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Botta C, Buzzanca D, Chiarini E, Chiesa F, Rubiola S, Ferrocino I, Fontanella E, Rantsiou K, Houf K, Alessandria V. Microbial contamination pathways in a poultry abattoir provided clues on the distribution and persistence of Arcobacter spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0029624. [PMID: 38647295 PMCID: PMC11107157 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00296-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The consumption of contaminated poultry meat is a significant threat for public health, as it implicates in foodborne pathogen infections, such as those caused by Arcobacter. The mitigation of clinical cases requires the understanding of contamination pathways in each food process and the characterization of resident microbiota in the productive environments, so that targeted sanitizing procedures can be effectively implemented. Nowadays these investigations can benefit from the complementary and thoughtful use of culture- and omics-based analyses, although their application in situ is still limited. Therefore, the 16S-rRNA gene-based sequencing of total DNA and the targeted isolation of Arcobacter spp. through enrichment were performed to reconstruct the environmental contamination pathways within a poultry abattoir, as well as the dynamics and distribution of this emerging pathogen. To that scope, broiler's neck skin and caeca have been sampled during processing, while environmental swabs were collected from surfaces after cleaning and sanitizing. Metataxonomic survey highlighted a negligible impact of fecal contamination and a major role of broiler's skin in determining the composition of the resident abattoir microbiota. The introduction of Arcobacter spp. in the environment was mainly conveyed by this source rather than the intestinal content. Arcobacter butzleri represented one of the most abundant species and was extensively detected in the abattoir by both metataxonomic and enrichment methods, showing higher prevalence than other more thermophilic Campylobacterota. In particular, Arcobacter spp. was recovered viable in the plucking sector with high frequency, despite the adequacy of the sanitizing procedure.IMPORTANCEOur findings have emphasized the persistence of Arcobacter spp. in a modern poultry abattoir and its establishment as part of the resident microbiota in specific environmental niches. Although the responses provided here are not conclusive for the identification of the primary source of contamination, this biogeographic assessment underscores the importance of monitoring Arcobacter spp. from the early stages of the production chain with the integrative support of metataxonomic analysis. Through such combined detection approaches, the presence of this pathogen could be soon regarded as hallmark indicator of food safety and quality in poultry slaughtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Botta
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Buzzanca
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Chiarini
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Selene Rubiola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Kalliopi Rantsiou
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valentina Alessandria
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Disli HB, Hizlisoy H, Gungor C, Barel M, Dishan A, Gundog DA, Al S, Onmaz NE, Yildirim Y, Gonulalan Z. Investigation and characterization of Aliarcobacter spp. isolated from cattle slaughterhouse in Türkiye. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-023-00478-3. [PMID: 38206523 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Aliarcobacter spp. have been isolated from numerous food products at retail and from animal carcasses and feces at slaughter. The objectives of this study were as follows: (i) to isolate Aliarcobacter species from different slaughterhouses' samples and (ii) to detect genetic diversity, antibiotic resistance, biofilm ability, and putative virulence gene profiles of the isolates. A molecular investigation of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors was also conducted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among 150 samples, a total of 22 (14.6%) Aliarcobacter spp. isolates were obtained, with varying levels of antibiotic resistance observed. The genes tetO, tetW, and gyrA were detected in 0%, 31.8%, and 27.2% of the isolates, respectively. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin, rifampin, and erythromycin, while tetracycline was found to be the most effective antibiotic, with 81.8% of the isolates showing susceptibility to it. All isolates (100%) harbored more than one of the nine putative virulence genes tested, with 18.1% of isolates carrying more than three. Regarding biofilm formation, 7 (31.8%) and 4 (18.1%) isolates were found to form strong and moderate biofilms, respectively, while one (4.5%) isolate was classified as a weak biofilm producer. ERIC-PCR band patterns suggested that the isolated Aliarcobacter spp. from slaughterhouses had different sources of contamination. These findings highlight the potential risk posed by pathogenic and multidrug-resistant Aliarcobacter spp. in food and the need for control measures throughout the food chain to prevent the spread of these strains. The results indicate that foods of animal origin and cattle slaughterhouses are significant sources of antimicrobial resistant Aliarcobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Burak Disli
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Harun Hizlisoy
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Candan Gungor
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mukaddes Barel
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Adalet Dishan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Dursun Alp Gundog
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Serhat Al
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Ertas Onmaz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Yildirim
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zafer Gonulalan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Çelik E, Otlu S. Isolation of Arcobacter spp. and identification of isolates by multiplex PCR from various domestic poultry and wild avian species. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of the present study was to determine the extent and seasonal prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in domestic poultry and wild birds in the Kars region of Turkey using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR).
Methods
In this study, 1570 samples were collected from domestic poultry and wild avian species. The numbers of collected samples were as follows: 182 fecal samples from chickens, geese, and turkeys from family farms in the Kars region in Turkey; 1089 cloacal swab samples from chickens, geese, ducks, turkeys, and quails from family farms in this region; and 299 fecal samples from wild pigeons, crows, and owls in the same region.
Results
Arcobacter spp. were isolated from 17.43%, 35.77%, 3.63%, 6.87%, and 3.33% of the cloacal swab samples obtained from geese, ducks, chickens, turkeys, and quails, respectively. In the stool samples, Arcobacter spp. were isolated from 9.62%, 13.33%, and 4% of chicken, goose, and turkey samples, respectively. In wild birds, the isolation rates of Arcobacter spp. were 6.6%, 12.15%, and 0% in pigeons, crows, and owls, respectively. Using m-PCR, among 171 Arcobacter spp. isolates obtained from poultry and wild birds, 67, 78, 24, and 2 were identified as Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter skirrowii, and Arcobacter cibarius, respectively.
Conclusions
Both poultry and wild avian species exhibited variable rates of Arcobacter species positivity. The presence of Arcobacter spp. in the digestive tracts of healthy poultry and wild birds may serve as a potential reservoir for the dissemination of these microbes in the environment and their transmission to other animals and humans.
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Schönknecht A, Alter T, Gölz G. Detection of Arcobacter species in different intestinal compartments of broiler chicken during slaughter and processing. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1106. [PMID: 32830916 PMCID: PMC7568255 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter spp. are commonly present on meat products. However, the source of contamination on chicken meat is under dispute. Since different studies reported contradictory results on the occurrence of Arcobacter spp. inside the intestinal tract of chicken, our study examined four intestinal compartments at four significant production steps during broiler slaughter and processing in the slaughterhouse. Altogether, 157 intestinal tracts from 19 flocks were examined qualitatively and semiquantitatively applying a selective enrichment. Further verification was performed by mPCR and rpoB sequencing. Arcobacter spp. were only detected sporadically in intestinal contents after bleeding (2/32) and in none after scalding (0/32). After defeathering, Arcobacter spp. were detected in 62% (18/29) of the intestinal contents with 28% (8/29) of the duodenal, 21% (6/29) of the jejunal, 3% (1/29) of the cecal, and 55% (16/29) of the colonic samples tested positive with loads up to 24,000 MPN/g in the colonic content. Further 88% (7/8) of colonic tissue samples were tested positive. After evisceration, the prevalences (58/64) and loads of Arcobacter spp. display comparable levels in the intestinal contents like after defeathering. In conclusion, our data point out that Arcobacter spp. are most likely detected in the colonic intestinal compartment of the chicken after defeathering and evisceration. Therefore, not only cross-contamination originating from the environment inside the slaughterhouse may cause carcass contamination with Arcobacter spp. on broiler chicken carcasses. The detection of Arcobacter spp. in duodenal and jejunal contents as well as in the colonic tissue indicates that there possibly exists an Arcobacter reservoir inside the chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Schönknecht
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Campylobacter and Arcobacter species in food-producing animals: prevalence at primary production and during slaughter. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:146. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wages JA, Feye KM, Park SH, Kim SA, Ricke SC. Comparison of 16S rDNA Next Sequencing of Microbiome Communities From Post-scalder and Post-picker Stages in Three Different Commercial Poultry Plants Processing Three Classes of Broilers. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:972. [PMID: 31214127 PMCID: PMC6558062 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry processing systems are a complex network of equipment and automation systems that require a proactive approach to monitoring in order to protect the food supply. Process oversight requires the use of multi-hurdle intervention systems to ensure that any undesirable microorganisms are reduced or eliminated by the time the carcasses are processed into final products. In the present study, whole bird carcass rinses (WBCR) collected at the post-scalder and post-picker locations from three different poultry processing facilities (Plant A: mid-weight broiler processing, B: large-weight broiler processing, C: young broiler (Cornish) processing) were subjected to next generation sequencing (NGS) and microbial quantification using direct plating methods to assess the microbial populations present during these stages of the poultry process. The quantification of aerobic plate counts (APC) and Enterobacteriaceae (EB) demonstrated that reductions for these microbial classes were not consistent between the two sampling locations for all facilities, but did not provide a clear picture of what microorganism(s) may be affecting those shifts. With the utilization of NGS, a more complete characterization of the microbial communities present including microorganisms that would not have been identified with the employed direct plating methodologies were identified. Although the foodborne pathogens typically associated with raw poultry, Salmonella and Campylobacter, were not identified, sequence analysis performed by Quantitative Insights of Microbiology Ecology (QIIME) indicated shifts of Erwinia, Serratia, and Arcobacter, which are microorganisms closely related to Salmonella and Campylobacter. Additionally, the presence of Chryseobacterium and Pseudomonas at both sampling locations and at all three facilities provides evidence that these microorganisms could potentially be utilized to assess the performance of multi-hurdle intervention systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Wages
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Kristina M Feye
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Si Hong Park
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sun Ae Kim
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Gobbi DD, Spindola MG, Moreno LZ, Matajira CE, Oliveira MG, Paixão R, Ferreira TS, Moreno AM. Isolation and molecular characterization of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus from the pork production chain in Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-4709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Arcobacter is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, and the major transmission routes to humans are the handling or consumption of contaminated raw/undercooked food products of animal origin, water and seafood. The isolation and identification of Arcobacter species are not routine in clinical laboratories; therefore, its true incidence in human infections may be underestimated. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize Arcobacter from carcasses and fecal samples collected at swine slaughterhouses and from meat markets in São Paulo State, Brazil. The isolates were identified using multiplex-PCR to differentiate the species and analyzed by single-enzyme amplified fragment length polymorphism (SE-AFLP). Arcobacter spp. were isolated from 73.0% of swine carcasses, 4% of fecal samples and 10% of pork samples. A. butzleri was the most prevalent species identified, followed by A. cryaerophilus. Interestingly, the carcasses presented higher frequency of A. butzleri isolation, whereas only A. cryaerophilus was isolated from fecal samples. SE-AFLP enabled the characterization of A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus into 51 and 63 profiles, respectively. The great genetic heterogeneity observed for both species corroborates previous reports. This study confirms the necessity for a standard isolation protocol and the improvement of molecular tools to further elucidate Arcobacter epidemiology.
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Ramees TP, Dhama K, Karthik K, Rathore RS, Kumar A, Saminathan M, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Singh RK. Arcobacter: an emerging food-borne zoonotic pathogen, its public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017; 37:136-161. [PMID: 28438095 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1323355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter has emerged as an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen, causing sometimes serious infections in humans and animals. Newer species of Arcobacter are being incessantly emerging (presently 25 species have been identified) with novel information on the evolutionary mechanisms and genetic diversity among different Arcobacter species. These have been reported from chickens, domestic animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, dogs), reptiles (lizards, snakes and chelonians), meat (poultry, pork, goat, lamb, beef, rabbit), vegetables and from humans in different countries. Arcobacters are implicated as causative agents of diarrhea, mastitis and abortion in animals, while causing bacteremia, endocarditis, peritonitis, gastroenteritis and diarrhea in humans. Three species including A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii are predominantly associated with clinical conditions. Arcobacters are primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water sources. Identification of Arcobacter by biochemical tests is difficult and isolation remains the gold standard method. Current diagnostic advances have provided various molecular methods for efficient detection and differentiation of the Arcobacters at genus and species level. To overcome the emerging antibiotic resistance problem there is an essential need to explore the potential of novel and alternative therapies. Strengthening of the diagnostic aspects is also suggested as in most cases Arcobacters goes unnoticed and hence the exact epidemiological status remains uncertain. This review updates the current knowledge and many aspects of this important food-borne pathogen, namely etiology, evolution and emergence, genetic diversity, epidemiology, the disease in animals and humans, public health concerns, and advances in its diagnosis, prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thadiyam Puram Ramees
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- c Central University Laboratory , Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Ramswaroop Singh Rathore
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences , UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- e Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- f ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
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Laishram M, Rathlavath S, Lekshmi M, Kumar S, Nayak BB. Isolation and characterization of Arcobacter spp. from fresh seafood and the aquatic environment. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 232:87-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Karadas G, Bücker R, Sharbati S, Schulzke JD, Alter T, Gölz G. Arcobacter butzleri
isolates exhibit pathogenic potential in intestinal epithelial cell models. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 120:218-25. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Karadas
- Institute of Food Hygiene; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - R. Bücker
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Sharbati
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - J.-D. Schulzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - T. Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - G. Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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11
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Çelik E, Ünver A. Isolation and Identification of Arcobacter spp. by Multiplex PCR from Water Sources in Kars Region. Curr Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Modified isolation method of Arcobacter spp. from different environmental and food samples. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 60:515-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0395-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Arcobacter Species. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800245-2.00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Khoshbakht R, Tabatabaei M, Shirzad Aski H, Seifi S. Occurrence ofArcobacterin Iranian poultry and slaughterhouse samples implicates contamination by processing equipment and procedures. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:732-6. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.971223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Chavatte N, Baré J, Lambrecht E, Van Damme I, Vaerewijck M, Sabbe K, Houf K. Co-occurrence of free-living protozoa and foodborne pathogens on dishcloths: Implications for food safety. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 191:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
This article presents information related to emerging pathogens that are foodborne or have the potential to be foodborne including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The phenotypic characteristics of these pathogens, their epidemiology, prevalence in foods, and transmission routes to humans as well as means for their control are also discussed.
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Tabatabaei M, Shirzad Aski H, Shayegh H, Khoshbakht R. Occurrence of six virulence-associated genes in Arcobacter species isolated from various sources in Shiraz, Southern Iran. Microb Pathog 2013; 66:1-4. [PMID: 24201143 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In humans, arcobacters are associated with watery diarrhea and septicemia. Although, recently, more cases of diarrhea have been caused by Arcobacter species, very little is known about its pathogenesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of six putative Arcobacter virulence genes (cadF, ciaB, cj1349, mviN, pldA, and tlyA), in a set of 113 Arcobacter butzleri, 40 Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and 15 Arcobacter skirrowii isolates that were recovered from various origins. The isolates were confirmed on the basis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genus and species specific PCR for determining three species. For confirmed isolates, PCR was carried out for the presence of virulence genes using specific primers. All A. butzleri isolates carried all six genes. For A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii, the cadF gene was detected just in 55 and 53.3%, ciaB in 97.5 and 86.6%, cj1349 in 45 and 60%, mviN in 90 and 80%, pldA in 32.5 and 13.3%, and tlyA in 37.5 and 40%, respectively. For A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii, the genes ciaB and mviN were significantly more prevalent than other virulence markers (P ≤ 0.05). The findings revealed that many of the important Arcobacter strains (86%) have these putative virulence genes which can be potential pathogenic properties for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tabatabaei
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, 71345-1731 Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, 71345-1731 Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hossein Shayegh
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Rahem Khoshbakht
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran.
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Rasmussen LH, Kjeldgaard J, Christensen JP, Ingmer H. Multilocus sequence typing and biocide tolerance of Arcobacter butzleri from Danish broiler carcasses. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:322. [PMID: 23941403 PMCID: PMC3751686 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arcobacter spp. have in recent years received increasing interest as potential emerging enteropathogens and zoonotic agents. They are associated with various animals including poultry and can be isolated from meat products. The possibilities of persistence and cross-contamination in slaughterhouses during meat processing are not well established. We have evaluated the occurrence and persistence of Arcobacter spp. in a Danish slaughterhouse and determined the sensitivity of isolates to sodium hypochlorite, a commonly used biocide. Results Arcobacter contamination was examined in a broiler slaughterhouse by selective enrichment of 235 swabs from the processing line during two production days and after sanitizing in between. In total 13.6% of samples were positive for A. butzleri with the majority (29 of 32 isolates) originating from the evisceration machine. No Arcobacter spp. was isolated after cleaning. A. butzleri isolates confirmed by PCR were typed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) resulting in 10 new sequence types (STs). Two sequence types were isolated on both processing days. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to sodium hypochlorite was determined to 0.5% hypochlorite biocide (500 ppm chlorine) for most isolates, which allows growth of A. butzleri within the working concentration of the biocide (0.2 - 0.5%). Conclusions A. butzleri was readily isolated from a Danish broiler slaughterhouse, primarily in the evisceration machine. Typing by MLST showed high strain variability but the recurrence of two STs indicate that some persistence or cross-contamination takes place. Importantly, the isolates tolerated sodium hypochlorite, a biocide commonly employed in slaughterhouse sanitizing, at levels close to the disinfection concentration, and thus, A. butzleri may survive the disinfection process although this was not observed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Hesselbjerg Rasmussen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigboejlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Karadas G, Sharbati S, Hänel I, Messelhäußer U, Glocker E, Alter T, Gölz G. Presence of virulence genes, adhesion and invasion of Arcobacter butzleri. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:583-90. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Karadas
- Institute of Food Hygiene; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Sharbati
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - I. Hänel
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Jena Germany
| | - U. Messelhäußer
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority; Oberschleißheim Germany
| | - E. Glocker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - T. Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - G. Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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20
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Ferreira S, Fraqueza MJ, Queiroz JA, Domingues FC, Oleastro M. Genetic diversity, antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming ability of Arcobacter butzleri isolated from poultry and environment from a Portuguese slaughterhouse. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 162:82-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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De Smet S, De Zutter L, Houf K. Spatial Distribution of the Emerging Foodborne PathogenArcobacterin the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pigs. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:1097-103. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah De Smet
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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22
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Rahimi E, Hormozipoor H, Gholami Ahangaran M, Yazdi F. Prevalence of Arcobacter species on chicken carcasses during processing in Iran. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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23
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González I, García T, Fernández S, Martín R. Current Status on Arcobacter Research: An Update on DNA-Based Identification and Typing Methodologies. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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24
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Occurrence of putative virulence genes in arcobacter species isolated from humans and animals. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 50:735-41. [PMID: 22170914 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.05872-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in arcobacters in veterinary and human public health has increased since the first report of the isolation of arcobacters from food of animal origin. Since then, studies worldwide have reported the occurrence of arcobacters on food and in food production animals and have highlighted possible transmission, especially of Arcobacter butzleri, to the human population. In humans, arcobacters are associated with enteritis and septicemia. To assess their clinical relevance for humans and animals, evaluation of potential virulence factors is required. However, up to now, little has been known about the mechanisms of pathogenicity. Because of their close phylogenetic affiliation to the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter and their similar clinical manifestations, the presence of nine putative Campylobacter virulence genes (cadF, ciaB, cj1349, hecA, hecB, irgA, mviN, pldA, and tlyA) previously identified in the recent Arcobacter butzleri ATCC 49616 genome sequence was determined in a large set of human and animal Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii strains after the development of rapid and accurate PCR assays and confirmed by sequencing and dot blot hybridization.
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25
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Dumas MD, Polson SW, Ritter D, Ravel J, Gelb J, Morgan R, Wommack KE. Impacts of poultry house environment on poultry litter bacterial community composition. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24785. [PMID: 21949751 PMCID: PMC3174962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral and bacterial pathogens are a significant economic concern to the US broiler industry and the ecological epicenter for poultry pathogens is the mixture of bedding material, chicken excrement and feathers that comprises the litter of a poultry house. This study used high-throughput sequencing to assess the richness and diversity of poultry litter bacterial communities, and to look for connections between these communities and the environmental characteristics of a poultry house including its history of gangrenous dermatitis (GD). Cluster analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed differences in the distribution of bacterial phylotypes between Wet and Dry litter samples and between houses. Wet litter contained greater diversity with 90% of total bacterial abundance occurring within the top 214 OTU clusters. In contrast, only 50 clusters accounted for 90% of Dry litter bacterial abundance. The sixth largest OTU cluster across all samples classified as an Arcobacter sp., an emerging human pathogen, occurring in only the Wet litter samples of a house with a modern evaporative cooling system. Ironically, the primary pathogenic clostridial and staphylococcal species associated with GD were not found in any house; however, there were thirteen 16S rRNA gene phylotypes of mostly gram-positive phyla that were unique to GD-affected houses and primarily occurred in Wet litter samples. Overall, the poultry house environment appeared to substantially impact the composition of litter bacterial communities and may play a key role in the emergence of food-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Dumas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Shawn W. Polson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Don Ritter
- Mountaire Farms Inc., Millsboro, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jack Gelb
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Robin Morgan
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - K. Eric Wommack
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
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26
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Amare L, Saleha A, Zunita Z, Jalila A, Hassan L. Prevalence of Arcobacter spp. on chicken meat at retail markets and in farm chickens in Selangor, Malaysia. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Small ruminants as carriers of the emerging foodborne pathogen Arcobacter on small and medium farms. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Healthy pigs are an important reservoir for the emerging human pathogen Arcobacter which can result in contamination of porcine carcasses and pork and the spread of arcobacters into the environment. Up to now, the excretion of arcobacters by pigs has been studied, but information about the transmission routes in fattening pigs is lacking. The present study aimed to elucidate the Arcobacter population dynamics in pigs during the fattening period on four farrow-to-finish farms. On each farm, 30 clinically healthy, 12-week-old piglets were selected. Fecal samples were collected on 10 sampling occasions until a slaughter age of 30 weeks was reached. Arcobacter spp. were isolated by a selective method and identified by multiplex PCR. The genetic diversity was examined by amplified fragment length polymorphism and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR. The Arcobacter presence in the fecal samples on the four farms ranged from 11.3 to 50.0%, with excretion levels of up to 10(4) CFU/g feces. The ratio in which Arcobacter species were isolated varied between the farms and over time. Characterization revealed a high degree of genotypic diversity among the isolates. Arcobacter strains persisted and spread within the finishing unit during the fattening period. The occurrence of both unique and shared genotypes in pigs in adjacent and nonadjacent pens demonstrates that transmission routes other than fecal-oral transmission occur.
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29
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Collado L, Figueras MJ. Taxonomy, epidemiology, and clinical relevance of the genus Arcobacter. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011; 24:174-92. [PMID: 21233511 PMCID: PMC3021208 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00034-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Arcobacter, defined almost 20 years ago from members of the genus Campylobacter, has become increasingly important because its members are being considered emergent enteropathogens and/or potential zoonotic agents. Over recent years information that is relevant for microbiologists, especially those working in the medical and veterinary fields and in the food safety sector, has accumulated. Recently, the genus has been enlarged with several new species. The complete genomes of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter nitrofigilis are available, with the former revealing diverse pathways characteristic of free-living microbes and virulence genes homologous to those of Campylobacter. The first multilocus sequence typing analysis showed a great diversity of sequence types, with no association with specific hosts or geographical regions. Advances in detection and identification techniques, mostly based on molecular methods, have been made. These microbes have been associated with water outbreaks and with indicators of fecal pollution, with food products and water as the suspected routes of transmission. This review updates this knowledge and provides the most recent data on the taxonomy, species diversity, methods of detection, and identification of these microbes as well as on their virulence potential and implication in human and animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Collado
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, IISPV, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria José Figueras
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, IISPV, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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30
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Skřivanová E, Molatová Z, Matěnová M, Houf K, Marounek M. Inhibitory effect of organic acids on arcobacters in culture and their use for control of Arcobacter butzleri on chicken skin. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 144:367-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Adesiji YO, Coker AO, Oloke JK. Detection of Arcobacter in feces of healthy chickens in Osogbo, Nigeria. J Food Prot 2011; 74:119-21. [PMID: 21219772 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of arcobacters in foods, with the highest prevalence reported in poultry, has underscored its importance as a potential food safety problem in recent years. To estimate its prevalence in live birds, fresh stool samples from healthy chickens were screened by enrichment and plating on Arcobacter selective medium containing cefoperazone, amphotericin B, and teicoplanin. Of 150 fecal samples, only 2 (1.3%) yielded Arcobacter. Species were identified with fluorescence resonance energy transfer PCR. Isolate no. 21 from a local flock shared 99% identity with the complete genome of A. butzleri RM4018 (CP000361.1). Isolate no. 4 from a layer hen shared 100% identity with a partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of A. cryaerophilus (EF064151.1). The low prevalence of Arcobacter in the fecal samples of healthy chickens concurs with earlier studies suggesting that Arcobacter appears to be a transient colonizer of poultry intestines and therefore might not be the major source of chicken carcass contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y O Adesiji
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria.
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Douidah L, De Zutter L, Vandamme P, Houf K. Identification of five human and mammal associated Arcobacter species by a novel multiplex-PCR assay. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 80:281-6. [PMID: 20096309 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex-PCR assay with seven primers was developed for the identification of the five human and mammal related species of the emerging foodborne pathogen Arcobacter. The assay was validated using 58 reference and 358 collection strains isolated from humans and mammals. The selected primers on the 23 S RNA gene amplify a 2061 bp fragment from A. butzleri, a 1590 bp fragment from A. thereuis, a 1125 bp fragment from A. cibarius and an A. skirrowii specific fragment of 198 bp. For A. cryaerophilus, a primer set on the gyrA gene amplified a specific fragment of 395 bp. No PCR product was generated for closely related bacteria including Campylobacter and Helicobacter species. Furthermore, examination of the 23 S RNA gene of A. cryaerophilus revealed, besides large heterogeneity, the presence of intervening sequences ranging from 87 to 196 bp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laid Douidah
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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33
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De Smet S, De Zutter L, Van Hende J, Houf K. Arcobacter contamination on pre- and post-chilled bovine carcasses and in minced beef at retail. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:299-305. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Kjeldgaard J, Jørgensen K, Ingmer H. Growth and survival at chiller temperatures of Arcobacter butzleri. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 131:256-9. [PMID: 19297052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri is prevalent on chicken products. Arcobacter spp. are generally isolated in only low numbers from the chicken gut, so chicken carcasses may be contaminated by A. butzleri that proliferate in the slaughterhouse environment. To address this issue, we examined the behaviour of A. butzleri ATCC 49616 and newly isolated A. butzleri strains under conditions likely to prevail in the slaughterhouse environment using a chicken meat juice medium (CMJ). CMJ supported growth of A. butzleri at 15 degrees C, the recognised minimal growth temperature of this organism, and at 10 degrees C. At 5 degrees C, CMJ enhanced survival of A. butzleri as compared with survival in Brain Heart Infusion with less than a one log reduction after 77 days incubation. Lastly, we examined the ability of A. butzleri to form biofilms and found that the organism produces biofilm at temperatures ranging from 5 to 37 degrees C. Given the ability to survive, multiply and form biofilm under chilled conditions A. butzleri appears well suited for establishment in food processing and slaughterhouse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Kjeldgaard
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Stigbøjlen 4, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Lipman L, Ho H, Gaastra W. The presence of Arcobacter species in breeding hens and eggs from these hens. Poult Sci 2008; 87:2404-7. [PMID: 18931194 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Arcobacter spp. in 2 breeding hen flocks was determined by examination of the intestinal tract, oviduct magnum mucosa, and ovarian follicles of slaughtered chicken. The bacteria were detected by PCR and cultural isolation in 34 out of 40 intestinal tracts from one flock (A) and 6 out of 30 from the other (B). The strains were Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii. From flock A, arcobacters were recovered from 6 out of 40 oviduct magnum mucosa samples. The majority of isolated strains were A. butzleri. Arcobacter spp. could not be detected, by either PCR or isolation, from 20 eggs collected on the farm of flock A and from 20 eggs still remaining in the vagina of hens in flock B. Furthermore, none of the ovarian follicles from each flock were positive. The results indicate that breeding hens can be infected with Arcobacter spp. in the intestinal tract and oviduct. No evidence was obtained for transmission of Arcobacter spp. from hens to eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lipman
- University Utrecht, 3508 TC Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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36
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Atanassova V, Kessen V, Reich F, Klein G. Incidence of Arcobacter spp. in poultry: quantitative and qualitative analysis and PCR differentiation. J Food Prot 2008; 71:2533-6. [PMID: 19244910 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.12.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter is part of the family Campylobacteraceae. As with the genus Campylobacter, Arcobacter is found responsible for human gastrointestinal infection, and it is assumed to originate from poultry meat sources. Samples from poultry slaughtering originating from a broiler slaughterhouse and a turkey slaughterhouse were analyzed for Arcobacter. Five broiler flocks and five turkey flocks were analyzed in the course of slaughtering and processing for the prevalence of Arcobacter. The prevalence in broilers was 43.0%, while turkey samples were contaminated with 18.2% of positive samples. The numbers of Arcobacter present on turkey skin samples ranged between 1.7 and 2.4 log CFU/cm2. The prevalence changes during processing showed an increase after chilling in broilers, whereas there was a constant decrease in turkey processing. Species identification showed that all three Arcobacter spp. of relevance in human infection could be isolated, with A. butzleri being found at higher prevalence, which was followed by A. skirrowii and A. cryaerophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Atanassova
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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37
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Van Driessche E, Houf K. Survival capacity in water ofArcobacterspecies under different temperature conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:443-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Ho HT, Lipman LJ, Gaastra W. The introduction of Arcobacter spp. in poultry slaughterhouses. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 125:223-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Dogs as carriers of the emerging pathogen Arcobacter. Vet Microbiol 2008; 130:208-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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