters and thus profitability for producers and can improve the sustainability of production. Abstract This study identified the optimal multi-enzyme dose rate at three energy levels based on the production performance of broiler chickens. A 42-day grow out trial was conducted using 576 day-old mixed-sex ROSS308 broiler chickens in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Diets consisting of three metabolizable energy (ME) levels: standard energy (STD), 150 kcal/kg energy reduction (STD-150), and 200 kcal/kg energy reduction (STD-200), were cross factored with four multi-enzyme inclusion levels (0, 350, 700, and 1000 g/ton). The average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio increased linearly (p < 0.001) as the dietary ME was reduced, and the multi-enzyme addition improved the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) and mitigated the negative effect of the reduced energy diets (RED) on feed intake and feed conversion ratios. Carcass composition, organ weights, and meat quality were not affected by the experimental diets. The RED decreased abdominal fat weight (p < 0.05). Total ash, calcium, and phosphorous contents of the tibia bone were improved (p < 0.04) when the RED were supplemented with the multi-enzyme. Super-dosing multi-enzymes in RED mitigates the negative effect of ME reduction on growth performance while maintaining organ development and meat quality and improving bone mineral content.
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Wang J, Zanghi M, Xu J, Kim W. Evaluation of using magnetic nanoparticle attached phosphorus species as supplemental phosphorous source in broiler diet. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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17
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Babatunde OO, Bello A, Dersjant-Li Y, Adeola O. Evaluation of the responses of broiler chickens to varying concentrations of phytate phosphorus and phytase. Ⅰ. Starter phase (day 1-11 post hatching). Poult Sci 2021; 100:101396. [PMID: 34454357 PMCID: PMC8399047 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth performance, tibia ash, apparent ileal digestibility (AID), and total tract retention (TTR) of nutrients responses of broiler chickens fed diets containing varying concentrations of phytate P (PP) and a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG) from d 1 to 11 post hatching were evaluated with 1,152 broiler chicks. Diets were a nutrient-adequate positive control diet (PC) with 2.8 g PP/kg or one of 15 nutrient-reduced negative control (NC: PC minus 88 kcal/kg ME, 0.8 g/kg dig. Lys, 2.0 g/kg available P, 1.8 g/kg Ca and 0.5 g/kg Na) diets with 3 PP (g/kg) levels, mainly from rice bran, at 2.3 (NC1), 2.8 (NC2), or 3.3 (NC3) and 5 PhyG supplementation at 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 FTU/kg in a 1 + 3 × 5 factorial. All treatments had 6 replicate cages with 12 birds per cage. Despite comparable PP levels, birds fed the PC diet had greater (P ≤ 0.01) body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), tibia ash, AID of energy, AA, P, and Ca as compared with birds fed the NC2 without phytase. There was no interaction between PP and phytase for all responses. Increasing PP concentrations linearly decreased (P < 0.01) BW, FI, AID, and TTR of P and Ca. With phytase supplementation, there was a quadratic response (P < 0.05) in BW, FI, tibia ash, and a linear increase (P < 0.05) in the AID of energy, nitrogen, and all the measured AA. Increasing phytase dose from 0 to 4,000 FTU/kg increased (P < 0.01) AID of P and Ca by 88 and 18%, respectively. There was also a quadratic response (P ≤ 0.05) on TTR of P and Ca with increasing phytase dose. In conclusion, increasing levels of PP reduced growth performance and most nutrient utilization responses of broiler chickens while phytase supplementation positively impacted the responses of broiler chickens during d 1 to 11 post hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Babatunde
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - A Bello
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, Oegstgeest, 2342 BH, The Netherlands
| | - Y Dersjant-Li
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, Oegstgeest, 2342 BH, The Netherlands
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Wang T, Jendza JA, Ader P, Adeola O. Evaluation of a novel hybrid 6-phytase using an updated phosphorus deficiency model in broiler chickens. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One-day-old broiler chicks were used to investigate the optimal age to start feeding phosphorus (P)-deficient (PD) diets with two non-phytate P (nPP) concentrations in experiment 1, and 7-d-old broiler chicks were used to determine P equivalency of a hybrid 6-phytase to inorganic P in monocalcium phosphate (MCP) in experiment 2. In experiment 1, six treatments were prepared with 5, 6, or 7-d-old birds to start feeding PD diets with 1.3 or 1.5 g·kg−1 nPP. Age of birds to start feeding P-deficient diets tended to decrease (P = 0.052) mortality of birds during 14 d of feeding P-deficient diets. In experiment 2, twelve treatments including one basal diet, five diets supplied with 0.5, 0.9, 1.3, 1.7, or 2.1 g·kg−1 inorganic P, and six diets supplied with 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, or 2000 FTU·kg−1 phytase were fed to chickens from days 7 to 21 post hatching. Increasing phytase activity quadratically increased (P < 0.01) body weight gain, feed intake, and tibia ash of birds and apparent ileal digestibility and total tract retention of P. In conclusion, age of birds to start feeding PD diet affected their performance, and hybrid 6-phytase may partly replace MCP in a PD diet for broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Evaluation of a novel corn-expressed phytase on growth performance and bone mineralization in broilers fed different levels of dietary nonphytate phosphorus. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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20
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Multienzyme Super-Dosing in Broiler Chicken Diets: The Implications for Gut Morphology, Microbial Profile, Nutrient Digestibility, and Bone Mineralization. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010001. [PMID: 33374896 PMCID: PMC7821924 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Optimizing the gut microbial community and morphometrical traits has become an increasingly prominent area of research due to recent evidence that suggests gut health and functionality affects the production performance of broilers. Creating a diverse microbial population can increase the nutrient digestibility of feed, as the microbes can break down a large portion of macromolecules and convert them into bioavailable substrates to be utilized by the host. A diverse microbiome can be promoted by a variety of additives, including feed enzymes. This study investigated the impact of the application of super-dosing multienzymes on gut morphology, microbial profile, nutrient digestibility, and bone mineralization in broiler chickens. Results found that super-dosing multienzymes improved nutrient digestibility, maintained a diverse microbial population, and tended to increase the overall villi morphology. Bone mineralization was not affected by increasing multienzyme doses. Additionally, the present study found three bacteria that were unique to multienzyme inclusion at a super-dose level. Abstract Optimizing gut health has a large impact on nutrient digestibility and bioavailability, and super-dosing feed enzymes may be one solution to achieve this. A 42-day grow-out trial was conducted using 192 Ross 308 broilers to determine if super-dosing Natuzyme at 0 g/t, 350 g/t, 700 g/t, and 1000 g/t dose rates could improve the gut morphology, alter the cecal microbial profile, enhance bone mineralization, and improve nutrient digestibility of a wheat–corn–soybean diet (six replicates per treatment, eight birds per pen). One bird per pen was slaughtered at day 42 and gut morphology, cecal microbial profile, and nutrient digestibility were studied. The addition of enzymes tended to increase the villus height in the duodenum, villus height, width, and crypt depth in the jejunum, and villus width and the number of goblet cells in the ileum. Microbial profiling revealed diverse communities; however, they did not significantly differ between treatment groups. Yet, 700 g/t Natuzyme promoted microbes belonging to the genus Romboutsia and Ruminococcus gauvreauii, while 1000 g/t Natuzyme promoted Barnesiella species. The nutrient digestibility demonstrated a significant improvement in all enzyme doses compared to the control. In conclusion, based on the outcomes of this study, a dose rate of 700 g/t Natuzyme is recommended to improve gut morphology and nutrient digestibility, and promote unique microbes which aid in feed efficiency.
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Taheri H, Abbasi M. Effect of high-dose phytase and low calcium concentration on performance of broiler chicken given diet severely limited in nonphytate phosphorus. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Babatunde OO, Osho SO, Park CS, Adeola O. Additivity of apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of phosphorus in mixed diets containing corn and soybean meal fed to broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6907-6913. [PMID: 33248606 PMCID: PMC7704994 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an integral part of diet formulation for broiler chickens as P is required for various biochemical processes essential to life. A study was designed to examine the additivity of apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of P in mixed diets containing corn and soybean meal (SBM) with or without phytase supplementation. Birds were fed a commercial starter diet from day 0 to 21 after hatching and then allotted to 7 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with the BW as a blocking factor. Four semipurified diets were prepared to contain corn or SBM as the sole source of P with or without the addition of phytase at 1,000 phytase units/kg of diet. Two mixed diets were also prepared to contain corn and SBM with or without the addition of phytase at 1,000 phytase units/kg diet. A P-free diet (PFD) was formulated to determine the basal ileal endogenous loss of P. There were 16 replicate cages of the PFD and 8 replicate cages of the 6 experimental diets, with 8 birds per replicate cage for a total of 512 birds. Diets were fed for 3 d. The ileal digesta of birds were collected from the distal two-thirds of the ileum on day 24 after hatching. The SID of P in corn and SBM were 52.2 and 65.4%, respectively (SEM = 1.37). The addition of phytase improved (P < 0.05) both the AID and SID of P in the corn, SBM, and mixed diets. The determined AID or SID in the corn and SBM with or without phytase was used to predict the AID or SID in the mixed diets. There were no differences between the predicted and determined digestibility values in the mixed diets for either AID or SID of P and thus additive. Phytase supplementation of the mixed diet did not influence the additivity of AID or SID. In conclusion, the AID or SID of P in the corn and SBM was additive in the mixed diets containing corn and SBM with or without the addition of phytase.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Babatunde
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - S O Osho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - C S Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
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23
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Babatunde OO, Adeola O. Additivity of apparent and standardised ileal digestibility of phosphorus in corn and canola meal mixed diets; basal endogenous loss of phosphorus responses to phytase and age in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:244-250. [PMID: 33064029 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1825621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. The additivity of apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of phosphorus (P) in mixed diets containing corn and canola meal (CCM) with or without phytase supplementation and the impact of age on the basal ileal endogenous loss (BEL) of P were investigated in broiler chickens.2. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial with two ages (13 d or 21 d post hatching), three diets (corn, canola meal, or CCM), and two phytase levels (0 or 1,000 FYT/kg diet) in a randomised complete block design. There were eight or six birds per cage at 13 d and 21 d of age, respectively, and six replicate cages per treatment, with a total of 588 birds. A P-free diet (PFD) treatment was included at each age to determine the basal endogenous loss (BEL) of P.3. Birds were fed a commercial starter diet from d 1 to d 10 or d 18 and then fed the experimental diets for 3 d until d 13 or d 21, respectively. Predicted digestibility values calculated from the individual feed ingredients were used to test additivity in the mixed diets. Chromium oxide was included in diets as an indigestible marker.4. The ileal digesta, collected from birds at d 13 or d 21, was used to determine nutrient digestibility.5. The AID and SID of P at d 13 was higher (P < 0.01) when compared with older birds at d 21, regardless of dietary phytase supplementation. Regardless of age or phytase supplementation, AID and SID of P were additive, as there were no differences between predicted and determined values in the mixed diets. The BEL of P (g/kg DM intake) in birds at d 13 was higher (P < 0.05) than birds at d 21 (0.197 vs. 0.159).6. In conclusion, age had an impact on the BEL of P and the utilisation of minerals in the diets. The apparent and standardised ileal digestibility of P in the mixed diet containing corn and canola meal were additive, regardless of age or phytase supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Babatunde
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Greene E, Mallmann B, Wilson JW, Cowieson AJ, Dridi S. Monitoring Phytate Hydrolysis Using Serial Blood Sampling and Feather Myo-Inositol Levels in Broilers. Front Physiol 2020; 11:736. [PMID: 32676038 PMCID: PMC7333251 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytate forms insoluble precipitates with various cations that are recalcitrant to digestion in poultry. Dietary supplementation with exogenous phytase has been shown to improve phytate solubility and digestibility and, in turn, improve animal growth performance. Although the kinetics of phytate hydrolysis by exogenous phytase are well described in vitro, the progression of the reaction in vivo is still not well defined. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to monitor the kinetic variation of myo-inositol (myo-Ins) levels in both circulation and feather following exogenous phytase supplementation. In experiment 1, 4 week-old male broilers were individually housed with ad libitum access to water and a standard commercial diet. Birds were maintained under environmental temperature of 24°C and 30% RH. Birds were cannulated in the cutaneous ulnar vein on the right wing and remained untouched for 3 days. On the day of the experiment, birds were randomly divided into three body weight-matched groups and fed either the control diet, the control diet-supplemented with myo-Ins or Ronozyme HiPhos (0.06%, DSM Nutritional Products, Switzerland) for 10 h. In the experiment 2, birds were fed only HiPhos for 30 h. Growing feathers and blood were collected at baseline and then every 2 h for 10 h (experiment 1) and 30 h (experiment 2) post-prandially. Plasma and feather myo-Ins levels were determined by UHPLC-MS/MS. The relative expression of inositol polyphosphate-1-phosphatase (INPP1), inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1-3 (IP6K1-3), inositol-3-phosphate synthase (ISYNA), and multiple inositol-polyphosphate phosphatase 1 (MNPP1) genes in blood and feathers was determined by real-time qPCR using 2–ΔΔCt method. Plasma and feather myo-Ins levels were significantly increased by HiPhos at 6 h to 8 h post-prandial. The mRNA abundances of INPP1, IP6K1, and ISYNA in the circulation were significantly down regulated at all periods compared to the baseline levels. IP6K2, IP6K3, and MINPP1 gene expression, however, was up regulated at 8 h post-prandial and then returned to the baseline levels. In feathers, the expression of INPP1 was induced at 8 h post-prandial and remained higher compared to the baseline. The expression of IP6K2, IP6K3, and MINPP1 was down regulated during the first 10 h and then returned to baseline levels for the rest of the post-prandial period. Taken together, our data show that phytase modulates the expression of genes associated with myo-Ins metabolism and generates release of myo-Ins in both circulation and feather at 6–10 h post-feeding. Feather myo-Ins concentration could be used as a non-invasive method to monitor phytate hydrolysis in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Greene
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Barbara Mallmann
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | | | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Response of broiler chickens in the starter and finisher phases to 3 sources of microbial phytase. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3997-4008. [PMID: 32731987 PMCID: PMC7597975 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A broiler chicken study was conducted for 42 D to evaluate their responses to 3 commercially available microbial phytases. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and bone mineralization at days 21 and 42 posthatching were used as parameters of evaluation. The study was a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments, 8 replicate pens, and 25 birds per pen. Treatments included a positive control (PC), a negative control (NC) with crude protein (CP), nonphytate phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) reduced by 18, 1.5, and 1.8 g/kg, respectively; the NC + 4 levels of phytase A (250, 500, 750, 1,000 FTU/kg), 3 levels of phytase B (250, 500, 750 FTU/kg), and 3 levels of phytase C (500, 750, 1,000 FTU/kg). Broilers fed the NC diet had reduced (P < 0.05) performance and digestibility measures at days 21 and 42 relative to the PC. All phytase enzymes improved (P < 0.05) BW, gain, feed efficiency, and tibia ash weight and percent. Inclusion of phytase at the highest levels improved (P < 0.05) tibia ash weight by an average of 18.5 and 22% at days 21 and 42, respectively, over the NC. Phytase A linearly improved (P < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM, Ca, P, copper, and sodium at day 21, and the AID of energy, nitrogen, and all amino acid (AA) digestibility at day 42 posthatching. Phytase B linearly (P < 0.05) improved BW gain and feed efficiency of birds at day 21 and quadratically improved (P < 0.05) the AID of nitrogen and all AA in birds at day 42. Supplementation of birds fed the NC with phytase C linearly improved (P < 0.05) the BW gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, and AID of DM, energy, nitrogen, all AA, and all minerals except manganese at day 42. In conclusion, all 3 phytase products improved the growth performance, nutrient and mineral digestibility, and bone mineralization of birds fed diets deficient in nitrogen, Ca, and P similar to or more than birds fed diet adequate in P and CP.
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Babatunde OO, Cowieson AJ, Wilson JW, Adeola O. The impact of age and feeding length on phytase efficacy during the starter phase of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6742-6750. [PMID: 31287893 PMCID: PMC8913947 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytase is of importance to the poultry industry because of its ability to hydrolyze phytate and release phosphorus (P) for use by poultry. However, the effect of age on phytase efficacy is not fully understood. A total of 864 day-old broiler chicks were used to investigate the effect of age and feeding length on phytase efficacy using growth performance, mineral utilization, and tibia ash as response criteria of evaluation. The experiment was arranged as a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial in a randomized complete block design with 3 diets including; a positive control (PC; 0.4% non-phytate P (nPP)), a negative control (NC; 0.2% nPP) and a NC diet supplemented with phytase at 2,000 FYT/kg; 2 ages (i.e., days 14 and 22); and 2 feeding lengths (i.e., 2 and 5 D) with 8 replicates each. Birds fed the NC had decreased (P < 0.01) body weight gain and feed efficiency compared with birds fed the PC regardless of age or feeding length. Similarly, birds fed the phytase-supplemented diet had improved (P < 0.01) performance as compared to birds fed the NC regardless of age. There were no significant differences in P utilization between birds fed for 2 to 14 D or 22 D and birds fed for 5 D to both ages. However, phytase was more efficacious at day 14 than day 22 when mineral utilization was considered because the super dose of phytase elicited greater response in birds fed the phytase supplemented diet for 2 D until day 14. In contrast, percentage tibia ash improved (P < 0.01) in birds fed phytase supplemented diet for 5 D at both ages as compared with birds fed for 2 D. In conclusion, testing phytase products, even at high doses, for 2 D during the second week in the life cycle of broiler chicks, can be recommended from the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Babatunde
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - A J Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst 4303, Switzerland
| | - J W Wilson
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst 4303, Switzerland
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Arguelles-Ramos M, Nusairat B, Qudsieh R, Brake J. Effects of Phytase Inclusion in Broiler Breeder Diets During Early Lay on their Fecal and Egg Characteristics. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - B Nusairat
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
| | - R Qudsieh
- North Carolina State University, USA
| | - J Brake
- North Carolina State University, USA
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Argüelles-Ramos M, Brake J. The Effects of Sodium Chloride versus Sodium Bicarbonate at the Same Dietary Sodium Concentration on Efficacy of Dietary Phytase and a Carbohydrase-Protease Cocktail in Broilers. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J Brake
- North Carolina State University, USA
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29
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Walters H, Coelho M, Coufal C, Lee J. Effects of Increasing Phytase Inclusion Levels on Broiler Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Bone Mineralization in Low-Phosphorus Diets. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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30
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Efficient phosphorus utilization in poultry feeding to lessen the environmental impact of excreta. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933907001663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Wang J, Patterson R, Kim W. Effects of Extra-Dosing Phytase in Combination with Multi-Carbohydrase on Growth Performance and Bone Mineralization Using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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32
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Babatunde OO, Cowieson AJ, Wilson JW, Adeola O. Influence of age and duration of feeding low-phosphorus diet on phytase efficacy in broiler chickens during the starter phase. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2588-2597. [PMID: 30753622 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 1,408 male broiler chickens were used to evaluate the impact of age and duration of feeding low-phosphorus (P) diet on the efficacy of phytase using growth performance, nutrient utilization, tibia ash, and plasma indices. Diets were formulated with 2 non-phytate P (nPP) concentrations (i.e., 0.20 and 0.40%) and 2 phytase concentrations (i.e., 1,000 and 2,000 FTU/kg) added to the 0.20% nPP diet. Four dietary treatments with 8 replicate cages each were fed to broiler chicks at different ages and for different duration. Specifically, these were days 6 to 8 (12 birds per replicate), 12 to 14, 9 to 14, 20 to 22, or 6 to 22 (8 birds per replicate). Parameters were measured on the last day of each period. Duration of feeding effect was examined by comparing responses of birds fed for 2 or 5 D at day 14 and for 2 or 16 D at day 22; age effect was determined by comparing responses of birds fed for 2 D at age 8, 14 and 22 D post-hatching. Body weight gain and gain-to-feed ratio were increased (P < 0.01) in birds fed diets supplemented with phytase; however, an increase in duration of feeding improved (P < 0.01) feed efficiency with birds fed for 16 D performing better than birds fed for 2 D at day 22. In addition, phytase supplementation improved (P < 0.01) apparent P and calcium digestibility and retention, but the age effect on phytase efficacy was more apparent at day 14 and the duration of feeding effect was evident in birds fed for 2 D due to the increased levels of mineral utilization at that age/duration of feeding as compared with the other groups. The results of this study show that phytase efficacy was at optimum in birds fed low-P diet for 2 D at day 14. This period can be recommended for further bioefficacy studies of phytase.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Babatunde
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - A J Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst 4303, Switzerland
| | - J W Wilson
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst 4303, Switzerland
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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33
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Kim JW, Sanjayan N, Leterme P, Nyachoti CM. Relative bioavailability of phosphorus in high-protein sunflower meal for broiler chickens and effects of dietary phytase supplementation on bone traits, growth performance, and apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients. Poult Sci 2019; 98:298-305. [PMID: 30107506 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the relative bioavailability (RBV) of P in high-protein sunflower meal (HP-SFM) fed to broiler chickens based on bone traits and to determine the effects of dietary phytase supplementation and increasing levels of HP-SFM as a P source on bone traits, growth performance, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM and nutrients. In total, 240 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 10 experimental diets with 6 replicate cages of 4 birds each and fed experimental diets from day 14 to 21 of age. Diets included a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet (0.35% total P; P-deficient diet), or the basal diet supplemented with 0.05, 0.10, or 0.15% P from either monosodium phosphate (MSP) or HP-SFM. Another 3 diets were formulated by supplementing the HP-SFM-containing diets with 500 phytase unit/kg of phytase. The bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), and bone mineral density (BMD) of femur and tibia and tibia ash content increased (linear, P < 0.01) with increasing dietary P content from MSP. A linear increase in femur and tibia BMC, femur BA, and tibia BMD was also observed (P < 0.01) with increasing level of dietary P from HP-SFM. The RBV of P in HP-SFM based on femur and tibia BMC were 41 and 44%, respectively. Dietary phytase supplementation increased (P < 0.01) most of bone traits of the birds except for femur BMD. In addition, birds fed the diets supplemented with dietary phytase had greater (P < 0.05) BW gain, feed efficiency, and AID of P than those fed the diets without dietary phytase. In conclusion, the estimated RBV of P in HP-SFM to P in MSP were 41 and 44% based on femur and tibia BMC, respectively. Also, dietary phytase supplementation increased AID of P, growth performance, and bone traits of the birds fed P-deficient diets containing increasing inclusion level of HP-SFM as a P source.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Kim
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - N Sanjayan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - P Leterme
- BUNGE Global Innovation, calle Constitución 1, 08960 St Just Desvern (BCN), Spain
| | - C M Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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EL ENSHASY H, DAİLİN DJ, ABD MANAS NH, WAN AZLEE Nİ, EYAHMALAY ,J, YAHAYA ,SA, ABD MALEK R, SİWAPİRAGAM V, SUKMAWATİ D. Current and Future Applications of Phytases in Poultry Industry: A Critical Review. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN VETBIO SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES 2018; 3:65-74. [DOI: 10.31797/vetbio.455687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Phytases
are enzymes that initiate the removal of phosphate from phytate. This enzyme
has been widely utilized in animal feeding especially in the poultry industry
to enhance phosphorus intake and minimize environmental pollution. Phytases are
widely distributed in microbial, plants and animals. Supplementations of
phytase into the diets of poultry have great impact to the improvement of
poultry immune systems and increase bird weight. In addition to that, phytase
are able to improve both quantity and quality of eggs, egg mass and egg shell
quality. This review covers the classifications and distribution of phytases in
different biofactoris. In addition, it shed more light on the recent trends of
application and beneficial impact in poultry farming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dalia SUKMAWATİ
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta
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35
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Adeola O. Phytase in starter and grower diets of White Pekin ducks. Poult Sci 2018; 97:592-598. [PMID: 29253228 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth performance and phosphorus utilization responses of ducks to phytase were investigated during the starter and grower phases. Five-hundred-seventy-six one-day-old drakes with an average initial BW of 55 g were grouped by BW into 8 blocks of 6 pens and assigned to 48 pens with 12 ducks per pen. The 6 dietary treatments consisted of: 1) positive control (PC), adequate in all nutrients with 4.5 g non-phytate phosphorus (nPP)/kg starter diet or 3.5 g nPP/kg grower diet; 2) negative control (NC), adequate in all other nutrients except phosphorus with 3.0 g nPP/kg starter diet or 2.0 g nPP/kg grower diet; 3) the NC plus phytase at 500 units/kg diet; 4) the NC plus phytase at 1,000 units/kg diet; 5) the NC plus phytase at 1,500 units/kg diet; and 6) the NC plus phytase at 15,000 units/kg diet. Starter and grower diets were fed from d 1 to 15 and d 15 to 43 post hatching, respectively. Ducks had free access to diets and water during the 42-day study. Feeding the low-P NC diet to ducks reduced (P < 0.01) gain and feed intake compared with the PC diet in both starter and grower phases. Supplementing the NC diet with phytase resulted in both linear and quadratic improvements (P < 0.05) in gain, feed intake, and G: F. Feeding the low-P NC diet to ducks reduced (P < 0.01) tibia ash compared with the PC diet. There were both linear and quadratic increases (P < 0.05) in tibia ash with phytase supplementation. Supplementing the NC diet with phytase resulted in both linear and quadratic increases (P < 0.001) in ileal digestibility and retention of P in both the starter and grower phases. The results of this study showed that phytase was efficacious in hydrolyzing phytate P for bone mineralization and growth of ducks through the starter and grower periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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36
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Bournazel M, Lessire M, Klein S, Même N, Peyronnet C, Quinsac A, Duclos MJ, Narcy A. Phytase supplementation in diets rich in fiber from rapeseed enhances phosphorus and calcium digestibility but not retention in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1627-1640. [PMID: 29506047 PMCID: PMC5890604 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted on broilers to assess the effect of dietary fiber from 00-rapeseed meal (RSM) on phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and retention (AR) during the growing (Exp1: 10 to 21 d) or finishing period (Exp2: 21 to 31 d) in diets supplemented or not with microbial phytase. Each experiment involved 144 male Cobb 500 fed one of 8 diets. Fiber content was modulated by incorporating whole RSM, RSM from dehulled rapeseeds, either raw or supplemented with 2 levels of defatted rapeseed hulls. Diets were supplemented or not with 750 phytase units of microbial phytase per kg. Excreta were collected from d 14 to d 17 (Exp1) and from d 27 to d 30 (Exp2) to measure AR. At the end of experiments, digestive tracts were sampled and weighed. The distal ileum and tibias were collected to measure AID and bone mineralization, respectively. Age did not significantly alter the response of birds to the addition of dietary fiber. Inclusion of hulls decreased growth performance (P < 0.05). The weight of the proventriculus-gizzard (PG) increased with the dietary fiber content in Exp1: The decreased weight observed using dehulled RSM was reversed following the inclusion of hulls. In both trials, while the presence of phytase increased the AID of P (P < 0.001) but not Ca, the inclusion of hulls with phytase improved the AID of P and Ca [linear (Lin), P < 0.05]. This effect could depend on the effect of fiber on PG development and physiology. Hulls decreased the moisture content of excreta (P < 0.01), suggesting higher water retention or lower water consumption with fiber. The AR of P was lower than AID of P with hulls, contrary to Ca, suggesting a metabolic imbalance. The decrease of AR together with the decrease of bone characteristics indicates a lack of Ca in diets with hulls and suggests that P and Ca provision should be adapted to the level and the origin of fiber inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bournazel
- BOA, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- MiXscience, Centre d’affaires ODYSSEE, 35172 Bruz, France
| | - M Lessire
- BOA, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - S Klein
- MiXscience, Centre d’affaires ODYSSEE, 35172 Bruz, France
| | - N Même
- BOA, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - C Peyronnet
- Terres Univia, 11 rue Monceau, 75008 Paris, France
| | - A Quinsac
- Terres Inovia, 11 rue Monge, Parc industriel, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - M J Duclos
- BOA, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - A Narcy
- BOA, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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37
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Fujimoto H, Fujita N, Takada R. Effects of a rice diet and phytase addition on growth performance, tissue weights, phosphorus and nitrogen retention, and on liver threonine dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and fatty acid synthase activities in broiler chicks. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:770-776. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - Nozomi Fujita
- Faculty of Agriculture; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - Ryozo Takada
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
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38
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Angelovičová M, Mellen M, Zajác P, Čapla J, Angelovič M. Tibia mineralization of chickens determined to meat production using a microbial phytase. POTRAVINARSTVO 2018. [DOI: 10.5219/805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of the research was 6-phytase of microbial origin. It was used in feed mixtures for chickens determined to meat production. Its effect has been studied in relation to the tibia mineralization by calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. 6-phytase is a product of Aspergillus oryzae. That was obtained by means of biotechnological processes of production of commercially available enzymes. It was incorporated in the feed mixtures 0.1%. In a 38-day feeding trial, 300 one-day-old, as hatched, Cobb 500 chickens determined to meat production (100 birds per group) were fed on one concentrations of dietary non-phytate phosphorus (2.32, 2.31 g.kg-1, respectively and supplemental microbial phytase (0 and 500 FTU.kg-1 feed mixtures). Control group was used to compare the results and control feed mixtures contained 4.5 g.kg-1 without microbial phytase. At days 40 it was selected 6 birds in every group, which were slaughter in accordance with the principles of welfare. Left tibias of every bird were used to determination of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium contents. According to in vivo, it was found that the addition of microbial phytase to reduced dietary non-phytate phosphorus increased concentrations of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) in tibia. The differences among groups were statistically significant (p <0.05). It was concluded that reducing of dietary non-phytate phosphorus on the 2.32, 2.31 g.kg-1, respectively, by monocalcium phosphate and microbial phytase supplementation in feed mixtures facilitated tibia mineralization at chicken determined to meat production.
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39
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Gautier A, Walk C, Dilger R. Effects of a high level of phytase on broiler performance, bone ash, phosphorus utilization, and phytate dephosphorylation to inositol. Poult Sci 2018; 97:211-218. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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40
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41
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Pekel AY, Horn NL, Adeola O. The efficacy of dietary xylanase and phytase in broiler chickens fed expeller-extracted camelina meal. Poult Sci 2017; 96:98-107. [PMID: 27252371 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary phytase (PHY) and xylanase (XYL) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and intestinal characteristics in broilers fed corn-soybean meal-based diets with added expeller-extracted camelina meal (CM). The corn-soybean meal-based diets without or with CM was formulated to contain 2.9 or 2.7 g/kg non phytate phosphorus, respectively. A total of 384 male Ross 708 broilers were allocated to 8 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 6 replicates per treatment, from 7 to 21 d post hatching. The experiment consisted of a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 dietary CM levels (zero or 100 g/kg), 2 dietary levels of XYL (zero or 800 unit/kg), and 2 dietary levels of PHY (zero or 4,000 unit/kg). Chromic oxide was included in the diets as an indigestible marker. Growth was measured throughout the experiment and excreta were collected on d 18 to 21 post hatching for measurement of nutrient and energy retention. On d 21 post hatching, broilers were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, ileal digesta was collected for nutrient and energy digestibility measurements, and the left tibia was removed for bone ash measurement. Furthermore, duodenal digesta was collected and a segment of the mid jejunum was excised for viscosity and morphology measurement, respectively. Broilers fed 100 g/kg CM diets showed lower (P < 0.001) BW gain and G:F than those fed zero g/kg CM diets for 7 to 14 d and 7 to 21 d post hatching periods, respectively. Phytase supplementation improved (P < 0.05) all the growth parameters measured regardless of CM addition. Phytase supplementation resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in jejunum villus height but there was no impact of CM or XYL. Additionally, duodenal digesta viscosity increased (P < 0.001) with added CM. Tibia ash and weight increased (P < 0.001) with PHY supplementation. There was a CM × PHY interaction (P < 0.05) on percentage tibia ash, with greater PHY effect in zero g/kg CM diets compared with 100 g/kg CM diets. Phytase supplementation increased (P < 0.05) ileal DM, N, energy, P, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility. In diets with 100 g/kg CM, addition of PHY had a greater effect (CM × PHY; P < 0.05) on ileal P digestibility compared with diet without CM. There was a CM × PHY interaction (P < 0.05) for ileal digestible energy (IDE) in which PHY increased the IDE in birds fed CM supplemented diets. Both ileal digestibility and retentions of DM, N, energy, and IDE, AME, and AMEn were decreased (P < 0.05) by CM supplementation. Retention of ether extract and NDF decreased (P < 0.05) with CM supplementation. Nitrogen retention, AME, and AMEn decreased (CM × XYL; P < 0.05) with XYL supplementation in zero g/kg CM diets. There were CM × XYL interactions (P < 0.01) for P and Ca retentions in which XYL increased retentions in 100 g/kg CM diets. In conclusion, PHY was efficacious at improving P digestibility and retention of birds fed low P corn-soy based diets without or with CM. However, regardless of CM addition, XYL did not improve nutrient utilization and growth performance of broiler chickens. The present data also show that the mechanism underlying the detrimental effects of CM inclusion on nutrient utilization is not mediated through gut morphology and goblet cell density. The data also show that the villus height increase occurring with PHY addition might be a contributor to the improvements in ileal DM, N, and energy digestibility obtained with PHY supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Pekel
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34320, Turkey
| | - N L Horn
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Ribeiro V, Salguero S, Gomes G, Barros V, Silva D, Barreto S, Rostagno H, Hannas M, Albino L. Efficacy and phosphorus equivalency values of two bacterial phytases (Escherichia coli and Citrobacter braakii) allow the partial reduction of dicalcium phosphate added to the diets of broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Xue P, Ajuwon K, Adeola O. Phosphorus and nitrogen utilization responses of broiler chickens to dietary crude protein and phosphorus levels. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2615-2623. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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44
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Sharma NK, Choct M, Wu SB, Smillie R, Morgan N, Omar AS, Sharma N, Swick RA. Performance, litter quality and gaseous odour emissions of broilers fed phytase supplemented diets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:288-295. [PMID: 29767132 PMCID: PMC5941059 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The effect of graded levels of phytase on performance, bone characteristics, excreta/litter quality and odorant emissions was examined using 720 Ross 308 male d-old broilers. A 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed with 6 replicates of 15 birds per pen. Factors were: diets-positive and negative control (PC, NC); phytase – 0, 500, 1,000, 1,500 FTU/kg. The PC was formulated to meet the 2014 Ross 308 nutrient specifications, whereas the NC was formulated with lower Ca (−1.4 g/kg), available P (−1.5 g/kg), Na (−0.3 g/kg), dLys (−0.2 g/kg) and MEn (−0.28 MJ/kg) equivalent to nutrient matrix values for 500 FTU/kg phytase in the starter, grower and finisher periods (i.e., downspec diet). On d 24, phytase decreased FCR by 1.6, 4.3 and 4.6 points at inclusion levels of 500, 1,000 and 1,500 FTU/kg, respectively (P < 0.01) across all diets. Phytase by diet interactions on BW gain were observed on d 24 and 35 (P < 0.01). The effect of phytase was much more pronounced in the NC diet as compared with the PC diet. On d 24, phytase increased BW gain by 37, 55 and 68 g in the PC and 127, 233 and 173 g in the NC at 500, 1,000 and 1,500 FTU/kg, respectively. Diet by phytase interactions were also observed for tibia ash, litter quality and water to feed intake ratio (P < 0.01) with higher phytase effect in NC as compared with PC. Neither diet nor phytase impacted excreta moisture content on d 18 or 21 (P > 0.05). Solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) analysis of gaseous emissions on d 39 indicated no difference in the emission of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, volatile fatty acids and phenols between treatments (P > 0.05). The results indicate that phytase has greater benefits when formulated using nutrient matrix values as compared with adding it over the top in an already nutrient sufficient diet. The later method would be expected to increase feed costs without concomitant performance benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishchal K Sharma
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia
| | - Mingan Choct
- Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia
| | - Robert Smillie
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia
| | - Natalie Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia
| | - Amal S Omar
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Nisha Sharma
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia
| | - Robert A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia
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45
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Pieniazek J, Smith KA, Williams MP, Manangi MK, Vazquez-Anon M, Solbak A, Miller M, Lee JT. Evaluation of increasing levels of a microbial phytase in phosphorus deficient broiler diets via live broiler performance, tibia bone ash, apparent metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibility. Poult Sci 2016; 96:370-382. [PMID: 27444440 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to investigate increasing concentrations of an evolved microbial phytase on male broiler performance, tibia bone ash, AME, and amino acid digestibility when fed diets deficient in available phosphorus (aP). Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of phytase during a 21 d battery cage study and Experiment 2 was a 42 d grow-out. Experiment 1 included six treatments; negative control (NC) with an aP level of 0.23% (starter) and 0.19% (grower), two positive controls (PC) consisting of an additional 0.12% and 0.22% aP (PC 1 and PC 2), and the NC supplemented with three levels of phytase (250, 500, and 2,000 U/kg). The NC diet reduced (P < 0.05) FC, BW, and bone ash. Phytase increased (P < 0.05) BW with 2,000 U/kg phytase yielding similar results to the PC2, and improved FCR and increased bone ash was observed at all phytase levels. Amino acid digestibility coefficients were increased (P < 0.05) with phytase at 250 U/kg. Phytase at all rates increased (P < 0.05) AME to levels similar level as PC diets. Linear regression analysis indicated average P equivalency values for BW and bone ash of 0.137, 0.147, and 0.226 for phytase inclusion of 250, 500, and 2000 U/kg, respectively. Experiment 2 included a PC consisting of 0.45%, 0.41%, and 0.38% aP for the starter, grower, and finisher, respectively; NC with reduced aP of 0.17%; and phytase at 500 and 2,000 U/kg. Phytase increased BW (P < 0.05) compared to the NC as 2,000 U/kg phytase resulted in further BW increases compared to the PC (starter and grower). Phytase improved FCR to levels comparable to the PC, with supplementation at 2,000 U/kg resulting in improvements beyond the PC in the starter phase. Amino acid digestibility coefficients were increased with phytase at 2,000 U/kg to levels comparable to that of the PC. These data confirm that the inclusion of phytase improves broiler performance and bone mineralization in aP reduced diets and levels beyond the traditional 500 U/kg can result in further improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pieniazek
- Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, Texas A&M System, College Station, TX, USA
| | - K A Smith
- Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, Texas A&M System, College Station, TX, USA
| | - M P Williams
- Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, Texas A&M System, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | | | - A Solbak
- Verenium Corporation, San Diego, CA
| | - M Miller
- Verenium Corporation, San Diego, CA
| | - J T Lee
- Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, Texas A&M System, College Station, TX, USA
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Rezaeipour V, Barsalani A, Abdullahpour R. Effects of phytase supplementation on growth performance, jejunum morphology, liver health, and serum metabolites of Japanese quails fed sesame (Sesamum indicum) meal-based diets containing graded levels of protein. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1141-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Quarantelli A, Cacchioli A, Romanelli S, Righi F, Alpigiani I, Gabbi C. Effects of different levels of dietary biotin on the performance and bone structure of broilers. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Taheri HR, Jabbari Z, Adibnia S, Shahir MH, Hosseini SA. Effect of high-dose phytase and citric acid, alone or in combination, on growth performance of broilers given diets severely limited in available phosphorus. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:708-15. [PMID: 26361795 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1093094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of high-dose phytase alone or in combination with citric acid (CA) in the diet severely limited in available phosphorus (P) on performance, plasma P and plasma Ca of broilers from 22 to 42 d of age. 2. In Trial 1, 297 21-d-old female chicks were placed into 27 pens and allocated to 9 maize-soybean meal-based dietary treatments, which were a positive control [PC, 4.23 g/kg non-phytate P (NPP)] and 8 negative control (NC, 1.35 g/kg NPP) groups consisting of two concentrations of CA (0 and 20 g/kg) and 4 concentrations of phytase (0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 U/kg) in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. In Trial 2, 192 21-d-old male chicks were placed into 24 pens and allocated to 6 wheat-canola meal-based dietary treatments, which were a PC (4.2 g/kg NPP), a NC (1.68 g/kg NPP) and 4 NC groups consisting of two concentrations of CA (0 and 20 g/kg) and two concentrations of phytase (2000 and 4000 U/kg) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. 3. In both trials, birds fed on the PC had significantly higher average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), plasma P and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) and plasma Ca than those of birds fed on the NC. CA supplementation significantly increased ADG and ADFI. There was a significant interaction between CA and phytase on plasma P where CA improved the effect of phytase on plasma P. In Trial 1, phytase addition improved ADG, ADFI, FCR and plasma Ca linearly. 4. Briefly, this research showed the interaction effect between CA and phytase on plasma P when broilers were fed on diets based on maize-soybean meal or wheat-canola meal. The results showed that CA supplementation lowered the concentration of phytase that is needed in low NPP diets to increase plasma P.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Taheri
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
| | - Z Jabbari
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
| | - S Adibnia
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
| | - M H Shahir
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
| | - S A Hosseini
- b Animal Science Research Institute , Karaj , Iran
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Stefanello C, Vieira SL, Santiago GO, Kindlein L, Sorbara JOB, Cowieson AJ. Starch digestibility, energy utilization, and growth performance of broilers fed corn-soybean basal diets supplemented with enzymes. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2472-9. [PMID: 26316335 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary α-amylase and β-xylanase supplementation of corn-soy diets, formulated with or without supplemental phytase, on growth performance, energy utilization, and starch digestibility in broiler chickens. A total of 336 slow-feathering, Cobb × Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly distributed to 6 treatments having 8 replicates of 7 birds each. Birds were fed a common starter diet to d 14 post-hatch (3,050 kcal/kg AMEn, 21.7% CP, 1.05% Ca, and 0.53% nPP). The experimental diets were provided afterwards until d 25. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of 2 control diets (basal = corn-soy diet without added phytase or PHY = corn-soy diet formulated with 1,000 phytase units/kg) and 3 carbohydrase supplementations (0, 80 kilo-Novo α-amylase units/kg, or 80 kilo-Novo α-amylase units/kg + 100 fungal β-xylanase units/kg) was used from d 14 to 25. Excreta were collected from 21 to 24 d and all birds were euthanized at 25 d for jejunum and ileum content collection. Samples of feed, excreta, and jejunal and ileal digesta were analyzed for determination of total tract retention and ileal apparent digestibility. No interactions between diet and carbohydrase were observed. Broilers fed diets formulated with phytase or supplemented with amylase + xylanase had higher BW gain (BWG) and lower FCR (P < 0.05) when compared with birds fed diets without carbohydrases. Relative to the basal diet, AMEn was increased (P < 0.01) by 70 kcal/kg and 99 kcal/kg when birds were fed the diet supplemented with amylase and amylase + xylanase, respectively. Starch digestibility in the jejunum and ileum was increased (P < 0.05) by 3.5% and 2.4%, respectively, when birds were fed the diet supplemented with amylase + xylanase. Results from this experiment show that corn-soy diets having phytase and supplemented with amylase and xylanase led to increased growth performance, AMEn, and starch digestibility in broilers. Furthermore, the efficacy of exogenous amylase and xylanase was independent of the presence of microbial phytase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stefanello
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 91540-000
| | - S L Vieira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 91540-000
| | - G O Santiago
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 91540-000
| | - L Kindlein
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 8834, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 91540-000
| | - J O B Sorbara
- DSM Nutritional Products, Av. Engº Billings, 1729, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05321-010
| | - A J Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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Taheri HR, Heidari A, Shahir MH. Effect of high-dose phytase supplementation in broilers from 22 to 42 days post-hatch given diets severely limited in available phosphorus. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:330-6. [PMID: 25693790 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1020480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Two trials were conducted from 22 to 42 d post-hatch to evaluate the effectiveness of high concentrations of supplemental phytase in maize-soya bean meal-based diets severely limited in available phosphorus (P). Growth performance, plasma P and tibia ash (TA) were measured. 2. Each trial used 220 21-d-old male broilers in 20 pens with 11 birds per pen. Dietary treatments included a positive control [PC, 4.3 g/kg nonphytate P (NPP)], negative control [NC, 2.3 g/kg NPP (Trial 1) or 1.4 g/kg NPP (Trial 2)] and NC plus 1000, 2000 or 4000 phytase U/kg of the diet. 3. Birds fed on the PC diet had higher average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), plasma P (Trials 1 and 2) and TA (Trial 2) than those fed on the NC. 4. In Trial 1, ADG and G:F values of the NC plus 1000, 2000 or 4000 phytase U/kg reached those of the PC. Plasma P values of the NC plus 2000 or 4000 phytase U/kg reached that of the PC. Although TA values of the NC, NC + 1000 or NC + 2000 reached that of the PC, TA of the NC + 4000 was more than that of the PC. 5. In Trial 2, ADG and G:F values of the NC plus 4000 phytase U/kg reached those of the PC; nevertheless, plasma P values of the NC diets did not come up to that of the PC. While TA values of the NC, NC + 1000 or NC + 2000 did not reach that of the PC, TA of the NC + 4000 was greater than that of the PC. 6. Results of this study showed that, in the diets with 2.3 and 1.4 g/kg NPP, respectively, 1000 and 4000 phytase U/kg can be sufficient to obtain a comparable performance in broilers to those given diets adequate in available P.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Taheri
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan 45371-38791 , Iran
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