1
|
Hori T, Yokobori K, Moore R, Negishi M, Sueyoshi T. CAR requires Gadd45β to promote phenobarbital-induced mouse liver tumors in early stage. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1217847. [PMID: 37746289 PMCID: PMC10516603 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1217847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenobarbital (PB) is an archetypal substance used as a mouse hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) promotor in established experimental protocols. Our previous results showed CAR is the essential factor for PB induced HCC promotion. Subsequent studies suggested Gadd45β, which is induced by PB through CAR activation, is collaborating with CAR to repress TNF-α induced cell death. Here, we used Gadd45β null mice (Gadd45β KO) treated with N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at 5 weeks of age and kept the mice with PB supplemented drinking water from 7 to 57 weeks old. Compared with wild type mice, Gadd45β KO mice developed no HCC in the PB treated group. Increases in liver weight were more prominent in wild type mice than KO mice. Microarray analysis of mRNA derived from mouse livers found multiple genes specifically up or down regulated in wild type mice but not null mice in DEN + PB groups. Further qPCR analysis confirmed two genes, Tgfbr2 and irisin/Fndc5, were up-regulated in PB treated wild type mice but no significant increase was observed in Gadd45β KO mice. We focused on these two genes because previous reports showed that hepatic Irisin/Fndc5 expression was significantly higher in HCC patients and that irisin binds to TGF-β receptor complex that includes TGFBR2 subunit. Our results revealed irisin peptide in cell culture media increased the growth rate of mouse hepatocyte-derived AML12 cells. Microarray analysis revealed that irisin-regulated genes in AML12 cells showed a significant association with the genes in the TGF-β pathway. Expression of irisin/Fndc5 and Tgfbr2 induced growth of human HCC cell line HepG2. Thus, Gadd45β plays an indispensable role in mouse HCC development regulating the irisin/Fndc5 and Tgfbr2 genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hori
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,
Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yokobori
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,
Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Rick Moore
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,
Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Masahiko Negishi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,
Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Tatsuya Sueyoshi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,
Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Romualdo GR, Leroy K, Costa CJS, Prata GB, Vanderborght B, da Silva TC, Barbisan LF, Andraus W, Devisscher L, Câmara NOS, Vinken M, Cogliati B. In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Strategies for Translational Modeling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5583. [PMID: 34771745 PMCID: PMC8582701 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related death globally. HCC is a complex multistep disease and usually emerges in the setting of chronic liver diseases. The molecular pathogenesis of HCC varies according to the etiology, mainly caused by chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections, chronic alcohol consumption, aflatoxin-contaminated food, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus. The establishment of HCC models has become essential for both basic and translational research to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology and unravel new molecular drivers of this disease. The ideal model should recapitulate key events observed during hepatocarcinogenesis and HCC progression in view of establishing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to be translated into clinical practice. Despite considerable efforts currently devoted to liver cancer research, only a few anti-HCC drugs are available, and patient prognosis and survival are still poor. The present paper provides a state-of-the-art overview of in vivo and in vitro models used for translational modeling of HCC with a specific focus on their key molecular hallmarks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ribeiro Romualdo
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (G.B.P.); (L.F.B.)
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Kaat Leroy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Cícero Júlio Silva Costa
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
| | - Gabriel Bacil Prata
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (G.B.P.); (L.F.B.)
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Bart Vanderborght
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Liver Research Center Ghent, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Hepatology Research Unit, Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Tereza Cristina da Silva
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
| | - Luís Fernando Barbisan
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (G.B.P.); (L.F.B.)
| | - Wellington Andraus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Hepatology Research Unit, Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vitobello A, Perner J, Beil J, Zhu J, Del Río-Espínola A, Morawiec L, Westphal M, Dubost V, Altorfer M, Naumann U, Mueller A, Kapur K, Borowsky M, Henderson C, Wolf CR, Schwarz M, Moggs J, Terranova R. Drug-induced chromatin accessibility changes associate with sensitivity to liver tumor promotion. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:e201900461. [PMID: 31615920 PMCID: PMC6795216 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer susceptibility varies amongst humans and between experimental animal models because of multiple genetic and epigenetic factors. The molecular characterization of such susceptibilities has the potential to enhance cancer risk assessment of xenobiotic exposures and disease prevention strategies. Here, using DNase I hypersensitivity mapping coupled with transcriptomic profiling, we investigate perturbations in cis-acting gene regulatory elements associated with the early stages of phenobarbital (PB)-mediated liver tumor promotion in susceptible versus resistant mouse strains (B6C3F1 versus C57BL/6J). Integrated computational analyses of strain-selective changes in liver chromatin accessibility underlying PB response reveal differential epigenetic regulation of molecular pathways associated with PB-mediated tumor promotion, including Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Complementary transcription factor motif analyses reveal mouse strain-selective gene regulatory networks and a novel role for Stat, Smad, and Fox transcription factors in the early stages of PB-mediated tumor promotion. Mapping perturbations in cis-acting gene regulatory elements provides novel insights into the molecular basis for susceptibility to xenobiotic-induced rodent liver tumor promotion and has the potential to enhance mechanism-based cancer risk assessments of xenobiotic exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vitobello
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
- Inserm, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1231, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Juliane Perner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Beil
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Laurent Morawiec
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Valérie Dubost
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Altorfer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Naumann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arne Mueller
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen Kapur
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Colin Henderson
- School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Innovative Medicines Initiative MARCAR Consortium (http://www.imi-marcar.eu/index.php)
| | - C Roland Wolf
- School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Innovative Medicines Initiative MARCAR Consortium (http://www.imi-marcar.eu/index.php)
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Innovative Medicines Initiative MARCAR Consortium (http://www.imi-marcar.eu/index.php)
| | - Jonathan Moggs
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
- Innovative Medicines Initiative MARCAR Consortium (http://www.imi-marcar.eu/index.php)
| | - Rémi Terranova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yamada T. Case examples of an evaluation of the human relevance of the pyrethroids/pyrethrins-induced liver tumours in rodents based on the mode of action. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:681-696. [PMID: 30090614 PMCID: PMC6062351 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00288b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent carcinogenicity studies are useful for screening for human carcinogens but they are not perfect. Some modes of action (MOAs) lead to cancers in both experimental rodents and humans, but others that lead to cancers in rodents do not do so in humans. Therefore, analysing the MOAs by which chemicals produce tumours in rodents and determining the relevance of such tumour data for human risk are critical. Recently, experimental data were obtained as case examples of an evaluation of the human relevance of pyrethroid (metofluthrin and momfluorothrin)- and pyrethrins-induced liver tumours in rats based on MOA. The MOA analysis, based on the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) framework, concluded that experimental data strongly support that the postulated MOA for metofluthrin-, momfluorothrin- and pyrethrins-produced rat hepatocellular tumours is mediated by constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activation. Since metofluthrin and momfluorothrin are close structural analogues, reproducible outcomes for both chemicals provide confidence in the MOA findings. Furthermore, cultured human hepatocyte studies and humanized chimeric mouse liver studies demonstrated species difference between human hepatocytes (refractory to the mitogenic effects of these compounds) and rat hepatocytes (sensitive to their mitogenic effects). These data strongly support the hypothesis that the CAR-mediated MOA for liver tumorigenesis is of low carcinogenic risk for humans. In this research, in addition to cultured human hepatocyte studies, the usefulness of the humanized chimeric liver mouse models was clearly demonstrated. These data substantially influenced decisions in regulatory toxicology. In this review I comprehensively discuss the human relevance of the CAR-mediated MOA for rodent liver tumorigenesis based on published information, including our recent molecular research on CAR-mediated MOA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yamada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ohara A, Takahashi Y, Kondo M, Okuda Y, Takeda S, Kushida M, Kobayashi K, Sumida K, Yamada T. Candidate genes responsible for early key events of phenobarbital-promoted mouse hepatocellular tumorigenesis based on differentiation of regulating genes between wild type mice and humanized chimeric mice. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:795-813. [PMID: 30090543 PMCID: PMC6062386 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00163k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenobarbital (PB) is a nongenotoxic hepatocellular carcinogen in rodents. PB induces hepatocellular tumors by activating the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Some previous research has suggested the possible involvement of epigenetic regulation in PB-promoted hepatocellular tumorigenesis, but the details of its molecular mechanism are not fully understood. In the present study, comprehensive analyses of DNA methylation, hydroxymethylation and gene expression using microarrays were performed in mouse hepatocellular adenomas induced by a single 90 mg kg-1 intraperitoneal injection dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) followed by 500 ppm PB in the diet for 27 weeks. DNA modification and expression of hundreds of genes are coordinately altered in PB-induced mouse hepatocellular adenomas. Of these, gene network analysis showed alterations of CAR signaling and tumor development-related genes. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that differentially methylated or hydroxymethylated genes belong mainly to pathways involved in development, immune response and cancer cells in contrast to differentially expressed genes belonging primarily to the cell cycle. Furthermore, overlap was evaluated between the genes with altered expression levels with 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) alterations in mouse hepatocellular adenoma induced by DEN/PB and the genes with altered expression levels in the liver of CD-1 mice or humanized chimeric mice treated with PB for 7 days. With the integration of transcriptomic and epigenetic approaches, we detected candidate genes responsible for early key events of PB-promoted mouse hepatocellular tumorigenesis. Interestingly, these genes did not overlap with genes altered by the PB treatment of humanized chimeric mice, thus suggesting a species difference between the effects of PB in mouse and human hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Ohara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Yasuhiko Takahashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Miwa Kondo
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Yu Okuda
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Shuji Takeda
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Masahiko Kushida
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Kentaro Kobayashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Kayo Sumida
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Tomoya Yamada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miousse IR, Murphy LA, Lin H, Schisler MR, Sun J, Chalbot MCG, Sura R, Johnson K, LeBaron MJ, Kavouras IG, Schnackenberg LK, Beger RD, Rasoulpour RJ, Koturbash I. Dose-response analysis of epigenetic, metabolic, and apical endpoints after short-term exposure to experimental hepatotoxicants. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:690-702. [PMID: 28495587 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Identification of sensitive and novel biomarkers or endpoints associated with toxicity and carcinogenesis is of a high priority. There is increasing interest in the incorporation of epigenetic and metabolic biomarkers to complement apical data; however, a number of questions, including the tissue specificity, dose-response patterns, early detection of those endpoints, and the added value need to be addressed. In this study, we investigated the dose-response relationship between apical, epigenetic, and metabolomics endpoints following short-term exposure to experimental hepatotoxicants, clofibrate (CF) and phenobarbital (PB). Male F344 rats were exposed to PB (0, 5, 25, and 100 mg/kg/day) or CF (0, 10, 50, and 250 mg/kg/day) for seven days. Exposure to PB or CF resulted in dose-dependent increases in relative liver weights, hepatocellular hypertrophy and proliferation, and increases in Cyp2b1 and Cyp4a1 transcripts. These changes were associated with altered histone modifications within the regulatory units of cytochrome genes, LINE-1 DNA hypomethylation, and altered microRNA profiles. Metabolomics data indicated alterations in the metabolism of bile acids. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the apical, epigenetic and metabolic alterations, and suggests that the latter two occur within or near the dose response curve of apical endpoint alterations following exposure to experimental hepatotoxicants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Lynea A Murphy
- Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA.
| | - Haixia Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Melissa R Schisler
- Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA.
| | - Jinchun Sun
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Marie-Cecile G Chalbot
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Ryals School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35246, USA.
| | - Radhakrishna Sura
- Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA.
| | - Kamin Johnson
- Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA.
| | - Matthew J LeBaron
- Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA.
| | - Ilias G Kavouras
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Ryals School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35246, USA.
| | - Laura K Schnackenberg
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Richard D Beger
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Reza J Rasoulpour
- Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Goodman JI. Incorporation of an Epigenetic Evaluation into Safety Assessment: What we First Need to Know. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017; 3:20-24. [PMID: 30740577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly evolving field of epigenetic regulation of gene expression is having an impact across the spectrum of biomedical research. Toxicologists have embraced this area as evidenced by their increasing focus on discerning potential epigenetic mechanisms underlying mechanisms by which chemical and physical agents might cause toxicity. It is not surprising that an interest in epigenetic mechanisms of toxicity would lead to a desire to incorporate an epigenetic component into safety assessment. However, premature movement in this direction carries the risk of imposing more confusion than light. This commentary provides an overview of epigenetics, with an emphasis on how the various epigenetic parameters are integrated, as a basis for understanding the complexity behind the desire to include epigenetic evaluations in safety evaluations. Basically, we have much more to learn before turning the goal into a reality. However, considerable progress has been made with regard to using epigenetic profiles as signatures of xenobiotic exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay I Goodman
- Michigan State University Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rouquié D, Tinwell H, Blanck O, Schorsch F, Geter D, Wason S, Bars R. Thyroid tumor formation in the male mouse induced by fluopyram is mediated by activation of hepatic CAR/PXR nuclear receptors. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:673-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
9
|
Luisier R, Lempiäinen H, Scherbichler N, Braeuning A, Geissler M, Dubost V, Müller A, Scheer N, Chibout SD, Hara H, Picard F, Theil D, Couttet P, Vitobello A, Grenet O, Grasl-Kraupp B, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Thomson JP, Meehan RR, Elcombe CR, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Schwarz M, Moulin P, Terranova R, Moggs JG. Phenobarbital induces cell cycle transcriptional responses in mouse liver humanized for constitutive androstane and pregnane x receptors. Toxicol Sci 2014; 139:501-11. [PMID: 24690595 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR) are closely related nuclear receptors involved in drug metabolism and play important roles in the mechanism of phenobarbital (PB)-induced rodent nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we have used a humanized CAR/PXR mouse model to examine potential species differences in receptor-dependent mechanisms underlying liver tissue molecular responses to PB. Early and late transcriptomic responses to sustained PB exposure were investigated in liver tissue from double knock-out CAR and PXR (CAR(KO)-PXR(KO)), double humanized CAR and PXR (CAR(h)-PXR(h)), and wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Wild-type and CAR(h)-PXR(h) mouse livers exhibited temporally and quantitatively similar transcriptional responses during 91 days of PB exposure including the sustained induction of the xenobiotic response gene Cyp2b10, the Wnt signaling inhibitor Wisp1, and noncoding RNA biomarkers from the Dlk1-Dio3 locus. Transient induction of DNA replication (Hells, Mcm6, and Esco2) and mitotic genes (Ccnb2, Cdc20, and Cdk1) and the proliferation-related nuclear antigen Mki67 were observed with peak expression occurring between 1 and 7 days PB exposure. All these transcriptional responses were absent in CAR(KO)-PXR(KO) mouse livers and largely reversible in wild-type and CAR(h)-PXR(h) mouse livers following 91 days of PB exposure and a subsequent 4-week recovery period. Furthermore, PB-mediated upregulation of the noncoding RNA Meg3, which has recently been associated with cellular pluripotency, exhibited a similar dose response and perivenous hepatocyte-specific localization in both wild-type and CAR(h)-PXR(h) mice. Thus, mouse livers coexpressing human CAR and PXR support both the xenobiotic metabolizing and the proliferative transcriptional responses following exposure to PB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Luisier
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mirbahai L, Chipman JK. Epigenetic memory of environmental organisms: A reflection of lifetime stressor exposures. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 764-765:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
11
|
Williams TD, Mirbahai L, Chipman JK. The toxicological application of transcriptomics and epigenomics in zebrafish and other teleosts. Brief Funct Genomics 2014; 13:157-71. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elt053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
|
12
|
Koufaris C, Wright J, Osborne M, Currie RA, Gooderham NJ. Time and dose-dependent effects of phenobarbital on the rat liver miRNAome. Toxicology 2013; 314:247-53. [PMID: 24157574 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study we had shown that treatment of male Fischer rats with exogenous chemicals for three months resulted in prominent, mode-of-action dependent effects on liver microRNA (miRNA) (Koufaris et al., 2012). Here we investigated how the effects of chemicals on liver miRNA in male Fischer rats relate to the length and dose of exposure to phenobarbital (PB), a drug with multiple established hepatic effects. Importantly, although acute PB treatment (1-7 days) had significant effects on liver mRNA and the expected effects on the liver phenotype (transient hyperplasia, hepatomegaly, cytochrome P450 induction), limited effects on liver miRNA were observed. However, at 14 days of PB treatment clear dose-dependent effects on miRNA were observed. The main effect of PB treatment from days 1 to 90 on liver miRNA was found to be the persistent, progressive, and highly correlated induction of the miR-200a/200b/429 and miR-96/182 clusters, occurring after the termination of the xenobiotic-induced transient hyperplasia. Moreover, in agreement with their reported functions in the literature we found associations between perturbations of miR-29b and miR-200a/200b by PB with global DNA methylation and zeb1/zeb2 proteins respectively. Our data suggest that miRNA are unlikely to play an important role in the acute responses of the adult rodent liver to PB treatment. However, the miRNA responses to longer PB exposures suggest a potential role for maintaining liver homeostasis in response to sub-chronic and chronic xenobiotic-induced perturbations. Similar studies for more chemicals are needed to clarify whether the temporal and dose pattern of miRNA-toxicant interaction identified here for PB are widely applicable to other xenobiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Costas Koufaris
- Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, SW72AZ, UK; Department of Cytogenetics and Genomics, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thomson JP, Hunter JM, Lempiäinen H, Müller A, Terranova R, Moggs JG, Meehan RR. Dynamic changes in 5-hydroxymethylation signatures underpin early and late events in drug exposed liver. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:5639-54. [PMID: 23598998 PMCID: PMC3675467 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation is a common feature of neoplastic lesions, and early detection of such changes may provide powerful mechanistic insights and biomarkers for carcinogenesis. Here, we investigate dynamic changes in the mouse liver DNA methylome associated with short (1 day) and prolonged (7, 28 and 91 days) exposure to the rodent liver non-genotoxic carcinogen, phenobarbital (PB). We find that the distribution of 5mC/5hmC is highly consistent between untreated individuals of a similar age; yet, changes during liver maturation in a transcriptionally dependent manner. Following drug treatment, we identify and validate a series of differentially methylated or hydroxymethylated regions: exposure results in staged transcriptional responses with distinct kinetic profiles that strongly correlate with promoter proximal region 5hmC levels. Furthermore, reciprocal changes for both 5mC and 5hmC in response to PB suggest that active demethylation may be taking place at each set of these loci via a 5hmC intermediate. Finally, we identify potential early biomarkers for non-genotoxic carcinogenesis, including several genes aberrantly expressed in liver cancer. Our work suggests that 5hmC profiling can be used as an indicator of cell states during organ maturation and drug-induced responses and provides novel epigenetic signatures for non-genotoxic carcinogen exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Thomson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sakamoto Y, Inoue K, Takahashi M, Taketa Y, Kodama Y, Nemoto K, Degawa M, Gamou T, Ozawa S, Nishikawa A, Yoshida M. Different Pathways of Constitutive Androstane Receptor–mediated Liver Hypertrophy and Hepatocarcinogenesis in Mice Treated with Piperonyl Butoxide or Decabromodiphenyl Ether. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:1078-92. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623313482055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is essential for Cyp2b induction, liver hypertrophy, and hepatocarcinogenesis in response to phenobarbital (PB). Liver hypertrophy with Cyp2b induction is a major mode of action of hepatocarcinogenesis in rodents. However, it remains unclear whether CAR is involved in the response to many other nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens besides PB. In this study, we investigated CAR involvement in liver hypertrophy and hepatocarcinogenesis of Cyp2b-inducing nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), and decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE), using wild-type and CAR knockout (CARKO) male mice. PB was used as the positive control. In the wild-type mice, 4-week treatment with PBO, DBDE, or PB induced hepatocellular hypertrophy with increased Cyp2b10 messenger RNA and Cyp2b protein expression. In CARKO mice, only PBO showed liver hypertrophy with Cyp2b10 and Cyp3a11 induction. After 27-week treatment following diethylnitrosamine initiation, PBO and PB generated many eosinophilic altered foci/adenomas in wild-type mice; however, the lesions were far less frequent in CARKO mice. DBDE increased the multiplicity of basophilic altered foci/adenomas in wild-type and CARKO mice. Our findings indicate that murine CAR plays major roles in hepatocarcinogenesis but not in liver hypertrophy of PBO. DBDE may act via CAR-independent pathways during hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Sakamoto
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inoue
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miwa Takahashi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Taketa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Kodama
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyomitsu Nemoto
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masakuni Degawa
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshie Gamou
- Department of Pharmacodynamics Molecular Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shogo Ozawa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics Molecular Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Biological Safety Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Yoshida
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lynch C, Pan Y, Li L, Ferguson SS, Xia M, Swaan PW, Wang H. Identification of novel activators of constitutive androstane receptor from FDA-approved drugs by integrated computational and biological approaches. Pharm Res 2013; 30:489-501. [PMID: 23090669 PMCID: PMC3554869 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) is a xenobiotic sensor governing the transcription of numerous hepatic genes associated with drug metabolism and clearance. Recent evidence suggests that CAR also modulates energy homeostasis and cancer development. Thus, identification of novel human (h) CAR activators is of both clinical importance and scientific interest. METHODS Docking and ligand-based structure-activity models were used for virtual screening of a database containing over 2000 FDA-approved drugs. Identified lead compounds were evaluated in cell-based reporter assays to determine hCAR activation. Potential activators were further tested in human primary hepatocytes (HPHs) for the expression of the prototypical hCAR target gene CYP2B6. RESULTS Nineteen lead compounds with optimal modeling parameters were selected for biological evaluation. Seven of the 19 leads exhibited moderate to potent activation of hCAR. Five out of the seven compounds translocated hCAR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of HPHs in a concentration-dependent manner. These compounds also induce the expression of CYP2B6 in HPHs with rank-order of efficacies closely resembling that of hCAR activation. CONCLUSION These results indicate that our strategically integrated approaches are effective in the identification of novel hCAR modulators, which may function as valuable research tools or potential therapeutic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Yongmei Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Linhao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | | | - Menghang Xia
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Peter W. Swaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lempiäinen H, Couttet P, Bolognani F, Müller A, Dubost V, Luisier R, Del Rio Espinola A, Vitry V, Unterberger EB, Thomson JP, Treindl F, Metzger U, Wrzodek C, Hahne F, Zollinger T, Brasa S, Kalteis M, Marcellin M, Giudicelli F, Braeuning A, Morawiec L, Zamurovic N, Längle U, Scheer N, Schübeler D, Goodman J, Chibout SD, Marlowe J, Theil D, Heard DJ, Grenet O, Zell A, Templin MF, Meehan RR, Wolf RC, Elcombe CR, Schwarz M, Moulin P, Terranova R, Moggs JG. Identification of Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted gene cluster noncoding RNAs as novel candidate biomarkers for liver tumor promotion. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:375-86. [PMID: 23091169 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular events during nongenotoxic carcinogenesis and their temporal order are poorly understood but thought to include long-lasting perturbations of gene expression. Here, we have investigated the temporal sequence of molecular and pathological perturbations at early stages of phenobarbital (PB) mediated liver tumor promotion in vivo. Molecular profiling (mRNA, microRNA [miRNA], DNA methylation, and proteins) of mouse liver during 13 weeks of PB treatment revealed progressive increases in hepatic expression of long noncoding RNAs and miRNAs originating from the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted gene cluster, a locus that has recently been associated with stem cell pluripotency in mice and various neoplasms in humans. PB induction of the Dlk1-Dio3 cluster noncoding RNA (ncRNA) Meg3 was localized to glutamine synthetase-positive hypertrophic perivenous hepatocytes, suggesting a role for β-catenin signaling in the dysregulation of Dlk1-Dio3 ncRNAs. The carcinogenic relevance of Dlk1-Dio3 locus ncRNA induction was further supported by in vivo genetic dependence on constitutive androstane receptor and β-catenin pathways. Our data identify Dlk1-Dio3 ncRNAs as novel candidate early biomarkers for mouse liver tumor promotion and provide new opportunities for assessing the carcinogenic potential of novel compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harri Lempiäinen
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thomson JP, Lempiäinen H, Hackett JA, Nestor CE, Müller A, Bolognani F, Oakeley EJ, Schübeler D, Terranova R, Reinhardt D, Moggs JG, Meehan RR. Non-genotoxic carcinogen exposure induces defined changes in the 5-hydroxymethylome. Genome Biol 2012; 13:R93. [PMID: 23034186 PMCID: PMC3491421 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-10-r93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction and promotion of liver cancer by exposure to non-genotoxic carcinogens coincides with epigenetic perturbations, including specific changes in DNA methylation. Here we investigate the genome-wide dynamics of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) as a likely intermediate of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) demethylation in a DNA methylation reprogramming pathway. We use a rodent model of non-genotoxic carcinogen exposure using the drug phenobarbital. RESULTS Exposure to phenobarbital results in dynamic and reciprocal changes to the 5mC/5hmC patterns over the promoter regions of a cohort of genes that are transcriptionally upregulated. This reprogramming of 5mC/5hmC coincides with characteristic changes in the histone marks H3K4me2, H3K27me3 and H3K36me3. Quantitative analysis of phenobarbital-induced genes that are involved in xenobiotic metabolism reveals that both DNA modifications are lost at the transcription start site, while there is a reciprocal relationship between increasing levels of 5hmC and loss of 5mC at regions immediately adjacent to core promoters. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these experiments support the hypothesis that 5hmC is a potential intermediate in a demethylation pathway and reveal precise perturbations of the mouse liver DNA methylome and hydroxymethylome upon exposure to a rodent hepatocarcinogen.
Collapse
|
18
|
Cerminara C, Bagnolo V, De Leonardis F, Coniglio A, Roberto D, Compagnone E, Curatolo P. Hepatocellular adenoma associated with long-term exposure to phenobarbital: a paediatric case report. Childs Nerv Syst 2012; 28:939-41. [PMID: 22124572 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-011-1636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Cerminara
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
MicroRNAs, potent negative modulators of gene expression, are involved in the regulation of fundamental cellular processes, including cell differentiation, metabolic regulation, signal transduction, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Aberrant levels of miRNAs have been documented in all major human cancers, leading to the suggestion that deregulation of miRNA expression might be significant in tumorigenesis. This review presents the current evidence that demonstrates the involvement of miRNA deregulation in the early stages of lung, liver and breast carcinogenesis induced by chemical carcinogens, suggesting their major role as contributors to the pathogenesis of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Goetz AK, Singh BP, Battalora M, Breier JM, Bailey JP, Chukwudebe AC, Janus ER. Current and future use of genomics data in toxicology: Opportunities and challenges for regulatory applications. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 61:141-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
21
|
Kopec AK, D'Souza ML, Mets BD, Burgoon LD, Reese SE, Archer KJ, Potter D, Tashiro C, Sharratt B, Harkema JR, Zacharewski TR. Non-additive hepatic gene expression elicited by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153) co-treatment in C57BL/6 mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 256:154-67. [PMID: 21851831 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between environmental contaminants can lead to non-additive effects that may affect the toxicity and risk assessment of a mixture. Comprehensive time course and dose-response studies with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), non-dioxin-like 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153) and their mixture were performed in immature, ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice. Mice were gavaged once with 30 μg/kg TCDD, 300 mg/kg PCB153, a mixture of 30 μg/kg TCDD with 300 mg/kg PCB153 (MIX) or sesame oil vehicle for 4,12, 24,72 or 168 h. In the 24h dose-response study, animals were gavaged with TCDD (0.3,1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 30, 45 μg/kg), PCB153 (3,10, 30, 60, 100, 150, 300, 450 mg/kg), MIX (0.3+3, 1+10, 3+30, 6+60, 10+100, 15+150, 30+300, 45 μg/kg TCDD+450 mg/kg PCB153, respectively) or vehicle. All three treatments significantly increased relative liver weights (RLW), with MIX eliciting significantly greater increases compared to TCDD and PCB153 alone. Histologically, MIX induced hepatocellular hypertrophy, vacuolization, inflammation, hyperplasia and necrosis, a combination of TCDD and PCB153 responses. Complementary lipid analyses identified significant increases in hepatic triglycerides in MIX and TCDD samples, while PCB153 had no effect on lipids. Hepatic PCB153 levels were also significantly increased with TCDD co-treatment. Microarray analysis identified 167 TCDD, 185 PCB153 and 388 MIX unique differentially expressed genes. Statistical modeling of quantitative real-time PCR analysis of Pla2g12a, Serpinb6a, Nqo1, Srxn1, and Dysf verified non-additive expression following MIX treatment compared to TCDD and PCB153 alone. In summary, TCDD and PCB153 co-treatment elicited specific non-additive gene expression effects that are consistent with RLW increases, histopathology, and hepatic lipid accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Kopec
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jin KS, Park CM, Lee YW. Identification of differentially expressed genes by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in human bronchial epithelial cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 31:107-12. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327111417266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K-S Jin
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Korea
- Blue-Bio Industry Regional Innovation Center, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
| | - CM Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Y-W Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lempiäinen H, Müller A, Brasa S, Teo SS, Roloff TC, Morawiec L, Zamurovic N, Vicart A, Funhoff E, Couttet P, Schübeler D, Grenet O, Marlowe J, Moggs J, Terranova R. Phenobarbital mediates an epigenetic switch at the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) target gene Cyp2b10 in the liver of B6C3F1 mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18216. [PMID: 21455306 PMCID: PMC3063791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that epigenetic perturbations are involved in the adverse effects associated with some drugs and toxicants, including certain classes of non-genotoxic carcinogens. Such epigenetic changes (altered DNA methylation and covalent histone modifications) may take place at the earliest stages of carcinogenesis and their identification holds great promise for biomedical research. Here, we evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of genome-wide epigenomic and transcriptomic profiling in phenobarbital (PB)-treated B6C3F1 mice, a well-characterized rodent model of non-genotoxic liver carcinogenesis. Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation (MeDIP)-coupled microarray profiling of 17,967 promoter regions and 4,566 intergenic CpG islands was combined with genome-wide mRNA expression profiling to identify liver tissue-specific PB-mediated DNA methylation and transcriptional alterations. Only a limited number of significant anti-correlations were observed between PB-induced transcriptional and promoter-based DNA methylation perturbations. However, the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) target gene Cyp2b10 was found to be concomitantly hypomethylated and transcriptionally activated in a liver tissue-specific manner following PB treatment. Furthermore, analysis of active and repressive histone modifications using chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed a strong PB-mediated epigenetic switch at the Cyp2b10 promoter. Our data reveal that PB-induced transcriptional perturbations are not generally associated with broad changes in the DNA methylation status at proximal promoters and suggest that the drug-inducible CAR pathway regulates an epigenetic switch from repressive to active chromatin at the target gene Cyp2b10. This study demonstrates the utility of integrated epigenomic and transcriptomic profiling for elucidating early mechanisms and biomarkers of non-genotoxic carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harri Lempiäinen
- Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Translational Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arne Müller
- Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Translational Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Brasa
- Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Translational Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Soon-Siong Teo
- Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Translational Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Laurent Morawiec
- Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Translational Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natasa Zamurovic
- Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Translational Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Axel Vicart
- Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Translational Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Funhoff
- Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Translational Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Couttet
- Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Translational Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Schübeler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Grenet
- Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Translational Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Marlowe
- Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Translational Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Moggs
- Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Translational Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémi Terranova
- Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Translational Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
McClure EA, North CM, Kaminski NE, Goodman JI. Changes in DNA methylation and gene expression during 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced suppression of the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated IgM response in splenocytes. Toxicol Sci 2011; 120:339-48. [PMID: 21212295 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial endotoxin and a potent B-cell activator capable of inducing a humoral immune response. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a well-established immunotoxicant that can suppress humoral immune responses, including those initiated by LPS stimulation. In murine models, TCDD-induced suppression of the LPS-activated primary immunoglobulin M (IgM) response is observed both in vivo and in vitro and is typically evaluated as a decrease in the number of IgM antibody-forming cells. The TCDD-induced suppression of the primary humoral immune response occurs, at least in part, upstream of IgM production. The current study was designed as an initial test of our hypothesis that altered DNA methylation, an epigenetic event, is involved in the LPS-induced IgM response by splenocytes as is the suppression of this response by TCDD. Splenocyte-derived DNA from mice treated in vivo with sesame oil + PBS, LPS, TCDD, or LPS + TCDD was used for the current investigation. DNA methylation was evaluated using a technique that permits assessment of the methylation status of multiple genomic regions simultaneously in an unbiased fashion (no specific genes or genomic regions are preselected). Additionally, the expression of selected genes was determined. Our results indicate that treatment with LPS or TCDD can alter DNA methylation and, importantly, combined TCDD + LPS results in altered DNA methylation that was not simply the addition of the changes discerned in the individual treatment groups. Thus, we have identified cross talk between LPS and TCDD at the level of DNA methylation and gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A McClure
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Epigenetics and chemical safety assessment. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2010; 705:83-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
26
|
Mei C, Sun L, Liu Y, Yang Y, Cai X, Liu M, Yao W, Wang C, Li X, Wang L, Li Z, Shi Y, Qiu S, Fan J, Zha X. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of DNA methyltransferase 3B is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:158-67. [PMID: 20506537 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are essential for maintenance of aberrant methylation in cancer cells and play important roles in the development of cancers. Unregulated activation of PI3K/Akt pathway is a prominent feature of many human cancers including human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In present study, we found that DNMT3B mRNA and protein levels were decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner in HCC cell lines with LY294002 treatment. However, we detected that LY294002 treatment did not induce increase of the degradation of DNMT3B protein using protein decay assay. Moreover we found that Akt induced alteration of the expression of DNMT3B in cells transfected with myristylated variants of Akt2 or cells transfected with small interfering RNA respectively. Based on DNMT3B promoter dual-luciferase reporter assay, we found PI3K pathway regulates DNMT3B expression at transcriptional level. And DNMT3B mRNA decay analysis suggested that down-regulation of DNMT3B by LY294002 is also post-transcriptional control. Furthermore, we demonstrated that LY294002 down-regulated HuR expression in a time-dependent manner in BEL-7404. In summary, we have, for the first time, demonstrate that PI3K/Akt pathway regulates the expression of DNMT3B at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, which is particularly important to understand the effects of PI3K/Akt and DNMT3B on hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhong Mei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kopec AK, Burgoon LD, Ibrahim-Aibo D, Mets BD, Tashiro C, Potter D, Sharratt B, Harkema JR, Zacharewski TR. PCB153-elicited hepatic responses in the immature, ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice: comparative toxicogenomic effects of dioxin and non-dioxin-like ligands. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 243:359-71. [PMID: 20005886 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous contaminants found as complex mixtures of coplanar and non-coplanar congeners. The hepatic temporal and dose-dependent effects of the most abundant non-dioxin-like congener, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153), were examined in immature, ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice, and compared to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the prototypical aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand. Animals were gavaged once with 300 mg/kg PCB153 or sesame oil vehicle and sacrificed 4, 12, 24, 72 or 168 h post dose. In the dose-response study, mice were gavaged with 1, 3, 10, 30, 100 or 300 mg/kg PCB153 or sesame oil for 24 h. Significant increases in relative liver weights were induced with 300 mg/kg PCB153 between 24 and 168 h, accompanied by slight vacuolization and hepatocellular hypertrophy. The hepatic differential expression of 186 and 177 genes was detected using Agilent 4 x 44 K microarrays in the time course (|fold change|> or =1.5, P1(t)> or =0.999) and dose-response (|fold change|> or =1.5, P1(t)> or =0.985) studies, respectively. Comparative analysis with TCDD suggests that the differential gene expression elicited by PCB153 was not mediated by the AhR. Furthermore, constitutive androstane and pregnane X receptor (CAR/PXR) regulated genes including Cyp2b10, Cyp3a11, Ces2, Insig2 and Abcc3 were dose-dependently induced by PCB153. Collectively, these results suggest that the hepatocellular effects elicited by PCB153 are qualitatively and quantitatively different from TCDD and suggestive of CAR/PXR regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Kopec
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Phillips JM, Burgoon LD, Goodman JI. The constitutive active/androstane receptor facilitates unique phenobarbital-induced expression changes of genes involved in key pathways in precancerous liver and liver tumors. Toxicol Sci 2009; 110:319-33. [PMID: 19482888 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our overall goal is to elucidate progressive changes, in expression and methylation status, of genes which play key roles in phenobarbital (PB)-induced liver tumorigenesis, with an emphasis on their potential to affect signaling through critical pathways involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. PB-elicited unique expression changes of genes, including some of those identified previously as exhibiting regions of altered DNA methylation, were discerned in precancerous liver tissue and/or individual liver tumors from susceptible constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR) wild-type (WT) compared with resistant CAR knockout (KO) mice. Many of these function in crucial cancer-related processes, for example, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA methylation, Hedgehog signaling, invasion/metastasis, Notch signaling, and Wnt signaling. Furthermore, a subset of the uniquely altered genes contained CAR response elements (CAREs). This included Gadd45b, a coactivator of CAR and inhibitor of apoptosis, and two DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a). The presence of CAREs in Dnmts suggests a potential direct link between PB and altered DNA methylation. The current data are juxtaposed with the effects of PB on DNA methylation and gene expression which occurred uniquely in liver tumor-prone B6C3F1 mice, as compared with the resistant C57BL/6, following 2 or 4 weeks of treatment. Collectively, these data reveal a comprehensive view of PB-elicited molecular alterations (i.e., changes in gene expression and DNA methylation) that can facilitate hepatocarcinogenesis. Notably, candidate genes for initial "fingerprints" of early and late stages of PB-induced tumorigenesis are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|