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Plenge RM, Padyukov L, Remmers EF, Purcell S, Lee AT, Karlson EW, Wolfe F, Kastner DL, Alfredsson L, Altshuler D, Gregersen PK, Klareskog L, Rioux JD. Replication of putative candidate-gene associations with rheumatoid arthritis in >4,000 samples from North America and Sweden: association of susceptibility with PTPN22, CTLA4, and PADI4. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77:1044-60. [PMID: 16380915 PMCID: PMC1285162 DOI: 10.1086/498651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate-gene association studies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have lead to encouraging yet apparently inconsistent results. One explanation for the inconsistency is insufficient power to detect modest effects in the context of a low prior probability of a true effect. To overcome this limitation, we selected alleles with an increased probability of a disease association, on the basis of a review of the literature on RA and other autoimmune diseases, and tested them for association with RA susceptibility in a sample collection powered to detect modest genetic effects. We tested 17 alleles from 14 genes in 2,370 RA cases and 1,757 controls from the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium (NARAC) and the Swedish Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis (EIRA) collections. We found strong evidence of an association of PTPN22 with the development of anti-citrulline antibody-positive RA (odds ratio [OR] 1.49; P=.00002), using previously untested EIRA samples. We provide support for an association of CTLA4 (CT60 allele, OR 1.23; P=.001) and PADI4 (PADI4_94, OR 1.24; P=.001) with the development of RA, but only in the NARAC cohort. The CTLA4 association is stronger in patients with RA from both cohorts who are seropositive for anti-citrulline antibodies (P=.0006). Exploration of our data set with clinically relevant subsets of RA reveals that PTPN22 is associated with an earlier age at disease onset (P=.004) and that PTPN22 has a stronger effect in males than in females (P=.03). A meta-analysis failed to demonstrate an association of the remaining alleles with RA susceptibility, suggesting that the previously published associations may represent false-positive results. Given the strong statistical power to replicate a true-positive association in this study, our results provide support for PTPN22, CTLA4, and PADI4 as RA susceptibility genes and demonstrate novel associations with clinically relevant subsets of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Plenge
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rheumatology Unit and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Genetics and Genomics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore LIJ Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, Wichita, Kansas; and Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal
| | - Leonid Padyukov
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rheumatology Unit and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Genetics and Genomics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore LIJ Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, Wichita, Kansas; and Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal
| | - Elaine F. Remmers
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rheumatology Unit and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Genetics and Genomics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore LIJ Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, Wichita, Kansas; and Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal
| | - Shaun Purcell
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rheumatology Unit and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Genetics and Genomics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore LIJ Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, Wichita, Kansas; and Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal
| | - Annette T. Lee
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rheumatology Unit and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Genetics and Genomics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore LIJ Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, Wichita, Kansas; and Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal
| | - Elizabeth W. Karlson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rheumatology Unit and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Genetics and Genomics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore LIJ Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, Wichita, Kansas; and Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal
| | - Frederick Wolfe
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rheumatology Unit and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Genetics and Genomics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore LIJ Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, Wichita, Kansas; and Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal
| | - Daniel L. Kastner
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rheumatology Unit and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Genetics and Genomics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore LIJ Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, Wichita, Kansas; and Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rheumatology Unit and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Genetics and Genomics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore LIJ Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, Wichita, Kansas; and Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rheumatology Unit and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Genetics and Genomics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore LIJ Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, Wichita, Kansas; and Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal
| | - Peter K. Gregersen
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rheumatology Unit and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Genetics and Genomics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore LIJ Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, Wichita, Kansas; and Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rheumatology Unit and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Genetics and Genomics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore LIJ Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, Wichita, Kansas; and Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal
| | - John D. Rioux
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rheumatology Unit and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Genetics and Genomics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore LIJ Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY; National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, Wichita, Kansas; and Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal
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