1
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Collobert G, Perez-Lamarque B, Dubuisson JY, Martos F. Gains and losses of the epiphytic lifestyle in epidendroid orchids: review and new analyses of succulence traits. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:787-800. [PMID: 37777476 PMCID: PMC10799982 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epiphytism has evolved repeatedly in plants and has resulted in a considerable number of species with original characteristics. Because water supply is generally erratic compared to that in soils, succulent forms in particular are widespread in epiphytic species. However, succulent organs also exist in terrestrial plants, and the question of the concomitant evolution of epiphytism and succulence has received little attention, not even in the epidendroid orchids, which account for 67.6 % of vascular epiphytes. METHODS We built a new time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of Epidendroideae with 203 genera treated in genus Orchidacearum, from which we reconstructed the evolution of epiphytism as well as traits related to water scarcity (stem and leaf succulence and the number of velamen layers), while testing for the correlated evolution between the two. Furthermore, we estimated the ancestral geographical ranges to evaluate the palaeoclimatic context in which epiphytism evolved. KEY RESULTS Epiphytism evolved at least three times: 39.0 million years ago (Mya) in the common ancestor of the Malaxideae and Cymbidieae that probably ranged from the Neotropics to Southeast Asia and Australia, 11.5 Mya in the Arethuseae in Southeast Asia and Australia, and 7.1 Mya in the neotropical Sobralieae, and it was notably lost in the Malaxidiinae, Collabieae, Calypsoeae, Bletiinae and Eulophiinae. Stem succulence is inferred to have evolved once, in a terrestrial ancestor at least 4.1 Mya before the emergence of epiphytic lineages. If lost, stem succulence was almost systematically replaced by leaf succulence in epiphytic lineages. CONCLUSIONS Epiphytism may have evolved in seasonally dry forests during the Eocene climatic cooling, among stem-succulent terrestrial orchids. Our results suggest that the emergence of stem succulence in early epidendroids was a key innovation in the evolution of epiphytism, facilitating the colonization of epiphytic environments that later led to the greatest diversification of epiphytic orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géromine Collobert
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Perez-Lamarque
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 46 rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Dubuisson
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florent Martos
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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2
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Rieseberg TP, Dadras A, Bergschmidt LIN, Bierenbroodspot MJ, Fürst-Jansen JMR, Irisarri I, de Vries S, Darienko T, de Vries J. Divergent responses in desiccation experiments in two ecophysiologically different Zygnematophyceae. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14056. [PMID: 38148198 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity can be considered a major stressor on land, with desiccation being its most extreme form. Land plants have found two different solutions to this challenge: avoidance and tolerance. The closest algal relatives to land plants, the Zygnematophyceae, use the latter, and how this is realized is of great interest for our understanding of the conquest of land. Here, we worked with two representatives of the Zygnematophyceae, Zygnema circumcarinatum SAG 698-1b and Mesotaenium endlicherianum SAG 12.97, who differ in habitats and drought resilience. We challenged both algal species with severe desiccation in a laboratory setup until photosynthesis ceased, followed by a recovery period. We assessed their morphological, photophysiological, and transcriptomic responses. Our data pinpoint global differential gene expression patterns that speak of conserved responses, from calcium-mediated signaling to the adjustment of plastid biology, cell envelopes, and amino acid pathways, between Zygnematophyceae and land plants despite their strong ecophysiological divergence. The main difference between the two species appears to rest in a readjustment of the photobiology of Zygnema, while Mesotaenium experiences stress beyond a tipping point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Rieseberg
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Armin Dadras
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Luisa I N Bergschmidt
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maaike J Bierenbroodspot
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Janine M R Fürst-Jansen
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Iker Irisarri
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
- Section Phylogenomics, Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum of Nature, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophie de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tatyana Darienko
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
- Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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3
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Gagnon E, Baldaszti L, Moonlight P, Knapp S, Lehmann CER, Särkinen T. Functional and ecological diversification of underground organs in Solanum. Front Genet 2023; 14:1231413. [PMID: 37886686 PMCID: PMC10597785 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1231413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of geophytes in response to different environmental stressors is poorly understood largely due to the great morphological variation in underground plant organs, which includes species with rhizomatous structures or underground storage organs (USOs). Here we compare the evolution and ecological niche patterns of different geophytic organs in Solanum L., classified based on a functional definition and using a clade-based approach with an expert-verified specimen occurrence dataset. Results from PERMANOVA and Phylogenetic ANOVAs indicate that geophytic species occupy drier areas, with rhizomatous species found in the hottest areas whereas species with USOs are restricted to cooler areas in the montane tropics. In addition, rhizomatous species appear to be adapted to fire-driven disturbance, in contrast to species with USOs that appear to be adapted to prolonged climatic disturbance such as unfavorable growing conditions due to drought and cold. We also show that the evolution of rhizome-like structures leads to changes in the relationship between range size and niche breadth. Ancestral state reconstruction shows that in Solanum rhizomatous species are evolutionarily more labile compared to species with USOs. Our results suggest that underground organs enable plants to shift their niches towards distinct extreme environmental conditions and have different evolutionary constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edeline Gagnon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ludwig Baldaszti
- Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Moonlight
- Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Caroline E. R. Lehmann
- Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tiina Särkinen
- Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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4
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Pérez-López AV, Lim SD, Cushman JC. Tissue succulence in plants: Carrying water for climate change. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 289:154081. [PMID: 37703768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Tissue succulence in plants involves the storage of water in one or more organs or tissues to assist in maintaining water potentials on daily or seasonal time scales. This drought-avoidance or drought-resistance strategy allows plants to occupy diverse environments including arid regions, regions with rocky soils, epiphytic habitats, and saline soils. Climate-resilient strategies are of increasing interest in the context of the global climate crisis, which is leading to hotter and drier conditions in many regions throughout the globe. Here, we describe a short history of succulent plants, the basic concepts of tissue succulence, the anatomical diversity of succulent morphologies and associated adaptive traits, the evolutionary, phylogenetic, and biogeographical diversity of succulent plants, extinction risks to succulents due to poaching from their natural environments, and the myriad uses and applications of economically important succulent species and the products derived from them. Lastly, we discuss current prospects for engineering tissue succulence to improve salinity and drought tolerance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arely V Pérez-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA.
| | - Sung Don Lim
- Department of Plant Life and Resource Science, Sangji University, Gangwon-do, 26339, South Korea.
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA.
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5
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Fradera-Soler M, Mravec J, Harholt J, Grace OM, Jørgensen B. Cell wall polysaccharide and glycoprotein content tracks growth-form diversity and an aridity gradient in the leaf-succulent genus Crassula. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14007. [PMID: 37882271 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall traits are believed to be a key component of the succulent syndrome, an adaptive syndrome to drought, yet the variability of such traits remains largely unknown. In this study, we surveyed the leaf polysaccharide and glycoprotein composition in a wide sampling of Crassula species that occur naturally along an aridity gradient in southern Africa, and we interpreted its adaptive significance in relation to growth form and arid adaptation. To study the glycomic diversity, we sampled leaf material from 56 Crassula taxa and performed comprehensive microarray polymer profiling to obtain the relative content of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. This analysis was complemented by the determination of monosaccharide composition and immunolocalization in leaf sections using glycan-targeting antibodies. We found that compact and non-compact Crassula species occupy distinct phenotypic spaces in terms of leaf glycomics, particularly in regard to rhamnogalacturonan I, its arabinan side chains, and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). Moreover, these cell wall components also correlated positively with increasing aridity, which suggests that they are likely advantageous in terms of arid adaptation. These differences point to compact Crassula species having more elastic cell walls with plasticizing properties, which can be interpreted as an adaptation toward increased drought resistance. Furthermore, we report an intracellular pool of AGPs associated with oil bodies and calcium oxalate crystals, which could be a peculiarity of Crassula and could be linked to increased drought resistance. Our results indicate that glycomics may be underlying arid adaptation and drought resistance in succulent plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fradera-Soler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Royal Botanic Gardens, London, UK
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | - Olwen M Grace
- Royal Botanic Gardens, London, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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6
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Llorens L, Cortés L, Boira H. Deciphering the ecology of the threatened microendemic species Euphorbia margalidiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1155896. [PMID: 37434601 PMCID: PMC10332272 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1155896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Small islands play a critical role in the study of plant ecology and evolution. Here, we reveal the ecology of Euphorbia margalidiana, an endemic plant that thrives in a micro-island environment in the Western Mediterranean region. Through a detailed characterization of the habitat, including plant communities, microclimate, soil properties, and germination assays, we examine the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the distribution of this endangered species. We also analyze its pollination biology, evaluate the success of vegetative propagation, and discuss its potential use in conservation strategies. Our results show that E. margalidiana is a characteristic species of the shrub ornitocoprophilous insular vegetation of the Western Mediterranean. The seeds have a very low dispersion capacity outside the islet and that seed-derived plants have higher survival rates under drought conditions than those vegetatively propagated. The main volatile compound emitted from the pseudanthia is phenol which attracts the plants' main and almost exclusive pollinators in the islet, flies. Our results confirm the relictual status of E. margalidiana and highlight the importance of key adaptive traits that enable the survival of this species in the harsh micro-island environment of Ses Margalides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Llorens
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Lucas Cortés
- Independent Researcher, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Herminio Boira
- Institute of Mediterranean Agroforestry (IAM), Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
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7
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Hanes MM, Shell S, Shimu T, Crist C, Machkour‐M’Rabet S. The phylogeographic history of
Megistostegium
(Malvaceae) in the dry, spiny thickets of southwestern Madagascar using RAD‐seq data and ecological niche modeling. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8632. [PMID: 35222982 PMCID: PMC8848458 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The spiny thicket of southwestern Madagascar represents an extreme and ancient landscape with extraordinary levels of biodiversity and endemism. Few hypotheses exist for explaining speciation in the region and few plant studies have explored hypotheses for species diversification. Here, we investigate three species in the endemic genus Megistostegium (Malvaceae) to evaluate phylogeographic structure and explore the roles of climate, soil, and paleoclimate oscillations on population divergence and speciation throughout the region. We combine phylogenetic and phylogeographic inference of RADseq data with ecological niche modeling across space and time. Population structure is concurrent with major rivers in the region and we identify a new, potentially important biogeographic break coincident with several landscape features. Our data further suggests that niches occupied by species and populations differ substantially across their distribution. Paleodistribution modeling provide evidence that past climatic change could be responsible for the current distribution, population structure, and maintenance of species in Megistostegium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Hanes
- Department of Biology Eastern Michigan University Ypsilanti Michigan USA
| | - Susan Shell
- Department of Biology Eastern Michigan University Ypsilanti Michigan USA
| | - Tahsina Shimu
- Department of Biology Eastern Michigan University Ypsilanti Michigan USA
| | - Clarissa Crist
- Department of Biology Eastern Michigan University Ypsilanti Michigan USA
| | - Salima Machkour‐M’Rabet
- Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversiadad El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Chetumal Mexico
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8
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Lu M, Fradera-Soler M, Forest F, Barraclough TG, Grace OM. Evidence linking life-form to a major shift in diversification rate in Crassula. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:272-290. [PMID: 34730230 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plants have evolved different ecological strategies in response to environmental challenges, and a higher lability of such strategies is more common in plant groups that adapt to various niches. Crassula (Crassulaceae), occurring in varied mesic to xeric habitats, exhibits a remarkable diversity of life-forms. However, whether any particular life-form trait has shaped species diversification in Crassula has remained unexplored. This study aims to investigate diversification patterns within Crassula and identify potential links to its life-form evolution. METHODS A phylogenetic tree of 140 Crassula taxa was reconstructed using plastid and nuclear loci and dated based on the nuclear DNA information only. We reconstructed ancestral life-form characters to estimate the evolutionary trends of ecophysiological change, and subsequently estimated net diversification rates. Multiple diversification models were applied to examine the association between certain life-forms and net diversification rates. RESULTS Our findings confirm a radiation within Crassula in the last 10 million years. A configuration of net diversification rate shifts was detected, which coincides with the emergence of a speciose lineage during the late Miocene. The results of ancestral state reconstruction demonstrate a high lability of life-forms in Crassula, and the trait-dependent diversification analyses revealed that the increased diversification is strongly associated with a compact growth form. CONCLUSIONS Transitions between life-forms in Crassula seem to have driven adaptation and shaped diversification of this genus across various habitats. The diversification patterns we inferred are similar to those observed in other major succulent lineages, with the most-speciose clades originating in the late Miocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lu
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, UK
| | - Marc Fradera-Soler
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Félix Forest
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Timothy G Barraclough
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Olwen M Grace
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
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9
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Gamisch A, Winter K, Fischer GA, Comes HP. Evolution of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) as an escape from ecological niche conservatism in Malagasy Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1236-1248. [PMID: 33960438 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing evidence that niche shifts are more common in flowering plants than previously thought, little is known of whether such shifts are promoted by changes in photosynthetic pathways. Here we combine the most complete phylogeny for epiphytic Malagasy Bulbophyllum orchids (c. 210 spp.) with climatic niche and carbon isotope ratios to infer the group's spatial-temporal history, and the role of strongly expressed crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in facilitating niche shifts and diversification. We find that most extant species still retain niche (Central Highland) and photosynthesis (C3 ) states as present in the single mid-Miocene (c. 12.70 million yr ago (Ma)) ancestor colonizing Madagascar. However, we also infer a major transition to CAM, linked to a late Miocene (c. 7.36 Ma) invasion of species from the sub-humid highland first into the island's humid eastern coastal, and then into the seasonally dry 'Northwest Sambirano' rainforests, yet without significant effect on diversification rates. These findings indicate that CAM in tropical epiphytes may be selectively advantageous even in high rainfall habitats, rather than presenting a mere adaptation to dry environments or epiphytism per se. Overall, our study qualifies CAM as an evolutionary 'gateway' trait that considerably widened the spatial-ecological amplitude of Madagascar's most species-rich orchid genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gamisch
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Balboa, Ancón, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Gunter A Fischer
- Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden Corporation, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
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10
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Anest A, Charles-Dominique T, Maurin O, Millan M, Edelin C, Tomlinson KW. Evolving the structure: climatic and developmental constraints on the evolution of plant architecture. A case study in Euphorbia. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1278-1295. [PMID: 33629359 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant architecture strongly influences ecological performance, yet its role in plant evolution has not been explored in depth. By testing both phylogenetic and environmental signals, it is possible to separate architectural traits into four categories: development constraints (phylogenetic signal only); convergences (environmental dependency only); key confluences to the environmental driver (both); unknown (neither). We analysed the evolutionary history of the genus Euphorbia, a model clade with both high architectural diversity and a wide environmental range. We conducted comparative analyses of 193 Euphorbia species world-wide using 73 architectural traits, a dated phylogeny, and climate data. We identified 14 architectural types in Euphorbia based on trait combinations. We found 22 traits and three types representing convergences under climate groups, 21 traits and four types showing phylogenetic signal but no relation to climate, and 16 traits and five types with both climate and phylogenetic signals. Major drivers of architectural trait evolution likely include water stress in deserts (selected for succulence, continuous branching), frost disturbance in temperate systems (selected for simple, prostrate, short-lived shoots) and light competition (selected for arborescence). Simple architectures allowed resilience to disturbance, and frequent transitions into new forms. Complex architectures with functional specialisation developed under stable climates but have low evolvability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artémis Anest
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Olivier Maurin
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Plant and Fungal Trees of Life, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Mathieu Millan
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag X3, WITS, 2050, South Africa
- Global Change Biology Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Claude Edelin
- French Institute of Pondicherry, No. 11, Post Box No. 33, Saint Louis Street, Pondicherry, 605 001, India
- UMR AMAP, CIRAD - TA A51/PS2, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34398, France
| | - Kyle W Tomlinson
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
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11
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Tribble CM, Martínez-Gómez J, Howard CC, Males J, Sosa V, Sessa EB, Cellinese N, Specht CD. Get the shovel: morphological and evolutionary complexities of belowground organs in geophytes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:372-387. [PMID: 33760229 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herbaceous plants collectively known as geophytes, which regrow from belowground buds, are distributed around the globe and throughout the land plant tree of life. The geophytic habit is an evolutionarily and ecologically important growth form in plants, permitting novel life history strategies, enabling the occupation of more seasonal climates, mediating interactions between plants and their water and nutrient resources, and influencing macroevolutionary patterns by enabling differential diversification and adaptation. These taxa are excellent study systems for understanding how convergence on a similar growth habit (i.e., geophytism) can occur via different morphological and developmental mechanisms. Despite the importance of belowground organs for characterizing whole-plant morphological diversity, the morphology and evolution of these organs have been vastly understudied with most research focusing on only a few crop systems. Here, we clarify the terminology commonly used (and sometimes misused) to describe geophytes and their underground organs and highlight key evolutionary patterns of the belowground morphology of geophytic plants. Additionally, we advocate for increasing resources for geophyte research and implementing standardized ontological definitions of geophytic organs to improve our understanding of the factors controlling, promoting, and maintaining geophyte diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Tribble
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jesús Martínez-Gómez
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Cody Coyotee Howard
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jamie Males
- Department of Plant Science, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Victoria Sosa
- Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecologia AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Emily B Sessa
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nico Cellinese
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chelsea D Specht
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Mocko K, Jones CS. Do seedlings of larger geophytic species outperform smaller ones when challenged by drought? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:320-333. [PMID: 33638194 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE In semiarid regions, decreasing rainfall presents a challenge to perennial seedlings that must reach sufficient size to survive the first year's seasonal drought. Attaining a large storage organ size has been hypothesized to enhance drought resilience in geophytes, but building larger storage organs requires faster growth, but paradoxically, some traits that confer faster growth are highly sensitive to drought. We examined whether tuber size confers greater drought resilience in seedlings of four closely related geophytic species of Pelargonium. METHODS We imposed two drought treatments when seedlings were 2 months old: chronic low water and acute water restriction for 10 days. Plants in the acute dry-down treatment were then rewatered at control levels. We compared morphological and ecophysiological traits at 2, 3, and 6 months of age and used mixed-effects models to identify traits determining tuber biomass at dormancy. RESULTS Despite a 10-fold variation in size, species had similar physiological trait values under well-watered conditions. Chronic and acute droughts negatively affected tuber size at the end of the season, but only in the two species with large tubers. Chronic drought did not affect physiological traits of any species, but in response to acute drought, larger species showed reduced photosynthetic performance. Canopy area was the best predictor of final tuber biomass. CONCLUSIONS Contradictory to the hypothesis that large tubers provide greater drought resiliency, small Pelargonium seedlings actually had higher drought tolerance, although at the expense of more vigorous growth compared to species with larger tubers under well-watered conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Mocko
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Cynthia S Jones
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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Mehmood F, Abdullah, Ubaid Z, Shahzadi I, Ahmed I, Waheed MT, Poczai P, Mirza B. Plastid genomics of Nicotiana (Solanaceae): insights into molecular evolution, positive selection and the origin of the maternal genome of Aztec tobacco ( Nicotiana rustica). PeerJ 2020; 8:e9552. [PMID: 32775052 PMCID: PMC7382938 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Nicotiana (Solanaceae), commonly referred to as tobacco plants, are often cultivated as non-food crops and garden ornamentals. In addition to the worldwide production of tobacco leaves, they are also used as evolutionary model systems due to their complex development history tangled by polyploidy and hybridization. Here, we assembled the plastid genomes of five tobacco species: N. knightiana, N. rustica, N. paniculata, N. obtusifolia and N. glauca. De novo assembled tobacco plastid genomes had the typical quadripartite structure, consisting of a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions (25,323-25,369 bp each) separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region (86,510-86,716 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC) region (18,441-18,555 bp). Comparative analyses of Nicotiana plastid genomes with currently available Solanaceae genome sequences showed similar GC and gene content, codon usage, simple sequence and oligonucleotide repeats, RNA editing sites, and substitutions. We identified 20 highly polymorphic regions, mostly belonging to intergenic spacer regions (IGS), which could be suitable for the development of robust and cost-effective markers for inferring the phylogeny of the genus Nicotiana and family Solanaceae. Our comparative plastid genome analysis revealed that the maternal parent of the tetraploid N. rustica was the common ancestor of N. paniculata and N. knightiana, and the later species is more closely related to N. rustica. Relaxed molecular clock analyses estimated the speciation event between N. rustica and N. knightiana appeared 0.56 Ma (HPD 0.65-0.46). Biogeographical analysis supported a south-to-north range expansion and diversification for N. rustica and related species, where N. undulata and N. paniculata evolved in North/Central Peru, while N. rustica developed in Southern Peru and separated from N. knightiana, which adapted to the Southern coastal climatic regimes. We further inspected selective pressure on protein-coding genes among tobacco species to determine if this adaptation process affected the evolution of plastid genes. These analyses indicate that four genes involved in different plastid functions, including DNA replication (rpoA) and photosynthesis (atpB, ndhD and ndhF), came under positive selective pressure as a result of specific environmental conditions. Genetic mutations in these genes might have contributed to better survival and superior adaptations during the evolutionary history of tobacco species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furrukh Mehmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zartasha Ubaid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iram Shahzadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ibrar Ahmed
- Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Tahir Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Peter Poczai
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bushra Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Howard CC, Landis JB, Beaulieu JM, Cellinese N. Geophytism in monocots leads to higher rates of diversification. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1023-1032. [PMID: 31469440 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Geophytes, plants with buds on underground structures, are found throughout the plant tree of life. These below ground structures allow plants to inhabit highly seasonal and disturbance-prone environments across ecosystems. Past researchers have hypothesised that the bulbous, cormous and tuberous habits promote diversification, but this had yet to be tested. Using a comprehensive monocot data set of almost 13 000 taxa, we investigated the effects of the geophytic habit on diversification using both state-dependent and state-independent models. We found that geophytes exhibit increased rates of diversification relative to nongeophytes. State-dependent analyses recovered higher yet similar rates of diversification for bulbous, cormous and tuberous taxa compared with rhizomatous and nongeophytic taxa. However, the state-independent model returned no difference in rates among the different traits. Geophytism shows higher rates of diversification relative to nongeophytes but we found little support for the hypothesis that the evolution of the bulb, corm or tuber appears to provide a diversification increase relative to rhizomatous and nongeophytic taxa. Our broad-scale analysis highlights the overall evolutionary importance of the geophytic habit (i.e. belowground bud placement). However, our results also suggest that belowground morphological diversity alone cannot explain this rate increase. In order to further test the evolutionary significance of these underground structures, future studies should consider these in combination with other biotic and abiotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Coyotee Howard
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jacob B Landis
- University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jeremy M Beaulieu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72731, USA
| | - Nico Cellinese
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Liu Y, El-Kassaby YA. Phenotypic plasticity of natural Populus trichocarpa populations in response to temporally environmental change in a common garden. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:231. [PMID: 31878866 PMCID: PMC6933736 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural selection on fitness-related traits can be temporally heterogeneous among populations. As climate changes, understanding population-level responses is of scientific and practical importance. We examined 18 phenotypic traits associated with phenology, biomass, and ecophysiology in 403 individuals of natural Populus trichocarpa populations, growing in a common garden. RESULTS Compared with tree origin settings, propagules likely underwent drought exposures in the common garden due to significantly low rainfall during the years of measurement. All study traits showed population differentiation reflecting adaptive responses due to local genetic adaptation. Phenology and biomass traits were strongly under selection and showed plastic responses between years, co-varying with latitude. While phenological events (e.g., bud set and growth period) and biomass were under positive directional selection, post-bud set period, particularly from final bud set to the onset of leaf drop, was selected against. With one exception to water-use efficiency, ecophysiology traits were under negative directional selection. Moreover, extended phenological events jointly evolved with source niches under increased temperature and decreased rainfall exposures. High biomass coevolved with climatic niches of high temperature; low rainfall promoted high photosynthetic rates evolution. CONCLUSIONS This work underpins that P. trichocarpa is likely to experience increased fitness (height gain) by evolving toward extended bud set and growth period, abbreviated post-bud set period, and increased drought resistance, potentially constituting a powerful mechanism for long-lived tree species in surviving unpredictably environmental extremes (e.g., drought).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Howard CC, Folk RA, Beaulieu JM, Cellinese N. The monocotyledonous underground: global climatic and phylogenetic patterns of geophyte diversity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:850-863. [PMID: 31106852 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Geophytes-plants that typically possess a bulb, corm, tuber, and/or rhizome-have long captured the attention of hobbyists and researchers. However, despite the economic and evolutionary importance of these traits, the potential drivers of their morphological diversity remain unknown. Using a comprehensive phylogeny of monocots, we test for correlations between climate and geophyte growth form to better understand why we observe such a diversity of underground traits in geophytes. Understanding the evolutionary factors promoting independent origins of these potentially adaptive organs will lend insights into how plants adapt to environmental hardships. METHODS Using a comprehensive phylogeny incorporated with global occurrence and climate data for the monocots, we investigated whether climatic patterns could explain differences between geophytes and non-geophytes, as well as differences among bulbous, cormous, tuberous, rhizomatous, and non-geophytic taxa. We used phylogenetically-informed ANOVAs, MANOVAs, and PCAs to test differences in climatic variables between the different growth forms. RESULTS Geophytes inhabit cooler, drier, and more thermally variable climates compared to non-geophytes. Although some underground traits (i.e., bulb, corm, and tuber) appear to inhabit particular niches, a result supported by strong phylogenetic signal, our data has limited evidence for an overall role of climate in the evolution of these traits. However, temperature may be a driving force in rhizome evolution, as well as the evolution of taxa which we considered here as non-geophytic (e.g., trees, epiphytes, etc.). CONCLUSIONS While precipitation patterns have played a role in the evolution of geophytism, our results suggest that temperature should be more strongly considered as a contributing factor promoting the evolution of belowground bud placement, specifically in rhizomatous and non-geophytic taxa. Bulbous, cormous, and tuberous taxa need closer examination of other mechanisms, such as anatomical constraints or genetic controls, in order to begin to understand the causes behind the evolution of their underground morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Coyotee Howard
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Ryan A Folk
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Jeremy M Beaulieu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72731, USA
| | - Nico Cellinese
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32603, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
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Hurbath F, Leal BÁSS, Da Silva OLM, Palma-Silva C, Cordeiro IN. A new species and molecular phylogeny of Brazilian succulent Euphorbia sect. Brasilienses. SYST BIODIVERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2018.1473897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Hurbath
- Nucleo de Pesquisa Curadoria do Herbário SP, Instituto de Botânica, Avenida Miguel Stéfano 3687, São Paulo, 04045-972, SP, Brazil
| | - BÁrbara SimÕes Santos Leal
- Laboratório de Ecologia Molecular, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista – Rio Claro, Avenida 24A 1515, Rio Claro, 13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Otávio Luis Marques Da Silva
- Nucleo de Pesquisa Curadoria do Herbário SP, Instituto de Botânica, Avenida Miguel Stéfano 3687, São Paulo, 04045-972, SP, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Palma-Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia Molecular, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista – Rio Claro, Avenida 24A 1515, Rio Claro, 13506-900, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz – Barão Geraldo, Campinas, 13083-863, SP, Brazil
| | - INês Cordeiro
- Nucleo de Pesquisa Curadoria do Herbário SP, Instituto de Botânica, Avenida Miguel Stéfano 3687, São Paulo, 04045-972, SP, Brazil
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18
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Steiner FM, Csősz S, Markó B, Gamisch A, Rinnhofer L, Folterbauer C, Hammerle S, Stauffer C, Arthofer W, Schlick-Steiner BC. Turning one into five: Integrative taxonomy uncovers complex evolution of cryptic species in the harvester ant Messor “structor”. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 127:387-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aubriot X, Knapp S, Syfert MM, Poczai P, Buerki S. Shedding new light on the origin and spread of the brinjal eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and its wild relatives. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1175-1187. [PMID: 30091787 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY While brinjal eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is the second most important solanaceous fruit crop, we lack firm knowledge of its evolutionary relationships. This in turn limits efficient use of crop wild relatives in eggplant improvement. Here, we examine the hypothesis of linear step-wise expansion of the eggplant group from Africa to Asia. METHODS We use museum collections to generate nuclear and full-plastome data for all species of the Eggplant clade. We combine a phylogenomic approach with distribution data to infer a biogeographic scenario for the clade. KEY RESULTS The Eggplant clade has Pleistocene origins in northern Africa. Dispersals to tropical Asia gave rise to Solanum insanum, the wild progenitor of the eggplant, and to African distinct lineages of widespread and southern African species. Results suggest that spread of the species to southern Africa has been recent and likely facilitated by large mammalian herbivores, such as the African elephant and impala feeding on Solanum fruit. CONCLUSIONS Rather than a linear 'Out Of Africa' sequence, our results are more consistent with an initial dispersal event into Asia, and subsequent wide dispersal and differentiation across Africa driven by large mammalian herbivores. Our evolutionary results will affect future work on eggplant domestication and affect the use of wild relatives in breeding of this increasingly important solanaceous crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Aubriot
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, England, UK
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6553 Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution (ECOBIO), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes CEDEX, France
| | - Sandra Knapp
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, England, UK
| | - Mindy M Syfert
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, England, UK
| | - Péter Poczai
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, PO Box 7, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Sven Buerki
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, England, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho, 83725, U.S.A
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Tonnabel J, Schurr FM, Boucher F, Thuiller W, Renaud J, Douzery EJP, Ronce O. Life-History Traits Evolved Jointly with Climatic Niche and Disturbance Regime in the Genus Leucadendron (Proteaceae). Am Nat 2017; 191:220-234. [PMID: 29351009 DOI: 10.1086/695283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Organisms have evolved a diversity of life-history strategies to cope with variation in their environment. Persistence as adults and/or seeds across recruitment events allows species to dampen the effects of environmental fluctuations. The evolution of life cycles with overlapping generations should thus permit the colonization of environments with uncertain recruitment. We tested this hypothesis in Leucadendron (Proteaceae), a genus with high functional diversity native to fire-prone habitats in the South African fynbos. We analyzed the joint evolution of life-history traits (adult survival and seed-bank strategies) and ecological niches (climate and fire regime), using comparative methods and accounting for various sources of uncertainty. In the fynbos, species with canopy seed banks that are unable to survive fire as adults display nonoverlapping generations. In contrast, resprouters with an underground seed bank may be less threatened by extreme climatic events and fire intervals, given their iteroparity and long-lasting seed bank. Life cycles with nonoverlapping generations indeed jointly evolved with niches with less exposure to frost but not with those with less exposure to drought. Canopy seed banks jointly evolved with niches with more predictable fire return, compared to underground seed banks. The evolution of extraordinary functional diversity among fynbos plants thus reflects, at least in part, the diversity of both climates and fire regimes in this region.
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Abstract
Succulent plants are iconic components of the florae of many terrestrial ecosystems, but despite having caused fascination and prompted investigation for centuries, they still harbour many secrets in terms of physiological function and evolution. Tackling these mysteries is important, as this will not only provide insights into the dynamics and details of the convergent evolution of a major adaptive syndrome, but also inform efforts to conserve endangered biodiversity and utilize the unique physiological characteristics of succulents for biofuel and biomass production. Here I review advances in the phylogeny and organismal biology of succulent plants, and discuss how insights from recent work in the wider fields of plant hydraulics and photosynthetic physiology may relate to succulents. The potential for the exploration of mechanistic relationships between anatomical structure and physiological function to improve our understanding of the constraints that have shaped the evolution of succulence is highlighted. Finally, attention is drawn to how new methodologies and technologies provide exciting opportunities to address the wide range of outstanding questions in succulent plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Males
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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23
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Le Bras G, Pignal M, Jeanson ML, Muller S, Aupic C, Carré B, Flament G, Gaudeul M, Gonçalves C, Invernón VR, Jabbour F, Lerat E, Lowry PP, Offroy B, Pimparé EP, Poncy O, Rouhan G, Haevermans T. The French Muséum national d'histoire naturelle vascular plant herbarium collection dataset. Sci Data 2017; 4:170016. [PMID: 28195585 PMCID: PMC5308200 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide a quantitative description of the French national herbarium vascular plants collection dataset. Held at the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris, it currently comprises records for 5,400,000 specimens, representing 90% of the estimated total of specimens. Ninety nine percent of the specimen entries are linked to one or more images and 16% have field-collecting information available. This major botanical collection represents the results of over three centuries of exploration and study. The sources of the collection are global, with a strong representation for France, including overseas territories, and former French colonies. The compilation of this dataset was made possible through numerous national and international projects, the most important of which was linked to the renovation of the herbarium building. The vascular plant collection is actively expanding today, hence the continuous growth exhibited by the dataset, which can be fully accessed through the GBIF portal or the MNHN database portal (available at: https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/search/form). This dataset is a major source of data for systematics, global plants macroecological studies or conservation assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaël Le Bras
- Direction des collections, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Marc Pignal
- Direction des collections, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Marc L Jeanson
- Direction des collections, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Serge Muller
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Cécile Aupic
- Direction des collections, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Benoît Carré
- Archéozoologie, archéobotanique UMR 7209 (LaBex BCDiv) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-CNRS, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Grégoire Flament
- Direction des collections, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Myriam Gaudeul
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Claudia Gonçalves
- Direction des collections, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Vanessa R Invernón
- Direction des collections, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Florian Jabbour
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Elodie Lerat
- Direction des collections, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Porter P Lowry
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France.,Missouri Botanical Garden, P O Box 299, St Louis, Missouri 63166, USA
| | - Bérangère Offroy
- Direction des collections, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Eva Pérez Pimparé
- Direction des collections, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Odile Poncy
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Germinal Rouhan
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Thomas Haevermans
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France
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Colonization and diversification of the Euphorbia species (sect. Aphyllis subsect. Macaronesicae) on the Canary Islands. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34454. [PMID: 27681300 PMCID: PMC5041082 DOI: 10.1038/srep34454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversification between islands and ecological radiation within islands are postulated to have occurred in the Euphorbia species (sect. Aphyllis subsect. Macaronesicae) on the Canary Islands. In this study, the biogeographical pattern of 11 species of subsect. Macaronesicae and the genetic differentiation among five species were investigated to distinguish the potential mode and mechanism of diversification and speciation. The biogeographical patterns and genetic structure were examined using statistical dispersal-vicariance analysis, Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, reduced median-joining haplotype network analysis, and discriminant analysis of principal components. The gene flow between related species was evaluated with an isolation-with-migration model. The ancestral range of the species of subsect. Macaronesicae was inferred to be Tenerife and the Cape Verde Islands, and Tenerife-La Gomera acted as sources of diversity to other islands of the Canary Islands. Inter-island colonization of E. lamarckii among the western islands and a colonization of E. regis-jubae from Gran Canaria to northern Africa were revealed. Both diversification between islands and radiation within islands have been revealed in the Euphorbia species (sect. Aphyllis subsect. Macaronesicae) of the Canary Islands. It was clear that this group began the speciation process in Tenerife-La Gomera, and this process occurred with gene flow between some related species.
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Gamisch A, Fischer GA, Comes HP. Frequent but asymmetric niche shifts in Bulbophyllum orchids support environmental and climatic instability in Madagascar over Quaternary time scales. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:14. [PMID: 26781289 PMCID: PMC4717530 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species or clades may retain or shift their environmental niche space over evolutionary time. Understanding these processes offers insights into the environmental processes fuelling lineage diversification and might also provide information on past range dynamics of ecosystems. However, little is known about the relative contributions of niche conservatism versus niche divergence to species diversification in the tropics. Here, we examined broad-scale patterns of niche evolution within a Pliocene-Pleistocene clade of epiphytic Bulbophyllum orchids (30 spp.) whose collective distribution covers the northwest and eastern forest ecosystems of Madagascar. RESULTS Using species occurrence data, ecological niche models, and multivariate analyses of contributing variables, we identified a three-state niche distribution character for the entire clade, coinciding with three major forest biomes viz. phytogeographical provinces in Madagascar: A, Northwest 'Sambirano'; B, 'Eastern Lowlands'; and C, 'Central Highlands'. A time-calibrated phylogeny and Bayesian models of niche evolution were then used to detect general trends in the direction of niche change over the clade's history (≤5.3 Ma). We found highest transitions rates between lowlands (A and B) and (mostly from B) into the highland (C), with extremely low rates out of the latter. Lowland-to-highland transitions occurred frequently during the Quaternary, suggesting that climate-induced vegetational shifts promoted niche transitions and ecological speciation at this time. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that niche transitions occurred frequently and asymmetrically within this Madagascan orchid clade, and in particular over Quaternary time scales. Intrinsic features germane to Bulbophyllum (e.g., high dispersal ability, drought tolerance, multiple photosynthetic pathways) as well as extrinsic factors (ecological, historical) likely interacted to generate the niche transition patterns observed. In sum, our results support the emerging idea of dramatic environmental and climatic fluctuations in Madagascar during the recent geological past, which overturns the long-held paradigm of long-term stability in tropical forest settings. The generality of the patterns and timings reported here awaits the availability of additional comparative studies in other Madagascan endemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gamisch
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | | | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Matthew Ogburn R, Edwards EJ. Life history lability underlies rapid climate niche evolution in the angiosperm clade Montiaceae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 92:181-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Barraclough TG, Humphreys AM. The evolutionary reality of species and higher taxa in plants: a survey of post-modern opinion and evidence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:291-296. [PMID: 25598318 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Species are normally considered to be the fundamental unit for understanding the evolution of biodiversity. Yet, in a survey of botanists in 1940, twice as many felt that plant genera were more natural units than plant species. Revisiting the survey, we found more people now regarded species as a more evolutionarily real unit, but a sizeable number still felt that genera were more evolutionarily real than species. Definitions of 'evolutionarily real' split into those based on shared evolutionary history and those based on shared evolutionary fate via ongoing evolutionary processes. We discuss recent work testing for shared evolutionary fate at the species and higher levels and present preliminary evidence for evolutionarily significant higher taxa in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Barraclough
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Aelys M Humphreys
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
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Winter K, Holtum JAM. Cryptic crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in Jatropha curcas. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:711-717. [PMID: 32480714 DOI: 10.1071/fp15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas L. is a drought-tolerant shrub or small tree that is a candidate bioenergy feedstock. It is a member of the family Euphorbiaceae in which both CAM and C4 photosynthesis have evolved. Here, we report that J. curcas exhibits features diagnostic of low-level CAM. Small increases in nocturnal acid content were consistently observed in photosynthetic stems and occasionally in leaves. Acidification was associated with transient contractions in CO2 loss at night rather than with net CO2 dark fixation. Although the CAM-type nocturnal CO2 uptake signal was masked by background respiration, estimates of dark CO2 fixation based upon the 2:1 stoichiometric relationship between H+ accumulated and CO2 fixed indicated substantial carbon retention in the stems via the CAM cycle. It is proposed that under conditions of drought, low-level CAM in J. curcas stems serves primarily to conserve carbon rather than water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Joseph A M Holtum
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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Horn JW, Xi Z, Riina R, Peirson JA, Yang Y, Dorsey BL, Berry PE, Davis CC, Wurdack KJ. Evolutionary bursts inEuphorbia(Euphorbiaceae) are linked with photosynthetic pathway. Evolution 2014; 68:3485-504. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James W. Horn
- Department of Botany; Smithsonian Institution; NMNH MRC-166, P.O. Box 37012 Washington DC 20013
| | - Zhenxiang Xi
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University Herbaria; 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02138
| | - Ricarda Riina
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Michigan Herbarium; 3600 Varsity Drive Ann Arbor Michigan 48108
- Real Jardín Botánico; RJB-CSIC; Plaza de Murillo 2 28014 Madrid Spain
| | - Jess A. Peirson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Michigan Herbarium; 3600 Varsity Drive Ann Arbor Michigan 48108
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Michigan Herbarium; 3600 Varsity Drive Ann Arbor Michigan 48108
| | - Brian L. Dorsey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Michigan Herbarium; 3600 Varsity Drive Ann Arbor Michigan 48108
- The Huntington Botanical Gardens; 1151 Oxford Road San Marino California 91108
| | - Paul E. Berry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Michigan Herbarium; 3600 Varsity Drive Ann Arbor Michigan 48108
| | - Charles C. Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University Herbaria; 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02138
| | - Kenneth J. Wurdack
- Department of Botany; Smithsonian Institution; NMNH MRC-166, P.O. Box 37012 Washington DC 20013
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