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Essaidi O, Laaroussi M, Malqui H, Berroug L, Anarghou H, Fetoui H, Chigr F. Prenatal restraint stress affects early neurobehavioral response and oxidative stress in mice pups. Behav Brain Res 2024; 468:115025. [PMID: 38710451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PS), in both humans and animals, presents a potential risk to the mother and her fetus throughout gestation. PS is always associated with physiological changes that alter embryonic development and predispose the individual to lifelong health problems, including susceptibility to mental illness. This study aims to identify the harmful effects of prenatal restraint stress (PRS), commonly employed to induce stress painlessly and without any lasting debilitation during gestation. This stress is applied to pregnant Swiss albino mice from E7.5 to delivery for three hours daily. Our results show that PS affects dams' weight gain during the gestational period; moreover, the PS dams prefer passive nursing, exhibit a lower percentage of licking and grooming, and impair other maternal behaviors, including nesting and pup retrieval. Concerning the offspring, this stress induces neurobehavioral impairments, including a significant increase in the time of recovery of the young stressed pups in the surface righting reflex, the latency to avoid the cliff in the cliff avoidance test, longer latencies to accomplish the task in negative geotaxis, and a lower score in swimming development. These alterations were accompanied by increased Malondialdehyde activity (MDA) at PND17 and 21 and downregulation of AchE activity in the whole brain of pups on postnatal days 7 and 9. These findings demonstrated that PS causes deleterious neurodevelopmental impairments that can alter various behaviors later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumaima Essaidi
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Meriem Laaroussi
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hafsa Malqui
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni Mellal, Morocco; Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Laila Berroug
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hammou Anarghou
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hamadi Fetoui
- Toxicology-Micorbiology and Environmental Health Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatiha Chigr
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni Mellal, Morocco.
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Adedara IA, Atanda OE, Sant'Anna Monteiro C, Rosemberg DB, Aschner M, Farombi EO, Rocha JBT, Furian AF, Emanuelli T. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of aflatoxin B 1-mediated neurotoxicity: The therapeutic role of natural bioactive compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116869. [PMID: 37567382 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a dietary toxin from the mold Aspergillus species, is well acknowledged to elicit extra-hepatic toxicity in both animals and humans. The neurotoxicity of AFB1 has become a global public health concern. Contemporary research on how AFB1 enters the brain to elicit neuronal dysregulation leading to noxious neurological outcomes has increased greatly in recent years. The current review discusses several neurotoxic outcomes and susceptible targets of AFB1 toxicity at cellular, molecular and genetic levels. Specifically, neurotoxicity studies involving the use of brain homogenates, neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32, human brain microvascular endothelial cells, microglial cells, and astrocytes, as well as mammalian and non-mammalian models to unravel the mechanisms associated with AFB1 exposure are highlighted. Further, some naturally occurring bioactive compounds with compelling therapeutic effects on AFB1-induced neurotoxicity are reviewed. In conclusion, available data from literature highlight AFB1 as a neurotoxin and its possible pathological contribution to neurological disorders. Further mechanistic studies aimed at discovering and developing effective therapeutics for AFB1 neurotoxicity is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Adedara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwadarasimi E Atanda
- Human Toxicology Program, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Camila Sant'Anna Monteiro
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine Forchheimer 209; 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ebenezer O Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joao B T Rocha
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Furian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Emanuelli
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Latham RL, Boyle JT, Barbano A, Loveman WG, Brown NA. Diverse mycotoxin threats to safe food and feed cereals. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:797-809. [PMID: 37313591 PMCID: PMC10500202 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Toxigenic fungi, including Aspergillus and Fusarium species, contaminate our major cereal crops with an array of harmful mycotoxins, which threaten the health of humans and farmed animals. Despite our best efforts to prevent crop diseases, or postharvest spoilage, our cereals are consistently contaminated with aflatoxins and deoxynivalenol, and while established monitoring systems effectively prevent acute exposure, Aspergillus and Fusarium mycotoxins still threaten our food security. This is through the understudied impacts of: (i) our chronic exposure to these mycotoxins, (ii) the underestimated dietary intake of masked mycotoxins, and (iii) the synergistic threat of cocontaminations by multiple mycotoxins. Mycotoxins also have profound economic consequences for cereal and farmed-animal producers, plus their associated food and feed industries, which results in higher food prices for consumers. Climate change and altering agronomic practices are predicted to exacerbate the extent and intensity of mycotoxin contaminations of cereals. Collectively, this review of the diverse threats from Aspergillus and Fusarium mycotoxins highlights the need for renewed and concerted efforts to understand, and mitigate, the increased risks they pose to our food and feed cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie L Latham
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
| | - Jeremy T Boyle
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
| | - Anna Barbano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
| | | | - Neil A Brown
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
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4
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Alshamrani AA, Alwetaid MY, Al-Hamamah MA, Attia MSM, Ahmad SF, Algonaiah MA, Nadeem A, Ansari MA, Bakheet SA, Attia SM. Aflatoxin B1 Exacerbates Genomic Instability and Apoptosis in the BTBR Autism Mouse Model via Dysregulating DNA Repair Pathway. TOXICS 2023; 11:636. [PMID: 37505601 PMCID: PMC10384561 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of autism is influenced by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Furthermore, individuals with autism appear to be at a higher risk of developing cancer. However, this is not fully understood. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent food pollutant carcinogen. The effects of AFB1 on genomic instability in autism have not yet been investigated. Hence, we have aimed to investigate whether repeated exposure to AFB1 causes alterations in genomic stability, a hallmark of cancer and apoptosis in the BTBR autism mouse model. The data revealed increased micronuclei generation, oxidative DNA strand breaks, and apoptosis in BTBR animals exposed to AFB1 when compared to unexposed animals. Lipid peroxidation in BTBR mice increased with a reduction in glutathione following AFB1 exposure, demonstrating an exacerbated redox imbalance. Furthermore, the expressions of some of DNA damage/repair- and apoptosis-related genes were also significantly dysregulated. Increases in the redox disturbance and dysregulation in the DNA damage/repair pathway are thus important determinants of susceptibility to AFB1-exacerbated genomic instability and apoptosis in BTBR mice. This investigation shows that AFB1-related genomic instability can accelerate the risk of cancer development. Moreover, approaches that ameliorate the redox balance and DNA damage/repair dysregulation may mitigate AFB1-caused genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Alshamrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alwetaid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Al-Hamamah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed A Algonaiah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Wang W, Wang Y, Wagner KM, Lee RD, Hwang SH, Morisseau C, Wulff H, Hammock BD. Aflatoxin B 1 Increases Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase in the Brain and Induces Neuroinflammation and Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9938. [PMID: 37373086 PMCID: PMC10298596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an increasingly common neurodegenerative movement disorder with contributing factors that are still largely unexplored and currently no effective intervention strategy. Epidemiological and pre-clinical studies support the close association between environmental toxicant exposure and PD incidence. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a hazardous mycotoxin commonly present in food and environment, is alarmingly high in many areas of the world. Previous evidence suggests that chronic exposure to AFB1 leads to neurological disorders as well as cancer. However, whether and how aflatoxin B1 contributes to the pathogenesis of PD is poorly understood. Here, oral exposure to AFB1 is shown to induce neuroinflammation, trigger the α-synuclein pathology, and cause dopaminergic neurotoxicity. This was accompanied by the increased expression and enzymatic activity of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in the mouse brain. Importantly, genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of sEH alleviated the AFB1-induced neuroinflammation by reducing microglia activation and suppressing pro-inflammatory factors in the brain. Furthermore, blocking the action of sEH attenuated dopaminergic neuron dysfunction caused by AFB1 in vivo and in vitro. Together, our findings suggest a contributing role of AFB1 to PD etiology and highlight sEH as a potential pharmacological target for alleviating PD-related neuronal disorders caused by AFB1 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicang Wang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (W.W.); (Y.W.); (K.M.W.); (S.H.H.); (C.M.)
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (W.W.); (Y.W.); (K.M.W.); (S.H.H.); (C.M.)
| | - Karen M. Wagner
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (W.W.); (Y.W.); (K.M.W.); (S.H.H.); (C.M.)
| | - Ruth Diana Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.D.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (W.W.); (Y.W.); (K.M.W.); (S.H.H.); (C.M.)
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (W.W.); (Y.W.); (K.M.W.); (S.H.H.); (C.M.)
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.D.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (W.W.); (Y.W.); (K.M.W.); (S.H.H.); (C.M.)
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Souto NS, Dassi M, Braga ACM, Rosa ÉVF, Fighera MR, Royes LFF, Oliveira MS, Sari MHM, Furian AF. Repeated co-exposure to aflatoxin B 1 and aspartame disrupts the central nervous system homeostasis: Behavioral, biochemical, and molecular insights. J Food Sci 2023; 88:1731-1742. [PMID: 36789859 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated the toxicity of aspartame (ASP) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) in preclinical models. Although the majority of these reports assessed the toxic effects of each substance separately, their concomitant exposure and hazardous consequences are scarce. Importantly, the deleterious effects at the central nervous system caused by ASP and AFB1 co-exposure are rarely addressed. We evaluated if concomitant exposure to AFB1 and ASP would cause behavioral impairment and alteration in oxidative status of the brain in male rats. Animals received once a day for 14 days AFB1 (250 µg/kg, intragastric gavage [i.g.]), ASP (75 mg/kg, i.g.), or both substances (association). On day 14, they were subjected to behavioral evaluation, and biochemical and molecular parameters of oxidative status were measured in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. In the open field test, AFB1 and combination treatments modified the motor, exploratory, and grooming behavior. In the splash test, all treatments caused a reduction in grooming time compared to the control group. An increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances content induced by AFB1 and combination treatments was observed. The antioxidant defenses (vitamin C, nonprotein sulfhydryl, and ferric reducing antioxidant power) were impaired in all groups compared to control. Regarding molecular evaluation, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase-2 immunoreactivity decreased after AFB1 or ASP exposition in the hippocampus. Thus, co-exposure to ASP and AFB1 was potentially more toxic because it aggravated behavioral impairments and oxidative status disbalance in comparison to the groups that received only ASP or AFB1 . Therefore, our data suggest that those substances caused a disruption in brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naieli Schiefelbein Souto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Micheli Dassi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Schneider Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Flávia Furian
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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7
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Quercetin: Its Antioxidant Mechanism, Antibacterial Properties and Potential Application in Prevention and Control of Toxipathy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196545. [PMID: 36235082 PMCID: PMC9571766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, as a flavonol compound found in plants, has a variety of biological activities. It is widely present in nature and the human diet, with powerful oxidative properties and biological activities. In this review, the antioxidant mechanism and broad-spectrum antibacterial properties of quercetin are revealed; the intervention effects of quercetin on pesticide poisoning and the pathway of action are investigated; the toxic effects of main mycotoxins on the collection and the detoxification process of quercetin are summarized; whether it is able to reduce the toxicity of mycotoxins is proved; and the harmful effects of heavy metal poisoning on the collection, the prevention, and control of quercetin are evaluated. This review is expected to enrich the understanding of the properties of quercetin and promote its better application in clinical practice.
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Aytekin Sahin G, Karabulut D, Unal G, Sayan M, Sahin H. Effects of probiotic supplementation on very low dose AFB1-induced neurotoxicity in adult male rats. Life Sci 2022; 306:120798. [PMID: 35843344 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic and common form of AF found in food and feed. Although AFB1 exposure has toxic effects on many organs, studies on the brain are limited. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study on the effect of probiotics on AFB1-induced neurotoxicity. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the possible effects of probiotics on AFB1-induced neurotoxicity in the brain. MAIN METHODS Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Vehicle (VEH), Probiotic (PRO) (2.5 × 1010 CFU/day VSL#3, orally), Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) (25 μg/kg/week AFB1, orally), and Aflatoxin B1 + Probiotic (AFB1 + PRO) (2.5 × 1010 CFU/day VSL#3 + 25 μg/kg/week AFB1, orally). At the end of eight weeks, rats were behaviorally evaluated by the open field test, novel object recognition test, and forced swim test. Then, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in brain tissues were analyzed. Next, brain sections were processed for Hematoxylin&Eosin staining and NeuN and GFAP immunostaining. KEY FINDINGS Probiotic supplementation tended to decrease oxidative stress and inflammatory markers compared to the AFB1 group. Besides, brain tissues had more normal histological structures in VEH, PRO, and AFB1 + PRO groups than in the AFB1 group. Moreover, in probiotic groups, GFAP immunoreactivity intensity was decreased, while NeuN-positive cell number increased in brain tissues compared to the AFB1 group. SIGNIFICANCE Probiotics seem to be effective at reducing the neurotoxic effects of AFB1. Thus, our study suggested that especially Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species can improve AFB1-induced neurotoxicity with their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Aytekin Sahin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Derya Karabulut
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Unal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Meryem Sayan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Habibe Sahin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Owumi SE, Irozuru CE, Arunsi UO, Faleke HO, Oyelere AK. Caffeic acid mitigates aflatoxin B1-mediated toxicity in the male rat reproductive system by modulating inflammatory and apoptotic responses, testicular function, and the redox-regulatory systems. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14090. [PMID: 35112365 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) is a toxic metabolite of public health concern. The present study investigates the protective effects of caffeic acid (CA) against AFB1 -induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the hypothalamus, epididymis, and testis of male rats. Five experimental rat cohorts (n = 6) were treated per os for 28 consecutive days as follows: Control (Corn oil 2 ml/kg body weight), AFB1 alone (50μg/kg), CA alone (40 mg/kg) and the co-treated rat cohorts (AFB1 : 50μg/kg + CA1: 20 or 40 mg/kg). Following sacrifice, the biomarkers of hypothalamic, epididymal, and testicular toxicities, antioxidant enzyme activities, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, as well as levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen and nitrogen (RONS) species and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were analysed spectrophotometrically. Besides, the concentration of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Bcl-2 and Bax proteins were assessed using ELISA. Results showed that the AFB1 -induced decrease in biomarkers of testicular, epididymal and hypothalamic toxicity was significantly (p < .05) alleviated in rats coexposed to CA. Moreover, the reduction of antioxidant status and the increase in RONS and LPO were lessened (p < .05) in rats co-treated with CA. AFB1 mediated increase in TNF-α, Bax, NO and MPO activity were reduced (p< .05) in the hypothalamus, epididymis, and testis of rats coexposed to CA. In addition, Bcl-2 levels were reduced in rats treated with CA dose-dependently. Light microscopic examination showed that histopathological lesions severity induced by AFB1 were alleviated in rats coexposed to CA. Taken together, the amelioration of AFB1 -induced neuronal and reproductive toxicities by CA involves anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic mechanisms in rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The beneficial antioxidant effects of caffeic acid (CA) are attributed to CA delocalized aromatic rings and free electrons, easily donated to stabilize reactive oxygen species. We report in vivo findings on CA and AfB1 mediated oxidative stress and reproductive dysfunction in rats. CA conjugated esters including chlorogenic acids are widely distributed in plants, and they act as a dietary source of natural defense against infections. CA can chelate heavy metals and reduce production of damaging free radicals to cellular macromolecules. Along these lines, CA can stabilize aflatoxin B1-epoxide as well and avert deleterious conjugates from forming with deoxyribonucleic acids. Hence CA, as a dietary phytochemical can protect against the damaging effects of toxins including aflatoxin B1 that contaminate food. CA dose-dependently abated oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic stimuli, improved functional characteristics of spermatozoa and reproductive hormone levels, and prevented histological alterations in experimental rats' hypothalamus and reproductive organs brought about by AFB1 toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon E Owumi
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Chioma E Irozuru
- Molecular Drug Metabolism Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Uche O Arunsi
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hammed O Faleke
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biotechnology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adegboyega K Oyelere
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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10
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Early Life Exposure to Aflatoxin B1 in Rats: Alterations in Lipids, Hormones, and DNA Methylation among the Offspring. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020589. [PMID: 33445757 PMCID: PMC7828191 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic compounds produced by molds of the Aspergillus species that contaminate food primarily in tropical countries. The most toxic aflatoxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in these countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, aflatoxin contamination is common, and perinatal AFB1 exposure has been linked to the early onset of HCC. Epigenetic programming, including changes to DNA methylation, is one mechanism by which early life exposures can lead to adult disease. This study aims to elucidate whether perinatal AFB1 exposure alters markers of offspring health including weight, lipid, and hormone profiles as well as epigenetic regulation that may later influence cancer risk. Pregnant rats were exposed to two doses of AFB1 (low 0.5 and high 5 mg/kg) before conception, throughout pregnancy, and while weaning and compared to an unexposed group. Offspring from each group were followed to 3 weeks or 3 months of age, and their blood and liver samples were collected. Body weights and lipids were assessed at 3 weeks and 3 months while reproductive, gonadotropic, and thyroid hormones were assessed at 3 months. Prenatal AFB1 (high dose) exposure resulted in significant 16.3%, 31.6%, and 7.5% decreases in weight of the offspring at birth, 3 weeks, and 3 months, respectively. Both doses of exposure altered lipid and hormone profiles. Pyrosequencing was used to quantify percent DNA methylation at tumor suppressor gene Tp53 and growth-regulator H19 in DNA from liver and blood. Results were compared between the control and AFB1 exposure groups in 3-week liver samples and 3-week and 3-month blood samples. Relative to controls, Tp53 DNA methylation in both low- and high-dose exposed rats was significantly decreased in liver samples and increased in the blood (p < 0.05 in linear mixed models). H19 methylation was higher in the liver from low- and high-exposed rats and decreased in 3-month blood samples from the high exposure group (p < 0.05). Further research is warranted to determine whether such hormone, lipid, and epigenetic alterations from AFB1 exposure early in life play a role in the development of early-onset HCC.
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Adedara IA, Owumi SE, Oyelere AK, Farombi EO. Neuroprotective role of gallic acid in aflatoxin B 1 -induced behavioral abnormalities in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 35:e22684. [PMID: 33319922 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxic impact of dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) is documented in experimental and epidemiological studies. Gallic acid (GA) is a triphenolic phytochemical with potent anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. There is a knowledge gap on the influence of GA on AFB1 -induced neurotoxicity. This study probed the influence of GA on neurobehavioral and biochemical abnormalities in rats orally treated with AFB1 per se (75 µg/kg body weight) or administered together with GA (20 and 40 mg/kg) for 28 uninterrupted days. Behavioral endpoints obtained with video-tracking software demonstrated significant (p < .05) abatement of AFB1 -induced anxiogenic-like behaviors (increased freezing, urination, and fecal bolus discharge), motor and locomotor inadequacies, namely increased negative geotaxis and diminished grip strength, absolute turn angle, total time mobile, body rotation, maximum speed, and total distance traveled by GA. The improvement of exploratory behavior in animals that received both AFB1 and GA was confirmed by track plots and heat maps appraisal. Abatement of AFB1 -induced decreases in acetylcholinesterase activity, antioxidant status and glutathione level by GA was accompanied by a marked reduction in oxidative stress markers in the cerebellum and cerebrum of rats. Additionally, GA treatment abrogated AFB1 -mediated decrease in interleukin-10 and elevation of inflammatory indices, namely tumor necrosis factor-α, myeloperoxidase activity, interleukin-1β, and nitric oxide. Further, GA treatment curtailed caspase-3 activation and histological injuries in the cerebral and cerebellar tissues. In conclusion, abatement of AFB1 -induced neurobehavioral abnormalities by GA involves anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic mechanisms in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Adedara
- Department of Biochemistry, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Solomon E Owumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adegboyega K Oyelere
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ebenezer O Farombi
- Department of Biochemistry, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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12
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Evaluation of Neuroprotective Effects of Quercetin against Aflatoxin B1-Intoxicated Mice. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050898. [PMID: 32455780 PMCID: PMC7278413 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin commonly present in feed, characterized by several toxic effects. AFB1 has been described as being responsible for naturally occurring animal kidney disorders. In addition, AFB1 seems to have a neurotoxical effect that leads to memory impairment behavior. AFB1 toxicity involves the induction of the oxidative stress pathway, rising lipid peroxidation, and it decreases antioxidant enzyme levels. Hence, in our research, we wanted to evaluate the potential protective effects of quercetin in AFB1-mediated toxicity in the brain and the ameliorative effect on behavioral alterations. This antioxidant effect of quercetin in the brains of AFB1-intoxicated mice is reflected in better cognitive and spatial memory capacity, as well as a better profile of anxiety and lethargy disorders. In conclusion, our study suggests that quercetin exerts a preventive role against oxidative stress by promoting antioxidative defense systems and limiting lipid peroxidation. Abstract Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin commonly present in feed, characterized by several toxic effects. AFB1 seems to have a neurotoxical effect that leads to memory impairment behavior. AFB1 toxicity involves the induction of the oxidative stress pathway, rising lipid peroxidation, and it decreases antioxidant enzyme levels. Hence, in our research, we wanted to evaluate the potential protective effects of quercetin 30 mg/kg in AFB1-mediated toxicity in the brain and the ameliorative effect on behavioral alterations. Oral supplementation with quercetin increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH) levels, superoxidedismutase (SOD) activity and catalase (CAT) in the brain, and it reduced lipid peroxidation in AFB1-treated mice. This antioxidant effect of quercetin in the brains of AFB1-intoxicated mice is reflected in better cognitive and spatial memory capacity, as well as a better profile of anxiety and lethargy disorders. In conclusion, our study suggests that quercetin exerts a preventive role against oxidative stress by promoting antioxidative defense systems and limiting lipid peroxidation.
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Benkerroum N. Chronic and Acute Toxicities of Aflatoxins: Mechanisms of Action. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E423. [PMID: 31936320 PMCID: PMC7013914 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There are presently more than 18 known aflatoxins most of which have been insufficiently studied for their incidence, health-risk, and mechanisms of toxicity to allow effective intervention and control means that would significantly and sustainably reduce their incidence and adverse effects on health and economy. Among these, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been by far the most studied; yet, many aspects of the range and mechanisms of the diseases it causes remain to be elucidated. Its mutagenicity, tumorigenicity, and carcinogenicity-which are the best known-still suffer from limitations regarding the relative contribution of the oxidative stress and the reactive epoxide derivative (Aflatoxin-exo 8,9-epoxide) in the induction of the diseases, as well as its metabolic and synthesis pathways. Additionally, despite the well-established additive effects for carcinogenicity between AFB1 and other risk factors, e.g., hepatitis viruses B and C, and the hepatotoxic algal microcystins, the mechanisms of this synergy remain unclear. This study reviews the most recent advances in the field of the mechanisms of toxicity of aflatoxins and the adverse health effects that they cause in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry MacDonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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Souto N, Dassi M, Braga A, Rosa E, Fighera M, Royes L, Oliveira M, Furian A. Behavioural and biochemical effects of one-week exposure to aflatoxin B1 and aspartame in male Wistar rats. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Food products are susceptible to contamination by mycotoxins, and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) stands as the most toxic among them. AFB1 intoxication results in distinct signs, including widespread systemic toxicity. Aspartame (ASP) is an artificial sweetener used as a sugar substitute in many products, and compelling evidence indicates ASP can be toxic. Interestingly, mechanisms underlying ASP and AFB1 toxicity involve oxidative stress. In this context, concomitant use of ASP and AFB1 in a meal may predispose to currently unidentified behavioural and biochemical changes. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of AFB1 (250 μg/kg, intragastrically (i.g.)) and/or ASP (75 mg/kg, i.g.) exposure for 7 days on behavioural and biochemical markers of oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. AFB1 and/or ASP increased hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity when compared to controls. In the kidneys, increased GST activity was detected in AFB1 and AFB1+ASP groups. In addition, AFB1 and or ASP elicited behavioural changes in the open field, marble burying and splash tests, however no additive effects were detected. Altogether, present data suggest AFB1 and ASP predispose to anxiety- and obsessive-compulsive-like symptoms, as well as to enzymatic defence system imbalance in liver and kidney of Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.S. Souto
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Prédio 43, Sala 4217, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - M. Dassi
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Prédio 43, Sala 4217, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - A.C.M. Braga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - E.V.F. Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - M.R. Fighera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - L.F.F. Royes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - M.S. Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - A.F. Furian
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Prédio 43, Sala 4217, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Rushing BR, Selim MI. Aflatoxin B1: A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food, occupational exposure, and detoxification methods. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 124:81-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Baldissera MD, Souza CF, Zeppenfeld CC, Descovi SN, Moreira KLS, da Rocha MIUM, da Veiga ML, da Silva AS, Baldisserotto B. Aflatoxin B 1-contaminated diet disrupts the blood-brain barrier and affects fish behavior: Involvement of neurotransmitters in brain synaptosomes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 60:45-51. [PMID: 29660609 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are associated with behavioral dysfunction. However, the effects of a diet contaminated with AFB1 on the behavior of silver catfish remain unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether an AFB1-contaminated diet (1177 ppb kg feed-1) impaired silver catfish behavior, as well as whether disruption of the BBB and alteration of neurotransmitters in brain synaptosomes are involved. Fish fed a diet contaminated with AFB1 presented a behavioral impairment linked with hyperlocomotion on days 14 and 21 compared with the control group (basal diet). Neurotransmitter levels were also affected on days 14 and 21. The permeability of the BBB to Evans blue dye increased in the intoxicated animals compared with the control group, which suggests that the BBB was disrupted. Moreover, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain synaptosomes was increased in fish fed a diet contaminated with AFB1, while activity of the sodium-potassium pump (Na+, K+-ATPase) was decreased. Based on this evidence, the present study shows that silver catfish fed a diet containing AFB1 exhibit behavioral impairments related to hyperlocomotion. This diet caused a disruption of the BBB and brain lesions, which may contribute to the behavioral changes. Also, the alterations in the activities of AChE and Na+, K+-ATPase in brain synaptosomes may directly contribute to this behavior, since they may promote synapse dysfunction. In addition, the hyperlocomotion may be considered an important macroscopic marker indicating possible AFB1 intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus D Baldissera
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carine F Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Cristina Zeppenfeld
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sharine N Descovi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Karen Luise S Moreira
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo L da Veiga
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Smith LE, Prendergast AJ, Turner PC, Humphrey JH, Stoltzfus RJ. Aflatoxin Exposure During Pregnancy, Maternal Anemia, and Adverse Birth Outcomes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:770-776. [PMID: 28500823 PMCID: PMC5392618 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women and their developing fetuses are vulnerable to multiple environmental insults, including exposure to aflatoxin, a mycotoxin that may contaminate as much as 25% of the world food supply. We reviewed and integrated findings from studies of aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy and evaluated potential links to adverse pregnancy outcomes. We identified 27 studies (10 human cross-sectional studies and 17 animal studies) assessing the relationship between aflatoxin exposure and adverse birth outcomes or anemia. Findings suggest that aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy may impair fetal growth. Only one human study investigated aflatoxin exposure and prematurity, and no studies investigated its relationship with pregnancy loss, but animal studies suggest aflatoxin exposure may increase risk for prematurity and pregnancy loss. The fetus could be affected by maternal aflatoxin exposure through direct toxicity as well as indirect toxicity, via maternal systemic inflammation, impaired placental growth, or elevation of placental cytokines. The cytotoxic and systemic effects of aflatoxin could plausibly mediate maternal anemia, intrauterine growth restriction, fetal loss, and preterm birth. Given the widespread exposure to this toxin in developing countries, longitudinal studies in pregnant women are needed to provide stronger evidence for the role of aflatoxin in adverse pregnancy outcomes, and to explore biological mechanisms. Potential pathways for intervention to reduce aflatoxin exposure are urgently needed, and this might reduce the global burden of stillbirth, preterm birth, and low birthweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Smith
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Paul C Turner
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Jean H Humphrey
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Linardaki ZI, Lamari FN, Margarity M. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Tea Intake Prevents Learning/Memory Defects and Neurobiochemical Alterations Induced by Aflatoxin B1 Exposure in Adult Mice. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2743-2754. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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19
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Souto NS, Claudia Monteiro Braga A, Lutchemeyer de Freitas M, Rechia Fighera M, Royes LFF, Schneider Oliveira M, Furian AF. Aflatoxin B1 reduces non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses and increases protein kinase C activation in the cerebral cortex of young rats. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:268-275. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1278837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naiéli Schiefelbein Souto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brasil
| | - Ana Claudia Monteiro Braga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brasil
| | | | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus UFSM, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brasil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus UFSM, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brasil
| | - Mauro Schneider Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brasil
| | - Ana Flávia Furian
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brasil
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20
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Duringer J, Fombonne E, Craig M. No Association between Mycotoxin Exposure and Autism: A Pilot Case-Control Study in School-Aged Children. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070224. [PMID: 27447670 PMCID: PMC4963856 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of environmental risk factors in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is needed for a more complete understanding of disease etiology and best approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. A pilot experiment in 54 children (n = 25 ASD, n = 29 controls; aged 12.4 ± 3.9 years) screened for 87 urinary mycotoxins via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to assess current exposure. Zearalenone, zearalenone-4-glucoside, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and altenuene were detected in 9/54 (20%) samples, most near the limit of detection. No mycotoxin/group of mycotoxins was associated with ASD-diagnosed children. To identify potential correlates of mycotoxin presence in urine, we further compared the nine subjects where a urinary mycotoxin was confirmed to the remaining 45 participants and found no difference based on the presence or absence of mycotoxin for age (t-test; p = 0.322), gender (Fisher’s exact test; p = 0.456), exposure or not to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (Fisher’s exact test; p = 0.367), or to other medications (Fisher’s exact test; p = 1.00). While no positive association was found, more sophisticated sample preparation techniques and instrumentation, coupled with selectivity for a smaller group of mycotoxins, could improve sensitivity and detection. Further, broadening sampling to in utero (mothers) and newborn-toddler years would cover additional exposure windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Duringer
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 139 Oak Creek Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Eric Fombonne
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, 840 SW Gaines St., Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Morrie Craig
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Supriya C, Akhila B, Pratap Reddy K, Girish BP, Sreenivasula Reddy P. Effects of maternal exposure to aflatoxin B1 during pregnancy on fertility output of dams and developmental, behavioral and reproductive consequences in female offspring using a rat model. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:202-10. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2016.1151967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Supriya C, Reddy PS. Prenatal exposure to aflatoxin B1: developmental, behavioral, and reproductive alterations in male rats. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2015; 102:26. [PMID: 25911313 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-015-1274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) inhibits androgen biosynthesis as a result of its ability to form a high-affinity complex with the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. The results of the present study demonstrate the postnatal effects of in utero exposure to AfB1 in the rat. Pregnant Wistar rats were given 10, 20, or 50 μg AfB1/kg body weight daily from gestation day (GD) 12 to GD 19. At parturition, newborns were observed for clinical signs and survival. All animals were born alive and initially appeared to be active. Male pups from control and AfB1-exposed animals were weaned and maintained up to postnatal day (PD) 100. Litter size, birth weight, sex ratio, survival rate, and crown-rump length of the pups were significantly decreased in AfB1-exposed rats when compared to controls. Elapsed time (days) for testes to descend into the scrotal sac was significantly delayed in experimental pups when compared to control pups. Behavioral observations such as cliff avoidance, negative geotaxis, surface rightening activity, ascending wire mesh, open field behavior, and exploratory and locomotory activities were significantly impaired in experimental pups. Body weights and the indices of testis, cauda epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, and liver were significantly reduced on PD 100 in male rats exposed to AfB1 during embryonic development when compared with controls. Significant reduction in the testicular daily sperm production, epididymal sperm count, and number of viable, motile, and hypo-osmotic tail coiled sperm was observed in experimental rats. The levels of serum testosterone and activity levels of testicular hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner with a significant increase in the serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in experimental rats. Deterioration in the testicular and cauda epididymal architecture was observed in experimental rats. The results of fertility studies revealed a significant decrease in the mating index in experimental rats with an increase in the pre- and post-implantation losses in rats mated with prenatal AfB1-exposed males, indicating poor male reproductive performance. These results indicate that in utero exposure to AfB1 severely compromised postnatal development of neonatal rats, and caused a delay in testes descent and reduction in steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis that were accomplished by suppressed reproduction at adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Supriya
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502, India
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23
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Banji D, Banji OJF, Ragini M, Annamalai AR. Carbosulfan exposure during embryonic period can cause developmental disability in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:230-238. [PMID: 24973665 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbosulfan, a wide spectrum pesticide is used to improve crop productivity. During their application, they disperse in the environment exerting harmful consequences on human health. We speculated that exposure to carbosulfan, a carbamate insecticide during early development can affect neurogenesis and synaptic development. In order to test this, pregnant dams were exposed to carbosulfan in four doses (0.5, 1, 2, and 4mg/kg) during the embryonic period (ED 1-15). Offspring were evaluated for neurobehavioral changes, oxidative markers, acetylcholinesterase levels, and formation of carbonylated proteins. Histopathology of the cerebellum was carried out. Carbosulfan exposure produced alteration in sensorimotor tasks, motor function and elevated anxiety in pups. Carbosulfan affected growth rate of pups in a dose dependent manner. A significant increase in malondialdehyde, a lipid peroxide marker, carbonylated proteins and a dose dependent decrease in the levels of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase were observed. Carbosulfan produced a decline in acetylcholinesterase levels which might contribute to poor exploratory behavior. Distinct changes in the Purkinje cells were observed as the dose of carbosulfan increased. Largely, alteration in behavior can be due to oxidative damage, thereby, affecting neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and myelination. Therefore the propensity of carbosulfan to induce developmental disability is high and should be cautiously avoided during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Banji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nalanda College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad Road, Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Otilia J F Banji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nalanda College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad Road, Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M Ragini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nalanda College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad Road, Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - A R Annamalai
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
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Turner PC. The molecular epidemiology of chronic aflatoxin driven impaired child growth. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:152879. [PMID: 24455429 PMCID: PMC3881689 DOI: 10.1155/2013/152879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that contaminate dietary staples in tropical regions; chronic high levels of exposure are common for many of the poorest populations. Observations in animals indicate that growth and/or food utilization are adversely affected by aflatoxins. This review highlights the development of validated exposure biomarkers and their use here to assess the role of aflatoxins in early life growth retardation. Aflatoxin exposure occurs in utero and continues in early infancy as weaning foods are introduced. Using aflatoxin-albumin exposure biomarkers, five major studies clearly demonstrate strong dose response relationships between exposure in utero and/or early infancy and growth retardation, identified by reduced birth weight and/or low HAZ and WAZ scores. The epidemiological studies include cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys, though aflatoxin reduction intervention studies are now required to further support these data and guide sustainable options to reduce the burden of exposure. The use of aflatoxin exposure biomarkers was essential in understanding the observational data reviewed and will likely be a critical monitor of the effectiveness of interventions to restrict aflatoxin exposure. Given that an estimated 4.5 billion individuals live in regions at risk of dietary contamination the public health concern cannot be over stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Craig Turner
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Early life exposures to home dampness, pet ownership and farm animal contact and neuropsychological development in 4 year old children: A prospective birth cohort study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:690-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Shahrokhi A, Hassanzadeh G, Vousooghi N, Joghataei MT, Eftekhari S, Zarrindast MR. The effect of tiagabine on physical development and neurological reflexes and their relationship with the γ-aminobutyric acid switch in the rat cerebral cortex during developmental stages. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24:561-8. [PMID: 26057770 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e328365422f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we focused on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling through the γ-aminobutyric acid transporter (GAT) in the developing rat cerebral cortex. Tiagabine was used as a GAT inhibitor. The offspring received injections from birth until postnatal day 21 intraperitoneally. Physical development and neurological reflexes were assessed daily. Tiagabine did not influence body weight, the onset and completion of incisor eruption, or the time to appearance of cliff avoidance. However, the onset and completion of eye opening, ear unfolding, and fur growth occurred earlier in treated pups. Further, the slanted board test and righting reflex showed accelerated development (i.e. decreased time to criterion) when compared with the control group. To determine whether the obtained effects are related to the GABA switch, we examined the protein and mRNA expression of the K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter KCC2 using western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. Downregulation of KCC2 mRNA and protein levels was observed when GAT was inhibited. The results may indicate a role of GAT in the neurobehavioral changes that accompany the developmental switch in GABA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Shahrokhi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Khalki H, Khalki L, Aboufatima R, Ouachrif A, Mountassir M, Benharref A, Chait A. Prenatal exposure to tobacco extract containing nicotinic alkaloids produces morphological and behavioral changes in newborn rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:342-7. [PMID: 22306748 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco exposure is not only a health concern for adults but has also been shown to exert deleterious effects on the health of the fetus, newborn, child, and adolescent. Decreased cognitive function, lower Intellectual Quotient (IQ) and deficits in learning and memory in children have been associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy. In this study, we have studied the effect of a tobacco plant extract on the growth and development in the rat. The extract contained relative proportions of alkaloids, including nicotine, purified by chemical separation. Pregnant rats received oral doses of either control (NaCl) or tobacco extract during the entire gestational period. Offspring length and body weight were measured. Each day, the offspring were observed for the following physical parameters: hair growth, incisor eruption and eye opening. The day of appearance of these developments was recorded. Before weaning, the offspring were examined to test their cliff avoidance response (6 postnatal day (PN)), surface righting reflex (05, 07, 13 postnatal day), swimming development (10, 12 postnatal day), negative geotaxis response (7,9,13 and 17 postnatal day) and jumping down choice cage (15, 17 postnatal day). Administration of tobacco extract to dams during the entire gestation period affects behavior and development in pups. The observed effects were a delay in opening eyes, incisor eruption and hair appearance, behavioral developments and an alteration in the rate of success behavior. However, in the jumping down choice cage test there was no difference compared to control animals. The results suggest that tobacco extract has a significant effect on the development of behavioral patterns, orientation and motor coordination and function. They also suggest significant growth retardation and teratogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Khalki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco.
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Aflatoxins B(1), B(2) and G(1) modulate cytokine secretion and cell surface marker expression in J774A.1 murine macrophages. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:686-93. [PMID: 22445859 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are fungal products which occur in food and feed. They are potent hepatocarcinogens, and are known to cause immunosuppression. We investigated the effect of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)), aflatoxin B(2) (AFB(2)) and aflatoxin G(1) (AFG(1)) exposure, alone and in combination, on the secretion of key pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines from the murine macrophage cell line, J774A.1. Exposure of macrophages to low doses of aflatoxin (0.01 or 0.1ng/mL) resulted in a statistically significant change in the secretion of a number of cytokines following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Specifically, treatment with AFB(1) or AFB(2) alone significantly decreased (P<0.01) the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) 10 (IL-10), while the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 was significantly increased (P<0.01). In addition, aflatoxin exposure affected expression levels of key cell surface markers involved in the inflammatory response. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Cluster of Differentiation 14 (CD14) expression levels decreased significantly (P<0.01), but Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression was unaffected. This data provides further insight into the mechanisms by which aflatoxins modulate the host immune response to exert their immunosuppressive activity.
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Hasanzadeh S, Amani S. Aflatoxin B1 effects on ovarian follicular growth and atresia in the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-012-1446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Aflatoxins, fungal toxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in a variety of food crops, are well known as potent human hepatocarcinogens. Relatively less highlighted in the literature is the association between aflatoxin and growth impairment in children. Foodborne aflatoxin exposure, especially through maize and groundnuts, is common in much of Africa and Asia--areas where childhood stunting and underweight are also common, due to a variety of possibly interacting factors such as enteric diseases, socioeconomic status, and suboptimal nutrition. The effects of aflatoxin on growth impairment in animals and human children are reviewed, including studies that assess aflatoxin exposure in utero and through breastfeeding. Childhood weaning diets in various regions of the world are briefly discussed. This review suggests that aflatoxin exposure and its association with growth impairment in children could contribute a significant public health burden in less developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsri Khlangwiset
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
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Bronsing R, van der Burg J, Ruigrok TJH. Modulation of cutaneous reflexes in hindlimb muscles during locomotion in the freely walking rat: A model for studying cerebellar involvement in the adaptive control of reflexes during rhythmic movements. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 148:243-57. [PMID: 15661195 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(04)48020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to demonstrate stepphase-dependent modulation in the gain of cutaneously triggered reflexes in the freely locomoting rat. Electromyographic recordings of biceps femoris (mainly involved in knee flexion) and gastrocnemius (mainly involved in ankle extension) muscles were continuously monitored during locomotion and cutaneous reflexes were induced by subcutaneously placed stimulation electrodes in the lateral malleolal region. The results show that the reflex responses in both muscles during locomotion were generally reduced compared to reflexes induces in rest. For the biceps femoris reduction of reflex gain was highest during the stance phase whereas for the gastrocnemius the period of highest depression was found during the swing phase. We conclude that stepphase-dependent modulation of peripheral reflexes can be measured in freely locomoting rats and generally concur with previous studies in cat and man that this type of modulation may be functionally important for maintaining and adjusting gait. Moreover, although the mechanism of inducing and maintaining this modulation is not fully known, it is now open to experimental investigation in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bronsing
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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