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Jahejo AR, Bukhari SAR, Rajput N, Kalhoro NH, Leghari IH, Raza SHA, Li Z, Liu WZ, Tian WX. Transcriptome-based biomarker gene screening and evaluation of the extracellular fatty acid-binding protein (Ex-FABP) on immune and angiogenesis-related genes in chicken erythrocytes of tibial dyschondroplasia. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:323. [PMID: 35459093 PMCID: PMC9034513 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a bone disorder in which dead chondrocytes accumulate as a result of apoptosis and non-vascularization in the tibial bone of broiler chickens. The pathogenicity of TD is under extensive research but is yet not fully understood. Several studies have linked it to apoptosis and non-vascularization in the tibial growth plate (GP). We conceived the idea to find the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in chicken erythrocytes which vary in expression over time using a likelihood-ratio test (LRT). Thiram was used to induce TD in chickens, and then injected Ex-FABP protein at 0, 20, and 50 μg.kg-1 to evaluate its therapeutic effect on 30 screened immunity and angiogenesis-related genes using quantitative PCR (qPCR). The histopathology was also performed in TD chickens to explore the shape, circularity, arrangements of chondrocytes and blood vessels. RESULTS Clinical lameness was observed in TD chickens, which decreased with the injection of Ex-FABP. Histopathological findings support Ex-FABP as a therapeutic agent for the morphology and vascularization of affected chondrocytes in TD chickens. qPCR results of 10 immunity (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR15, IL-7, MyD88, MHCII, and TRAF6) and 20 angiogenesis-related genes (ITGAV, ITGA2, ITGB2, ITGB3, ITGA5, IL1R1, TBXA2R, RPL17, F13A1, CLU, RAC2, RAP1B, GIT1, FYN, IQGAP2, PTCH1, NCOR2, VAV-like, PTPN11, MAML3) regulated when Ex-FABP is injected to TD chickens. CONCLUSION Immunity and angiogenesis-related genes can be responsible for apoptosis of chondrocytes and vascularization in tibial GP. Injection of Ex-FABP protein to thiram induced TD chickens decrease the chondrocytes damage and improves vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza Jahejo
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | | | - Nasir Rajput
- Department of Poultry Husbandry, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Zhen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Wen-Zhong Liu
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China.
| | - Wen-Xia Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China.
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Jahejo AR, Jia FJ, Raza SHA, Shah MA, Yin JJ, Ahsan A, Waqas M, Niu S, Ning GB, Zhang D, Khan A, Tian WX. Screening of toll-like receptor signaling pathway-related genes and the response of recombinant glutathione S-transferase A3 protein to thiram induced apoptosis in chicken erythrocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103831. [PMID: 32818608 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The expression of genes related to the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling pathway were determined. Group A, B and C fed with basal diet and group D, E and F induced TD by feeding a basal diet containing 100 mg·kg-1 thiram. rGSTA3 protein was injected at 20 μg·kg-1 in group B, E and at 50 μg·kg-1 in C, F. Results suggested that lameness and death of chondrocytes were significant on day 14. TLRs signaling pathway related genes were screened based on the transcriptome enrichment, and validated on qPCR. IL-7, TLR2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 15, MyD88, MHC-II, MDA5 and TRAF6 were significantly (p < 0.05) expressed in group E and F as compared to group D on day 14 and 23. IL-7, MHCII, TRAF6, TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR15 determined insignificant in group D compared to group A on day 23. TD occur in an early phase and alleviated in the later period. rGSTA3 protein can prevent apoptosis and repair degraded chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza Jahejo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Fa-Jie Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | | | - Mujahid Ali Shah
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Jiao-Jiao Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Anam Ahsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of the Poonch, Rawalakot, District Poonch, 12350, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Sheng Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Guan-Bao Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Ding Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Ajab Khan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Wen-Xia Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China.
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Effect of Anacardic Acid against Thiram Induced Tibial Dyschondroplasia in Chickens via Regulation of Wnt4 Expression. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9030082. [PMID: 30845678 PMCID: PMC6466137 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study evaluated the ameliorating effect of anacardic acid (AA) in tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) chickens. Our results showed that AA can increase the feed conversion ratio, improve the weight, length and width of the tibia. AA administration restored the antioxidant parameters significantly (p < 0.05). The gene expression analysis revealed a decrease in wingless-type member 4 (Wnt4) expressions in TD chickens as compared to the control group, while AA treatment up-regulated the Wnt4 expression. The present study demonstrates that the AA plays an important role to prevent the lameness and restore the size of the tibial growth plate of chickens by regulating the expression of Wnt4. Abstract Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a tibia bone problem in broilers. Anacardic acid (AA) is a traditional Chinese medicine, which is commonly used to treat arthritis in human. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of AA against TD. A total of 300 day-old poultry birds were equally divided and distributed into three different groups: Control, TD and AA groups. The results showed that the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in the TD group than control chickens. The tibia bone parameters including weight, length and width were of low quality in TD chickens, while the width of the tibial growth plate was enlarged remarkably. Whereas, in the AA treatment group, the tibia bone parameters showed improvement and tend to return to normal. The antioxidant parameters level of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total and antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was significantly decreased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) level was increased significantly in TD affected chickens. AA administration restored the antioxidant parameters significantly. The gene expression revealed a decrease in Wnt4 expression in TD chickens as compared to control chickens, while AA treatment up-regulated the Wnt4 expression. The present study demonstrates that the AA plays an important role to prevent the lameness and restore the size of tibial growth plate of chickens by regulating the expression of Wnt4.
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Zhang H, Mehmood K, Jiang X, Yao W, Iqbal M, Waqas M, Rehman MU, Li A, Shen Y, Li J. Effect of tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (thiram) in relation to tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:28264-28274. [PMID: 30076550 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (thiram) is one of the important pesticides, which is extensively used in agriculture, but if it is combined with the cell membrane, then it causes membrane damage, bone morphogenic inactivation, and inhibited angiogenesis. Thiram has been considered a common cause of tibial dyschondrolplasia (TD) in various avian species, because it becomes the part of feed due to environmental contamination and its overuse in agriculture as pesticides or fungicide. However, there is no systematic study on the changes of the correlation indexes with toxic effect of the thiram in chickens. Therefore, we evaluated the toxic effects of thiram on growth performance of chickens, viscera organ index, pathological changes in tissue, and gene expression associated with osteoblast differentiation, vascularization, and tibial bone development. For this study, 1-day chickens (n = 300) were randomly distributed into two equal groups, control group (normal basal diet) and thiram group (adding thiram 40 mg/kg in basal diet). The result presented that thiram group chickens were looking unhealthy, lazy, and showing clinical symptoms like lameness. Thiram treatment significantly reduced the performance of chickens, liver index, and tibial length compared with control group. The toxic effect of thiram increased the visceral organ index (spleen and cardiac), tibia index, and TD severity considerably. It also increased serum Ca2+ and P3+ concentration and decreased tibial density compared to control chickens but the difference was not significant. Histopathology of tibia and liver showed that there were severe lesions due to toxic effect of thiram. Furthermore, HIF-1α and VEGF antibody localizations were increased and WNT4 localization was reduced significantly in immunohistochemical analysis. This systemic study of toxic effects of thiram in chicken concluded that thiram reduced the growth performance of chickens through decreasing liver index, whereas increasing kidney, cardiac, and spleen index, and induced TD by changing the expressions of VEGF, HIF-1α, and WNT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Xiong Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangyuan Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mujahid Iqbal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Aoyun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoqin Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, Tibet, 860000, People's Republic of China.
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Iqbal M, Zhang H, Mehmood K, Li A, Jiang X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Iqbal MK, Rehman MU, Yao W, Yang S, Li J. Icariin: a Potential Compound for the Recovery of Tibial Dyschondroplasia Affected Chicken Via Up-Regulating BMP-2 Expression. Biol Proced Online 2018; 20:15. [PMID: 29988477 PMCID: PMC6026509 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-018-0080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a skeletal disease of fast growing chicken and other avian species. It is characterized by an avascular and non-mineralized growth plate, which leads to a deformed tibial bone and lameness. Unfortunately, this disease is not only responsible for causing huge economic losses but also raises animal welfare concerns. Icariin is a flavonoid, which is isolated from Epimedium pubescens herb, and it has been used to cure different diseases including bone fractures and osteoporosis. RESULTS We designed this experiment to use icariin for the treatment of TD affect chickens; for this purpose, a total of 180 chicks were equally divided into three groups: control, TD and icariin. All the three groups were offered ad libitum same normal standard diet with an addition of thiram (50 mg/kg) from 3rd day to 7th day in TD and icariin group in order to induce TD in chickens. After the induction of TD, the chickens in icariin groups were fed standard diet with an addition of icariin at the rate of 10 mg/kg in drinking water to check the therapeutic effect of this flavonoid on TD. Our results showed that the icariin helped in restoring the TD lesion into a normal structure with significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulating the bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) expression in the tibial growth plates (GP). CONCLUSIONS Icariin increased the vascular area in the growth plate and decreased the average TD score. In conclusion, this study shows that icariin is a potential compound for the recovery of TD affected chickens via up-regulating the BMP-2 expression without posing a threat of ingestion of toxic veterinary drug residues to human beings upon the consumption of treated chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujahid Iqbal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Aoyun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiong Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Kashif Iqbal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wangyuan Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shijin Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, Tibet 860000 People’s Republic of China
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Effect of Icariin on Tibial Dyschondroplasia Incidence and Tibial Characteristics by Regulating P2RX7 in Chickens. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6796271. [PMID: 29750168 PMCID: PMC5884288 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6796271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a disease of rapid growing chickens that occurs in many avian species; it is characterized by nonvascular and nonmineralized growth plates, along with tibia bone deformation and lameness. Icariin is widely used to treat bone diseases in humans, but no report is available regarding the effectiveness of icariin against avian TD. Therefore, this study was designed to determine its effect against TD. For this purpose, a total of 180 broiler chicks were distributed into three groups including control, TD, and icariin group. Control group was given a standard normal diet, while TD and icariin groups received normal standard diet containing 50 mg/kg thiram to induce TD from days 3 to 7 after hatch. After the induction of TD, the chicks of icariin group were fed with standard normal diet by adding 10 mg/kg icariin in water. Then morphological and production parameters analysis of tibial bone indicators, physiological index changes, and gene expression were examined. The results showed that icariin administration not only decreased the mortality but also mitigated the lameness and promoted the angiogenesis, which diminished the TD lesion and significantly increased the expression of P2RX7 (P < 0.05) in TD affected thiram induced chicks. In conclusion, present findings suggest that icariin has a significant role in promoting the recovery of chicken growth plates affected by TD via regulating the P2RX7. Our findings reveal a new target for clinical treatment and prevention of TD in broiler chickens.
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Lopez-Antia A, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, García-de Blas E, Camarero PR, Mougeot F, Mateo R. Adverse effects of thiram-treated seed ingestion on the reproductive performance and the offspring immune function of the red-legged partridge. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1320-9. [PMID: 25663614 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide research traditionally has focused on compounds with high acute toxicity or persistence, but the adverse sublethal effects of pesticides with different properties also may have important consequences on exposed wildlife. The authors studied the effects of thiram, a fungicide used for seed coating with known effects as endocrine disruptor. Red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa; n = 15 pairs per treatment group) were fed wheat treated with 0%, 20%, or 100% of the thiram application rate used in autumn (25 d) and late winter (10 d) to mimic cereal sowing periods. The authors studied the effects on reproductive performance, carotenoid-based ornamentation and cellular immune responsiveness of adult partridges, and their relationship with changes in oxidative stress biomarkers and plasma biochemistry. The authors also studied the effect of parental exposure on egg antioxidant content and on the survival, growth, and cellular immune response of offspring. Exposure to thiram-coated seeds delayed egg laying, reduced clutch size, and affected egg size and eggshell thickness. Partridges exposed to the 20% thiram dose exhibited reduced egg fertility and brood size (55% and 28% of controls, respectively). Chick survival was unaffected by parental exposure to treated seeds, but adverse effects on their growth rate and cellular immune response were apparent. These effects on reproduction and immune function may have important demographic consequences on farmland bird populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lopez-Antia
- Institute of Research in Game Resources, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel E Ortiz-Santaliestra
- Institute of Research in Game Resources, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | | | - Pablo R Camarero
- Institute of Research in Game Resources, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Mateo
- Institute of Research in Game Resources, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Cartilage and bone malformations in the head of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos following exposure to disulfiram and acetic acid hydrazide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 268:221-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fialho L, Rafael A, Cabrita A, Pereira A, Capela e Silva F. Effect of dithiocarbamate thiram on Wistar rat growth plate and articular cartilage. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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van Boxtel AL, Pieterse B, Cenijn P, Kamstra JH, Brouwer A, van Wieringen W, de Boer J, Legler J. Dithiocarbamates induce craniofacial abnormalities and downregulate sox9a during zebrafish development. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:209-17. [PMID: 20530235 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dithiocarbamates (DTCs) have a wide variety of applications in diverse fields ranging from agriculture to medicine. DTCs are teratogenic to vertebrates but the mechanisms by which they exert these effects are poorly understood. Here, we show that low nanomolar exposure to three DTCs, tetraethylthiuram (thiram), tetramethylthiuram (disulfiram), and sodium metam (metam), leads to craniofacial abnormalities in developing zebrafish embryos that are reminiscent of DTC-induced abnormalities found in higher vertebrates. In order to better understand the molecular events underlying DTC teratogenesis, we exposed embryonic zebrafish (PAC2) cells to thiram and disulfiram and measured changes in gene expression with microarrays. We found differential expression of 166 genes that were specific for exposure to DTCs and identified a network of genes related to connective tissue development and function. Additionally, we found eight downregulated genes related to transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta1) signaling, including an essential transcription factor for zebrafish craniofacial development, SRY-box-containing gene 9a (sox9a). Finally, we show that sox9a expression is perturbed in the ceratobranchial arches of DTC-exposed zebrafish, suggesting that this is an important event in the development of DTC-induced craniofacial abnormalities. Together, we provide evidence for a novel teratogenic endpoint and a molecular basis for a better understanding of DTC-induced teratogenesis in vertebrates.
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van Boxtel AL, Kamstra JH, Fluitsma DM, Legler J. Dithiocarbamates are teratogenic to developing zebrafish through inhibition of lysyl oxidase activity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 244:156-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Lightfoot TL, Yeager JM. Pet bird toxicity and related environmental concerns. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2008; 11:229-59, vi. [PMID: 18406386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Birds may be exposed to toxins through various sources in their everyday environment. Toxicity may occur through inhalation or oral or dermal exposures. Clinicians diagnose and treat these toxicities in an effort to correct the disease of the individual patient. Recognition of toxicity in the avian patient has further significance as it relates to the patient's environment, including the health of other animals, humans, and the ecosystem. While some toxicities, such as lead and zinc toxicosis, are well-documented in avian species, others are limited to anecdotal reports and extrapolation from other species. Continued research is needed in this area of avian medicine to expand our knowledge and improve our ability to diagnose and treat toxic conditions in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Lightfoot
- Department of Avian and Exotic Medicine, Florida Veterinary Specialists, Tampa, FL 33614, USA.
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