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Fortea A, van Eijndhoven P, Calvet-Mirabent A, Ilzarbe D, Batalla A, de la Serna E, Puig O, Castro-Fornieles J, Dolz M, Tor J, Parrilla S, Via E, Stephan-Otto C, Baeza I, Sugranyes G. Age-related change in cortical thickness in adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis: a longitudinal study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023:10.1007/s00787-023-02278-6. [PMID: 37644217 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Progression to psychosis has been associated with increased cortical thinning in the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes in individuals at clinical high risk for the disorder (CHR-P). The timing and spatial extent of these changes are thought to be influenced by age. However, most evidence so far stems from adult samples. Longitudinal studies are essential to understanding the neuroanatomical changes associated to transition to psychosis during adolescence, and their relationship with age. We conducted a longitudinal, multisite study including adolescents at CHR-P and healthy controls (HC), aged 10-17 years. Structural images were acquired at baseline and at 18-month follow-up. Images were processed with the longitudinal pipeline in FreeSurfer. We used a longitudinal two-stage model to compute the regional cortical thickness (CT) change, and analyze between-group differences controlling for age, sex and scan, and corrected for multiple comparisons. Linear regression was used to study the effect of age at baseline. A total of 103 individuals (49 CHR-P and 54 HC) were included in the analysis. During follow-up, the 13 CHR-P participants who transitioned to psychosis exhibited greater CT decrease over time in the right parietal cortex compared to those who did not transition to psychosis and to HC. Age at baseline correlated with longitudinal changes in CT, with younger individuals showing greater cortical thinning in this region. The emergence of psychosis during early adolescence may have an impact on typical neuromaturational processes. This study provides new insights on the cortical changes taking place prior to illness onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Fortea
- Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica (FCRB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip van Eijndhoven
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Angels Calvet-Mirabent
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Ilzarbe
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2021SGR01319, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, C/Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Batalla
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elena de la Serna
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2021SGR01319, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, C/Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Puig
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2021SGR01319, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, C/Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2021SGR01319, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, C/Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Dolz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordina Tor
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Parrilla
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Via
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Stephan-Otto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Computational Imaging Group (PeCIC), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Baeza
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2021SGR01319, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, C/Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gisela Sugranyes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2021SGR01319, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, C/Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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Hennig-Fast K, Meissner D, Steuwe C, Dehning S, Blautzik J, Eilert DW, Zill P, Müller N, Meindl T, Reiser M, Möller HJ, Falkai P, Driessen M, Buchheim A. The Interplay of Oxytocin and Attachment in Schizophrenic Patients: An fMRI Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1125. [PMID: 37626482 PMCID: PMC10452454 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attachment theory offers an important framework for understanding interpersonal interaction experiences. In the present study, we examined the neural correlates of attachment patterns and oxytocin in schizophrenic patients (SZP) compared to healthy controls (HC) using fMRI. We assumed that male SZP shows a higher proportion of insecure attachment and an altered level of oxytocin compared to HC. On a neural level, we hypothesized that SZP shows increased neural activation in memory and self-related brain regions during the activation of the attachment system compared to HC. METHODS We used an event-related design for the fMRI study based on stimuli that were derived from the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System to examine attachment representations and their neural and hormonal correlates in 20 male schizophrenic patients compared to 20 male healthy controls. RESULTS A higher proportion of insecure attachment in schizophrenic patients compared to HC could be confirmed. In line with our hypothesis, Oxytocin (OXT) levels in SZP were significantly lower than in HC. We found increasing brain activations in SZP when confronted with personal relevant sentences before attachment relevant pictures in the precuneus, TPJ, insula, and frontal areas compared to HC. Moreover, we found positive correlations between OXT and bilateral dlPFC, precuneus, and left ACC in SZP only. CONCLUSION Despite the small sample sizes, the patients' response might be considered as a mode of dysregulation when confronted with this kind of personalized attachment-related material. In the patient group, we found positive correlations between OXT and three brain areas (bilateral dlPFC, precuneus, left ACC) and may conclude that OXT might modulate within this neural network in SZP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Hennig-Fast
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany (H.-J.M.); (P.F.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dominik Meissner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany (H.-J.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Carolin Steuwe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sandra Dehning
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany (H.-J.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Janusch Blautzik
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk W. Eilert
- Department of Psychology, University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Zill
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany (H.-J.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Norbert Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany (H.-J.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Thomas Meindl
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Reiser
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Möller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany (H.-J.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany (H.-J.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Martin Driessen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anna Buchheim
- Department of Psychology, University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Chen J, Wei Y, Xue K, Han S, Wang C, Wen B, Cheng J. The interaction between first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia and age based on gray matter volume and its molecular analysis: a multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:813-826. [PMID: 36719459 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by progressive and widespread gray matter (GM) atrophy. Studies have shown that normal brain development has an impact on schizophrenia-induced GM alterations. However, the neuropathology and underlying molecular mechanisms of interaction between age and schizophrenia are unclear. METHODS This study enrolled 66/84 first-episode drug-naïve patients with early-onset/adult-onset schizophrenia ((EOS)/(AOS)) and matched normal controls (NC) (46 adolescents/73 adults), undergoing T1-weighted high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Gray matter volume (GMV) in four groups was detected using 2-way analyses of variance with diagnosis and age as factors. Then, factors-related volume maps and neurotransmitter maps were spatially correlated using JuSpace to determine the relationship to molecular structure. RESULTS Compared to AOS, EOS and adult NC had larger GMV in right middle frontal gyrus. Compared to adolescent NC, EOS and adult NC had smaller GMV in right lingual gyrus, right fusiform gyrus, and right cerebellum_6. Disease-induced GMV reductions were mainly distributed in frontal, parietal, thalamus, visual, motor cortex, and medial temporal lobe structures. Age-induced GMV alterations were mainly distributed in visual and motor cortex. The changed GMV induced by schizophrenia, age, and their interaction was related to dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors. Age is also related to glutamate receptors, and schizophrenia is also associated with GABAaergic and noradrenergic receptors. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed the multimodal neural mechanism of interaction between disease and age. We emphasized age-related GM abnormalities of ventral stream of visual perceptual pathways and high-level cognitive brain in EOS, which may be affected by imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Chen
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Two Seven District, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1St Construction of E Rd, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yarui Wei
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Two Seven District, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1St Construction of E Rd, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kangkang Xue
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Two Seven District, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1St Construction of E Rd, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaoqiang Han
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Two Seven District, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1St Construction of E Rd, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Two Seven District, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1St Construction of E Rd, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baohong Wen
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Two Seven District, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1St Construction of E Rd, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Two Seven District, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1St Construction of E Rd, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.
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Choroidal structural analysis in ultra-high risk and first-episode psychosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 70:72-80. [PMID: 36931136 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Both structural and functional alterations in the retina and the choroid of the eye, as parts of the central nervous system, have been shown in psychotic disorders, especially in schizophrenia. In addition, genetic and imaging studies indicate vascular and angiogenesis anomalies in the psychosis spectrum disorders. In this ocular imaging study, choroidal structure and vascularity were investigated using enhanced depth imaging (EDI) optical coherence tomography (OCT) in first-episode psychosis (FEP), ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR-P), and age- and gender- matched healthy controls (HCs). There were no significant differences between groups in central choroidal thickness, stromal choroidal area (SCA), luminal choroidal area (LCA) and total subfoveal choroidal area. The LCA/SCA ratio (p<0.001) and the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) (p<0.001) were significantly different between FEP, UHR-P and HCs. CVI and LCA/SCA ratio were significantly higher in patients with FEP compared to help-seeking youth at UHR-P. CVI and LCA/SCA ratio were not different between UHR-P and HCs. However, CVI was higher in UHR-P compared to HCs after excluding the outliers for the sensitivity analysis (p = 0.002). Current findings suggest that choroidal thickness is normal, but there are abnormalities in choroidal microvasculature in prodromal and first-episode psychosis. Further longitudinal studies are needed to investigate oculomics, especially CVI, as a promising biomarker for the prediction of conversion to psychosis in individuals at clinical high-risk.
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Morphological Abnormalities in Early-Onset Schizophrenia Revealed by Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030353. [PMID: 36979045 PMCID: PMC10045839 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a pathological condition characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and a lack of motivation. In this study, we performed a morphological analysis of regional biomarkers in early-onset schizophrenia, including cortical thicknesses, surface areas, surface curvature, and volumes extracted from T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and compared these findings with a large cohort of neurotypical controls. Results demonstrate statistically significant abnormal presentation of the curvature of select brain regions in early-onset schizophrenia with large effect sizes, inclusive of the pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, posterior cingulate cortex, frontal pole, orbital gyrus, lateral orbitofrontal gyrus, inferior occipital gyrus, as well as in medial occipito-temporal, lingual, and insular sulci. We also observed reduced regional volumes, surface areas, and variability of cortical thicknesses in early-onset schizophrenia relative to neurotypical controls in the lingual, transverse temporal, cuneus, and parahippocampal cortices that did not reach our stringent standard for statistical significance and should be confirmed in future studies with higher statistical power. These results imply that abnormal neurodevelopment associated with early-onset schizophrenia can be characterized with structural MRI and may reflect abnormal and possibly accelerated pruning of the cortex in schizophrenia.
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Castro MN, Bocaccio H, De Pino G, Sánchez SM, Wainsztein AE, Drucaroff L, Costanzo EY, Crossley NA, Villarreal MF, Guinjoan SM. Abnormal brain network community structure related to psychological stress in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2023; 254:42-53. [PMID: 36801513 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent functional imaging studies in schizophrenia consistently report a disruption of brain connectivity. However, most of these studies analyze the brain connectivity during resting state. Since psychological stress is a major factor for the emergence of psychotic symptoms, we sought to characterize the brain connectivity reconfiguration induced by stress in schizophrenia. We tested the hypothesis that an alteration of the brain's integration-segregation dynamic could be the result of patients with schizophrenia facing psychological stress. To this end, we studied the modular organization and the reconfiguration of networks induced by a stress paradigm in forty subjects (twenty patients and twenty controls), thus analyzing the dynamics of the brain in terms of integration and segregation processes by using 3T-fMRI. Patients with schizophrenia did not show statistically significant differences during the control task compared with controls, but they showed an abnormal community structure during stress condition and an under-connected reconfiguration network with a reduction of hub nodes, suggesting a deficit of integration dynamic with a greater compromise of the right hemisphere. These results provide evidence that schizophrenia has a normal response to undemanding stimuli but shows a disruption of brain functional connectivity between key regions involved in stress response, potentially leading to altered functional brain dynamics by reducing integration capacity and showing deficits recruiting right hemisphere regions. This could in turn underlie the hyper-sensitivity to stress characteristic of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana N Castro
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta (Grupo INAAC), Instituto de Neurociencias Fleni-CONICET (INEU), Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Departamento de Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina
| | - Hernán Bocaccio
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta (Grupo INAAC), Instituto de Neurociencias Fleni-CONICET (INEU), Argentina; Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Argentina
| | - Gabriela De Pino
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta (Grupo INAAC), Instituto de Neurociencias Fleni-CONICET (INEU), Argentina; Laboratorio de Neuroimágenes, Departamento de Imágenes, Fleni, Argentina; Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Argentina
| | - Stella M Sánchez
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta (Grupo INAAC), Instituto de Neurociencias Fleni-CONICET (INEU), Argentina
| | - Agustina E Wainsztein
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta (Grupo INAAC), Instituto de Neurociencias Fleni-CONICET (INEU), Argentina; Servicio de Psiquiatría, Fleni, Argentina
| | - Lucas Drucaroff
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta (Grupo INAAC), Instituto de Neurociencias Fleni-CONICET (INEU), Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Departamento de Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina
| | - Elsa Y Costanzo
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta (Grupo INAAC), Instituto de Neurociencias Fleni-CONICET (INEU), Argentina; Departamento de Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina; Servicio de Psiquiatría, Fleni, Argentina
| | - Nicolás A Crossley
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Mirta F Villarreal
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta (Grupo INAAC), Instituto de Neurociencias Fleni-CONICET (INEU), Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Argentina
| | - Salvador M Guinjoan
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma University, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
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Csulak T, Hajnal A, Kiss S, Dembrovszky F, Varjú-Solymár M, Sipos Z, Kovács MA, Herold M, Varga E, Hegyi P, Tényi T, Herold R. Implicit Mentalizing in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2022; 13:790494. [PMID: 35185724 PMCID: PMC8847732 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.790494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mentalizing is a key aspect of social cognition. Several researchers assume that mentalization has two systems, an explicit one (conscious, relatively slow, flexible, verbal, inferential) and an implicit one (unconscious, automatic, fast, non-verbal, intuitive). In schizophrenia, several studies have confirmed the deficit of explicit mentalizing, but little data are available on non-explicit mentalizing. However, increasing research activity can be detected recently in implicit mentalizing. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarize the existing results of implicit mentalizing in schizophrenia. METHODS A systematic search was performed in four major databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science. Eleven publications were selected. Five studies were found to be eligible for quantitative synthesis, and 9 studies were included in qualitative synthesis. RESULTS The meta-analysis revealed significantly lower accuracy, slower reaction time during implicit mentalizing in patients with schizophrenia. The systematic review found different brain activation pattern, further alterations in visual scanning, cue fixation, face looking time, and difficulties in perspective taking. DISCUSSION Overall, in addition to the deficit of explicit mentalization, implicit mentalization performance is also affected in schizophrenia, if not to the same extent. It seems likely that some elements of implicit mentalization might be relatively unaffected (e.g., detection of intentionality), but the effectiveness is limited by certain neurocognitive deficits. These alterations in implicit mentalizing can also have potential therapeutic consequences.Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42021231312.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea Csulak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - András Hajnal
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kiss
- Medical School, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Fanni Dembrovszky
- Medical School, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Margit Varjú-Solymár
- Medical School, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Sipos
- Medical School, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márton Aron Kovács
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márton Herold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Varga
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Medical School, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tényi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róbert Herold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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8
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Cobia D, Rich C, Smith MJ, Engel Gonzalez P, Cronenwett W, Csernansky JG, Wang L. Thalamic Shape Abnormalities Differentially Relate to Cognitive Performance in Early-Onset and Adult-Onset Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:803234. [PMID: 35479490 PMCID: PMC9035552 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.803234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) shares many biological and clinical features with adult-onset schizophrenia (AOS), but may represent a unique subgroup with greater susceptibility for disease onset and worsened symptomatology and progression, which could potentially derive from exaggerated neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Neurobiological explanations of schizophrenia have emphasized the involvement of deep-brain structures, particularly alterations of the thalamus, which have been linked to core features of the disorder. The aim of this study was to compare thalamic shape abnormalities between EOS and AOS subjects and determine whether unique behavioral profiles related to these differences. It was hypothesized abnormal thalamic shape would be observed in anterior, mediodorsal and pulvinar regions in both schizophrenia groups relative to control subjects, but exacerbated in EOS. Magnetic resonance T1-weighted images were collected from adult individuals with EOS (n = 28), AOS (n = 33), and healthy control subjects (n = 60), as well as collection of clinical and cognitive measures. Large deformation high-dimensional brain mapping was used to obtain three-dimensional surfaces of the thalamus. General linear models were used to compare groups on surface shape features, and Pearson correlations were used to examine relationships between thalamic shape and behavioral measures. Results revealed both EOS and AOS groups demonstrated significant abnormal shape of anterior, lateral and pulvinar thalamic regions relative to CON (all p < 0.007). Relative to AOS, EOS exhibited exacerbated abnormalities in posterior lateral, mediodorsal and lateral geniculate thalamic regions (p = 0.003). Thalamic abnormalities related to worse episodic memory in EOS (p = 0.03) and worse working memory (p = 0.047) and executive functioning (p = 0003) in AOS. Overall, findings suggest thalamic abnormalities are a prominent feature in both early- and late-onset schizophrenia, but exaggerated in EOS and have different brain-behavior profiles for each. The persistence of these abnormalities in adult EOS patients suggests they may represent markers of disrupted neurodevelopment that uniquely relate to the clinical and cognitive aspects of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derin Cobia
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chaz Rich
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Matthew J Smith
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Pedro Engel Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Will Cronenwett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - John G Csernansky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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9
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Lin X, Liang Y, Herrera-Molina R, Montag D. Neuroplastin in Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1507. [PMID: 34680901 PMCID: PMC8535836 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases are insufficiently elucidated. A detailed understanding of these mechanisms may help to further improve medical intervention. Recently, intellectual abilities, creativity, and amnesia have been associated with neuroplastin, a cell recognition glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily that participates in synapse formation and function and calcium signaling. Data from animal models suggest a role for neuroplastin in pathways affected in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroplastin loss or disruption of molecular pathways related to neuronal processes has been linked to various neurological diseases, including dementia, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease. Here, we review the molecular features of the cell recognition molecule neuroplastin, and its binding partners, which are related to neurological processes and involved in learning and memory. The emerging functions of neuroplastin may have implications for the treatment of diseases, particularly those of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yi Liang
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Rodrigo Herrera-Molina
- Combinatorial NeuroImaging (CNI), Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8307993, Chile
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Montag
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (X.L.); (Y.L.)
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10
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Khanal P, Hotulainen P. Dendritic Spine Initiation in Brain Development, Learning and Diseases and Impact of BAR-Domain Proteins. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092392. [PMID: 34572042 PMCID: PMC8468246 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small, bulbous protrusions along neuronal dendrites where most of the excitatory synapses are located. Dendritic spine density in normal human brain increases rapidly before and after birth achieving the highest density around 2-8 years. Density decreases during adolescence, reaching a stable level in adulthood. The changes in dendritic spines are considered structural correlates for synaptic plasticity as well as the basis of experience-dependent remodeling of neuronal circuits. Alterations in spine density correspond to aberrant brain function observed in various neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Dendritic spine initiation affects spine density. In this review, we discuss the importance of spine initiation in brain development, learning, and potential complications resulting from altered spine initiation in neurological diseases. Current literature shows that two Bin Amphiphysin Rvs (BAR) domain-containing proteins, MIM/Mtss1 and SrGAP3, are involved in spine initiation. We review existing literature and open databases to discuss whether other BAR-domain proteins could also take part in spine initiation. Finally, we discuss the potential molecular mechanisms on how BAR-domain proteins could regulate spine initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Khanal
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- HiLIFE-Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirta Hotulainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Iliuta FP, Manea MC, Budisteanu M, Andrei E, Linca F, Rad F, Cergan R, Ciobanu AM. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain anomalies in adult and pediatric schizophrenia patients: Experience of a Romanian tertiary hospital. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1098. [PMID: 34504552 PMCID: PMC8383773 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness with a significant impact on the life of both the patient and the patient's family. Magnetic resonance imaging has proven a useful tool for studying structural changes of the brain in schizophrenia. However, interpreting the published literature presents several challenges. Despite thorough research in recent years, which has included anatomopathological, imaging, electrophysiological, and genetic studies, the intimate pathophysiological mechanisms of this disease are not yet fully elucidated. The present study included patients with schizophrenia diagnosed in the psychiatric clinics from the ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Psychiatry Hospital between September 2019 and December 2020. Three Tesla magnetic resonance neuroimaging studies were performed. In a significant number of cases, the neuroimaging studies showed association of cerebral modifications such as enlargement of the Virchow spaces, lesions of the white matter with demyelinating appearance, and inflammatory sinus reactions. Cortical atrophy and hemosiderotic spots were present in a statistically significant proportion in the patient group with an age range of 29-61 years. MRI is indicated as a useful technique in the follow-up process of schizophrenia patients. However, whether the anomalies revealed in this disorder can be utilised as diagnostic biomarkers is still being debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Petru Iliuta
- Department of Psychiatry, 'Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia' Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 010221 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihnea Costin Manea
- Department of Psychiatry, 'Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia' Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 010221 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Magdalena Budisteanu
- Psychiatry Research Laboratory, 'Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia' Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, 'Titu Maiorescu' University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emanuela Andrei
- Psychiatry Research Laboratory, 'Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia' Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina Linca
- Psychiatry Research Laboratory, 'Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia' Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florina Rad
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 'Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia' Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Romica Cergan
- Department of Anatomy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Radiology and Imaging, Clinical Hospital of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adela Magdalena Ciobanu
- Department of Psychiatry, 'Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia' Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania.,Discipline of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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12
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Biancardi C, Sesso G, Masi G, Faraguna U, Sicca F. Sleep EEG microstructure in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep 2021; 44:6081934. [PMID: 33555021 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly associated with sleep problems, possibly due to shared pathophysiology. Microstructural sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) alterations may likely represent markers of disordered cortical maturation in ADHD, although literature data are still conflicting, deserving further assessment. After having systematically reviewed the literature, we included 11 studies from 598 abstracts, and assessed 23 parameters of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP), four parameters of sleep EEG power and one parameter of sleep graphoelements through 29 meta-analyses and, when possible, univariate meta-regressions. Slow wave activity (SWA) in ADHD was significantly higher in early childhood and lower in late childhood/adolescence compared to controls, with an inversion point at 10 years. Total CAP rate and CAP A1 index in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage 2 sleep, and CAP A1 rate in NREM sleep were significantly lower in ADHD patients than controls. SWA and CAP A1 changes are therefore possible markers of altered cortical maturation in ADHD, consistently with the neuropsychological deficits characterizing the disorder, likely fostering earlier detection of at-risk/milder conditions, and more tailored therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Biancardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sesso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Masi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Faraguna
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Translational Research and New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Sicca
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
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13
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McWhinney S, Kolenic M, Franke K, Fialova M, Knytl P, Matejka M, Spaniel F, Hajek T. Obesity as a Risk Factor for Accelerated Brain Ageing in First-Episode Psychosis-A Longitudinal Study. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1772-1781. [PMID: 34080013 PMCID: PMC8530396 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is highly prevalent in schizophrenia, with implications for psychiatric prognosis, possibly through links between obesity and brain structure. In this longitudinal study in first episode of psychosis (FEP), we used machine learning and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study the impact of psychotic illness and obesity on brain ageing/neuroprogression shortly after illness onset. METHODS We acquired 2 prospective MRI scans on average 1.61 years apart in 183 FEP and 155 control individuals. We used a machine learning model trained on an independent sample of 504 controls to estimate the individual brain ages of study participants and calculated BrainAGE by subtracting chronological from the estimated brain age. RESULTS Individuals with FEP had a higher initial BrainAGE than controls (3.39 ± 6.36 vs 1.72 ± 5.56 years; β = 1.68, t(336) = 2.59, P = .01), but similar annual rates of brain ageing over time (1.28 ± 2.40 vs 1.07±1.74 estimated years/actual year; t(333) = 0.93, P = .18). Across both cohorts, greater baseline body mass index (BMI) predicted faster brain ageing (β = 0.08, t(333) = 2.59, P = .01). For each additional BMI point, the brain aged by an additional month per year. Worsening of functioning over time (Global Assessment of Functioning; β = -0.04, t(164) = -2.48, P = .01) and increases especially in negative symptoms on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (β = 0.11, t(175) = 3.11, P = .002) were associated with faster brain ageing in FEP. CONCLUSIONS Brain alterations in psychosis are manifest already during the first episode and over time get worse in those with worsening clinical outcomes or higher baseline BMI. As baseline BMI predicted faster brain ageing, obesity may represent a modifiable risk factor in FEP that is linked with psychiatric outcomes via effects on brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean McWhinney
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Marian Kolenic
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katja Franke
- Structural Brain Mapping Group, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marketa Fialova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Knytl
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Matejka
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Spaniel
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, QEII HSC, A. J. Lane Building, Room 3093, 5909 Veteran’s Memorial Lane, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2E2, Canada; tel: (902) 473-8299, fax: (902) 473-1583, e-mail:
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14
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Sleep spindle activity in childhood onset schizophrenia: Diminished and associated with clinical symptoms. Schizophr Res 2020; 223:327-336. [PMID: 32980206 PMCID: PMC7704640 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies of childhood onset schizophrenia (COS), a rare yet severe form of schizophrenia with an onset before the age of 13 years, have shown continuity with adult onset schizophrenia. Previous research in adult patients has shown reduced sleep spindle activity, transient oscillations in the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) generated through thalamocortical loops. The current study examines sleep spindle activity in patients with COS. Seventeen children and adolescents with COS (16 years ±6.6) underwent overnight sleep EEG recordings. Sleep spindle activity was compared between patients with COS and age and gender matched controls and correlated with clinical symptom severity. We found pronounced deficits in sleep spindle amplitude, duration, density and frequency in patients with COS (effect size = 0.61 to 1.96; dependent on metric and EEG derivation). Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep EEG power and coherence in the sigma band (11-16 Hz) corresponding to spindle activity were also markedly diminished in patients with COS as compared to controls. Furthermore, the degree of deficit in power and coherence of spindles was strongly associated with clinician rated hallucinations and positive symptoms over widespread cortical regions. Our finding of diminished spindle activity and its association with hallucinations likely reflect dysfunction of the thalamocortical circuits in children and adolescents with COS. Given the relative ease of sleep EEG recordings in vulnerable populations, this study highlights the potential of such recordings to characterize brain function in schizophrenia.
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15
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PPARD May Play a Protective Role against the Development of Schizophrenia. PPAR Res 2020; 2020:3480412. [PMID: 32831816 PMCID: PMC7428834 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3480412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARD has been suggested to contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) with the underlying mechanisms largely unknown. Here, we first collected and analyzed the PPARD expression profile from three groups: (1) 18 healthy control (HC) subjects, (2) 14 clinical high-risk (CHR) patients, and (3) 19 early onset of SCZ (EOS) patients. After that, we conducted a systematical pathway analysis to explore the potential mechanisms involved in PPARD exerting influence on the pathological development of SCZ. Compared to the HC group, the expression of PPARD was slightly decreased in the EOS group (LFC = −0.34; p = 0.23) and increased in the CHR group (LFC = 0.65; p = 0.20). However, there was a significant difference between the EOS group and the CHR group (LFC = −0.99; p = 0.015), reflecting the amount of variation in PPARD expression before and after the onset of SCZ. Pathway analysis suggested that overexpression of PPARD may regulate ten proteins or molecules to inhibit the pathological development of SCZ, including the deactivation of eight SCZ promoters and stimulation of two SCZ inhibitors. Our results support the association between PPARD and SCZ. The pathways identified may help in the understanding of the potential mechanisms by which PPARD contributes to the etiology of SCZ.
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16
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Cropley VL, Tian Y, Fernando K, Mansour L S, Pantelis C, Cocchi L, Zalesky A. Brain-Predicted Age Associates With Psychopathology Dimensions in Youths. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 6:410-419. [PMID: 32981878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate whether dimensional constructs of psychopathology relate to variation in patterns of brain development and to determine whether these constructs share common neurodevelopmental profiles. METHODS Psychiatric symptom ratings from 9312 youths (8-21 years old) from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort were parsed into 7 independent dimensions of clinical psychopathology representing conduct, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, attention, depression, bipolar, and psychosis symptoms. Using a subset of this cohort with structural magnetic resonance imaging (n = 1313), a normative model of brain morphology was established and the model was then applied to predict the age of youths with clinical symptoms. We investigated whether the deviation of brain-predicted age from true chronological age, called the brain age gap, explained individual variation in each psychopathology dimension. RESULTS Individual variation in the brain age gap significantly associated with clinical dimensions representing psychosis (t = 3.16, p = .0016), obsessive-compulsive symptoms (t = 2.5, p = .01), and general psychopathology (t = 4.08, p < .0001). Greater symptom severity along these dimensions was associated with brain morphology that appeared older than expected for typically developing youths of the same age. Psychopathology dimensions clustered into 2 modules based on shared brain loci where putative accelerated neurodevelopment was most prominent. Patterns of morphological development were accelerated in frontal cortices for depression, psychosis, and conduct symptoms (module 1), whereas acceleration was most evident in subcortex and insula for the remaining dimensions (module 2). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that increased brain age, particularly in frontal cortex and subcortical nuclei, underpins clinical psychosis and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in youths. Psychopathology dimensions share common neural substrates, despite representing clinically independent symptom profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ye Tian
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kavisha Fernando
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sina Mansour L
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luca Cocchi
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Duan X, He C, Ou J, Wang R, Xiao J, Li L, Wu R, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Chen H. Reduced Hippocampal Volume and Its Relationship With Verbal Memory and Negative Symptoms in Treatment-Naive First-Episode Adolescent-Onset Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:64-74. [PMID: 32691057 PMCID: PMC7825026 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating neuroimaging evidence has shown remarkable volume reductions in the hippocampi of patients with schizophrenia. However, the relationship among hippocampal morphometry, clinical symptoms, and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia is still unclear. In this study, high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired in 36 patients with adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS, age range: 13-18 years) and 30 age-, gender-, and education-matched typically developing controls (TDCs). Hippocampal volume was assessed automatically through volumetric segmentation and measurement. After adjusting for total intracranial volume, we found reduced hippocampal volume in individuals with AOS compared with TDCs, and the hippocampal volume was positively correlated with verbal memory and negatively correlated with negative symptoms in AOS. In addition, mediation analysis revealed the indirect effect of hippocampal volume on negative symptoms via verbal memory impairment. When the negative symptoms were represented by 2 dimensions of deficits in emotional expression (EXP) and deficits in motivation and pleasure (MAP), the indirect effect was significant for EXP but not for MAP. Our findings provide further evidence of hippocampal volume reduction in AOS and highlight verbal memory impairment as a mediator to influence the relationship between hippocampal morphometry and negative symptoms, especially the EXP dimension of negative symptoms, in individuals with AOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujun Duan
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China,School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Changchun He
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China,School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jianjun Ou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Runshi Wang
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China,School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jinming Xiao
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China,School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China,School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Renrong Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China,Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huafu Chen
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China,School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China,To whom correspondence should be addressed; School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China; tel: 028-83208238, fax: 86-28-83208238, e-mail:
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18
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Eltokhi A, Janmaat IE, Genedi M, Haarman BCM, Sommer IEC. Dysregulation of synaptic pruning as a possible link between intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1335-1369. [PMID: 32239720 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prenatal and early postnatal stages represent a critical time window for human brain development. Interestingly, this window partly overlaps with the maturation of the intestinal flora (microbiota) that play a critical role in the bidirectional communication between the central and the enteric nervous systems (microbiota-gut-brain axis). The microbial composition has important influences on general health and the development of several organ systems, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system, and also the brain. Clinical studies have shown that microbiota alterations are associated with a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. In this review, we dissect the link between these neuropsychiatric disorders and the intestinal microbiota by focusing on their effect on synaptic pruning, a vital process in the maturation and establishing efficient functioning of the brain. We discuss in detail how synaptic pruning is dysregulated differently in the aforementioned neuropsychiatric disorders and how it can be influenced by dysbiosis and/or changes in the intestinal microbiota composition. We also review that the improvement in the intestinal microbiota composition by a change in diet, probiotics, prebiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation may play a role in improving neuropsychiatric functioning, which can be at least partly explained via the optimization of synaptic pruning and neuronal connections. Altogether, the demonstration of the microbiota's influence on brain function via microglial-induced synaptic pruning addresses the possibility that the manipulation of microbiota-immune crosstalk represents a promising strategy for treating neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Eltokhi
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Isabel E Janmaat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cells & Systems, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mohamed Genedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cells & Systems, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bartholomeus C M Haarman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Iris E C Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cells & Systems, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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19
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Driver DI, Thomas S, Gogtay N, Rapoport JL. Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia and Early-onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: An Update. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2020; 29:71-90. [PMID: 31708054 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical severity, impact on development, and poor prognosis of childhood-onset schizophrenia may represent a more homogeneous group. Positive symptoms in children are necessary for the diagnosis, and hallucinations are more often multimodal. In healthy children and children with a variety of other psychiatric illnesses, hallucinations are not uncommon and diagnosis should not be based on these alone. Childhood-onset schizophrenia is an extraordinarily rare illness that is poorly understood but seems continuous with the adult-onset disorder. Once a diagnosis is confirmed, aggressive medication treatment combined with family education and individual counseling may prevent further deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Driver
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes Health (NIH), Building 10, Room 4N313C, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Shari Thomas
- Healthy Foundations Group, 4350 East West Highway, Suite 200, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Nitin Gogtay
- National Institutes Health (NIH), NSC Building, Room 6104, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Judith L Rapoport
- National Institutes Health (NIH), Building 10-CRC, Room 6-5332, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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20
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Appaji A, Nagendra B, Chako DM, Padmanabha A, Hiremath CV, Jacob A, Varambally S, Kesavan M, Venkatasubramanian G, Rao SV, Webers CAB, Berendschot TTJM, Rao NP. Retinal vascular abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A window to the brain. Bipolar Disord 2019; 21:634-641. [PMID: 31009139 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The examination of retinal microvascular abnormalities through fundus photography is currently the best available non-invasive technique for assessment of cerebral vascular status. Several studies in the last decade have reported higher incidences of adverse cerebrovascular events in Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, retinal microvasculature abnormalities in SCZ and BD have remained under-explored, and no study has compared this aspect of SCZ and BD till date. METHODS Retinal Images of 100 SCZ patients, BD patients, and healthy volunteers each were acquired by trained individuals using a non-mydriatic camera with a 40-degree field of view. The retinal images were quantified using a valid semi-automated method. The average of left and right eye diameters of the venules and arterioles passing through the extended zone between 0.5 and 2 disc diameters from the optic disc were calculated. RESULTS The groups differed significantly with respect to average diameters of both retinal venules (P < 0.001) and retinal arterioles (P < 0.001), after controlling for age and sex. Both SCZ and BD patients had significantly narrower arterioles and wider venules compared to HV. There were also significant differences between SCZ and BD patients; patients with BD had narrower arterioles and wider venules. CONCLUSION Considering the affordability and easy accessibility of the investigative procedure, retinal microvascular examination could serve as a potential screening tool to identify individuals at risk for adverse cerebrovascular events. The findings of the current study also provide a strong rationale for further systematic examination of retinal vascular abnormalities in SCZ and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Appaji
- Department of Medical Electronics, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, India.,University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bhargavi Nagendra
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Dona M Chako
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Ananth Padmanabha
- Department of Medical Electronics, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
| | - Chaitra V Hiremath
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Arpitha Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Shivarama Varambally
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Muralidharan Kesavan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Shyam V Rao
- Department of Medical Electronics, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, India.,University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carroll A B Webers
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tos T J M Berendschot
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Naren P Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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21
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Progress in iPSC-Based Modeling of Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194896. [PMID: 31581684 PMCID: PMC6801734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in iPSC-based cellular systems provides new insights into human brain development and early neurodevelopmental deviations in psychiatric disorders. Among these, studies on schizophrenia (SCZ) take a prominent role owing to its high heritability and multifarious evidence that it evolves from a genetically induced vulnerability in brain development. Recent iPSC studies on patients with SCZ indicate that functional impairments of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in monolayer culture extend to brain organoids by disrupting neocorticogenesis in an in vitro model. In addition, the formation of hippocampal circuit-like structures in vitro is impaired in patients with SCZ as is the case for glia development. Intriguingly, chimeric-mice experiments show altered oligodendrocyte and astrocyte development in vivo that highlights the importance of cell-cell interactions in the pathogenesis of early-onset SCZ. Likewise, cortical imbalances in excitatory-inhibitory signaling may result from a cell-autonomous defect in cortical interneuron (cIN) development. Overall, these findings indicate that genetic risk in SCZ impacts neocorticogenesis, hippocampal circuit formation, and the development of distinct glial and neuronal subtypes. In light of this remarkable progress, we discuss current limitations and further steps necessary to harvest the full potential of iPSC-based investigations on psychiatric disorders.
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22
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Effects of neonatal ethanol on cerebral cortex development through adolescence. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1871-1884. [PMID: 31049690 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01881-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal brain lesions cause deficits in structure and function of the cerebral cortex that sometimes are not fully expressed until adolescence. To better understand the onset and persistence of changes caused by postnatal day 7 (P7) ethanol treatment, we examined neocortical cell numbers, volume, surface area and thickness from neonatal to post-adolescent ages. In control mice, total neuron number decreased from P8 to reach approximately stable levels at about P30, as expected from normal programmed cell death. Cortical thickness reached adult levels by P14, but cortical volume and surface area continued to increase from juvenile (P20-30) to post-adolescent (P54-93) ages. P7 ethanol caused a reduction of total neurons by P14, but this deficit was transient, with later ages having only small and non-significant reductions. Previous studies also reported transient neuron loss after neonatal lesions that might be partially explained by an acute acceleration of normally occurring programmed cell death. GABAergic neurons expressing parvalbumin, calretinin, or somatostatin were reduced by P14, but unlike total neurons the reductions persisted or increased in later ages. Cortical volume, surface area and thickness were also reduced by P7 ethanol. Cortical volume showed evidence of a transient reduction at P14, and then was reduced again in post-adolescent ages. The results show a developmental sequence of neonatal ethanol effects. By juvenile ages the cortex overcomes the P14 deficit of total neurons, whereas P14 GABA cell deficits persist. Cortical volume reductions were present at P14, and again in post-adolescent ages.
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23
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Liang Y, Shao R, Zhang Z, Li X, Zhou L, Guo S. Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in childhood-onset schizophrenia with or without obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:126-133. [PMID: 30697262 PMCID: PMC6348357 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.73422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childhood-onset schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive symptoms (COSO) and without obsessive-compulsive symptoms (COS) share considerable overlap in clinical features and genetic risk factors. However, the extent of brain functional abnormalities in COSO and COS is poorly understood. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 51 first-episode childhood schizophrenic patients and 30 healthy age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. We used the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale to divide patients into COSO (n = 21) and COS (n = 30) groups. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging images were obtained using a gradient-echo echo-planar imaging sequence. Voxel-based analysis of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) maps between the two groups was performed. RESULTS The COS group showed significantly increased ALFF in the right caudate body, middle temporal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule (p < 0.05), while showing decreased ALFF in the left cerebellum posterior lobe (p < 0.05). The COSO group showed significantly increased ALFF in the left and right frontal lobe, cerebellum posterior lobe and precuneus (p < 0.05). When comparing the two groups, COSO showed significantly higher ALFF in the left cerebellum posterior lobe, frontal lobe, supramarginal gyrus, precuneus, right inferior frontal gyrus and medial frontal gyrus (p < 0.05). Interestingly, significantly lower ALFF was found in the right fusiform gyrus, corpus callosum and inferior parietal lobule in the group of patients with obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings increase the understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and may provide imaging evidence for early diagnosis of COSO or COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital Of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Rongrong Shao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital Of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital Of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Ophtalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan, China
| | - Longhao Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaifeng Children’s Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Suqin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital Of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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24
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Hajek T, Franke K, Kolenic M, Capkova J, Matejka M, Propper L, Uher R, Stopkova P, Novak T, Paus T, Kopecek M, Spaniel F, Alda M. Brain Age in Early Stages of Bipolar Disorders or Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:190-198. [PMID: 29272464 PMCID: PMC6293219 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The greater presence of neurodevelopmental antecedants may differentiate schizophrenia from bipolar disorders (BD). Machine learning/pattern recognition allows us to estimate the biological age of the brain from structural magnetic resonance imaging scans (MRI). The discrepancy between brain and chronological age could contribute to early detection and differentiation of BD and schizophrenia. METHODS We estimated brain age in 2 studies focusing on early stages of schizophrenia or BD. In the first study, we recruited 43 participants with first episode of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (FES) and 43 controls. In the second study, we included 96 offspring of bipolar parents (48 unaffected, 48 affected) and 60 controls. We used relevance vector regression trained on an independent sample of 504 controls to estimate the brain age of study participants from structural MRI. We calculated the brain-age gap estimate (BrainAGE) score by subtracting the chronological age from the brain age. RESULTS Participants with FES had higher BrainAGE scores than controls (F(1, 83) = 8.79, corrected P = .008, Cohen's d = 0.64). Their brain age was on average 2.64 ± 4.15 years greater than their chronological age (matched t(42) = 4.36, P < .001). In contrast, participants at risk or in the early stages of BD showed comparable BrainAGE scores to controls (F(2,149) = 1.04, corrected P = .70, η2 = 0.01) and comparable brain and chronological age. CONCLUSIONS Early stages of schizophrenia, but not early stages of BD, were associated with advanced BrainAGE scores. Participants with FES showed neurostructural alterations, which made their brains appear 2.64 years older than their chronological age. BrainAGE scores could aid in early differential diagnosis between BD and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Katja Franke
- Structural Brain Mapping Group, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marian Kolenic
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Capkova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Matejka
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Psychiatric Hospital Bohnice, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Propper
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Rudolf Uher
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Pavla Stopkova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Novak
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Center for Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY
| | | | - Filip Spaniel
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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25
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Neurocognitive and neuroanatomical maturation in the clinical high-risk states for psychosis: A pattern recognition study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 21:101624. [PMID: 30528960 PMCID: PMC6413470 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.101624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from neurodevelopmental studies indicate that adolescents with psychosis spectrum disorders have delayed neurocognitive performance relative to the maturational state of their healthy peers. Using machine learning, we generated a model of neurocognitive age in healthy adults and investigated whether individuals in clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis showed systematic neurocognitive age deviations that were accompanied by specific structural brain alterations. METHODS First, a Support Vector Regression-based age prediction model was trained and cross-validated on the neurocognitive data of 36 healthy controls (HC). This produced Cognitive Age Gap Estimates (CogAGE) that measured each participant's deviation from the normal cognitive maturation as the difference between estimated neurocognitive and chronological age. Second, we employed voxel-based morphometry to explore the neuroanatomical gray and white matter correlates of CogAGE in HC, in CHR individuals with early (CHR-E) and late (CHR-L) high risk states. RESULTS The age prediction model estimated age in HC subjects with a mean absolute error of ±2.2 years (SD = 3.3; R2 = 0.33, P < .001). Mean (SD) CogAGE measured +4.3 (8.1) years in CHR individuals compared to HC (-0.1 (5.5) years, P = .006). CHR-L individuals differed significantly from HC subjects while this was not the case for the CHR-E group. CogAGE was associated with a distributed bilateral pattern of increased GM volume in the temporal and frontal areas and diffuse pattern of WM reductions. CONCLUSION Although the generalizability of our findings might be limited due to the relatively small number of participants, CHR individuals exhibit a disturbed neurocognitive development as compared to healthy peers, which may be independent of conversion to psychosis and paralleled by an altered structural maturation process.
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Powell F, LoCastro E, Acosta D, Ahmed M, O'Donoghue S, Forde N, Cannon D, Scanlon C, Rao T, McDonald C, Raj A. Age-Related Changes in Topological Degradation of White Matter Networks and Gene Expression in Chronic Schizophrenia. Brain Connect 2018; 7:574-589. [PMID: 28946750 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2017.0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current hypotheses stipulate core symptoms of schizophrenia (SZ) result from the brain's incapacity to integrate neural processes. Converging diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and graph theory studies provide evidence of macrostructural alterations in SZ. However, age-related topological changes within and between white matter (WM) networks and its relationship to gene expression with disease progression remain incompletely understood. This cross-sectional study uses network modeling to investigate changes in WM network organization with disease progression in chronic SZ as well its relationship with gene expression in healthy brains. First, we replicate prior findings demonstrating altered global WM network topology in SZ. Novel results show significantly altered age-related network degradation patterns in patients compared with controls. Specifically, controls show stereotyped, linear global network decline with age. In contrast, patients show nonlinear network decline with age. Further analysis reveals lack of significant topological decline in younger adult patients, which is subsequently followed by stereotyped linear decline in older adult patients. Node-specific analyses show significant topological differences in frontal and limbic regions of younger adult patients compared with age-matched controls, which become less pronounced with age in older adult patients compared with age-matched controls. Lastly, we show several gene expression profiles, including DISC1, are associated with age-related changes in WM disconnectivity. Together, these findings provide novel WM topological and genetic evidence supporting neurodevelopmental models of SZ, suggesting that network remodeling continues throughout the third decade of life before stabilizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fon Powell
- 1 Imaging Data Evaluation and Analytics Laboratory (IDEAL), Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York, New York
| | - Eve LoCastro
- 1 Imaging Data Evaluation and Analytics Laboratory (IDEAL), Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York, New York
| | - Diana Acosta
- 1 Imaging Data Evaluation and Analytics Laboratory (IDEAL), Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York, New York
| | - Mohamed Ahmed
- 2 Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Center, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Stefani O'Donoghue
- 2 Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Center, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Natalie Forde
- 2 Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Center, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Dara Cannon
- 2 Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Center, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Cathy Scanlon
- 2 Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Center, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Tushar Rao
- 1 Imaging Data Evaluation and Analytics Laboratory (IDEAL), Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York, New York
| | - Colm McDonald
- 2 Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Center, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Ashish Raj
- 1 Imaging Data Evaluation and Analytics Laboratory (IDEAL), Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York, New York
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27
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Kolenic M, Franke K, Hlinka J, Matejka M, Capkova J, Pausova Z, Uher R, Alda M, Spaniel F, Hajek T. Obesity, dyslipidemia and brain age in first-episode psychosis. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 99:151-158. [PMID: 29454222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity and dyslipidemia may negatively affect brain health and are frequent medical comorbidities of schizophrenia and related disorders. Despite the high burden of metabolic disorders, little is known about their effects on brain structure in psychosis. We investigated, whether obesity or dyslipidemia contributed to brain alterations in first-episode psychosis (FEP). METHODS 120 participants with FEP, who were undergoing their first psychiatric hospitalization, had <24 months of untreated psychosis and were 18-35 years old and 114 controls within the same age range participated in the study. We acquired 3T brain structural MRI, fasting lipids and body mass index. We used machine learning trained on an independent sample of 504 controls to estimate the individual brain age of study participants and calculated the BrainAGE score by subtracting the chronological from the estimated brain age. RESULTS In a multiple regression model, the diagnosis of FEP (B = 1.15, SE B = 0.31, p < 0.001) and obesity/overweight (B = 0.92, SE B = 0.35, p = 0.008) were each additively associated with BrainAGE scores (R2 = 0.22, F(3, 230) = 21.92, p < 0.001). BrainAGE scores were highest in participants with FEP and obesity/overweight (3.83 years, 95%CI = 2.35-5.31) and lowest in normal weight controls (-0.27 years, 95%CI = -1.22-0.69). LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol or triglycerides were not associated with BrainAGE scores. CONCLUSIONS Overweight/obesity may be an independent risk factor for diffuse brain alterations manifesting as advanced brain age already early in the course of psychosis. These findings raise the possibility that targeting metabolic health and intervening already at the level of overweight/obesity could slow brain ageing in FEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Kolenic
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic; 3rd School of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katja Franke
- Structural Brain Mapping Group, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Alle 101, D - 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Hlinka
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic; Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Vodarenskou Vezi 271/2, 182 07, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Matejka
- 3rd School of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Psychiatric Hospital Bohnice, Ústavní 91, 181 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Psychiatric Hospital Kosmonosy, Lípy 15, 293 06, Kosmonosy, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Capkova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic; 3rd School of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 686 Bay Street, 10-9705, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Rudolf Uher
- Dalhousie University, Department of Psychiatry, 5909, Veteran's Memorial Lane, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - Martin Alda
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic; Dalhousie University, Department of Psychiatry, 5909, Veteran's Memorial Lane, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - Filip Spaniel
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hajek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic; Dalhousie University, Department of Psychiatry, 5909, Veteran's Memorial Lane, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada.
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28
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Castro-Fornieles J, Bargalló N, Calvo A, Arango C, Baeza I, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Parellada M, Graell M, Moreno C, Otero S, Janssen J, Rapado-Castro M, de la Serna E. Gray matter changes and cognitive predictors of 2-year follow-up abnormalities in early-onset first-episode psychosis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:113-126. [PMID: 28707138 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to examine regional gray matter (GM) changes over a period of 2 years in patients diagnosed with early-onset first-episode psychosis (EO-FEP), and to identify baseline predictors of abnormalities at the follow-up. Fifty-nine patients with EO-FEP aged 11-17 years were assessed. Magnetic resonance imaging was carried out at admission and 2 years later. Changes over time were assessed with voxel-based morphometry. Fifty-nine patients (34 schizophrenia-SCZ, 15 bipolar disorder-BP, and 10 other psychotic disorders) and 70 healthy controls were assessed. At baseline no differences were found between the EO-FEP groups and control subjects. Over time, SCZ patients presented a larger GM decrease in the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior midline frontal cortex, cingulate, left caudate, and thalamus. BP patients also had a larger GM decrease in the right putamen, right orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior and midline region of the right superior frontal gyrus and left caudate, but with fewer areas showing significant differences than in the comparison between SCZ and controls. In the cross-sectional analysis, only SCZ patients showed differences with respect to controls in some GM areas. Significant baseline predictors of a 2-year reduction in GM were IQ and working memory. EO-FEP patients did not show differences in GM compared to controls at baseline. Both SCZ and BP patients showed a greater decrease in specific areas during the first 2 years. At follow-up, only SCZ patients differed significantly from controls in specific brain areas. The GM reduction was predicted by baseline cognitive variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nuria Bargalló
- Image Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Calvo
- Image Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, CIBERSAM, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Immaculada Baeza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Gonzalez-Pinto
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Santiago Apóstol, CIBERSAM, EHU/University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, CIBERSAM, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Graell
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, CIBERSAM, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Moreno
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, CIBERSAM, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soraya Otero
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, CIBERSAM, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Joost Janssen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, CIBERSAM, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Rapado-Castro
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, CIBERSAM, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena de la Serna
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
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Cabral C, Kambeitz-Ilankovic L, Kambeitz J, Calhoun VD, Dwyer DB, von Saldern S, Urquijo MF, Falkai P, Koutsouleris N. Classifying Schizophrenia Using Multimodal Multivariate Pattern Recognition Analysis: Evaluating the Impact of Individual Clinical Profiles on the Neurodiagnostic Performance. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42 Suppl 1:S110-7. [PMID: 27460614 PMCID: PMC4960438 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that structural brain changes are among the best-studied candidate markers for schizophrenia (SZ) along with functional connectivity (FC) alterations of resting-state (RS) patterns. This study aimed to investigate effects of clinical and sociodemographic variables on the classification by applying multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to both gray matter (GM) volume and FC measures in patients with SZ and healthy controls (HC). RS and structural magnetic resonance imaging data (sMRI) from 74 HC and 71 SZ patients were obtained from a Mind Research Network COBRE dataset available via COINS (http://coins.mrn.org/dx). We used a MVPA framework using support-vector machines embedded in a repeated, nested cross-validation to generate a multi-modal diagnostic system and evaluate its generalizability. The dependence of neurodiagnostic performance on clinical and sociodemographic variables was evaluated. The RS classifier showed a slightly higher accuracy (70.5%) compared to the structural classifier (69.7%). The combination of sMRI and RS outperformed single MRI modalities classification by reaching 75% accuracy. The RS based moderator analysis revealed that the neurodiagnostic performance was driven by older SZ patients with an earlier illness onset and more pronounced negative symptoms. In contrast, there was no linear relationship between the clinical variables and neuroanatomically derived group membership measures. This study achieved higher accuracy distinguishing HC from SZ patients by fusing 2 imaging modalities. In addition the results of RS based moderator analysis showed that age of patients, as well as their age at the illness onset were the most important clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cabral
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany; These authors contributed equally
| | - Lana Kambeitz-Ilankovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany; These authors contributed equally.
| | - Joseph Kambeitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Dominic B Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian von Saldern
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria F Urquijo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
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Kasoff LI, Ahn K, Gochman P, Broadnax DD, Rapoport JL. Strong Treatment Response and High Maintenance Rates of Clozapine in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2016; 26:428-35. [PMID: 26784704 PMCID: PMC4931305 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2015.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is a rare but severe form of the disorder, which is often treatment refractory. Short-term studies have indicated a greater differential efficacy, evident through effect sizes, favoring clozapine over other agents in alleviating negative symptoms in COS patients compared with adult-onset patients (AOS). There have been no data for COS patients on long-term compliance with clozapine treatment. Therefore, we wanted to know, over a span of up to 24 years, how many of our COS cohort had remained on clozapine for at least 2 years. We review short-term treatment data and present updated long-term data on compliance and functioning for our patients. METHODS We present the results for long-term medication maintenance over a 24 year observation period for our cohort of 131 patients. Of this cohort, 91.6% (120) were available for follow-up information from either in-person or telephone contact with the patient and/or family members. We defined clozapine compliance as ≥2 years receiving this medication and doing well. RESULTS We were able to contact 120 of the 131 patients. In spite of the additional cost and inconvenience of regular blood monitoring, 87 patients (72.5%, 87/120) adhered to long-term clozapine maintenance therapy with dosages ranging from 50 to 900 mg, and a median dosage of 500 mg. This rate exceeds the long-term clozapine maintenance rates reported for AOS patients. CONCLUSIONS Short-term data on differential efficacy and long-term maintenance data suggest a possibly greater efficacy of clozapine, relative to other antipsychotics, in COS than in AOS. Our overall findings indicate that very early-onset schizophrenic patients may be more responsive to clozapine. This extends other support for clozapine as an option in the treatment of early-onset schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren I. Kasoff
- Child Psychiatry Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kwangmi Ahn
- Child Psychiatry Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter Gochman
- Child Psychiatry Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Diane D. Broadnax
- Child Psychiatry Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Judith L. Rapoport
- Child Psychiatry Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, Maryland
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Ouyang M, Jeon T, Mishra V, Du H, Wang Y, Peng Y, Huang H. Global and regional cortical connectivity maturation index (CCMI) of developmental human brain with quantification of short-range association tracts. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2016; 9788. [PMID: 27076697 DOI: 10.1117/12.2218029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
From early childhood to adulthood, synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning continuously reshape the structural architecture and neural connection in developmental human brains. Disturbance of the precisely balanced strengthening of certain axons and pruning of others may cause mental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. To characterize this balance, we proposed a novel measurement based on cortical parcellation and diffusion MRI (dMRI) tractography, a cortical connectivity maturation index (CCMI). To evaluate the spatiotemporal sensitivity of CCMI as a potential biomarker, dMRI and T1 weighted datasets of 21 healthy subjects 2-25 years were acquired. Brain cortex was parcellated into 68 gyral labels using T1 weighted images, then transformed into dMRI space to serve as the seed region of interest for dMRI-based tractography. Cortico-cortical association fibers initiated from each gyrus were categorized into long- and short-range ones, based on the other end of fiber terminating in non-adjacent or adjacent gyri of the seed gyrus, respectively. The regional CCMI was defined as the ratio between number of short-range association tracts and that of all association tracts traced from one of 68 parcellated gyri. The developmental trajectory of the whole brain CCMI follows a quadratic model with initial decreases from 2 to 16 years followed by later increases after 16 years. Regional CCMI is heterogeneous among different cortical gyri with CCMI dropping to the lowest value earlier in primary somatosensory cortex and visual cortex while later in the prefrontal cortex. The proposed CCMI may serve as sensitive biomarker for brain development under normal or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Ouyang
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tina Jeon
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Virendra Mishra
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Haixiao Du
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Peng
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States
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Luby JL, Belden AC, Jackson JJ, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Harms MP, Tillman R, Botteron K, Whalen D, Barch DM. Early Childhood Depression and Alterations in the Trajectory of Gray Matter Maturation in Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73:31-8. [PMID: 26676835 PMCID: PMC5206762 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The trajectory of cortical gray matter development in childhood has been characterized by early neurogenesis and volume increase, peaking at puberty followed by selective elimination and myelination, resulting in volume loss and thinning. This inverted U-shaped trajectory, as well as cortical thickness, has been associated with cognitive and emotional function. Synaptic pruning-based volume decline has been related to experience-dependent plasticity in animals. To date, there have been no data to inform whether and how childhood depression might be associated with this trajectory. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of early childhood depression, from the preschool age to the school age period, on cortical gray matter development measured across 3 waves of neuroimaging from late school age to early adolescence. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Data were collected in an academic research setting from September 22, 2003, to December 13, 2014, on 193 children aged 3 to 6 years from the St Louis, Missouri, metropolitan area who were observed for up to 11 years in a longitudinal behavioral and neuroimaging study of childhood depression. Multilevel modeling was applied to explore the association between the number of childhood depression symptoms and prior diagnosis of major depressive disorder and the trajectory of gray matter change across 3 scan waves. Data analysis was conducted from October 29, 2014, to September 28, 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Volume, thickness, and surface area of cortical gray matter measured using structural magnetic resonance imaging at 3 scan waves. RESULTS Of the 193 children, 90 had a diagnosis of major depressive disorder; 116 children had 3 full waves of neuroimaging scans. Findings demonstrated marked alterations in cortical gray matter volume loss (slope estimate, -0.93 cm³; 95% CI, -1.75 to -0.10 cm³ per scan wave) and thinning (slope estimate, -0.0044 mm; 95% CI, -0.0077 to -0.0012 mm per scan wave) associated with experiencing an episode of major depressive disorder before the first magnetic resonance imaging scan. In contrast, no significant associations were found between development of gray matter and family history of depression or experiences of traumatic or stressful life events during this period. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study demonstrates an association between early childhood depression and the trajectory of cortical gray matter development in late school age and early adolescence. These findings underscore the significance of early childhood depression on alterations in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L. Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Andy C. Belden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joshua J. Jackson
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | | | - Michael P. Harms
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kelly Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA,Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Diana Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA,The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA,Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA,Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Abstract
Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a rare pediatric onset psychiatric disorder continuous with and typically more severe than its adult counterpart. Neuroimaging research conducted on this population has revealed similarly severe neural abnormalities. When taken as a whole, neuroimaging research in this population shows generally decreased cortical gray matter coupled with white matter connectivity abnormalities, suggesting an anatomical basis for deficits in executive function. Subcortical abnormalities are pronounced in limbic structures, where volumetric deficits are likely related to social skill deficits, and cerebellar deficits that have been correlated to cognitive abnormalities. Structures relevant to motor processing also show a significant alteration, with volumetric increase in basal ganglia structures likely due to antipsychotic administration. Neuroimaging of this disorder shows an important clinical image of exaggerated cortical loss, altered white matter connectivity, and differences in structural development of subcortical areas during the course of development and provides important background to the disease state.
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34
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Batalla A, Bargalló N, Gassó P, Molina O, Pareto D, Mas S, Roca JM, Bernardo M, Lafuente A, Parellada E. Apoptotic markers in cultured fibroblasts correlate with brain metabolites and regional brain volume in antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia and healthy controls. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e626. [PMID: 26305477 PMCID: PMC4564572 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured fibroblasts from first-episode schizophrenia patients (FES) have shown increased susceptibility to apoptosis, which may be related to glutamate dysfunction and progressive neuroanatomical changes. Here we determine whether apoptotic markers obtained from cultured fibroblasts in FES and controls correlate with changes in brain glutamate and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and regional brain volumes. Eleven antipsychotic-naive FES and seven age- and gender-matched controls underwent 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Glutamate plus glutamine (Glx) and NAA levels were measured in the anterior cingulate (AC) and the left thalamus (LT). Hallmarks of apoptotic susceptibility (caspase-3-baseline activity, phosphatidylserine externalization and chromatin condensation) were measured in fibroblast cultures obtained from skin biopsies after inducing apoptosis with staurosporine (STS) at doses of 0.25 and 0.5 μM. Apoptotic biomarkers were correlated to brain metabolites and regional brain volume. FES and controls showed a negative correlation in the AC between Glx levels and percentages of cells with condensed chromatin (CC) after both apoptosis inductions (STS 0.5 μM: r = -0.90; P = 0.001; STS 0.25 μM: r = -0.73; P = 0.003), and between NAA and cells with CC (STS 0.5 μM induction r = -0.76; P = 0.002; STS 0.25 μM r = -0.62; P = 0.01). In addition, we found a negative correlation between percentages of cells with CC and regional brain volume in the right supratemporal cortex and post-central region (STS 0.25 and 0.5 μM; P < 0.05 family-wise error corrected (FWEc)). We reveal for the first time that peripheral markers of apoptotic susceptibility may correlate with brain metabolites, Glx and NAA, and regional brain volume in FES and controls, which is consistent with the neuroprogressive theories around the onset of the schizophrenia illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Batalla
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Radboud University, Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 10, route 966, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
| | - N Bargalló
- Medical Image Core facility Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Centre de diagnòstic per la Imatge Clínic, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Gassó
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Molina
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Pareto
- Magnetic Resonance Unit, Vall Hebron University Hospital IDI, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Mas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Roca
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Bernardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Spain,Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Lafuente
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Parellada
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Juuhl-Langseth M, Hartberg CB, Holmén A, Thormodsen R, Groote IR, Rimol LM, Emblem KE, Agartz I, Rund BR. Impaired Verbal Learning Is Associated with Larger Caudate Volumes in Early Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130435. [PMID: 26230626 PMCID: PMC4521864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both brain structural abnormalities and neurocognitive impairments are core features of schizophrenia. We have previously reported enlargements in subcortical brain structure volumes and impairment of neurocognitive functioning as measured by the MATRICS Cognitive Consensus Battery (MCCB) in early onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (EOS). To our knowledge, no previous study has investigated whether neurocognitive performance and volumetric abnormalities in subcortical brain structures are related in EOS. Methods Twenty-four patients with EOS and 33 healthy controls (HC) were included in the study. Relationships between the caudate nucleus, the lateral and fourth ventricles volumes and neurocognitive performance were investigated with multivariate linear regression analyses. Intracranial volume, age, antipsychotic medication and IQ were included as independent predictor-variables. Results The caudate volume was negatively correlated with verbal learning performance uniquely in the EOS group (r=-.454, p=.034). There were comparable positive correlations between the lateral ventricular volume and the processing speed, attention and reasoning and problem solving domains for both the EOS patients and the healthy controls. Antipsychotic medication was related to ventricular enlargements, but did not affect the brain structure-function relationship. Conclusion Enlargement of the caudate volume was related to poorer verbal learning performance in patients with EOS. Despite a 32% enlargement of the lateral ventricles in the EOS group, associations to processing speed, attention and reasoning and problem solving were similar for both the EOS and the HC groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Juuhl-Langseth
- Research Unit Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Cecilie B. Hartberg
- NORMENT and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aina Holmén
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | | | - Inge R. Groote
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars M. Rimol
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kyrre E. Emblem
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn R. Rund
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
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36
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Lachman A. New developments in diagnosis and treatment update: Schizophrenia/first episode psychosis in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2015; 26:109-24. [PMID: 25391710 DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2014.924416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Childhood onset schizophrenia (COS) is diagnosed before the age of 13 years, and early onset schizophrenia (EOS) is diagnosed before the age of 18 years. EOS is considered extremely rare and its prevalence in comparison to the worldwide prevalence of schizophrenia (1%) has not adequately been studied. Patients who experience the first episode of psychosis need to be treated early and optimally to lessen the morbidity and improve the outcome of the illness. Treatment needs to be a combination of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological modalities. Pharmacological intervention is necessary for remission, improvement of positive symptoms and to aid with the efficacy of psychosocial interventions. There is a lack of efficacy and safety data of the use of antipsychotic medication in children, with most of the information available being extrapolations of adult data. An increased use of atypical antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of EOS has been accompanied by growing concern about the appropriate use and associated side effects in children and adolescents. This update highlights new developments, concepts and treatment trends in EOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Lachman
- a Department of Psychiatry , Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg Campus, Parow , South Africa . Author's
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37
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Keshavan MS, Mehta UM, Padmanabhan JL, Shah JL. Dysplasticity, metaplasticity, and schizophrenia: Implications for risk, illness, and novel interventions. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 27:615-35. [PMID: 25997775 PMCID: PMC6283269 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941500019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the history of the concept of neuroplasticity as it relates to the understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders, using schizophrenia as a case in point. We briefly review the myriad meanings of the term neuroplasticity, and its neuroscientific basis. We then review the evidence for aberrant neuroplasticity and metaplasticity associated with schizophrenia as well as the risk for developing this illness, and discuss the implications of such understanding for prevention and therapeutic interventions. We argue that the failure and/or altered timing of plasticity of critical brain circuits might underlie cognitive and deficit symptoms, and may also lead to aberrant plastic reorganization in other circuits, leading to affective dysregulation and eventually psychosis. This "dysplastic" model of schizophrenia can suggest testable etiology and treatment-relevant questions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matcheri S. Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Urvakhsh Meherwan Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Jaya L. Padmanabhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jai L. Shah
- Douglas Hospital Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Plaze M. Gyrification, sulcation et imagerie cérébrale dans la schizophrénie. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wagshal D, Knowlton BJ, Cohen JR, Bookheimer SY, Bilder RM, Fernandez VG, Asarnow RF. Cognitive correlates of gray matter abnormalities in adolescent siblings of patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 161:345-50. [PMID: 25541139 PMCID: PMC4405249 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Patients with childhood onset schizophrenia (COS) display widespread gray matter (GM) structural brain abnormalities. Healthy siblings of COS patients share some of these structural abnormalities, suggesting that GM abnormalities are endophenotypes for schizophrenia. Another possible endophenotype for schizophrenia that has been relatively unexplored is corticostriatal dysfunction. The corticostriatal system plays an important role in skill learning. Our previous studies have demonstrated corticostriatal dysfunction in COS siblings with a profound skill learning deficit and abnormal pattern of brain activation during skill learning. This study investigated whether structural abnormalities measured using volumetric brain morphometry (VBM) were present in siblings of COS patients and whether these were related to deficits in cognitive skill learning. Results revealed smaller GM volume in COS siblings relative to controls in a number of regions, including occipital, parietal, and subcortical regions including the striatum, and greater GM volume relative to controls in several subcortical regions. Volume in the right superior frontal gyrus and cerebellum were related to performance differences between groups on the weather prediction task, a measure of cognitive skill learning. Our results support the idea that corticostriatal and cerebellar impairment in unaffected siblings of COS patients are behaviorally relevant and may reflect genetic risk for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Wagshal
- University of California San Francisco, United States.
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Schizophrenia and Psychosis. Sleep Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Moran ME, Luscher ZI, McAdams H, Hsu JT, Greenstein D, Clasen L, Ludovici K, Lloyd J, Rapoport J, Mori S, Gogtay N. Comparing fractional anisotropy in patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia, their healthy siblings, and normal volunteers through DTI. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:66-73. [PMID: 25217482 PMCID: PMC4266298 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffusion tensor imaging is a neuroimaging method that quantifies white matter (WM) integrity and brain connectivity based on the diffusion of water in the brain. White matter has been hypothesized to be of great importance in the development of schizophrenia as part of the dysconnectivity model. Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS), is a rare, severe form of the illness that resembles poor outcome adult-onset schizophrenia. We hypothesized that COS would be associated with WM abnormalities relative to a sample of controls. METHODS To evaluate WM integrity in this population 39 patients diagnosed with COS, 39 of their healthy (nonpsychotic) siblings, and 50 unrelated healthy volunteers were scanned using a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequence during a 1.5 T MRI acquisition. Each DTI scan was processed via atlas-based analysis using a WM parcellation map, and diffeomorphic mapping that shapes a template atlas to each individual subject space. Fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of WM integrity was averaged over each of the 46 regions of the atlas. Eleven WM regions were examined based on previous reports of WM growth abnormalities in COS. RESULTS Of those regions, patients with COS, and their healthy siblings had significantly lower mean FA in the left and right cuneus as compared to the healthy volunteers (P < .005). Together, these findings represent the largest DTI study in COS to date, and provide evidence that WM integrity is significantly impaired in COS. Shared deficits in their healthy siblings might result from increased genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel E. Moran
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD;,These authors contributed equally to the article
| | - Zoe I. Luscher
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD;,These authors contributed equally to the article
| | - Harrison McAdams
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John T. Hsu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Deanna Greenstein
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Liv Clasen
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katharine Ludovici
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jonae Lloyd
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Judith Rapoport
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Susumu Mori
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Nitin Gogtay
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD;
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Cropley VL, Pantelis C. Using longitudinal imaging to map the 'relapse signature' of schizophrenia and other psychoses. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2014; 23:219-25. [PMID: 24849668 PMCID: PMC6998274 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796014000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain imaging studies in schizophrenia have typically involved single assessment and cross-sectional designs, while longitudinal studies rarely incorporate more than two time points. While informative, these studies do not adequately capture potential trajectories of neurobiological change, particularly in the context of a changing clinical picture. We propose that the analysis of brain trajectories using multiple time points may inform our understanding of the illness and the effect of treatment. This paper makes the case for frequent serial neuroimaging across the course of schizophrenia psychoses and its application to active illness epsiodes to provide a detailed examination of psychosis relapse and remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. L. Cropley
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - C. Pantelis
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
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Horga G, Kaur T, Peterson BS. Annual research review: Current limitations and future directions in MRI studies of child- and adult-onset developmental psychopathologies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:659-80. [PMID: 24438507 PMCID: PMC4029914 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widespread use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the study of child- and adult-onset developmental psychopathologies has generated many investigations that have measured brain structure and function in vivo throughout development, often generating great excitement over our ability to visualize the living, developing brain using the attractive, even seductive images that these studies produce. Often lost in this excitement is the recognition that brain imaging generally, and MRI in particular, is simply a technology, one that does not fundamentally differ from any other technology, be it a blood test, a genotyping assay, a biochemical assay, or behavioral test. No technology alone can generate valid scientific findings. Rather, it is only technology coupled with a strong experimental design that can generate valid and reproducible findings that lead to new insights into the mechanisms of disease and therapeutic response. METHODS In this review we discuss selected studies to illustrate the most common and important limitations of MRI study designs as most commonly implemented thus far, as well as the misunderstanding that the interpretations of findings from those studies can create for our theories of developmental psychopathologies. RESULTS Common limitations of MRI study designs are in large part responsible thus far for the generally poor reproducibility of findings across studies, poor generalizability to the larger population, failure to identify developmental trajectories, inability to distinguish causes from effects of illness, and poor ability to infer causal mechanisms in most MRI studies of developmental psychopathologies. For each of these limitations in study design and the difficulties they entail for the interpretation of findings, we discuss various approaches that numerous laboratories are now taking to address those difficulties, which have in common the yoking of brain imaging technologies to studies with inherently stronger designs that permit more valid and more powerful causal inferences. Those study designs include epidemiological, longitudinal, high-risk, clinical trials, and multimodal imaging studies. CONCLUSIONS We highlight several studies that have yoked brain imaging technologies to these stronger designs to illustrate how doing so can aid our understanding of disease mechanisms and in the foreseeable future can improve clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment planning for developmental psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Horga
- Department of Psychiatry; New York State Psychiatric Institute and College of Physicians and Surgeons; Columbia University; New York NY USA
| | - Tejal Kaur
- Department of Psychiatry; New York State Psychiatric Institute and College of Physicians and Surgeons; Columbia University; New York NY USA
| | - Bradley S. Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry; New York State Psychiatric Institute and College of Physicians and Surgeons; Columbia University; New York NY USA
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Puetz V, Günther T, Kahraman-Lanzerath B, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K. Neuropsychological Deficits in the Prodromal Phase and Course of an Early-Onset Schizophrenia. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2014; 42:167-76. [DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Although clear advances have been achieved in the study of early-onset schizophrenia (EOS), little is known to date about premorbid and prodromal neuropsychological functioning in EOS. Method: Here, we report on a case of an adolescent male with EOS who underwent neuropsychological testing before and after illness onset. Results: Marked cognitive deficits in the domains of attention, set-shifting, and verbal memory were present both pre-onset and during the course of schizophrenia, though only deficits in verbal memory persisted after illness-onset and antipsychotic treatment. Conclusion: The findings of this case study suggest that impairments in the verbal memory domain are particularly prominent symptoms of cognitive impairment in prodromal EOS and persist in the course of the disorder, which further demonstrates the difficult clinical situation of adequate schooling opportunities for adolescent patients with EOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Puetz
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Berrak Kahraman-Lanzerath
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
- JARA Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen & Jülich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
- JARA Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen & Jülich, Germany
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Arango C, Fraguas D, Parellada M. Differential neurodevelopmental trajectories in patients with early-onset bipolar and schizophrenia disorders. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40 Suppl 2:S138-46. [PMID: 24371326 PMCID: PMC3934406 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorders share not only clinical features but also some risk factors such as genetic markers and childhood adversity, while other risk factors such as urbanicity and obstetric complications seem to be specific to schizophrenia. An intriguing question is whether the well-established abnormal neurodevelopment present in many children and adolescents who eventually develop schizophrenia is also present in bipolar patients. The literature on adult bipolar patients is controversial. We report data on a subgroup of patients with pediatric-onset psychotic bipolar disorder who seem to share some developmental trajectories with patients with early-onset schizophrenia. These early-onset psychotic bipolar patients have low intelligence quotient, more neurological signs, reduced frontal gray matter at the time of their first psychotic episode, and greater brain changes than healthy controls in a pattern similar to early-onset schizophrenia cases. However, patients with early-onset schizophrenia seem to have more social impairment, developmental abnormalities (eg, language problems), and lower academic achievement in childhood than early-onset bipolar patients. We suggest that some of these abnormal developmental trajectories are more related to the phenotypic features (eg, early-onset psychotic symptoms) of these 2 syndromes than to categorically defined Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso Arango
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Ibiza 43, 28009 Madrid, Spain; tel: 34-914265006; fax: 34-91426004, e-mail:
| | - David Fraguas
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Reductive ammonia leaching method was used to recover Cu and Co from heterogenite. The influences of the reductant quantity, leaching temperature, the concentration ratio of NH3to (NH4)2SO4, leaching time and liquid-solid (L/S) ratio on leaching rate of cobalt and copper were investigated. The optimal conditions at which the leaching rate of copper and cobalt were 96.07%, 98.24% respectively and that of Fe, Mg and Al were almost 0 were as follows: time = 5 h, T = 50°C, the amount of ammonia is 1.2 times of theorrtical, C(NH3):C [(NH4)2SO4] =1:3, L/S ratio = 3:1, and the dosage of Na2SO3is 0.5 times of the heterogenites mass.
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Sala C, Segal M. Dendritic spines: the locus of structural and functional plasticity. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:141-88. [PMID: 24382885 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of high-resolution time lapse imaging and molecular biological tools has changed dramatically the rate of progress towards the understanding of the complex structure-function relations in synapses of central spiny neurons. Standing issues, including the sequence of molecular and structural processes leading to formation, morphological change, and longevity of dendritic spines, as well as the functions of dendritic spines in neurological/psychiatric diseases are being addressed in a growing number of recent studies. There are still unsettled issues with respect to spine formation and plasticity: Are spines formed first, followed by synapse formation, or are synapses formed first, followed by emergence of a spine? What are the immediate and long-lasting changes in spine properties following exposure to plasticity-producing stimulation? Is spine volume/shape indicative of its function? These and other issues are addressed in this review, which highlights the complexity of molecular pathways involved in regulation of spine structure and function, and which contributes to the understanding of central synaptic interactions in health and disease.
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Diwadkar VA, Bustamante A, Rai H, Uddin M. Epigenetics, stress, and their potential impact on brain network function: a focus on the schizophrenia diatheses. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:71. [PMID: 25002852 PMCID: PMC4066368 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent sociodevelopmental cognitive model of schizophrenia/psychosis is a highly influential and compelling compendium of research findings. Here, we present logical extensions to this model incorporating ideas drawn from epigenetic mediation of psychiatric disease, and the plausible effects of epigenetics on the emergence of brain network function and dysfunction in adolescence. We discuss how gene-environment interactions, effected by epigenetic mechanisms, might in particular mediate the stress response (itself heavily implicated in the emergence of schizophrenia). Next, we discuss the plausible relevance of this framework for adolescent genetic risk populations, a risk group characterized by vexing and difficult-to-explain heterogeneity. We then discuss how exploring relationships between epigenetics and brain network dysfunction (a strongly validated finding in risk populations) can enhance understanding of the relationship between stress, epigenetics, and functional neurobiology, and the relevance of this relationship for the eventual emergence of schizophrenia/psychosis. We suggest that these considerations can expand the impact of models such as the sociodevelopmental cognitive model, increasing their explanatory reach. Ultimately, integration of these lines of research may enhance efforts of early identification, intervention, and treatment in adolescents at-risk for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav A Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Angela Bustamante
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Harinder Rai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Monica Uddin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA ; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
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Baribeau DA, Anagnostou E. A comparison of neuroimaging findings in childhood onset schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder: a review of the literature. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:175. [PMID: 24391605 PMCID: PMC3869044 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and childhood onset schizophrenia (COS) are pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders associated with significant morbidity. Both conditions are thought to share an underlying genetic architecture. A comparison of neuroimaging findings across ASD and COS with a focus on altered neurodevelopmental trajectories can shed light on potential clinical biomarkers and may highlight an underlying etiopathogenesis. METHODS A comprehensive review of the medical literature was conducted to summarize neuroimaging data with respect to both conditions in terms of structural imaging (including volumetric analysis, cortical thickness and morphology, and region of interest studies), white matter analysis (include volumetric analysis and diffusion tensor imaging) and functional connectivity. RESULTS In ASD, a pattern of early brain overgrowth in the first few years of life is followed by dysmaturation in adolescence. Functional analyses have suggested impaired long-range connectivity as well as increased local and/or subcortical connectivity in this condition. In COS, deficits in cerebral volume, cortical thickness, and white matter maturation seem most pronounced in childhood and adolescence, and may level off in adulthood. Deficits in local connectivity, with increased long-range connectivity have been proposed, in keeping with exaggerated cortical thinning. CONCLUSION The neuroimaging literature supports a neurodevelopmental origin of both ASD and COS and provides evidence for dynamic changes in both conditions that vary across space and time in the developing brain. Looking forward, imaging studies which capture the early post natal period, which are longitudinal and prospective, and which maximize the signal to noise ratio across heterogeneous conditions will be required to translate research findings into a clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
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Driver DI, Gogtay N, Rapoport JL. Childhood Onset Schizophrenia and Early Onset Schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2013; 22:539-55. [PMID: 24012072 PMCID: PMC3771646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The clinical severity, impact on development, and poor prognosis of childhood onset schizophrenia may represent a more homogeneous group. Positive symptoms in children are necessary for the diagnosis and hallucinations are more often multimodal. In healthy children and children with a variety of other psychiatric illnesses, hallucinations are not uncommon and diagnosis should not be based on these alone. Childhood onset schizophrenia is an extraordinarily rare illness that is poorly understood but seems continuous with the adult onset disorder. Once a diagnosis is affirmed, aggressive medication treatment combined with family education and individual counseling may defer further deterioration.
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