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do Nascimento RP, dos Santos BL, Amparo JAO, Soares JRP, da Silva KC, Santana MR, Almeida ÁMAN, da Silva VDA, Costa MDFD, Ulrich H, Moura-Neto V, Lopes GPDF, Costa SL. Neuroimmunomodulatory Properties of Flavonoids and Derivates: A Potential Action as Adjuvants for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010116. [PMID: 35057010 PMCID: PMC8778519 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are tumors that have a high ability to migrate, invade and proliferate in the healthy tissue, what greatly impairs their treatment. These characteristics are associated with the complex microenvironment, formed by the perivascular niche, which is also composed of several stromal cells including astrocytes, microglia, fibroblasts, pericytes and endothelial cells, supporting tumor progression. Further microglia and macrophages associated with GBMs infiltrate the tumor. These innate immune cells are meant to participate in tumor surveillance and eradication, but they become compromised by GBM cells and exploited in the process. In this review we discuss the context of the GBM microenvironment together with the actions of flavonoids, which have attracted scientific attention due to their pharmacological properties as possible anti-tumor agents. Flavonoids act on a variety of signaling pathways, counteracting the invasion process. Luteolin and rutin inhibit NFκB activation, reducing IL-6 production. Fisetin promotes tumor apoptosis, while inhibiting ADAM expression, reducing invasion. Naringenin reduces tumor invasion by down-regulating metalloproteinases expression. Apigenin and rutin induce apoptosis in C6 cells increasing TNFα, while decreasing IL-10 production, denoting a shift from the immunosuppressive Th2 to the Th1 profile. Overall, flavonoids should be further exploited for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravena Pereira do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, Bahia, Brazil; (R.P.d.N.); (B.L.d.S.); (J.A.O.A.); (J.R.P.S.); (K.C.d.S.); (M.R.S.); (Á.M.A.N.A.); (V.D.A.d.S.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
| | - Balbino Lino dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, Bahia, Brazil; (R.P.d.N.); (B.L.d.S.); (J.A.O.A.); (J.R.P.S.); (K.C.d.S.); (M.R.S.); (Á.M.A.N.A.); (V.D.A.d.S.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
- Academic College of Nurse, Department of Health, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina 56304-205, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jéssika Alves Oliveira Amparo
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, Bahia, Brazil; (R.P.d.N.); (B.L.d.S.); (J.A.O.A.); (J.R.P.S.); (K.C.d.S.); (M.R.S.); (Á.M.A.N.A.); (V.D.A.d.S.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
| | - Janaina Ribeiro Pereira Soares
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, Bahia, Brazil; (R.P.d.N.); (B.L.d.S.); (J.A.O.A.); (J.R.P.S.); (K.C.d.S.); (M.R.S.); (Á.M.A.N.A.); (V.D.A.d.S.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
| | - Karina Costa da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, Bahia, Brazil; (R.P.d.N.); (B.L.d.S.); (J.A.O.A.); (J.R.P.S.); (K.C.d.S.); (M.R.S.); (Á.M.A.N.A.); (V.D.A.d.S.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
| | - Monique Reis Santana
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, Bahia, Brazil; (R.P.d.N.); (B.L.d.S.); (J.A.O.A.); (J.R.P.S.); (K.C.d.S.); (M.R.S.); (Á.M.A.N.A.); (V.D.A.d.S.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
| | - Áurea Maria Alves Nunes Almeida
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, Bahia, Brazil; (R.P.d.N.); (B.L.d.S.); (J.A.O.A.); (J.R.P.S.); (K.C.d.S.); (M.R.S.); (Á.M.A.N.A.); (V.D.A.d.S.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
| | - Victor Diógenes Amaral da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, Bahia, Brazil; (R.P.d.N.); (B.L.d.S.); (J.A.O.A.); (J.R.P.S.); (K.C.d.S.); (M.R.S.); (Á.M.A.N.A.); (V.D.A.d.S.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
| | - Maria de Fátima Dias Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, Bahia, Brazil; (R.P.d.N.); (B.L.d.S.); (J.A.O.A.); (J.R.P.S.); (K.C.d.S.); (M.R.S.); (Á.M.A.N.A.); (V.D.A.d.S.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
- National Institute for Translational Neurosciences (INCT/CNPq INNT), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence: (H.U.); (S.L.C.)
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- National Institute for Translational Neurosciences (INCT/CNPq INNT), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Paulo Niemeyer State Institute of the Brain, Rio de Janeiro 20230-024, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giselle Pinto de Faria Lopes
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Admiral Paulo Moreira Institute for Sea Studies (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo 28930-000, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, Bahia, Brazil; (R.P.d.N.); (B.L.d.S.); (J.A.O.A.); (J.R.P.S.); (K.C.d.S.); (M.R.S.); (Á.M.A.N.A.); (V.D.A.d.S.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
- National Institute for Translational Neurosciences (INCT/CNPq INNT), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (H.U.); (S.L.C.)
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Lee BR, Paing MH, Sharma-Walia N. Cyclopentenone Prostaglandins: Biologically Active Lipid Mediators Targeting Inflammation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:640374. [PMID: 34335286 PMCID: PMC8320392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.640374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (cyPGs) are biologically active lipid mediators, including PGA2, PGA1, PGJ2, and its metabolites. cyPGs are essential regulators of inflammation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell migration, and stem cell activity. cyPGs biologically act on multiple cellular targets, including transcription factors and signal transduction pathways. cyPGs regulate the inflammatory response by interfering with NF-κB, AP-1, MAPK, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways via both a group of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) dependent and PPAR-γ independent mechanisms. cyPGs promote the resolution of chronic inflammation associated with cancers and pathogen (bacterial, viral, and parasitic) infection. cyPGs exhibit potent effects on viral infections by repressing viral protein synthesis, altering viral protein glycosylation, inhibiting virus transmission, and reducing virus-induced inflammation. We summarize their anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, cytoprotective, antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, pro-resolution, and anti-metastatic potential. These properties render them unique therapeutic value, especially in resolving inflammation and could be used in adjunct with other existing therapies. We also discuss other α, β -unsaturated carbonyl lipids and cyPGs like isoprostanes (IsoPs) compounds.
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Cordes F, Lenker E, Weinhage T, Spille LJ, Bettenworth D, Varga G, Schmidt HH, Foell D. Impaired IFN-γ-dependent STAT3 Activation Is Associated With Dysregulation of Regulatory and Inflammatory Signaling in Monocytes of Ulcerative Colitis Patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:887-901. [PMID: 33165509 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) inhibitor tofacitinib has been recently approved for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) but not Crohn's disease (CD). Systematic analysis of the JAK/STAT pathway in inflammatory bowel disease is still missing. The aim of this study was to investigate JAK/STAT activation and adjacent signaling in monocytes of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, which are key players in inflammatory responses. METHODS Blood samples of active UC (n = 28) and CD patients (n = 28) and healthy controls (n = 22) were collected for primary monocyte investigation. STAT phosphorylation (pSTAT), cytokine secretion, and surface marker expression ± prior tofacitinib blockade in addition to Th-17 and regulatory T cell induction in cocultures were analyzed upon interferon (IFN)-γ timulation. RESULTS Baseline frequencies of pSTAT1+ and pSTAT3+ monocytes were significantly higher in UC, whereas IFN-γ-associated crosstalk induction of pSTAT3+ monocytes was missing in UC-derived monocytes compared with controls and CD. This coincided with decreased interleukin (IL)-10 and cluster of differentiation (CD)39 levels, diminished regulatory T cell (Treg) induction, and increased IL-12 and IL-23 secretion compared with controls, which was not observed in CD monocytes. Tofacitinib induced stronger inhibition of inflammatory cytokine release (IL-6, TNFα, IL-12, IL-23) in UC compared with CD monocytes. CONCLUSIONS In UC monocytes, IFN-γ-associated activation of the JAK/STAT pathway is impaired with an imbalance between STAT1 and STAT3, coinciding with stronger induction of inflammatory monocytes by IFN-γ compared with controls or CD. The fact that tofacitinib had stronger regulatory impact on UC than on CD monocytes further underlines a stronger inflammatory involvement of the JAK/STAT pathway in UC pathogenesis, which might result from missing STAT3 activation to counteract STAT1-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Cordes
- Department of Medicine B, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Eva Lenker
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Toni Weinhage
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lea J Spille
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dominik Bettenworth
- Department of Medicine B, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Varga
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hartmut H Schmidt
- Department of Medicine B, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Foell
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Kim SJ, Cho NC, Han B, Kim K, Hahn YI, Kim KP, Suh YG, Choi BY, Na HK, Surh YJ. 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14 -prostaglandin J 2 binds and inactivates STAT3 via covalent modification of cysteine 259 in H-Ras-transformed human breast epithelial cells. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:604-622. [PMID: 33452674 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been considered as a potential target for development of anticancer therapeutics. Here, we report a novel mechanism by which the cyclopentenone prostaglandin, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14 -prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2 ) functions as an allosteric inhibitor of STAT3. 15d-PGJ2 inhibits phosphorylation, dimerization, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activity of STAT3 in H-Ras-transformed human mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A-Ras) through the Michael addition reaction at cysteine 259 of STAT3. Comparative studies with 15d-PGJ2 analogues reveal that both C12-C13 and C9-C10 double bonds conjugated to the carbonyl group in the cyclopentenone ring of 15d-PGJ2 are essential for STAT3 binding. Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of 15d-PGJ2 in MCF10A-Ras cells are attributable to covalent modification of STAT3 on Cys259, and mimic the effects induced by mutation of this amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jung Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Nam-Chul Cho
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Korea
| | - Bitnara Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Kyeojin Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Young-Il Hahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Bu Young Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Engineering, School of Convergence Bioscience and Technology, Seowon University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
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Inflammation During Virus Infection: Swings and Roundabouts. DYNAMICS OF IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN VIRAL DISEASES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7121364 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1045-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation constitutes a concerted series of cellular and molecular responses that follow disturbance of systemic homeostasis, by either toxins or infectious organisms. Leukocytes modulate inflammation through production of secretory mediators, like cytokines and chemokines, which work in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner. These mediators can either promote or attenuate the inflammatory response and depending on differential temporal and spatial expression play a crucial role in the outcome of infection. Even though the objective is clearance of the pathogen with minimum damage to host, the pathogenesis of multiple human pathogenic viruses has been suggested to emanate from a dysregulation of the inflammatory response, sometimes with fatal consequences. This review discusses the nature and the outcome of inflammatory response, which is triggered in the human host subsequent to infection by single-sense plus-strand RNA viruses. In view of such harmful effects of a dysregulated inflammatory response, an exogenous regulation of these reactions by either interference or supplementation of critical regulators has been suggested. Currently multiple such factors are being tested for their beneficial and adverse effects. A successful use of such an approach in diseases of viral etiology can potentially protect the affected individual without directly affecting the virus life cycle. Further, such approaches whenever applicable would be useful in mitigating death and/or debility that is caused by the infection of those viruses which have proven particularly difficult to control by either prophylactic vaccines and/or therapeutic strategies using specific antiviral drugs.
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Wang Y, Yu Y, Wang Q, Wei S, Wang S, Qin Q, Yang M. PPAR-δ of orange-spotted grouper exerts antiviral activity against fish virus and regulates interferon signaling and inflammatory factors. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:38-49. [PMID: 31470135 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPAR-δ), also called PPAR-β or PPAR-β/δ, is a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family, which belongs to the nuclear steroid receptor superfamily. Activated PPARs participate in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism and also affect cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, and the immune responses. To investigate the roles of PPAR-δ in Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection, we cloned and characterized the gene encoding a PPAR-δ homologue from the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides (EcPPAR-δ). EcPPAR-δ encodes a 514-amino-acid polypeptide, with 95.29% and 74.76% homologue to the Seriola dumerili and human proteins, respectively. EcPPAR-δ contains a typical DNA-binding domain and a ligand-binding domain. Its expression was induced by SGIV infection in vitro. A subcellular localization analysis showed that EcPPAR-δ localizes throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus, with a diffuse intracellular expression pattern. SGIV replication was reduced by EcPPAR-δ overexpression, which was evident in the reduced severity of the cytopathic effect, reduced viral gene transcription, and the reduced expression of the viral capsid protein. The replication of SGIV increased with the knockdown of EcPPAR-δ. The overexpression and silencing of EcPPAR-δ in grouper spleen cells showed that EcPPAR-δ plays a positive role in the regulation of the interferon signaling pathway, but has an anti-inflammatory effect on the inflammatory response. The anti-inflammatory effect of EcPPAR-δ may be related to its function in maintaining cell homeostasis. Because the interferon signaling pathway plays an important role in antiviral immune responses, we speculate that the activation of the interferon signaling pathway by EcPPAR-δ overexpression underlies its inhibitory effect on SGIV replication. Together, our data greatly extend our understanding of the roles of the EcPPAR-δ family members in the pathogenesis of fish viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yepin Yu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shina Wei
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Min Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Barbosa MM, de Araújo AA, de Araújo Júnior RF, Guerra GCB, de Castro Brito GA, Leitão RC, Ribeiro SB, de Aragão Tavares E, Vasconcelos RC, Garcia VB, de Medeiros CACX. Telmisartan Modulates the Oral Mucositis Induced by 5-Fluorouracil in Hamsters. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1204. [PMID: 30210365 PMCID: PMC6123383 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common adverse effect resulting from cancer therapy. The OM it has implications that may compromise oncologic treatment and decrease the patient's quality of life. The therapeutic options to prevent or treat the symptoms of OM are scarce; there is no effective therapy that improves the symptoms. Based on the need for further research for the treatment of OM, the present study objective was to evaluate the effect of telmisartan (TELM) on the OM induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), using as animal model Golden Syrian hamsters. 5-FU followed by mechanical trauma on day 4 was used to induce OM in hamsters. Euthanasia occurred on the day 10. The experiments were constituted by the groups saline, mechanical trauma, 5-FU, and TELM in three doses (1, 5, or 10 mg/kg). Macroscopic, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses as well as immunofluorescence experiments were performed on the oral mucosa of the animals. The samples also were used for analysis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qPCR). TELM (5 or 10 mg/kg) was able to reduce the inflammatory ulceration and infiltration in the oral mucosa of the animals, decreasing the levels of the cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. These treatments was minimize the immunostaining for cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, transforming growth factor-β, and smad 2/3. The nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NFκB) p65 and inducible nitric oxide synthase were reduced in the oral mucosa. Finally, TELM (10 mg/kg) increased the PPARγ gene expression and reduced STAT1 and NFκB p65 gene expression relative to the 5-FU group. Therefore, TELM prevents the OM produced by 5-FU on animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisie M Barbosa
- Post Graduation Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Aurigena A de Araújo
- Post Graduation Program Public Health/Post Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Raimundo F de Araújo Júnior
- Post Graduation Program in Functional and Structural Biology/Post Graduation Program Health Science, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Gerlane C B Guerra
- Post Graduation Program in Biological Sciences/Post Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Gerly A de Castro Brito
- Post Graduation Program of Morphological Science, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Renata C Leitão
- Post Graduation Program of Morphological Science, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Susana B Ribeiro
- Post Graduation Program in Biotechnology RENORBIO, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Roseane C Vasconcelos
- Post Graduation Program Public Health, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Vinícius B Garcia
- Post Graduation in Program of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Caroline A C X de Medeiros
- Post Graduation Program in Biological Sciences/Post Graduation Program in Biotechnology RENORBIO, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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DeMartini T, Nowell M, James J, Williamson L, Lahni P, Shen H, Kaplan JM. High fat diet-induced obesity increases myocardial injury and alters cardiac STAT3 signaling in mice after polymicrobial sepsis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2654-2660. [PMID: 28625915 PMCID: PMC5653424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how obesity affects the heart during sepsis and we sought to investigate the obesity-induced cardiac effects that occur during polymicrobial sepsis. Six-week old C57BL/6 mice were randomized to a high fat (HFD) (60% kcal fat) or normal diet (ND) (16% kcal fat). After 6weeks of feeding, mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Plasma and cardiac tissue were obtained for analysis. Echocardiography was performed on a separate cohort of mice at 0 and 18h after CLP. Following 6-weeks of dietary intervention, plasma cardiac troponin I was elevated in obese mice at baseline compared to non-obese mice but troponin increased only in non-obese septic mice. IL-17a expression was 27-fold higher in obese septic mice versus non-obese septic mice. Cardiac phosphorylation of STAT3 at Ser727 was increased at baseline in obese mice and increased further only in obese septic mice. Phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 was similar in both groups at baseline and increased after sepsis. SOCS3, a downstream protein and negative regulator of STAT3, was elevated in obese mice at baseline compared to non-obese mice. After sepsis non-obese mice had an increase in SOCS3 expression that was not observed in obese mice. Taken together, we show that obesity affects cardiac function and leads to cardiac injury. Furthermore, myocardial injury in obese mice during sepsis may occur through alteration of the STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore DeMartini
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marchele Nowell
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeanne James
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2005, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lauren Williamson
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Patrick Lahni
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer M Kaplan
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Shi L, Sun G. Low-Dose DMC Significantly Enhances the Effect of TMZ on Glioma Cells by Targeting Multiple Signaling Pathways Both In Vivo and In Vitro. Neuromolecular Med 2015; 17:431-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Xing Y, Wang S, Fan J, Oso AO, Kim SW, Xiao D, Yang T, Liu G, Jiang G, Li Z, Li L, Zhang B. Effects of dietary supplementation with lysine-yielding Bacillus subtilis on gut morphology, cecal microflora, and intestinal immune response of Linwu ducks1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3449-57. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - S. Wang
- Hunan Microbiology Institute, Changsha, 410009, China
| | - J. Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - A. O. Oso
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, PMB 2240, Nigeria
| | - S. W. Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - D. Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - T. Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - G. Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - G. Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Z. Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - L. Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - B. Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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11
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Bae WJ, Shin MR, Kang SK, Zhang-Jun, Kim JY, Lee SC, Kim EC. HIF-2 Inhibition Supresses Inflammatory Responses and Osteoclastic Differentiation in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:1241-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jung Bae
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC); School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Ran Shin
- Department of Prosthodontics; Dongatn Sacred Heart Hospital; Hallym University; Dongtan South Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Kang
- Department of Oral Medicine; School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Zhang-Jun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC); School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Yeol Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC); School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Cheon Lee
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering; School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC); School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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12
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Shi L, Fei X, Wang Z. Demethoxycurcumin was prior to temozolomide on inhibiting proliferation and induced apoptosis of glioblastoma stem cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7107-19. [PMID: 25877753 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is widely used for treating glioblastoma (GBM), which can effectively inhibit the GBM growth for some months; however, it still could not prevent the invariable recurrence of GBM. The existence of glioma stem cells (GSCs) was considered to be a key factor. But TMZ has poor effects on GSCs. Recently, demethoxycurcumin (DMC) has been shown to display anti-tumor activities in malignant gliomas. However, its effects and the potential mechanisms on GSCs were still unclear. Our study showed that DMC was prior to TMZ on resulting in a significant increase in GSC apoptosis and a marked inhibition of cell growth in vitro. And combined treatment of DMC and TMZ showed more significant anti-GSC effects. Further research into the underlying mechanism demonstrated that this novel combinatorial regimen leads to changes of multiple cell signaling pathways including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and caspase-3 signaling mitochondria-related apoptosis activation as well as inactivation of JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the anti-GSC effects of DMC are better than TMZ, and combined treatment of DMC and TMZ has much stronger effects on GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou, 215300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xifeng Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, 215021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, 215021, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a proliferative disorder associated with enhanced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis. The sustainability of this phenotype requires the activation of pro-survival transcription factor like the signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3). Using multidisciplinary and translational approaches, we and others have demonstrated that STAT3 activation in both human and experimental models of PAH accounts for the modulation of the expression of several proteins already known as implicated in PAH pathogenesis, as well as for signal transduction to other transcription factors. Furthermore, recent data demonstrated that STAT3 could be therapeutically targeted in different animal models and some molecules are actually in clinical trials for cancer or PAH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Paulin
- Vascular Biology Research Group; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
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14
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Hau CS, Kanda N, Makimura K, Watanabe S. Antimycotics suppress theMalasseziaextract-induced production of CXC chemokine ligand 10 in human keratinocytes. J Dermatol 2014; 41:124-34. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carren S. Hau
- Department of Dermatology; Teikyo University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoko Kanda
- Department of Dermatology; Teikyo University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology; Teikyo University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinichi Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology; Teikyo University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
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15
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Xie L, Fu Q, Ortega TM, Zhou L, Rasmussen D, O’Keefe J, Zhang KK, Chapes SK. Overexpression of IL-10 in C2D macrophages promotes a macrophage phenotypic switch in adipose tissue environments. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86541. [PMID: 24466141 PMCID: PMC3897709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophages are a heterogeneous collection of classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, secreted by a variety of cell types including M2 macrophages. We generated a macrophage cell line stably overexpressing IL-10 (C2D-IL10) and analyzed the C2D-IL10 cells for several macrophage markers after exposure to adipocytes compared to C2D cells transfected with an empty vector (C2D-vector). C2D-IL10 macrophage cells expressed more CD206 when co-cultured with adipocytes than C2D-vector cells; while the co-cultured cell mixture also expressed higher levels of Il4, Il10, Il1β and Tnf. Since regular C2D cells traffic to adipose tissue after adoptive transfer, we explored the impact of constitutive IL-10 expression on C2D-IL10 macrophages in adipose tissue in vivo. Adipose tissue-isolated C2D-IL10 cells increased the percentage of CD206(+), CD301(+), CD11c(-)CD206(+) (M2) and CD11c(+)CD206(+) (M1b) on their cell surface, compared to isolated C2D-vector cells. These data suggest that the expression of IL-10 remains stable, alters the C2D-IL10 macrophage cell surface phenotype and may play a role in regulating macrophage interactions with the adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglin Xie
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- Departments of Gerontology and Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Teresa M. Ortega
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Lun Zhou
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- Departments of Gerontology and Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dane Rasmussen
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jacy O’Keefe
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Ke K. Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- North Dakota IDeA Network of Biomedical Research Excellence Bioinformatics Core, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Stephen K. Chapes
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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16
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PPARγ Agonists in Adaptive Immunity: What Do Immune Disorders and Their Models Have to Tell Us? PPAR Res 2013; 2013:519724. [PMID: 23983678 PMCID: PMC3747405 DOI: 10.1155/2013/519724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity has evolved as a very powerful and highly specialized tool of host defense. Its classical protagonists are lymphocytes of the T- and B-cell lineage. Cytokines and chemokines play a key role as effector mechanisms of the adaptive immunity. Some autoimmune and inflammatory diseases are caused by disturbance of the adaptive immune system. Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases have led to research on new molecular and therapeutic targets. PPARγ are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and are transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism as well as innate and adaptive immunity. PPARγ is activated by synthetic and endogenous ligands. Previous studies have shown that PPAR agonists regulate T-cell survival, activation and T helper cell differentiation into effector subsets: Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tregs. PPARγ has also been associated with B cells. The present review addresses these issues by placing PPARγ agonists in the context of adaptive immune responses and the relation of the activation of these receptors with the expression of cytokines involved in adaptive immunity.
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17
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Naiyer MM, Saha S, Hemke V, Roy S, Singh S, Musti KV, Saha B. Identification and characterization of a human IL-10 receptor antagonist. Hum Immunol 2012; 74:28-31. [PMID: 23000375 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that works through IL-10 receptor alpha subunit- and suppresses immune responses in many infectious diseases such as leishmaniasis as well as in cancer. Therefore, in order to restore the host-protective immune responses in such diseases, an antagonist to this cytokine is a pressing need. Herein, using phage peptide library display, we have identified a dodecameric peptide that functions as an antagonist to human IL-10 receptor in an IL-10-induced STAT3 phosphorylation assay. The peptide antagonist's ability to restore anti-leishmanial function in CD40-activated macrophages was also tested. We observed that the peptide reduced IL-10-induced STAT-3 phosphorylation and enhanced CD40-activated leishmanial functions in macrophages.
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18
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Liu S, Zhang K, Yin C, Han L, Sun Y, Ren W, Chu N, Li C. Polymorphisms -1082 G/A and -819 C/T in the interleukin-10 gene are not associated with gout susceptibility in the Chinese Han male population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:879-83. [PMID: 22788775 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gout is caused by monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation of the joints and periarticular tissues. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an important immunoregulatory cytokine, levels of which can be influenced by functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of -1082 G/A and -819 C/T polymorphisms in the IL-10 promoter with gout susceptibility in the Chinese Han male population. METHODS A case-control study was performed in 302 patients and 284 controls. Genotyping of IL-10 -1082 G/A and -819 C/T polymorphisms was performed by DNA sequencing techniques. An association analysis was analyzed by the χ(2) test. RESULTS No significant differences were found in -819T/C and -1082 A/G genotypic and allelic frequencies between gout cases and controls (for -819T/C, χ(2)=0.212, df=1, p=0.645 by genotype; χ(2)=0.079, df=1, p=0.779 by allele; for -1082 A/G, χ(2)=2.116, df=1, p=0.146 by genotype; χ(2)=1.854, df=1, p=0.173 by allele). CONCLUSIONS IL-10 -1082 G/A and -819 C/T polymorphisms may not be associated with susceptibility to gout and thus do not play a major role in the development of gout in the Chinese Han male population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiguo Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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19
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Nagy L, Szanto A, Szatmari I, Széles L. Nuclear hormone receptors enable macrophages and dendritic cells to sense their lipid environment and shape their immune response. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:739-89. [PMID: 22535896 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A key issue in the immune system is to generate specific cell types, often with opposing activities. The mechanisms of differentiation and subtype specification of immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells are critical to understand the regulatory principles and logic of the immune system. In addition to cytokines and pathogens, it is increasingly appreciated that lipid signaling also has a key role in differentiation and subtype specification. In this review we explore how intracellular lipid signaling via a set of transcription factors regulates cellular differentiation, subtype specification, and immune as well as metabolic homeostasis. We introduce macrophages and dendritic cells and then we focus on a group of transcription factors, nuclear receptors, which regulate gene expression upon receiving lipid signals. The receptors we cover are the ones with a recognized physiological function in these cell types and ones which heterodimerize with the retinoid X receptor. These are as follows: the receptor for a metabolite of vitamin A, retinoic acid: retinoic acid receptor (RAR), the vitamin D receptor (VDR), the fatty acid receptor: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), the oxysterol receptor liver X receptor (LXR), and their obligate heterodimeric partner, the retinoid X receptor (RXR). We discuss how they can get activated and how ligand is generated and eliminated in these cell types. We also explore how activation of a particular target gene contributes to biological functions and how the regulation of individual target genes adds up to the coordination of gene networks. It appears that RXR heterodimeric nuclear receptors provide these cells with a coordinated and interrelated network of transcriptional regulators for interpreting the lipid milieu and the metabolic changes to bring about gene expression changes leading to subtype and functional specification. We also show that these networks are implicated in various immune diseases and are amenable to therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, Hungary.
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20
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Changkija B, Konwar R. Role of interleukin-10 in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 133:11-21. [PMID: 22057973 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are low molecular weight regulatory proteins or glycoprotein that modulates the intensity and duration of immune response by stimulating or inhibiting the activation, proliferation, and/or differentiation of target cells. Different cytokines are known to have diverse role in breast cancer initiation and progression. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a pleiotropic anti-inflammatory cytokine, induces immunosuppression and assists in escape from tumor immune surveillance. Like several other cytokines, IL-10 also can exert dual proliferative and inhibitory effect on breast tumor cells indicating a complex role of IL-10 in breast cancer initiation and progression. In this review, we tried to put together a comprehensive current view on significance of IL-10 in promotion, inhibition, and importance as prognosticator in breast cancer based on in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidences. For literature collection, we conducted PubMed search with keywords "IL-10" and "breast cancer".
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21
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Paulin R, Meloche J, Jacob MH, Bisserier M, Courboulin A, Bonnet S. Dehydroepiandrosterone inhibits the Src/STAT3 constitutive activation in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H1798-809. [PMID: 21890685 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00654.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an obstructive vasculopathy characterized by enhanced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation and suppressed apoptosis. This phenotype is sustained by the activation of the Src/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) axis, maintained by a positive feedback loop involving miR-204 and followed by an aberrant expression/activation of its downstream targets such as Pim1 and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc2). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid hormone shown to reverse vascular remodeling in systemic vessels. Since STAT3 has been described as modulated by DHEA, we hypothesized that DHEA reverses human pulmonary hypertension by inhibiting Src/STAT3 constitutive activation. Using PASMCs isolated from patients with PAH (n = 3), we demonstrated that DHEA decreases both Src and STAT3 activation (Western blot and nuclear translocation assay), resulting in a significant reduction of Pim1, NFATc2 expression/activation (quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot), as well as Survivin and upregulation of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) and miR-204. Src/STAT3 axis inhibition by DHEA is associated with 1) mitochondrial membrane potential (tetramethylrhodamine methyl-ester perchlorate; n = 150; P < 0.05) depolarization increasing apoptosis by 25% (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling; n = 150; P < 0.05); and 2) decreased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration (fluo-3 AM; n = 150; P < 0.05) and proliferation by 30% (PCNA). Finally, in vivo similarly to STAT3 inhibition DHEA improves experimental PAH (monocrotaline rats) by decreasing mean PA pressure and right ventricle hypertrophy. These effects were associated with the inhibition of Src, STAT3, Pim1, NFATc2, and Survivin and the upregulation of BMPR2 and miR-204. We demonstrated that DHEA reverses pulmonary hypertension in part by inhibiting the Src/STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Paulin
- Department of Medicine, Laval University, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Surh YJ, Na HK, Park JM, Lee HN, Kim W, Yoon IS, Kim DD. 15-Deoxy-Δ¹²,¹⁴-prostaglandin J₂, an electrophilic lipid mediator of anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1335-51. [PMID: 21843512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostagandin J(2) (15d-PGJ2) is produced in the inflamed cells and tissues as a consequence of upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). 15d-PGJ2 is known to be the endogenous ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) with multiple physiological properties. Though one of the terminal products of the COX-2-catalyzed reactions, this cyclopentenone prostaglandin exerts potent anti-inflammatory actions, in part, by antagonizing the activities of pro-inflammatory transcription factors, such as NF-κB, STAT3, and AP-1, while stimulating the anti-inflammatory transcription factor Nrf2. These effects are not necessarily dependent on its activation of PPARγ, but often involves direct interaction with the above signaling molecules and their regulators. The locally produced 15d-PGJ2 is also involved in the resolution of inflammatory responses. Thus, 15d-PGJ2, especially formed during the late phase of inflammation, might inhibit cytokine secretion and other events by antigen-presenting cells like dendritic cells or macrophages. 15d-PGJ2 can also affect the priming and effector functions of T lymphocytes and induce their apoptotic cell death. These represent a negative feedback explaining how once-initiated immunologic and inflammatory responses are switched off and terminated. In this context, 15d-PGJ2 and its synthetic derivatives have therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joon Surh
- WCU Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
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23
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Jin J, Li M, Xie K, Wen C, Cheng R, Chen C, Lu J. The -1082A/G polymorphism in the Interleukin-10 gene and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Cytokine 2011; 56:351-5. [PMID: 21764596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A large number of studies have shown that the -1082A/G polymorphism (rs1800896) in the Interleukin-10 gene (IL-10) is implicated in the susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the results are inconsistent and inconclusive. The aim of this study is to analyze the association between the -1082A/G polymorphism in the IL-10 gene and the RA risk by meta-analysis. A total of 1480 cases and 1413 controls in 10 case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results indicated that the G allele carriers (GG+GA) had a 25% decreased risk of RA, when compared with the homozygote AA (odds ratio (OR)=0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59-0.93). In the analysis in Europeans, significant decreased risks were associated with the G allele carriers (OR=0.73 and 95% CI: 0.57-0.93 for GG+GA vs. AA). The results from this meta-analysis provide evidence for the association between the IL-10 -1082A/G polymorphism and the risk of RA. To further evaluate gene×gene and gene×environment interactions between the polymorphisms in the IL-10 gene and RA risk, more studies with large groups of patients are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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24
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Serghides L. The Case for the Use of PPARγ Agonists as an Adjunctive Therapy for Cerebral Malaria. PPAR Res 2011; 2012:513865. [PMID: 21772838 PMCID: PMC3135089 DOI: 10.1155/2012/513865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection associated with high mortality even when highly effective antiparasitic therapy is used. Adjunctive therapies that modify the pathophysiological processes caused by malaria are a possible way to improve outcome. This review focuses on the utility of PPARγ agonists as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of cerebral malaria. The current knowledge of PPARγ agonist use in malaria is summarized. Findings from experimental CNS injury and disease models that demonstrate the potential for PPARγ agonists as an adjunctive therapy for cerebral malaria are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Serghides
- Sandra A. Rotman Laboratories, McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Suite 10-359, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L7
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25
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A role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the immunopathology of schistosomiasis? PPAR Res 2011; 2012:128068. [PMID: 21772837 PMCID: PMC3135066 DOI: 10.1155/2012/128068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been demonstrated to have a role in immune regulation. In general, they are anti-inflammatory and promote Th2 type responses, and they are associated with the alternative activation of macrophages. Interestingly, helminth infections, such as the schistosome blood flukes that cause schistosomiasis, are characterised by a Th2 response and the accumulation of alternative activated macrophages. This would suggest that at some level, PPARs could have a role in the modulation of the immune response in schistosomiasis. This paper discusses possible areas where PPARs could have a role in this disease.
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26
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Trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid modulates NF-κB activation and TNF-α production in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells via a PPARγ-dependent pathway. Br J Nutr 2010; 105:1329-36. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711451000499x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation of PPARγ by ligands, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, plays an important role in the immune response. Among CLA isomers, trans-10, cis-12 (t10c12)-CLA is known to participate in the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of t10c12-CLA on PPARγ activation, NF-κB activation and TNF-α expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-naive and LPS-stimulated porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In addition, the effect of PPARγ inhibition on NF-κB activation and TNF-α expression in porcine PBMC was examined. t10c12-CLA was found to increase TNF-α expression and NF-κB activity in LPS-naive porcine PBMC. In contrast, t10c12-CLA decreased TNF-α expression and NF-κB activity in LPS-stimulated porcine PBMC. t10c12-CLA up-regulated PPARγ activity and mRNA expression in both LPS-naive and LPS-stimulated porcine PBMC. GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist, completely negated the modulating effects of t10c12-CLA on TNF-α expression and NF-κB activity in both LPS-naive and LPS-stimulated porcine PBMC. These results suggest that t10c12-CLA can modulate TNF-α production and NF-κB activation by a PPARγ-dependent pathway in porcine PBMC.
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Bazzoni F, Tamassia N, Rossato M, Cassatella MA. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the multifaceted IL-10-mediated anti-inflammatory response: lessons from neutrophils. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2360-8. [PMID: 20549669 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the molecular mechanisms governing the ability of IL-10 to keep inflammation under control has highlighted the existence of a great degree of plasticity and specificity with regard to innate immune cells. In this respect, neutrophils represent a perfect example of innate immune cells conditioned by external signals (for instance, by LPS), as well as by intracellular regulatory pathways, that render them optimally responsive to IL-10 only when required. The focus of this review are the recent experimental findings that have uncovered the sophisticated and complex molecular mechanisms responsible for the modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production by IL-10 in neutrophils and other innate immune cells. Understanding how IL-10 exerts its anti-inflammatory response, particularly in the case of neutrophils, will provide novel clues leading, hopefully, to the therapeutic control of neutrophil-driven inflammatory reactions, such as septic infections, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Bazzoni
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Division of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Kiefer FW, Zeyda M, Gollinger K, Pfau B, Neuhofer A, Weichhart T, Säemann MD, Geyeregger R, Schlederer M, Kenner L, Stulnig TM. Neutralization of osteopontin inhibits obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2010; 59:935-46. [PMID: 20107108 PMCID: PMC2844841 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation mediated by immune cells that are primarily located to adipose tissue and liver. The chronic inflammatory response appears to underlie obesity-induced metabolic deterioration including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Osteopontin (OPN) is an inflammatory cytokine, the expression of which is strongly upregulated in adipose tissue and liver upon obesity. Here, we studied OPN effects in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance by targeting OPN action in vivo. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity and were then intravenously treated with an OPN-neutralizing or control antibody. Insulin sensitivity and inflammatory alterations in adipose tissue and liver were assessed. RESULTS Interference with OPN action by a neutralizing antibody for 5 days significantly improved insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice. Anti-OPN treatment attenuated liver and adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and inflammatory gene expression by increasing macrophage apoptosis and significantly reducing c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase activation. Moreover, we report OPN as a novel negative regulator for the activation of hepatic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which is essential for glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Consequently, OPN neutralization decreased expression of hepatic gluconeogenic markers, which are targets of STAT3-mediated downregulation. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that antibody-mediated neutralization of OPN action significantly reduces insulin resistance in obesity. OPN neutralization partially decreases obesity-associated inflammation in adipose tissue and liver and reverses signal transduction related to insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis. Hence, targeting OPN could provide a novel approach for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian W. Kiefer
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Zeyda
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karina Gollinger
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Pfau
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Neuhofer
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Clinical Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus D. Säemann
- Clinical Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - René Geyeregger
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas M. Stulnig
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author: Thomas M. Stulnig,
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Szanto A, Nagy L. The many faces of PPARgamma: anti-inflammatory by any means? Immunobiology 2008; 213:789-803. [PMID: 18926294 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, a group of transcription factors that regulate expression of their target genes upon ligand binding. As endogenous ligands, oxidized fatty acids and prostanoids can bind to and activate the receptor. Natural and synthetic PPARgamma activators have been studied extensively in many inflammatory settings and in most instances they have been shown to be anti-inflammatory. In this review we give an overview of the different molecular mechanisms how PPARgamma and its agonists exert their anti-inflammatory effects both at the cellular level and the level of the organism. The action of PPARgamma in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and disease models will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szanto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Life Science Building, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Hounoki H, Sugiyama E, Mohamed SGK, Shinoda K, Taki H, Abdel-Aziz HO, Maruyama M, Kobayashi M, Miyahara T. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibits TNF-alpha-mediated osteoclast differentiation in human peripheral monocytes in part via suppression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression. Bone 2008; 42:765-74. [PMID: 18242157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2006] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays critical roles in bone resorption at the site of inflammatory joints. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists, a new class of anti-inflammatory compounds, on TNF-alpha-mediated osteoclastogenesis in human monocytes. Human monocytes were differentiated into osteoclasts in the presence of TNF-alpha and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and a pit formation assay using dentin were used for the identification of activated osteoclasts. The protein and gene expressions of transcription factors were determined by immunofluorescence and real-time RT-PCR analysis, respectively. TNF-alpha-induced osteoclast generation from human peripheral monocytes in a dose-dependent manner, and the induction was not inhibited by osteoprotegerin, a decoy receptor for receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand. The addition of PPAR-gamma agonists, 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) or ciglitazone, to the culture resulted in a remarkably reduced number of generated osteoclasts. In addition, both agonists inhibited the protein and gene expressions of nuclear factor of activated T-cell isoform c1 (NFATc1), c-Fos, c-Jun and NF-kappaB p65, which are known to be associated with osteoclastogenesis. GW9662, an antagonist of PPAR-gamma, fully rescued ciglitazone-induced inhibition, but did not affect 15d-PGJ2-induced inhibition. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a CC chemokine related to osteoclastogenesis, was induced during TNF-alpha-mediated osteoclast differentiation, and the neutralizing antibody to MCP-1 reduced osteoclast formation by about 40%. 15d-PGJ2 and ciglitazone blocked the induction of MCP-1 by TNF-alpha. Moreover, the addition of MCP-1 rescued the inhibition of TRAP-positive multinucleated cell (TRAP-MNCs) formation by 15d-PGJ2 and ciglitazone, although generated TRAP-MNCs had no capacity to resorb dentin slices. Our data demonstrate that 15d-PGJ2 and ciglitazone down-regulate TNF-alpha-mediated osteoclast differentiation in human cells, in part via suppression of the action of MCP-1. These PPAR-gamma agonists may be a promising therapeutic application for rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bone-resorbing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hounoki
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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31
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Szanto A, Rőszer T. Nuclear receptors in macrophages: A link between metabolism and inflammation. FEBS Lett 2007; 582:106-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Kaiko GE, Horvat JC, Beagley KW, Hansbro PM. Immunological decision-making: how does the immune system decide to mount a helper T-cell response? Immunology 2007; 123:326-38. [PMID: 17983439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant T-cell responses underpin a range of diseases, including asthma and allergy and autoimmune diseases. Pivotal immune elements of these diseases are the development of antigen-specific effector T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells, Th1 cells, or the recently defined Th17 cells that are associated with the clinical features and disease progression. In order to identify crucial processes in the pathogenesis of these diseases it is critical to understand how the development of these T cells occurs. The phenotype of a polarized T-cell that differentiates from a naïve precursor is determined by the complex interaction of antigen-presenting cells with naïve T cells and involves a multitude of factors, including the dominant cytokine environment, costimulatory molecules, type and load of antigen presented and a plethora of signaling cascades. The decision to take the immune response in a certain direction is not made by one signal alone, instead many different elements act synergistically, antagonistically and through positive feedback loops to activate a Th1, Th2, or Th17 immune response. The elucidation of the mechanisms of selection of T-cell phenotype will facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies to intervene in the development of deleterious T-cell responses. This review will focus on the pathways and key factors responsible for the differentiation of the various subsets of effector CD4 T cells. We will primarily discuss what is known of the Th1 and Th2 differentiation pathways, while also reviewing the emerging research on Th17 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard E Kaiko
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Discipline of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Lin YL, Chang PC, Wang Y, Li M. Identification of novel viral interleukin-10 isoforms of human cytomegalovirus AD169. Virus Res 2007; 131:213-23. [PMID: 17976852 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two products of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL111a gene have been previously identified to resemble human IL-10 (hIL-10). These viral IL-10s (vIL-10s) are able to induce signal transduction events and biological activities in a variety of cells. In this study, five novel vIL-10 transcripts were identified from HCMV AD169 infected MRC-5 cells. Some vIL-10 isoforms were post-translationally glycosylated, depending on the existence of a predicted N-linked glycosylation site. Similar to hIL-10, four of the vIL-10 isoforms apparently formed putative dimers. Among the different vIL-10 isoforms, vIL-10A significantly induced the phosphorylation of transcription factor STAT3 in THP-1 cells. All identified vIL-10 isoforms were able to form complexes with hIL-10, and enhanced hIL-10-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in different degrees. Identification of diverse forms of vIL-10 suggests that HCMV has developed a sophisticated mechanism to interfere with hIL-10 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Lin
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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34
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Smeets PJH, Planavila A, van der Vusse GJ, van Bilsen M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and inflammation: take it to heart. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2007; 191:171-88. [PMID: 17935522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors acting as key regulators of lipid metabolism as well as modulators of inflammation. The role of PPARalpha and PPARgamma in cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury, infarct healing and hypertrophy is the subject of intense research. Due to the later development of PPARdelta-specific ligands, the role of this PPAR isoform in cardiac disease remains to be established. Although many studies point to salutatory effects of PPAR ligands in cardiac disease, the exact molecular mechanism is still largely unsolved. Both the metabolic (via transactivation) and the more recently discovered anti-inflammatory (via transrepression) effects of PPARs are likely to play a role. In this review the reported, and sometimes contradictory, effects of PPAR ligands on ischaemia-reperfusion, infarct healing and cardiac hypertrophy are critically evaluated. In particular the role of inflammation in these disease processes, the ability of PPARs to interfere with pro-inflammatory processes, and the mechanisms of transrepression are discussed. Currently, the significance of PPARs as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease is receiving widespread attention. Accordingly, detailed understanding of the mechanisms controlling the activity of these nuclear hormone receptors is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J H Smeets
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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35
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Kim EH, Surh YJ. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 as a potential endogenous regulator of redox-sensitive transcription factors. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1516-28. [PMID: 16987499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) has been known to display multifaceted cellular functions, including anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. However, depending on the concentrations and intracellular microenvironment, this cyclopentenone prostaglandin can exert opposite effects. Because of the alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl moiety present in its cyclopentenone ring structure, 15d-PGJ(2) can act as a Michael reaction acceptor and readily interacts with critical cellular nucleophiles, such as cysteine thiol groups in proteins. Many of the biological effects induced by 15d-PGJ(2) involve redox-transcription factors as the potential targets. Thus, 15d-PGJ(2) can modulate the transcriptional activities of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor-erythroid 2p45 (NF-E2)-related factors (Nrf2), hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), etc. 15d-PGJ(2) is also well known as an endogenous ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). However, the regulation of the aforementioned redox-sensitive transcription factors by 15d-PGJ(2) is not necessarily mediated via PPARgamma activation, but rather involves covalent modification or oxidation of their critical cysteine residues acting as a redox-sensor. This commentary describes the biological and physiological functions of 15d-PGJ(2) and underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms with emphasis on the modulation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and their regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Kim
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinlim-dong, Kwanak-ku, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Cheon H, Rho YH, Choi SJ, Lee YH, Song GG, Sohn J, Won NH, Ji JD. Prostaglandin E2 augments IL-10 signaling and function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1092-100. [PMID: 16818766 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In inflamed joints of rheumatoid arthritis, PGE(2) is highly expressed, and IL-10 and IL-6 are also abundant. PGE(2) is a well-known activator of the cAMP signaling pathway, and there is functional cross-talk between cAMP signaling and the Jak-STAT signaling pathway. In this study, we evaluated the modulating effect of PGE(2) on STAT signaling and its biological function induced by IL-10 and IL-6, and elucidated its mechanism in THP-1 cells. STAT phosphorylation was determined by Western blot, and gene expression was analyzed using real-time PCR. Pretreatment with PGE(2) significantly augmented IL-10-induced STAT3 and STAT1 phosphorylation, as well as suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) and IL-1R antagonist gene expression. In contrast, PGE(2) suppressed IL-6-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT1. These PGE(2)-induced modulating effects were largely reversed by actinomycin D. Pretreatment with dibutyryl cAMP augmented IL-10-induced, but did not change IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Misoprostol, an EP2/3/4 agonist, and butaprost, an EP2 agonist, augmented IL-10-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and SOCS3 gene expression, but sulprostone, an EP1/3 agonist, had no effect. H89, a protein kinase A inhibitor, and LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, diminished PGE(2)-mediated augmentation of IL-10-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. In this study, we found that PGE(2) selectively regulates cytokine signaling via increased intracellular cAMP levels and de novo gene expression, and these modulating effects may be mediated through EP2 or EP4 receptors. PGE(2) may modulate immune responses by alteration of cytokine signaling in THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjoo Cheon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Korea University, 126-1, Anam-Dong 5-Ga, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
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